var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/MabulaGroundHornbillProject/5912815\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pityriasis Versicolor in a Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"volume\":\"2026\",\"issn\":\"2090-7001\",\"url\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/crve/5261490\",\"abstract\":\"A 20‐year‐old southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) developed hyperpigmented macules on its gular pouch, resembling the lesions typically seen in humans with pityriasis versicolor. Cytologic examination revealed over 100 budding yeasts per oil immersion field. Fungal culture showed rare growth of smooth, cream‐colored yeast colonies, identified by PCR as Malassezia slooffiae. Histopathological analysis showed lymphocytic perivascular dermatitis. Periodic acid–Schiff staining revealed rare forms of yeasts between the layers of the stratum corneum. This clinical report provides further insights into the role of Malassezia spp. in the avian skin microbiome. To the authors′ knowledge, this is the first report of Malassezia sp. as an agent of pityriasis versicolor in birds.\",\"urldate\":\"2026-03-02\",\"journal\":\"Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marques\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gonçalo\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lourenço\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miguel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Miriam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Urbani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nuno\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peleteiro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Conceição\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2026\",\"pages\":\"5261490\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{marques_pityriasis_2026,\\n\\ttitle = {Pityriasis {Versicolor} in a {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\tvolume = {2026},\\n\\tissn = {2090-7001},\\n\\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1155/crve/5261490},\\n\\tabstract = {A 20‐year‐old southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) developed hyperpigmented macules on its gular pouch, resembling the lesions typically seen in humans with pityriasis versicolor. Cytologic examination revealed over 100 budding yeasts per oil immersion field. Fungal culture showed rare growth of smooth, cream‐colored yeast colonies, identified by PCR as Malassezia slooffiae. Histopathological analysis showed lymphocytic perivascular dermatitis. Periodic acid–Schiff staining revealed rare forms of yeasts between the layers of the stratum corneum. This clinical report provides further insights into the role of Malassezia spp. in the avian skin microbiome. To the authors′ knowledge, this is the first report of Malassezia sp. as an agent of pityriasis versicolor in birds.},\\n\\turldate = {2026-03-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Marques, Gonçalo N. and Lourenço, Miguel and Leal, Miriam and Urbani, Nuno and Peleteiro, Maria Conceição},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2026},\\n\\tpages = {5261490},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Marques, G. N.\",\"Lourenço, M.\",\"Leal, M.\",\"Urbani, N.\",\"Peleteiro, M. C.\"],\"key\":\"marques_pityriasis_2026\",\"id\":\"marques_pityriasis_2026\",\"bibbaseid\":\"marques-loureno-leal-urbani-peleteiro-pityriasisversicolorinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2026\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(MSc Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Rondebosch, Cape Town\",\"title\":\"Fine-scale movements and habitat use of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus Leadbeateri\",\"url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581\",\"abstract\":\"Southern Ground-Hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri are listed as Endangered in South Africa and there is a concerted effort to reverse their population decline. Understanding the factors affecting their movement patterns and how they interact with their habitat is useful to inform conservation and habitat management options for the species, to select sites for artificial nests and to identify suitable areas for reintroduction initiatives. In this study, I report daily and seasonal patterns of habitat use as well as patterns of roost site use of four Southern Ground-Hornbill groups in the Associated Private Nature Reserves, northeast South Africa, based on data from GPS-satellite tags collected over one year from October 2010 to September 2011. Home ranges varied from 5.9-10.3 km² and were larger in winter than during the summer breeding season. Daily travel distances were greater during the breeding season, when birds were constrained to forage close to their nest, and were lower in winter, when birds ranged more widely. Hourly travel distances were affected by time of day, season, air temperature and group. Birds travelled farthest per hour in the morning, decreasing in the afternoon in winter. However, in summer hourly travel distances were bimodally distributed, with a minimum during the middle of the day when ambient temperatures exceed 25⁰C. Acacia-dominated vegetation and riparian habitats were favoured disproportionately during the heat of the day in summer, presumably because they offer more shade than other habitats. The number of roost sites used per month decreased progressively throughout the Early Wet season (October-December) and was lowest during the Late Wet season (January-March) for three groups that bred successfully. Mean monthly nights per roost were highest for these groups in the Early Wet and Late Wet seasons, specifically over December and January, coinciding with the peak breeding period. Throughout the Early Wet season, all four groups frequently roosted in close proximity to the nest, with 54-83% of roosts being within 1 000 m of the nest. During the Wet season, riparian habitats were favoured for roosting by the three groups that bred successfully, while during the dry season, disturbed areas, combretum-dominated habitats and mopane-dominated habitats were used. I conclude that the optimal habitat configurations for ground-hornbills include a mosaic of habitat types, including open areas for foraging and dense trees for shade as well as adequate large trees for nesting and roosting, particularly in riparian habitats.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-19\",\"school\":\"University of Cape Town\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zoghby\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Blair\",\"Anthony\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{zoghby_fine-scale_2015,\\n\\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\\n\\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Fine-scale movements and habitat use of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri}},\\n\\turl = {http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581},\\n\\tabstract = {Southern Ground-Hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri are listed as Endangered in South Africa and there is a concerted effort to reverse their population decline. Understanding the factors affecting their movement patterns and how they interact with their habitat is useful to inform conservation and habitat management options for the species, to select sites for artificial nests and to identify suitable areas for reintroduction initiatives. In this study, I report daily and seasonal patterns of habitat use as well as patterns of roost site use of four Southern Ground-Hornbill groups in the Associated Private Nature Reserves, northeast South Africa, based on data from GPS-satellite tags collected over one year from October 2010 to September 2011. Home ranges varied from 5.9-10.3 km² and were larger in winter than during the summer breeding season. Daily travel distances were greater during the breeding season, when birds were constrained to forage close to their nest, and were lower in winter, when birds ranged more widely. Hourly travel distances were affected by time of day, season, air temperature and group. Birds travelled farthest per hour in the morning, decreasing in the afternoon in winter. However, in summer hourly travel distances were bimodally distributed, with a minimum during the middle of the day when ambient temperatures exceed 25⁰C. Acacia-dominated vegetation and riparian habitats were favoured disproportionately during the heat of the day in summer, presumably because they offer more shade than other habitats. The number of roost sites used per month decreased progressively throughout the Early Wet season (October-December) and was lowest during the Late Wet season (January-March) for three groups that bred successfully. Mean monthly nights per roost were highest for these groups in the Early Wet and Late Wet seasons, specifically over December and January, coinciding with the peak breeding period. Throughout the Early Wet season, all four groups frequently roosted in close proximity to the nest, with 54-83\\\\% of roosts being within 1 000 m of the nest. During the Wet season, riparian habitats were favoured for roosting by the three groups that bred successfully, while during the dry season, disturbed areas, combretum-dominated habitats and mopane-dominated habitats were used. I conclude that the optimal habitat configurations for ground-hornbills include a mosaic of habitat types, including open areas for foraging and dense trees for shade as well as adequate large trees for nesting and roosting, particularly in riparian habitats.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-19},\\n\\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\\n\\tauthor = {Zoghby, Blair Anthony},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zoghby, B. A.\"],\"key\":\"zoghby_fine-scale_2015\",\"id\":\"zoghby_fine-scale_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zoghby-finescalemovementsandhabitatuseofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"phdthesis\",\"address\":\"Rondebosch, Cape Town\",\"title\":\"Dealing with socially complex species in population viability analysis: a case study of the cooperatively-breeding southern ground hornbill, Bucorvus leadbeateri.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"school\":\"University of Cape Town\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Spear\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2005\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{spear_dealing_2005,\\n\\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\\n\\ttitle = {Dealing with socially complex species in population viability analysis: a case study of the cooperatively-breeding southern ground hornbill,  {Bucorvus} leadbeateri.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\\n\\tauthor = {Spear, D.},\\n\\tyear = {2005},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Spear, D.\"],\"key\":\"spear_dealing_2005\",\"id\":\"spear_dealing_2005\",\"bibbaseid\":\"spear-dealingwithsociallycomplexspeciesinpopulationviabilityanalysisacasestudyofthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2005\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"phdthesis\",\"address\":\"Pietermaritzburg\",\"title\":\"The habitat, nesting and foraging requirements of Southern Ground-Hornbills in the Kruger National Park, South Africa\",\"school\":\"University of KwaZulu-Natal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Combrink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leigh\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{combrink_habitat_2016,\\n\\taddress = {Pietermaritzburg},\\n\\ttitle = {The habitat, nesting and foraging requirements of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} in the {Kruger} {National} {Park}, {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tschool = {University of KwaZulu-Natal},\\n\\tauthor = {Combrink, Leigh},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Combrink, L.\"],\"key\":\"combrink_habitat_2016\",\"id\":\"combrink_habitat_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"combrink-thehabitatnestingandforagingrequirementsofsoutherngroundhornbillsinthekrugernationalparksouthafrica-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Growth curve analysis of hand-reared Southern and Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings\",\"abstract\":\"We compared the increase in mass of seven Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri and four Northern Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus nestlings that were hand-eared at two facilities. The facilities were the Ground Hornbill Research and Conservation Project based at Mabula Game Reserve, Bela- Bela. and the Umgeni River Bird Park, Durban. Logistic, Gompetz and Von Bertalanffy models for growth analysis were applied to the data collected. The Gompetz model best described the growth of Southern and Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings. Mean values of A = 3598.40 ± 512.70 (2655.50 – 4035.30) and K = 0.08 ± 0.02 (0.05-0.12) were calculated for Southern Ground Hornbill nestlings and values of A = 2962.03 ± 464.63 (2612.60 – 3489.32) and K = 0.07 ± 0.02 (0.05 – 0.09) for Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings. There was a significant difference (P\\\\textless0.05) between the A values of the two species. We also calculated the inflection point and t10-90 (time required for growth from 10 to 90% of the asymptote). These results provide a basis for further studies on ground hornbill growth and will also allow hand-rearing facilities to verify the growth of their ground hornbill nestlings.\",\"journal\":\"CDROM Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Engelbrecht\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{engelbrecht_growth_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Growth curve analysis of hand-reared {Southern} and {Northern} {Ground} {Hornbill} nestlings},\\n\\tabstract = {We compared the increase in mass of seven Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri and four\\nNorthern Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus nestlings that were hand-eared at two facilities. The\\nfacilities were the Ground Hornbill Research and Conservation Project based at Mabula Game Reserve,\\nBela-\\nBela. and the Umgeni River Bird Park, Durban. Logistic, Gompetz and Von Bertalanffy models for\\ngrowth analysis were applied to the data collected. The Gompetz model best described the growth of\\nSouthern and Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings. Mean values of A = 3598.40 ± 512.70 (2655.50 –\\n4035.30) and K = 0.08 ± 0.02 (0.05-0.12) were calculated for Southern Ground Hornbill nestlings and\\nvalues of A = 2962.03 ± 464.63 (2612.60 – 3489.32) and K = 0.07 ± 0.02 (0.05 – 0.09) for Northern\\nGround Hornbill nestlings. There was a significant difference (P{\\\\textless}0.05) between the A values of the\\ntwo species. We also calculated the inflection point and t10-90 (time required for growth from 10\\nto 90\\\\% of the asymptote). These results provide a basis for further studies on ground hornbill\\ngrowth and will also\\nallow hand-rearing facilities to verify the growth of their ground hornbill nestlings.},\\n\\tjournal = {CDROM Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference},\\n\\tauthor = {Engelbrecht, Derek},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Engelbrecht, D.\"],\"key\":\"engelbrecht_growth_2007\",\"id\":\"engelbrecht_growth_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"engelbrecht-growthcurveanalysisofhandrearedsouthernandnortherngroundhornbillnestlings-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prothesis of the lower bill of an African Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"1748-1090\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-03\",\"journal\":\"International Zoo Yearbook\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1962\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x\",\"pages\":\"112–113\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{peters_prothesis_1962,\\n\\ttitle = {Prothesis of the lower bill of an {African} {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {1748-1090},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-03},\\n\\tjournal = {International Zoo Yearbook},\\n\\tauthor = {Peters, J. C.},\\n\\tyear = {1962},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},\\n\\tpages = {112--113},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Peters, J. C.\"],\"key\":\"peters_prothesis_1962\",\"id\":\"peters_prothesis_1962\",\"bibbaseid\":\"peters-prothesisofthelowerbillofanafricangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1962\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Human-Bird Interactions: An Exploration of Oromo Cultural Beliefs and Practices Associated with the Northern Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus).\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"shorttitle\":\"Human-Bird Interactions\",\"url\":\"https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=26163977&AN=173872213&h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&crl=c\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Gadaa Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Asefa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Addisu\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{asefa_human-bird_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Human-{Bird} {Interactions}: {An} {Exploration} of {Oromo} {Cultural} {Beliefs} and {Practices} {Associated} with the {Northern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus).},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Human-{Bird} {Interactions}},\\n\\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=26163977&AN=173872213&h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&crl=c},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Gadaa Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Asefa, Addisu},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Asefa, A.\"],\"key\":\"asefa_human-bird_2023\",\"id\":\"asefa_human-bird_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"asefa-humanbirdinteractionsanexplorationoforomoculturalbeliefsandpracticesassociatedwiththenortherngroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=26163977&AN=173872213&h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&crl=c\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) Species Recovery Plan for South Africa\",\"doi\":\"10.13140/RG.2.1.3554.0082\",\"abstract\":\"Executive Summary The Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is a globally threatened species (IUCN Red List: Vulnerable) with a declining population. In South Africa the species is considered nationally Vulnerable, declining and listed as a ‘Protected Species’ under national legislation. It is a long-lived and slow-breeding bird with an unusual cooperative breeding strategy and requiring large group territories. The slow, complex breeding biology of the species renders it highly susceptible to threats that include afforestation, cultivation and degradation of habitat, a lack of suitable nesting trees, poisoning and direct persecution, live trade, and traditional practices. The purpose of this plan is to ensure the favourable conservation status of the Southern Ground Hornbill in South Africa, through six priority objectives:  Generate an increase in the Southern Ground Hornbill population by expanding the population into parts of its historic range  Understand the genetic relationships across the populations, within family groups and the mechanisms behind female and immature dispersal  Collect information on population threats and mortalities for Southern Ground Hornbill to determine their importance  Investigate and implement in-situ and ex-situ management and conservation interventions to increase Southern Ground Hornbill populations in South Africa and neighbouring countries that could potentially act as a sink or source for South African (RSA) birds  Increase awareness of the Southern Ground Hornbill and the threats acting upon the species to increase tolerance towards the species and reduce persecution  Provide an insurance against future declines in the wild Southern Ground Hornbill population by managing a viable ex situ population of Southern Ground Hornbills Lead implementing agencies for specific activities are listed in Table 3. Implementation of this plan will be coordinated by the Southern Ground Hornbill Action Group, a consortium formed by the key current stakeholders that meets regularly to address issues of Southern Ground Hornbill conservation and research.\",\"institution\":\"Johannesburg Zoo; Endangered Wildlife Trust\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Botha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andre\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coetzee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rynette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hagens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Quentin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hockey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phil\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ray\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mike\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoinette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Little\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rob\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carstens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moss\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dominic\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rehse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tracey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Theron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ann\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{botha_southern_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Southern {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) {Species} {Recovery} {Plan} for {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tdoi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.3554.0082},\\n\\tabstract = {Executive Summary\\nThe Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is a globally threatened species (IUCN Red List:\\nVulnerable) with a declining population. In South Africa the species is considered nationally\\nVulnerable, declining and listed as a ‘Protected Species’ under national legislation. It is a long-lived\\nand slow-breeding bird with an unusual cooperative breeding strategy and requiring large group\\nterritories.\\n\\nThe slow, complex breeding biology of the species renders it highly susceptible to threats that\\ninclude afforestation, cultivation and degradation of habitat, a lack of suitable nesting trees,\\npoisoning and direct persecution, live trade, and traditional practices.\\nThe purpose of this plan is to ensure the favourable conservation status of the Southern Ground\\nHornbill in South Africa, through six priority objectives:\\n Generate an increase in the Southern Ground Hornbill population by expanding the\\npopulation into parts of its historic range\\n Understand the genetic relationships across the populations, within family groups and the\\nmechanisms behind female and immature dispersal\\n Collect information on population threats and mortalities for Southern Ground Hornbill to\\ndetermine their importance\\n Investigate and implement in-situ and ex-situ management and conservation interventions\\nto increase Southern Ground Hornbill populations in South Africa and neighbouring\\ncountries that could potentially act as a sink or source for South African (RSA) birds\\n Increase awareness of the Southern Ground Hornbill and the threats acting upon the species\\nto increase tolerance towards the species and reduce persecution\\n Provide an insurance against future declines in the wild Southern Ground Hornbill\\npopulation by managing a viable ex situ population of Southern Ground Hornbills\\nLead implementing agencies for specific activities are listed in Table 3. Implementation of this plan\\nwill be coordinated by the Southern Ground Hornbill Action Group, a consortium formed by the key\\ncurrent stakeholders that meets regularly to address issues of Southern Ground Hornbill\\nconservation and research.},\\n\\tinstitution = {Johannesburg Zoo; Endangered Wildlife Trust},\\n\\tauthor = {Botha, Andre and Coetzee, Rynette and Hagens, Quentin and Hockey, Phil and Jansen, Ray and Jordan, Lara and Jordan, Mike and Kemp, Alan and Kotze, Antoinette and Little, Rob and Carstens, Kate and Moss, Dominic and Rehse, Tracey and Theron, N. and Turner, Ann},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Botha, A.\",\"Coetzee, R.\",\"Hagens, Q.\",\"Hockey, P.\",\"Jansen, R.\",\"Jordan, L.\",\"Jordan, M.\",\"Kemp, A.\",\"Kotze, A.\",\"Little, R.\",\"Carstens, K.\",\"Moss, D.\",\"Rehse, T.\",\"Theron, N.\",\"Turner, A.\"],\"key\":\"botha_southern_2011\",\"id\":\"botha_southern_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"botha-coetzee-hagens-hockey-jansen-jordan-jordan-kemp-etal-southerngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterispeciesrecoveryplanforsouthafrica-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Berlin, Heidelberg\",\"title\":\"Finely Ground‐Hornbill: The Sale of Bucorvus Cafer in a Traditional Medicine Market in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe\",\"isbn\":\"978-3-642-29025-1 978-3-642-29026-8\",\"shorttitle\":\"Finely Ground‐Hornbill\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"booktitle\":\"Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Berlin Heidelberg\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bruyns\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivienne\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cunningham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anthony\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alves\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rômulo\",\"Romeu\",\"Nóbrega\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ierecê\",\"Lucena\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"475–486\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{alves_finely_2013,\\n\\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\\n\\ttitle = {Finely {Ground}‐{Hornbill}: {The} {Sale} of {Bucorvus} {Cafer} in a {Traditional} {Medicine} {Market} in {Bulawayo}, {Zimbabwe}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-3-642-29025-1 978-3-642-29026-8},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Finely {Ground}‐{Hornbill}},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Animals in {Traditional} {Folk} {Medicine}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},\\n\\tauthor = {Bruyns, Robin K. and Williams, Vivienne L. and Cunningham, Anthony B.},\\n\\teditor = {Alves, Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega and Rosa, Ierecê Lucena},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {475--486},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bruyns, R. K.\",\"Williams, V. L.\",\"Cunningham, A. B.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Alves, R. R. N.\",\"Rosa, I. L.\"],\"key\":\"alves_finely_2013\",\"id\":\"alves_finely_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bruyns-williams-cunningham-finelygroundhornbillthesaleofbucorvuscaferinatraditionalmedicinemarketinbulawayozimbabwe-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(PhD Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Rondebosch, Cape Town\",\"title\":\"Breeding and dispersal implications for the conservation of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"url\":\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"school\":\"University of Cape Town\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carstens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2017\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{carstens_breeding_2017,\\n\\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\\n\\ttype = {({PhD} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Breeding and dispersal implications for the conservation of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\turl = {https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\\n\\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate},\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carstens, K.\"],\"key\":\"carstens_breeding_2017\",\"id\":\"carstens_breeding_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carstens-breedinganddispersalimplicationsfortheconservationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Natal dispersal in the Southern Ground Hornbill <i>Bucorvus</i> leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"90\",\"issn\":\"0030-6525, 1727-947X\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474\",\"doi\":\"10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Ostrich\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carstens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kassanjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reshma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Little\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hockey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philip\",\"Ar\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"cooperative breeding, dispersal, ground hornbills, philopatry, resightings\",\"pages\":\"119–127\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carstens_natal_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Natal dispersal in the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} \\\\textit{{Bucorvus}} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {90},\\n\\tissn = {0030-6525, 1727-947X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Ostrich},\\n\\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate F and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Robin M and Ryan, Peter G and Hockey, Philip Ar},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {cooperative breeding, dispersal, ground hornbills, philopatry, resightings},\\n\\tpages = {119--127},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carstens, K. F\",\"Kassanjee, R.\",\"Little, R. M\",\"Ryan, P. G\",\"Hockey, P. A.\"],\"key\":\"carstens_natal_2019\",\"id\":\"carstens_natal_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-nataldispersalinthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeateri-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474\"},\"keyword\":[\"cooperative breeding\",\"dispersal\",\"ground hornbills\",\"philopatry\",\"resightings\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The effects of weather, group size and type of nest on the timing of egg-laying in the Southern Ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"160\",\"issn\":\"2193-7192, 2193-7206\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Ornithology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carstens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kassanjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reshma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Little\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rob\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hockey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\",\"A.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Breeding success, Breeding success, Early breeding, Rainfall, Temperature\",\"pages\":\"633–640\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carstens_effects_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {The effects of weather, group size and type of nest on the timing of egg-laying in the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {160},\\n\\tissn = {2193-7192, 2193-7206},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Ornithology},\\n\\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate F. and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Rob M. and Ryan, Peter G. and Hockey, Phillip A. R.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Breeding success, Breeding success, Early breeding, Rainfall, Temperature},\\n\\tpages = {633--640},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carstens, K. F.\",\"Kassanjee, R.\",\"Little, R. M.\",\"Ryan, P. G.\",\"Hockey, P. A. R.\"],\"key\":\"carstens_effects_2019\",\"id\":\"carstens_effects_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-theeffectsofweathergroupsizeandtypeofnestonthetimingofegglayinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x\"},\"keyword\":[\"Breeding success\",\"Breeding success\",\"Early breeding\",\"Rainfall\",\"Temperature\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Breeding success and population growth of Southern Ground Hornbills <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> in an area supplemented with nest-boxes\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"issn\":\"0959-2709, 1474-0001\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S0959270919000108\",\"abstract\":\"The provision of artificial nests can improve the conservation status of threatened bird species that are limited by nest-site availability. The shortage of natural cavity nesting sites is one factor limiting the population growth of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In an 1,800 km2 study area in north-eastern South Africa, 31 wooden nest-boxes were installed during 2002–2015. We investigated the relationships between nests, as well as environmental and social factors, with breeding. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to the observational data and identified positive relationships between breeding attempts and each of home range size and the previous year’s rainfall; as well as positive relationships between breeding success (amongst the groups that attempt breeding) and each of earlier breeding, nest height and thickness of the nest cavity wall. The provision of nest-boxes increased the number of breeding groups and although breeding success also increased initially, it later declined as the density of breeding groups increased above 20 groups. Although nest-boxes alone did not increase overall breeding success, they are an effective conservation tool to enhance the population of Southern Ground Hornbills if spaced optimally, to enhance reproductive output in areas where suitable nest-sites are scarce or lacking.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2023-10-24\",\"journal\":\"Bird Conservation International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carstens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kassanjee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Reshma\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Little\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rob\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hockey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phil\",\"A.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pages\":\"627–643\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carstens_breeding_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Breeding success and population growth of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} \\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} in an area supplemented with nest-boxes},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\tissn = {0959-2709, 1474-0001},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S0959270919000108},\\n\\tabstract = {The provision of artificial nests can improve the conservation status of threatened bird species that are limited by nest-site availability. The shortage of natural cavity nesting sites is one factor limiting the population growth of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In an 1,800 km2 study area in north-eastern South Africa, 31 wooden nest-boxes were installed during 2002–2015. We investigated the relationships between nests, as well as environmental and social factors, with breeding. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to the observational data and identified positive relationships between breeding attempts and each of home range size and the previous year’s rainfall; as well as positive relationships between breeding success (amongst the groups that attempt breeding) and each of earlier breeding, nest height and thickness of the nest cavity wall. The provision of nest-boxes increased the number of breeding groups and although breeding success also increased initially, it later declined as the density of breeding groups increased above 20 groups. Although nest-boxes alone did not increase overall breeding success, they are an effective conservation tool to enhance the population of Southern Ground Hornbills if spaced optimally, to enhance reproductive output in areas where suitable nest-sites are scarce or lacking.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2023-10-24},\\n\\tjournal = {Bird Conservation International},\\n\\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate F. and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Rob M. and Ryan, Peter G. and Hockey, Phil A. R.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpages = {627--643},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carstens, K. F.\",\"Kassanjee, R.\",\"Little, R. M.\",\"Ryan, P. G.\",\"Hockey, P. A. R.\"],\"key\":\"carstens_breeding_2019\",\"id\":\"carstens_breeding_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-breedingsuccessandpopulationgrowthofsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriiinanareasupplementedwithnestboxes-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Egg-capping in the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"0030-6525\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438\",\"doi\":\"10.2989/00306525.2014.895438\",\"abstract\":\"‘Egg-capping’ describes occurrences of the empty shell from a hatched egg slipping over an unhatched egg from the same clutch. It is a rare phenomenon, occurring typically in \\\\textless2% of nests monitored. Here I report the first two observed cases of egg-capping in the endangered Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In north-eastern South Africa, egg-capping occurred in 4.3% of nests that contained two eggs with one or more surviving to hatching.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-09-30\",\"journal\":\"Ostrich\",\"publisher\":\"Taylor & Francis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carstens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathleen\",\"F\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438\",\"keywords\":\"Associated Private Nature Reserves, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground-Hornbill, egg-capping\",\"pages\":\"89–91\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carstens_egg-capping_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Egg-capping in the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {0030-6525},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},\\n\\tabstract = {‘Egg-capping’ describes occurrences of the empty shell from a hatched egg slipping over an unhatched egg from the same clutch. It is a rare phenomenon, occurring typically in {\\\\textless}2\\\\% of nests monitored. Here I report the first two observed cases of egg-capping in the endangered Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In north-eastern South Africa, egg-capping occurred in 4.3\\\\% of nests that contained two eggs with one or more surviving to hatching.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-09-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Ostrich},\\n\\tpublisher = {Taylor \\\\& Francis},\\n\\tauthor = {Carstens, Kathleen F},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},\\n\\tkeywords = {Associated Private Nature Reserves, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground-Hornbill, egg-capping},\\n\\tpages = {89--91},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carstens, K. F\"],\"key\":\"carstens_egg-capping_2014\",\"id\":\"carstens_egg-capping_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carstens-eggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438\"},\"keyword\":[\"Associated Private Nature Reserves\",\"Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"Southern Ground-Hornbill\",\"egg-capping\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Short Note Egg-capping in the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"url\":\"https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Ostrich\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carstens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathleen\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carstens_short_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Short {Note} {Egg}-capping in the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\turl = {https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Ostrich},\\n\\tauthor = {Carstens, Kathleen F.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carstens, K. F.\"],\"key\":\"carstens_short_2014\",\"id\":\"carstens_short_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carstens-shortnoteeggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"The current conservation status of the Southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. In: Kemp, A. C. & Kemp, M. I. (eds). The Active Management of Hornbills and their Habitats for Conservation\",\"url\":\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"publisher\":\"BirdLife Zimbabwe\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiweshe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ngoni\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"note\":\"Publisher: BirdLife Zimbabwe\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{chiweshe_current_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {The current conservation status of the {Southern} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}.  {In}: {Kemp}, {A}. {C}. \\\\& {Kemp}, {M}. {I}. (eds). {The} {Active} {Management} of {Hornbills} and their {Habitats} for {Conservation}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tpublisher = {BirdLife Zimbabwe},\\n\\tauthor = {Chiweshe, Ngoni},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: BirdLife Zimbabwe},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chiweshe, N.\"],\"key\":\"chiweshe_current_2007\",\"id\":\"chiweshe_current_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chiweshe-thecurrentconservationstatusofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweinkempackempmiedstheactivemanagementofhornbillsandtheirhabitatsforconservation-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Developing a site selection tool to assist reintroduction efforts for the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"0030-6525\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129\",\"doi\":\"10.2989/00306525.2013.823129\",\"abstract\":\"The Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (SGH) is regarded as Vulnerable globally and Endangered in South Africa as a result of losing close to 70% of its range and 50% of its historic population in the country. One of the conservation tools being used to address this issue and restore the population to its historic range is reintroductions. The aim of this study was to identify and prioritise probable reintroduction sites in the Mopane Bioregion and the Limpopo and Mpumalanga sections of the Lowveld Bioregion of South Africa (all in the Savanna Biome), by using a niche-based modelling technique (Maxent) combined with GIS analyses. Suitable SGH habitat was determined for farms in the study area and evaluated for the absence of mappable threats. Three priority areas were identified for reintroductions. These areas are in a near-natural state, offer sufficient habitat, are free of mappable threats and are close to formally protected areas. Field surveys of these three priority areas are needed next to validate their suitability for reintroduction purposes. This is the first spatially explicit reintroduction plan for the SGH that has been developed and will contribute to conservationists’ efforts to conserve the SGH.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-19\",\"journal\":\"Ostrich\",\"publisher\":\"Taylor & Francis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cilliers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dirk\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coetzee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hendri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Rensburg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leon\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129\",\"keywords\":\"Bucorvus leadbeateri, GIS, Maxent, Southern Ground Hornbill, ecological niche modelling, reintroduction\",\"pages\":\"101–111\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cilliers_developing_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Developing a site selection tool to assist reintroduction efforts for the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {0030-6525},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},\\n\\tabstract = {The Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (SGH) is regarded as Vulnerable globally and Endangered in South Africa as a result of losing close to 70\\\\% of its range and 50\\\\% of its historic population in the country. One of the conservation tools being used to address this issue and restore the population to its historic range is reintroductions. The aim of this study was to identify and prioritise probable reintroduction sites in the Mopane Bioregion and the Limpopo and Mpumalanga sections of the Lowveld Bioregion of South Africa (all in the Savanna Biome), by using a niche-based modelling technique (Maxent) combined with GIS analyses. Suitable SGH habitat was determined for farms in the study area and evaluated for the absence of mappable threats. Three priority areas were identified for reintroductions. These areas are in a near-natural state, offer sufficient habitat, are free of mappable threats and are close to formally protected areas. Field surveys of these three priority areas are needed next to validate their suitability for reintroduction purposes. This is the first spatially explicit reintroduction plan for the SGH that has been developed and will contribute to conservationists’ efforts to conserve the SGH.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Ostrich},\\n\\tpublisher = {Taylor \\\\& Francis},\\n\\tauthor = {Cilliers, Dirk and Evans, Steven and Coetzee, Hendri and van Rensburg, Leon},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bucorvus leadbeateri, GIS, Maxent, Southern Ground Hornbill, ecological niche modelling, reintroduction},\\n\\tpages = {101--111},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cilliers, D.\",\"Evans, S.\",\"Coetzee, H.\",\"van Rensburg, L.\"],\"key\":\"cilliers_developing_2013\",\"id\":\"cilliers_developing_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cilliers-evans-coetzee-vanrensburg-developingasiteselectiontooltoassistreintroductioneffortsforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"GIS\",\"Maxent\",\"Southern Ground Hornbill\",\"ecological niche modelling\",\"reintroduction\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Observations of southern ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri grooming common warthog Phacochoerus africanus\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"copyright\":\"© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd\",\"issn\":\"1365-2028\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"journal\":\"African Journal of Ecology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coetzee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hendri\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x\",\"pages\":\"1131–1133\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{coetzee_observations_2010,\\n\\ttitle = {Observations of southern ground-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri grooming common warthog {Phacochoerus} africanus},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd},\\n\\tissn = {1365-2028},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tjournal = {African Journal of Ecology},\\n\\tauthor = {Coetzee, Hendri C.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},\\n\\tpages = {1131--1133},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Coetzee, H. C.\"],\"key\":\"coetzee_observations_2010\",\"id\":\"coetzee_observations_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"coetzee-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigroomingcommonwarthogphacochoerusafricanus-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"An exploration of cultural beliefs and practices across the Southern Ground-Hornbill’s range in Africa\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"issn\":\"1746-4269\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/1746-4269-10-28\",\"abstract\":\"This article explores cultural beliefs and practices related to the Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in nine southern and east-African countries.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-09-30\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Coetzee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hendri\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Werner\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"van\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Rensburg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leon\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Bucorvus leadbeateri, Conservation, Cultural beliefs, Cultural practices, Intervention programme, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Surrogate species\",\"pages\":\"28\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{coetzee_exploration_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {An exploration of cultural beliefs and practices across the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill}’s range in {Africa}},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tissn = {1746-4269},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/1746-4269-10-28},\\n\\tabstract = {This article explores cultural beliefs and practices related to the Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in nine southern and east-African countries.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-09-30},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Coetzee, Hendri and Nell, Werner and van Rensburg, Leon},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bucorvus leadbeateri, Conservation, Cultural beliefs, Cultural practices, Intervention programme, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Surrogate species},\\n\\tpages = {28},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Coetzee, H.\",\"Nell, W.\",\"van Rensburg, L.\"],\"key\":\"coetzee_exploration_2014\",\"id\":\"coetzee_exploration_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"coetzee-nell-vanrensburg-anexplorationofculturalbeliefsandpracticesacrossthesoutherngroundhornbillsrangeinafrica-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"Conservation\",\"Cultural beliefs\",\"Cultural practices\",\"Intervention programme\",\"Southern Ground-Hornbill\",\"Surrogate species\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Random time-activity budgets in captive Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"109\",\"issn\":\"0038-2353\",\"url\":\"http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0038-23532013000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en\",\"number\":\"7-8\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"journal\":\"South African Journal of Science\",\"publisher\":\"Academy of Science of South Africa\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lara\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"01–02\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_random_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Random time-activity budgets in captive {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {109},\\n\\tissn = {0038-2353},\\n\\turl = {http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0038-23532013000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},\\n\\tnumber = {7-8},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tjournal = {South African Journal of Science},\\n\\tpublisher = {Academy of Science of South Africa},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, Mark and Jordan, Lara},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {01--02},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, M.\",\"Jordan, L.\"],\"key\":\"cooper_random_2013\",\"id\":\"cooper_random_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-jordan-randomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0038-23532013000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Update: Random time-activity budgets in captive Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"119\",\"url\":\"https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435\",\"doi\":\"10.17159/sajs.2023/a0028u\",\"number\":\"7/8\",\"journal\":\"South African Journal of Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lara\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_update_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Update: {Random} time-activity budgets in captive {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {119},\\n\\turl = {https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435},\\n\\tdoi = {10.17159/sajs.2023/a0028u},\\n\\tnumber = {7/8},\\n\\tjournal = {South African Journal of Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, Mark and Jordan, Lara},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, M.\",\"Jordan, L.\"],\"key\":\"cooper_update_2023\",\"id\":\"cooper_update_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-jordan-updaterandomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The ground hornbill: (Bucorvus cefer\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/00306525.1942.9634667\",\"language\":\"en\",\"journal\":\"Ostrich\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Courtnay-Latimer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1942\",\"pages\":\"121–136\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{courtnay-latimer_ground_1942,\\n\\ttitle = {The ground hornbill: ({Bucorvus} cefer},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/00306525.1942.9634667},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tjournal = {Ostrich},\\n\\tauthor = {Courtnay-Latimer, M.},\\n\\tyear = {1942},\\n\\tpages = {121--136},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Courtnay-Latimer, M.\"],\"key\":\"courtnay-latimer_ground_1942\",\"id\":\"courtnay-latimer_ground_1942\",\"bibbaseid\":\"courtnaylatimer-thegroundhornbillbucorvuscefer-1942\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"abstract\":\"Twelve microsatellite markers were developed via pyrosequencing for the Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). These microsatellite loci displayed one to eight alleles with an expected heterozygosity range between 0.339 – 0.858 and an observed heterozygosity between 0.348 – 0.913. The high level of polymorphisms observed in the microsatellite markers indicates that they can be used to strongly improve our knowledge of the genetic structure and relatedness of these birds.\",\"journal\":\"Molecular Ecology Resources\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dalton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Desire\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoinette\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dalton_isolation_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\tabstract = {Twelve microsatellite markers were developed via pyrosequencing for the Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). These microsatellite loci displayed one to eight alleles with an expected heterozygosity range between 0.339 – 0.858 and an observed heterozygosity between 0.348 – 0.913. The high level of polymorphisms observed in the microsatellite markers indicates that they can be used to strongly improve our knowledge of the genetic structure and relatedness of these birds.},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},\\n\\tauthor = {Dalton, Desire and Kotze, Antoinette},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dalton, D.\",\"Kotze, A.\"],\"key\":\"dalton_isolation_2011\",\"id\":\"dalton_isolation_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dalton-kotze-isolationandcharacterizationofmicrosatellitelociinsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species: the Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"issn\":\"1435-9456\",\"shorttitle\":\"Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6\",\"abstract\":\"Since ecology influences the expression of cognitive traits, intra-specific variation in ecological demands can drive differences in cognition. This is often the case, for instance, when sexes face different ecological challenges. However, so far, most studies have focused on few cognitive domains (i.e., spatial cognition), which limits our understanding of the evolution of sexually dimorphic cognition in animals. Endangered Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri), for example, show sex-specific ecological differences in age at dispersal, where females disperse from their natal group earlier than males. Based on this potential sex-specific source of selection, females and males may differ in their capacity to behave flexibly. Here, we used the reversal-learning paradigm in ten Southern ground-hornbills in two conditions: spatial and colour. During the pre-test (learning phase), regardless the sex, all subjects were faster at associating the food reward with spatial rather than with colour cues. Similarly, during the test (reversal-learning phase), both sexes learned the new association quicker with spatial cues. There were no sex differences in learning or reversal learning during both experimental phases. This possibility, however, requires further observation and experimentation. We hope our study will provide the impetus to assess further the cognitive capacities of this still overlooked species.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Animal Cognition\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rebout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nancy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Behavioural flexibility, Cups task, Ground-hornbills, Reversal learning, Sex differences\",\"pages\":\"599–609\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{danel_assessing_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species: the {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tissn = {1435-9456},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6},\\n\\tabstract = {Since ecology influences the expression of cognitive traits, intra-specific variation in ecological demands can drive differences in cognition. This is often the case, for instance, when sexes face different ecological challenges. However, so far, most studies have focused on few cognitive domains (i.e., spatial cognition), which limits our understanding of the evolution of sexually dimorphic cognition in animals. Endangered Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri), for example, show sex-specific ecological differences in age at dispersal, where females disperse from their natal group earlier than males. Based on this potential sex-specific source of selection, females and males may differ in their capacity to behave flexibly. Here, we used the reversal-learning paradigm in ten Southern ground-hornbills in two conditions: spatial and colour. During the pre-test (learning phase), regardless the sex, all subjects were faster at associating the food reward with spatial rather than with colour cues. Similarly, during the test (reversal-learning phase), both sexes learned the new association quicker with spatial cues. There were no sex differences in learning or reversal learning during both experimental phases. This possibility, however, requires further observation and experimentation. We hope our study will provide the impetus to assess further the cognitive capacities of this still overlooked species.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Animal Cognition},\\n\\tauthor = {Danel, Samara and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Behavioural flexibility, Cups task, Ground-hornbills, Reversal learning, Sex differences},\\n\\tpages = {599--609},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Danel, S.\",\"Rebout, N.\",\"Kemp, L.\"],\"key\":\"danel_assessing_2023\",\"id\":\"danel_assessing_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"danel-rebout-kemp-assessingsexdifferencesinbehaviouralflexibilityinanendangeredbirdspeciesthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6\"},\"keyword\":[\"Behavioural flexibility\",\"Cups task\",\"Ground-hornbills\",\"Reversal learning\",\"Sex differences\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Social diffusion of new foraging techniques in the Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"volume\":\"51\",\"issn\":\"1543-4508\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4\",\"doi\":\"10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4\",\"abstract\":\"Social learning during foraging has been found in a wide range of animals, including numerous bird species. Still, the mechanisms underlying this cognitive capacity remain largely unstudied and the use of divergent methods limits our understanding of their taxonomic distribution. Using an ecologically relevant design, the open diffusion experiment, we tested whether 11 Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) were able to show imitation on the two-action task. Three experimental groups were created. In the slide and pull group, subjects (‘observers’) watched a trained conspecific (‘demonstrator’) opening a box using a specific technique. Naïve individuals from the control group, however, did not receive a social demonstration. All birds of the slide and pull group succeeded in opening the box, whereas all subjects of the control group failed the task. We found consistent inter-individual differences among some observers, with only two birds (one in each group) using the same technique and part of the box contacted by the demonstrator. Our results suggest that at least fine-tune enhancement underlies behavioural diffusion in this novel model species, which provides new research opportunities with direct implications for conservation.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"journal\":\"Learning & Behavior\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rebout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nancy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Bucerotiformes, Ground-hornbills, Group foraging, Open diffusion, Social learning, Two-action task\",\"pages\":\"153–165\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{danel_social_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Social diffusion of new foraging techniques in the {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\tvolume = {51},\\n\\tissn = {1543-4508},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4},\\n\\tabstract = {Social learning during foraging has been found in a wide range of animals, including numerous bird species. Still, the mechanisms underlying this cognitive capacity remain largely unstudied and the use of divergent methods limits our understanding of their taxonomic distribution. Using an ecologically relevant design, the open diffusion experiment, we tested whether 11 Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) were able to show imitation on the two-action task. Three experimental groups were created. In the slide and pull group, subjects (‘observers’) watched a trained conspecific (‘demonstrator’) opening a box using a specific technique. Naïve individuals from the control group, however, did not receive a social demonstration. All birds of the slide and pull group succeeded in opening the box, whereas all subjects of the control group failed the task. We found consistent inter-individual differences among some observers, with only two birds (one in each group) using the same technique and part of the box contacted by the demonstrator. Our results suggest that at least fine-tune enhancement underlies behavioural diffusion in this novel model species, which provides new research opportunities with direct implications for conservation.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tjournal = {Learning \\\\& Behavior},\\n\\tauthor = {Danel, Samara and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bucerotiformes, Ground-hornbills, Group foraging, Open diffusion, Social learning, Two-action task},\\n\\tpages = {153--165},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Danel, S.\",\"Rebout, N.\",\"Kemp, L.\"],\"key\":\"danel_social_2023\",\"id\":\"danel_social_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"danel-rebout-kemp-socialdiffusionofnewforagingtechniquesinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bucerotiformes\",\"Ground-hornbills\",\"Group foraging\",\"Open diffusion\",\"Social learning\",\"Two-action task\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ground-hornbills (Bucorvus) show means-end understanding in a horizontal two-string discrimination task\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0289-0771, 1439-5444\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Ethology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samara\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Von\",\"Bayern\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Auguste\",\"M.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osiurak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"François\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Brain size, Cognition, Physical cognition, Problem solving, Selection pressure, String pulling\",\"pages\":\"117–122\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{danel_ground-hornbills_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Ground-hornbills ({Bucorvus}) show means-end understanding in a horizontal two-string discrimination task},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0289-0771, 1439-5444},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Ethology},\\n\\tauthor = {Danel, Samara and Von Bayern, Auguste M. P. and Osiurak, François},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Brain size, Cognition, Physical cognition, Problem solving, Selection pressure, String pulling},\\n\\tpages = {117--122},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Danel, S.\",\"Von Bayern, A. M. P.\",\"Osiurak, F.\"],\"key\":\"danel_ground-hornbills_2019\",\"id\":\"danel_ground-hornbills_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"danel-vonbayern-osiurak-groundhornbillsbucorvusshowmeansendunderstandinginahorizontaltwostringdiscriminationtask-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"Brain size\",\"Cognition\",\"Physical cognition\",\"Problem solving\",\"Selection pressure\",\"String pulling\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in eggshells of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (<i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i>) and Wattled Crane (<i>Bugeranus carunculatus</i>) in South Africa\",\"volume\":\"118\",\"issn\":\"0045-6535\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.063\",\"abstract\":\"This study was undertaken to assess the levels of eight PBDE congeners, namely: PBDE-17, 47, 100, 99, 154, 153, 183 and 209 in eggshells of Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) Bucorvus leadbeateri and Wattled Crane (WC) Bugeranus carunculatus obtained from different nesting sites within the eastern savanna of Limpopo Province and the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, respectively. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry employing the electron impact ionization technique. The results obtained indicated that the lower brominated congeners were predominant in both species. The total PBDEs ranged between not detected (ND) to 264μgg−1 lipid weight and 5.98–7146μgg−1 lipid weight in the SGH and WC samples, respectively. More so, the mean recoveries of the 13C-labelled surrogate standards ranged between 40% (PBDE-100) and 136% (PBDE-99). The potential hazards to these birds via PBDEs exposure were evaluated by determining the hazard quotients (HQs) by employing the established Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL) values associated with impaired pipping and hatching success as well as that associated with impaired reproduction. HQs values varying from 0.58 to 0.94 and 27.71 to 45.27, respectively were obtained for SGH and WC species. This implies that the SGH populations are exposed to low to moderate hazards, while the WC populations are susceptible to high hazards. Considering the potential threats posed by PBDEs, particularly to the WC species, it is likely that exposure to the current environmental levels of PBDEs by these birds may contribute to their reduced breeding success and declining population trends.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"journal\":\"Chemosphere\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adegbenro\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okonkwo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Forbes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"B.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotzé\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoinette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rohwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Egmont\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Eggshell, PBDEs, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Wattled Crane\",\"pages\":\"284–292\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{daso_polybrominated_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in eggshells of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} (\\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri}) and {Wattled} {Crane} (\\\\textit{{Bugeranus} carunculatus}) in {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tvolume = {118},\\n\\tissn = {0045-6535},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.063},\\n\\tabstract = {This study was undertaken to assess the levels of eight PBDE congeners, namely: PBDE-17, 47, 100, 99, 154, 153, 183 and 209 in eggshells of Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) Bucorvus leadbeateri and Wattled Crane (WC) Bugeranus carunculatus obtained from different nesting sites within the eastern savanna of Limpopo Province and the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, respectively. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry employing the electron impact ionization technique. The results obtained indicated that the lower brominated congeners were predominant in both species. The total PBDEs ranged between not detected (ND) to 264μgg−1 lipid weight and 5.98–7146μgg−1 lipid weight in the SGH and WC samples, respectively. More so, the mean recoveries of the 13C-labelled surrogate standards ranged between 40\\\\% (PBDE-100) and 136\\\\% (PBDE-99). The potential hazards to these birds via PBDEs exposure were evaluated by determining the hazard quotients (HQs) by employing the established Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL) values associated with impaired pipping and hatching success as well as that associated with impaired reproduction. HQs values varying from 0.58 to 0.94 and 27.71 to 45.27, respectively were obtained for SGH and WC species. This implies that the SGH populations are exposed to low to moderate hazards, while the WC populations are susceptible to high hazards. Considering the potential threats posed by PBDEs, particularly to the WC species, it is likely that exposure to the current environmental levels of PBDEs by these birds may contribute to their reduced breeding success and declining population trends.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\\n\\tauthor = {Daso, Adegbenro P. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O. and Jansen, Raymond and Forbes, Patricia B. C. and Kotzé, Antoinette and Rohwer, Egmont R.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Eggshell, PBDEs, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Wattled Crane},\\n\\tpages = {284--292},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Daso, A. P.\",\"Okonkwo, J. O.\",\"Jansen, R.\",\"Forbes, P. B. C.\",\"Kotzé, A.\",\"Rohwer, E. R.\"],\"key\":\"daso_polybrominated_2015\",\"id\":\"daso_polybrominated_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"daso-okonkwo-jansen-forbes-kotz-rohwer-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394\"},\"keyword\":[\"Eggshell\",\"PBDEs\",\"Reproduction\",\"Southern Ground-Hornbill\",\"Wattled Crane\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mercury concentrations in eggshells of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (<i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i>) and Wattled Crane (<i>Bugeranus carunculatus</i>) in South Africa\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"0147-6513\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.010\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, wild hatched eggshells were collected from the nests of threatened Wattled Crane and South Ground-Hornbill in an attempt to determine their total Hg concentrations. A total of fourteen eggshell samples from both bird species were collected from different study areas in the Mpumlanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. The eggshells were acid digested under reflux and their total Hg concentrations were determined using cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). The observed total Hg levels for the South Ground-Hornbill samples ranged from 1.31 to 8.88µgg−1 dry weight (dw), except for one outlier which had an elevated 75.0µgg−1 dw. The levels obtained for the Wattled Crane samples were relatively high and these ranged from 14.84 to 36.37µgg−1 dw. Generally, all the measured total Hg concentrations for the Wattled Crane samples exceeded the estimated total Hg levels derived for eggshell which were known to cause adverse reproductive effects in avian species from previous studies. Based on these findings, it is, therefore, possible that the exposure of these birds to elevated Hg may have contributed to their present population decline.\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-20\",\"journal\":\"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Daso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adegbenro\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Okonkwo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brandao\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"D.\",\"D.\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotzé\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoinette\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Eggshells, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Total mercury, Wattled Crane\",\"pages\":\"61–66\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{daso_mercury_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Mercury concentrations in eggshells of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} (\\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri}) and {Wattled} {Crane} (\\\\textit{{Bugeranus} carunculatus}) in {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {0147-6513},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.010},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, wild hatched eggshells were collected from the nests of threatened Wattled Crane and South Ground-Hornbill in an attempt to determine their total Hg concentrations. A total of fourteen eggshell samples from both bird species were collected from different study areas in the Mpumlanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. The eggshells were acid digested under reflux and their total Hg concentrations were determined using cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). The observed total Hg levels for the South Ground-Hornbill samples ranged from 1.31 to 8.88µgg−1 dry weight (dw), except for one outlier which had an elevated 75.0µgg−1 dw. The levels obtained for the Wattled Crane samples were relatively high and these ranged from 14.84 to 36.37µgg−1 dw. Generally, all the measured total Hg concentrations for the Wattled Crane samples exceeded the estimated total Hg levels derived for eggshell which were known to cause adverse reproductive effects in avian species from previous studies. Based on these findings, it is, therefore, possible that the exposure of these birds to elevated Hg may have contributed to their present population decline.},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},\\n\\tauthor = {Daso, Adegbenro P. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O. and Jansen, Raymond and Brandao, José D. D. O. and Kotzé, Antoinette},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Eggshells, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Total mercury, Wattled Crane},\\n\\tpages = {61--66},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Daso, A. P.\",\"Okonkwo, J. O.\",\"Jansen, R.\",\"Brandao, J. D. D. O.\",\"Kotzé, A.\"],\"key\":\"daso_mercury_2015\",\"id\":\"daso_mercury_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"daso-okonkwo-jansen-brandao-kotz-mercuryconcentrationsineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111\"},\"keyword\":[\"Eggshells\",\"Reproduction\",\"Southern Ground-Hornbill\",\"Total mercury\",\"Wattled Crane\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"The status and conservation of southern ground hornbills, Bucorvus leadbeateri, in the Limpopo province, South Africa\",\"url\":\"https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference. Mabula Game Lodge, South Africa\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Engelbrecht\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Derek\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Theron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Turner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Wyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pienaar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kobus\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"1–5\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{engelbrecht_status_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {The status and conservation of southern ground hornbills, {Bucorvus} leadbeateri, in the {Limpopo} province, {South} {Africa}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {International} {Hornbill} {Conference}. {Mabula} {Game} {Lodge}, {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tauthor = {Engelbrecht, Derek and Theron, Nicholas and Turner, Ann and Van Wyk, Johan and Pienaar, Kobus and Kemp, A. C. and Kemp, M. I.},\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {1--5},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Engelbrecht, D.\",\"Theron, N.\",\"Turner, A.\",\"Van Wyk, J.\",\"Pienaar, K.\",\"Kemp, A. C.\",\"Kemp, M. I.\"],\"key\":\"engelbrecht_status_2007\",\"id\":\"engelbrecht_status_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"engelbrecht-theron-turner-vanwyk-pienaar-kemp-kemp-thestatusandconservationofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Maintaining and breeding the Abyssinian ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus at the Dallas Zoo\",\"volume\":\"28\",\"copyright\":\"© 1989 The Zoological Society of London\",\"issn\":\"1748-1090\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-20\",\"journal\":\"International Zoo Yearbook\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Falzone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Celia\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1989\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x\",\"pages\":\"246–249\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{falzone_maintaining_1989,\\n\\ttitle = {Maintaining and breeding the {Abyssinian} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} abyssinicus at the {Dallas} {Zoo}},\\n\\tvolume = {28},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 1989 The Zoological Society of London},\\n\\tissn = {1748-1090},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-20},\\n\\tjournal = {International Zoo Yearbook},\\n\\tauthor = {Falzone, Celia K.},\\n\\tyear = {1989},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},\\n\\tpages = {246--249},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Falzone, C. K.\"],\"key\":\"falzone_maintaining_1989\",\"id\":\"falzone_maintaining_1989\",\"bibbaseid\":\"falzone-maintainingandbreedingtheabyssiniangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicusatthedallaszoo-1989\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Helminthes parasites d’animaux sauvages au Sénégal - Histiocephalus bucorvi n. sp. (Hedruridae, Nematoda), parasite du ventricule succenturié de Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert) (Grand Calao d’Abyssinie)\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"copyright\":\"© Masson, Paris 1967, transferred to Société Française de Parasitologie\",\"issn\":\"0003-4150, 2772-4042\",\"url\":\"https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html\",\"doi\":\"10.1051/parasite/1967425533\",\"abstract\":\"Parasite international open-access, peer-reviewed, online journal publishing high quality papers on all aspects of human and animal parasitology\",\"language\":\"fr\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-20\",\"journal\":\"Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée\",\"publisher\":\"EDP Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gretillat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Simon\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1967\",\"note\":\"Number: 5\",\"pages\":\"533–542\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gretillat_helminthes_1967,\\n\\ttitle = {Helminthes parasites d’animaux sauvages au {Sénégal} - {Histiocephalus} bucorvi n. sp. ({Hedruridae}, {Nematoda}), parasite du ventricule succenturié de {Bucorvus} abyssinicus ({Boddaert}) ({Grand} {Calao} d’{Abyssinie})},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tcopyright = {© Masson, Paris 1967, transferred to Société Française de Parasitologie},\\n\\tissn = {0003-4150, 2772-4042},\\n\\turl = {https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1051/parasite/1967425533},\\n\\tabstract = {Parasite international open-access, peer-reviewed, online journal publishing high quality papers on all aspects of human and animal parasitology},\\n\\tlanguage = {fr},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée},\\n\\tpublisher = {EDP Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Gretillat, Simon},\\n\\tyear = {1967},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 5},\\n\\tpages = {533--542},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gretillat, S.\"],\"key\":\"gretillat_helminthes_1967\",\"id\":\"gretillat_helminthes_1967\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gretillat-helminthesparasitesdanimauxsauvagesausngalhistiocephalusbucorvinsphedruridaenematodaparasiteduventriculesuccenturidebucorvusabyssinicusboddaertgrandcalaodabyssinie-1967\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Observations of Southern Ground-Hornbill <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> groups in the Kafue National Park, Zambia\",\"volume\":\"91\",\"issn\":\"0030-6525, 1727-947X\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433\",\"doi\":\"10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Ostrich\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gula\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Phiri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chaona\",\"G\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"267–270\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{gula_observations_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Observations of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} \\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} groups in the {Kafue} {National} {Park}, {Zambia}},\\n\\tvolume = {91},\\n\\tissn = {0030-6525, 1727-947X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Ostrich},\\n\\tauthor = {Gula, Jonah and Phiri, Chaona G},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {267--270},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Gula, J.\",\"Phiri, C. G\"],\"key\":\"gula_observations_2020\",\"id\":\"gula_observations_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"gula-phiri-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriigroupsinthekafuenationalparkzambia-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(Master Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Potchefstroom\",\"title\":\"The identification and verification of optimal reintroduction sites for the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Musina area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa\",\"url\":\"https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170\",\"abstract\":\"The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) has recently been listed globally by the IUCN Red list as Endangered or Critically Endangered. In South Africa, the declining population of the SGH has led it to be listed nationally as Vulnerable and falls under the “Protected Species” legislation. Research into the habitat preferences and identification of suitable reintroduction areas have been few since the initiation of reintroduction attempts, therefore resulting in mixed outcomes of previously-reintroduced SGH. The aim of this study was to identify and verify optimal reintroduction sites for the SGH, in the Musina area in the Limpopo Province. Five main objectives were determined, namely: to identify optimal reintroduction areas; to develop a habitat profile of the designated area; to determine the availability of prey items; to determine the availability of large trees needed for nesting and roosting; to evaluate pre-release sites by involving a number of stakeholders. Three study sites were selected on the farm Greyghost Safaris (Ludwigslust), each made up of a different plant community. Sampling was carried out a total of four times during the year: one sampling bout in each season. A niche-based modelling technique was used to describe the suitability of a particular habitat (“ecological space”) then used to project it onto another geographical space. Floristic and faunal surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of prey items and composition and frequency of the herbaceous and woody layer. High-resolution, natural-colour aerial imagery was used in order to determine the availability of trees for nesting and roosting. Pre-release site evaluations and stakeholder engagements were conducted by means of interviews with landowners on and around the study sites. The Limpopo River Valley and across to the KNP on the eastern border of the Limpopo Province, is suitable re-introduction sites for the SGH. This study site provided a good opportunity to explore what an optimal site for reintroduction should resemble.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-06\",\"school\":\"North-West University\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jerling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francette\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"note\":\"Accepted: 2013-09-30T13:07:46Z\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{jerling_identification_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Potchefstroom},\\n\\ttype = {({Master} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {The identification and verification of optimal reintroduction sites for the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in the {Musina} area of the {Limpopo} {Province}, {South} {Africa}},\\n\\turl = {https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170},\\n\\tabstract = {The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) has recently been listed globally by the IUCN Red list as Endangered or Critically Endangered. In South Africa, the declining population of the SGH has led it to be listed nationally as Vulnerable and falls under the “Protected Species” legislation. Research into the habitat preferences and identification of suitable reintroduction areas have been few since the initiation of reintroduction attempts, therefore resulting in mixed outcomes of previously-reintroduced SGH. The aim of this study was to identify and verify optimal reintroduction sites for the SGH, in the Musina area in the Limpopo Province. Five main objectives were determined, namely: to identify optimal reintroduction areas; to develop a habitat profile of the designated area; to determine the availability of prey items; to determine the availability of large trees needed for nesting and roosting; to evaluate pre-release sites by involving a number of stakeholders. Three study sites were selected on the farm Greyghost Safaris (Ludwigslust), each made up of a different plant community. Sampling was carried out a total of four times during the year: one sampling bout in each season. A niche-based modelling technique was used to describe the suitability of a particular habitat (“ecological space”) then used to project it onto another geographical space. Floristic and faunal surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of prey items and composition and frequency of the herbaceous and woody layer. High-resolution, natural-colour aerial imagery was used in order to determine the availability of trees for nesting and roosting. Pre-release site evaluations and stakeholder engagements were conducted by means of interviews with landowners on and around the study sites. The Limpopo River Valley and across to the KNP on the eastern border of the Limpopo Province, is suitable re-introduction sites for the SGH. This study site provided a good opportunity to explore what an optimal site for reintroduction should resemble.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-06},\\n\\tschool = {North-West University},\\n\\tauthor = {Jerling, Francette},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tnote = {Accepted: 2013-09-30T13:07:46Z},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jerling, F.\"],\"key\":\"jerling_identification_2011\",\"id\":\"jerling_identification_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jerling-theidentificationandverificationofoptimalreintroductionsitesforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthemusinaareaofthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Development Of The Rhythmically Coordinated Duet Of A Bird Species (Southern Ground Hornbills, Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"url\":\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html\",\"doi\":\"10.21437/SpeechProsody.2024-232\",\"abstract\":\"Comparing human with non-human animal vocalizations can give insight in evolution and mechanisms of vocal behavior. This study addresses rhythm, a feature shared between speech prosody and music, in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Adults in this bird species sing a rhythmically coordinated duet, alternating between the male and the female. Vocalizations were recorded in two developmental and social settings in zoo living Southern Ground Hornbills and analyzed for their rhythmic patterns. Preliminary results indicate juvenile Ground Hornbills produce similar calls as adults, but do not produce the rhythmic duet yet. Moreover, upon introduction of a new adult male to an adult human-reared female, the birds did occasionally, but not always produce a rhythmic duet. These preliminary findings suggest that either learning and/or physiological changes during development and possibly pair bonding induce the rhythmic duet. Further research using more diverse settings and longitudinal recordings (including more adult controls), should disentangle these possible mechanisms. These findings are relevant for both evolution and mechanisms of rhythmic capacities, as well as animal welfare, particularly breeding programs to reintroduce Ground Hornbills to the wild. If development of the coordinated duet is in jeopardy, the breeding and reintroduction may be at risk as well.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"booktitle\":\"Speech Prosody 2024\",\"publisher\":\"ISCA\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sita\",\"M.\",\"Ter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"1150–1154\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{haar_development_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Development {Of} {The} {Rhythmically} {Coordinated} {Duet} {Of} {A} {Bird} {Species} ({Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills}, {Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.21437/SpeechProsody.2024-232},\\n\\tabstract = {Comparing human with non-human animal vocalizations can give insight in evolution and mechanisms of vocal behavior. This study addresses rhythm, a feature shared between speech prosody and music, in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Adults in this bird species sing a rhythmically coordinated duet, alternating between the male and the female. Vocalizations were recorded in two developmental and social settings in zoo living Southern Ground Hornbills and analyzed for their rhythmic patterns. Preliminary results indicate juvenile Ground Hornbills produce similar calls as adults, but do not produce the rhythmic duet yet. Moreover, upon introduction of a new adult male to an adult human-reared female, the birds did occasionally, but not always produce a rhythmic duet. These preliminary findings suggest that either learning and/or physiological changes during development and possibly pair bonding induce the rhythmic duet. Further research using more diverse settings and longitudinal recordings (including more adult controls), should disentangle these possible mechanisms. These findings are relevant for both evolution and mechanisms of rhythmic capacities, as well as animal welfare, particularly breeding programs to reintroduce Ground Hornbills to the wild. If development of the coordinated duet is in jeopardy, the breeding and reintroduction may be at risk as well.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Speech {Prosody} 2024},\\n\\tpublisher = {ISCA},\\n\\tauthor = {Haar, Sita M. Ter},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {1150--1154},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Haar, S. M. T.\"],\"key\":\"haar_development_2024\",\"id\":\"haar_development_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"haar-developmentoftherhythmicallycoordinatedduetofabirdspeciessoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The biology of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors) (Aves: Bucerotidae)\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"shorttitle\":\"The biology of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors) (Aves\",\"url\":\"https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057\",\"doi\":\"10.10520/AJA00411752_1057\",\"abstract\":\"Fourteen groups of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were observed over five months in the Kruger National Park in the Republic of South Africa. Aspects of their activity patterns and behaviour are recorded, and their breeding biology and activity are described. B. leadbeateri is a group-territorial species with extensive spatial requirements of about 100 sq km per group. The territorial maintenance is elaborate, as is an intragroup social organisation. Each group breeds cooperatively, with a very low productivity indicating that individuals have a high survival rate. Comparison with the Abyssinian Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus indicates that this is a distinct species with a different biology.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"journal\":\"Annals of the Transvaal Museum\",\"publisher\":\"Northern Flagship Institute\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.C.\",\"&\",\"Kemp\",\"M.I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"1980\",\"keywords\":\"Aves, Breeding, Bucerotidae, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground Hornbill\",\"pages\":\"65–100\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kemp_biology_1980,\\n\\ttitle = {The biology of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}) ({Aves}: {Bucerotidae})},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The biology of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}) ({Aves}},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057},\\n\\tdoi = {10.10520/AJA00411752_1057},\\n\\tabstract = {Fourteen groups of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were observed over five months in the Kruger National Park in the Republic of South Africa. Aspects of their activity patterns and behaviour are recorded, and their breeding biology and activity are described. B. leadbeateri is a group-territorial species with extensive spatial requirements of about 100 sq km per group. The territorial maintenance is elaborate, as is an intragroup social organisation. Each group breeds cooperatively, with a very low productivity indicating that individuals have a high survival rate. Comparison with the Abyssinian Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus indicates that this is a distinct species with a different biology.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tjournal = {Annals of the Transvaal Museum},\\n\\tpublisher = {Northern Flagship Institute},\\n\\tauthor = {Kemp, A.C. \\\\& Kemp M.I.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {1980},\\n\\tkeywords = {Aves, Breeding, Bucerotidae, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground Hornbill},\\n\\tpages = {65--100},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kemp, A. & K. M.\"],\"key\":\"kemp_biology_1980\",\"id\":\"kemp_biology_1980\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kemp-thebiologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigorsavesbucerotidae-1980\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057\"},\"keyword\":[\"Aves\",\"Breeding\",\"Bucerotidae\",\"Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"Southern Ground Hornbill\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Ground Hornbills, the genus Bucorvus\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"issn\":\"1352-481X\",\"url\":\"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855\",\"doi\":\"10.5962/p.308855\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-20\",\"journal\":\"Bulletin of the African Bird Club\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1994\",\"pages\":\"10–11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kemp_ground_1994,\\n\\ttitle = {Ground {Hornbills}, the genus {Bucorvus}},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tissn = {1352-481X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855},\\n\\tdoi = {10.5962/p.308855},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Bulletin of the African Bird Club},\\n\\tauthor = {Kemp, Alan},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1994},\\n\\tpages = {10--11},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kemp, A.\"],\"key\":\"kemp_ground_1994\",\"id\":\"kemp_ground_1994\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kemp-groundhornbillsthegenusbucorvus-1994\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Nest Sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus Leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and Conservation Implications\",\"volume\":\"67\",\"issn\":\"0030-6525\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773\",\"abstract\":\"Kemp, A. C. & Begg, K. S. 1996. Nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and conservation implications. Ostrich 67: 9–14. Details of 56 active and 18 potential nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were recorded in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, over 298 nest-seasons during 1967–95. Nests were natural cavities with a median diameter of about 40 cm, 96% situated in 12 species of trees and 4% in rock faces. Only four species of tree provided 72% of nest sites and 85% of active nest sites were formed by rotting of a damaged branch or trunk. No habitat preference associated with nest sites was detected, but 61% of nests were within 400 m of a tourist road, possibly due to lower predation pressure. Nest attractiveness was correlated positively with nest height, cavity shallowness and proximity to tourist roads, but nest success was not correlated with any measured features of the sites. Average cavity durability was 14 years, but differed between tree species from 5–26 years. Nest site availability appeared to be the principal factor limiting the Southern Ground Hornbill population of the Kruger National Park. The limited choice of sites, and the potential for site modification and substitution, have important implications for wild and captive management and conservation.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"journal\":\"Ostrich\",\"publisher\":\"Taylor & Francis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Alan\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Begg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Keith\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"1996\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773\",\"pages\":\"9–14\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kemp_nest_1996,\\n\\ttitle = {Nest {Sites} of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri} in the {Kruger} {National} {Park}, {South} {Africa}, and {Conservation} {Implications}},\\n\\tvolume = {67},\\n\\tissn = {0030-6525},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},\\n\\tabstract = {Kemp, A. C. \\\\& Begg, K. S. 1996. Nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and conservation implications. Ostrich 67: 9–14. Details of 56 active and 18 potential nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were recorded in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, over 298 nest-seasons during 1967–95. Nests were natural cavities with a median diameter of about 40 cm, 96\\\\% situated in 12 species of trees and 4\\\\% in rock faces. Only four species of tree provided 72\\\\% of nest sites and 85\\\\% of active nest sites were formed by rotting of a damaged branch or trunk. No habitat preference associated with nest sites was detected, but 61\\\\% of nests were within 400 m of a tourist road, possibly due to lower predation pressure. Nest attractiveness was correlated positively with nest height, cavity shallowness and proximity to tourist roads, but nest success was not correlated with any measured features of the sites. Average cavity durability was 14 years, but differed between tree species from 5–26 years. Nest site availability appeared to be the principal factor limiting the Southern Ground Hornbill population of the Kruger National Park. The limited choice of sites, and the potential for site modification and substitution, have important implications for wild and captive management and conservation.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tjournal = {Ostrich},\\n\\tpublisher = {Taylor \\\\& Francis},\\n\\tauthor = {Kemp, Alan C. and Begg, Keith S.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {1996},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},\\n\\tpages = {9--14},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kemp, A. C.\",\"Begg, K. S.\"],\"key\":\"kemp_nest_1996\",\"id\":\"kemp_nest_1996\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kemp-begg-nestsitesofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthekrugernationalparksouthafricaandconservationimplications-1996\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(PhD Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Bloemfontein\",\"title\":\"Conservation biology and molecular ecology of the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors, 1825)\",\"language\":\"en\",\"school\":\"University of the Free State\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2017\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{kemp_conservation_2017,\\n\\taddress = {Bloemfontein},\\n\\ttype = {({PhD} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Conservation biology and molecular ecology of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}, 1825)},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tschool = {University of the Free State},\\n\\tauthor = {Kemp, L.V.},\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kemp, L.\"],\"key\":\"kemp_conservation_2017\",\"id\":\"kemp_conservation_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kemp-conservationbiologyandmolecularecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigors1825-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Broad-scale genetic assessment of Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) to inform population management\",\"volume\":\"52\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Global Ecology and Conservation\",\"publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dalton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Desiré\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mwale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grobler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Madisha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"Thabang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Wyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anna\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mokgokong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Prudent\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoinette\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"e02963\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kemp_broad-scale_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Broad-scale genetic assessment of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) to inform population management},\\n\\tvolume = {52},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},\\n\\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\\n\\tauthor = {Kemp, Lucy and Dalton, Desiré L. and Mwale, Monica and Grobler, J. Paul and Madisha, M. Thabang and Van Wyk, Anna M. and Mokgokong, Prudent S. and Jansen, Raymond and Kotze, Antoinette},\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {e02963},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kemp, L.\",\"Dalton, D. L.\",\"Mwale, M.\",\"Grobler, J. P.\",\"Madisha, M. T.\",\"Van Wyk, A. M.\",\"Mokgokong, P. S.\",\"Jansen, R.\",\"Kotze, A.\"],\"key\":\"kemp_broad-scale_2024\",\"id\":\"kemp_broad-scale_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kemp-dalton-mwale-grobler-madisha-vanwyk-mokgokong-jansen-etal-broadscalegeneticassessmentofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateritoinformpopulationmanagement-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(Master Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Berea, Durban, South Africa\",\"title\":\"A preliminary investigation into the status, distribution and some aspects of the foraging ecology of the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus cafer\",\"url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-02\",\"school\":\"University of KwaZulu-Natal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1990\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{knight_preliminary_1990,\\n\\taddress = {Berea, Durban, South Africa},\\n\\ttype = {({Master} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {A preliminary investigation into the status, distribution and some aspects of the foraging ecology of the southern ground hornbill ({Bucorvus} cafer},\\n\\turl = {http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-02},\\n\\tschool = {University of KwaZulu-Natal},\\n\\tauthor = {Knight, G.M.},\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Knight, G.\"],\"key\":\"knight_preliminary_1990\",\"id\":\"knight_preliminary_1990\",\"bibbaseid\":\"knight-apreliminaryinvestigationintothestatusdistributionandsomeaspectsoftheforagingecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvuscafer-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"url\":\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery\",\"publisher\":\"BioOne\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koeppel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katja\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Animals, Bird Diseases, Birds, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Chelating Agents, Edetic Acid, Female, Lead, Lead Poisoning, South Africa, avian, endangered species, lead, southern ground hornbill, toxicosis\",\"pages\":\"340–344\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koeppel_lead_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\turl = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery},\\n\\tpublisher = {BioOne},\\n\\tauthor = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Kemp, Lucy V.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animals, Bird Diseases, Birds, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Chelating Agents, Edetic Acid, Female, Lead, Lead Poisoning, South Africa, avian, endangered species, lead, southern ground hornbill, toxicosis},\\n\\tpages = {340--344},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koeppel, K. N.\",\"Kemp, L. V.\"],\"key\":\"koeppel_lead_2015\",\"id\":\"koeppel_lead_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koeppel-kemp-leadtoxicosisinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animals\",\"Bird Diseases\",\"Birds\",\"Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"Chelating Agents\",\"Edetic Acid\",\"Female\",\"Lead\",\"Lead Poisoning\",\"South Africa\",\"avian\",\"endangered species\",\"lead\",\"southern ground hornbill\",\"toxicosis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Immunogenicity of Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"1082-6742, 1938-2871\",\"url\":\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full\",\"doi\":\"10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229\",\"abstract\":\"The southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri; hereafter SGH) is endangered in South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland. Through a conservation program established in South Africa by the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, wild populations are being re-established by the reintroduction of captive-reared birds. The SGH is susceptible to infection with avian avulavirus 1, which causes Newcastle disease (ND). Four different vaccines to protect against ND were administered through various vaccination schedules and evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various combinations of vaccines (live versus inactivated/killed), vaccine strains (Ulster strain, live; Avivac Cellimune, live; VG/GA strain, live; and Avivac Struvac, killed), and administration routes (intraocular versus subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection versus oral). We vaccinated 75 individuals and evaluated antibody titers in 53 individuals (24 juveniles, 13 subadults, and 16 adult SGH; 26 males and 27 females) over a period of 9 years. Antibody titers to avian avulavirus 1 in sera were monitored by a hemagglutination inhibition test. Protective titers were generated with 3/6 vaccine regimes tested in the SGH. The highest vaccine titers were established in birds vaccinated with the Ulster strain in the conjunctiva and followed with an intramuscular Struvac injection (mean log2 titer 8.6 ± 2.6) booster. Our aim was 1) to assess whether optimal vaccination protocols could be developed and 2) to then be able, by oral administration, to remove the need to recapture free-roaming, reintroduced birds to administer the initial vaccine or booster, thus remove the threat or mortality associated with ND to this endangered avian species in both captive birds and birds released back into the wild.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-20\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery\",\"publisher\":\"Association of Avian Veterinarians\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koeppel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katja\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maartens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Louis\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thompson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"229–236\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koeppel_immunogenicity_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Immunogenicity of {Newcastle} {Disease} {Vaccine} in {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {1082-6742, 1938-2871},\\n\\turl = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229},\\n\\tabstract = {The southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri; hereafter SGH) is endangered in South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland. Through a conservation program established in South Africa by the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, wild populations are being re-established by the reintroduction of captive-reared birds. The SGH is susceptible to infection with avian avulavirus 1, which causes Newcastle disease (ND). Four different vaccines to protect against ND were administered through various vaccination schedules and evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various combinations of vaccines (live versus inactivated/killed), vaccine strains (Ulster strain, live; Avivac Cellimune, live; VG/GA strain, live; and Avivac Struvac, killed), and administration routes (intraocular versus subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection versus oral). We vaccinated 75 individuals and evaluated antibody titers in 53 individuals (24 juveniles, 13 subadults, and 16 adult SGH; 26 males and 27 females) over a period of 9 years. Antibody titers to avian avulavirus 1 in sera were monitored by a hemagglutination inhibition test. Protective titers were generated with 3/6 vaccine regimes tested in the SGH. The highest vaccine titers were established in birds vaccinated with the Ulster strain in the conjunctiva and followed with an intramuscular Struvac injection (mean log2 titer 8.6 ± 2.6) booster. Our aim was 1) to assess whether optimal vaccination protocols could be developed and 2) to then be able, by oral administration, to remove the need to recapture free-roaming, reintroduced birds to administer the initial vaccine or booster, thus remove the threat or mortality associated with ND to this endangered avian species in both captive birds and birds released back into the wild.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-20},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery},\\n\\tpublisher = {Association of Avian Veterinarians},\\n\\tauthor = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Maartens, Louis H. and Thompson, Peter N.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {229--236},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koeppel, K. N.\",\"Kemp, L. V.\",\"Maartens, L. H.\",\"Thompson, P. N.\"],\"key\":\"koeppel_immunogenicity_2020\",\"id\":\"koeppel_immunogenicity_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koeppel-kemp-maartens-thompson-immunogenicityofnewcastlediseasevaccineinsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Seasonality, Social Structure and Age Predict Conspecific Aggression in Captive Breeding Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"issn\":\"1098-2361\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/zoo.21882\",\"abstract\":\"Southern Ground-hornbills (SGHs) are listed as Vulnerable globally, and Endangered in South Africa, Namibia and Swaziland, due to poisoning, habitat loss and persecution. Successful conservation breeding and rearing of redundant second-hatched chick protocol has been established to supplement natural SGH populations in an attempt mitigate a declining population. However, captive rearing is costly and susceptible to loss of birds through conspecific aggression. Maximising the efficacy of reproductive output in captive settings and ensuring successful reintroductions of captive-reared birds to wild populations is of paramount importance if this species is to persist. Therefore, it is important to untangle the predictors of what drives mortalities in captive birds, particularly, through conspecific aggression. Using a database of captive SGH mortalities collected over 46 years we investigated whether variables such as season, age, relatedness, sex and husbandry predicted the occurrence of conspecific aggression in SGH. Aggression among adult, non-related birds particularly during SGH breeding season (austral spring) was the most predictable form of conspecific aggression. It was inferred that aggression is normally directed at non-related birds outside of already established social groups or at younger, related birds that are not dispersing from groups when reaching sexual maturity. Variables such as season, age, relatedness and husbandry were therefore all useful for predicting the potential and avoidable occurrence of an aggression event. Male birds were most often the aggressors. Making use of such variables to manage birds in a captive setting, move birds before sexual maturity and maintaining birds in known and accepted social structures could greatly improve management in SGH breeding facilities and optimise the efforts for re-establishing natural SGH populations.\",\"language\":\"eng\",\"journal\":\"Zoo Biology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koeppel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katja\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lubbe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nevanya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Donaldson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ashleigh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\",\"Valeska\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"keywords\":\"dispersal, management, mortalities, reintroductions, reproductive outputs\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koeppel_seasonality_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Seasonality, {Social} {Structure} and {Age} {Predict} {Conspecific} {Aggression} in {Captive} {Breeding} {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\tissn = {1098-2361},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/zoo.21882},\\n\\tabstract = {Southern Ground-hornbills (SGHs) are listed as Vulnerable globally, and Endangered in South Africa, Namibia and Swaziland, due to poisoning, habitat loss and persecution. Successful conservation breeding and rearing of redundant second-hatched chick protocol has been established to supplement natural SGH populations in an attempt mitigate a declining population. However, captive rearing is costly and susceptible to loss of birds through conspecific aggression. Maximising the efficacy of reproductive output in captive settings and ensuring successful reintroductions of captive-reared birds to wild populations is of paramount importance if this species is to persist. Therefore, it is important to untangle the predictors of what drives mortalities in captive birds, particularly, through conspecific aggression. Using a database of captive SGH mortalities collected over 46 years we investigated whether variables such as season, age, relatedness, sex and husbandry predicted the occurrence of conspecific aggression in SGH. Aggression among adult, non-related birds particularly during SGH breeding season (austral spring) was the most predictable form of conspecific aggression. It was inferred that aggression is normally directed at non-related birds outside of already established social groups or at younger, related birds that are not dispersing from groups when reaching sexual maturity. Variables such as season, age, relatedness and husbandry were therefore all useful for predicting the potential and avoidable occurrence of an aggression event. Male birds were most often the aggressors. Making use of such variables to manage birds in a captive setting, move birds before sexual maturity and maintaining birds in known and accepted social structures could greatly improve management in SGH breeding facilities and optimise the efforts for re-establishing natural SGH populations.},\\n\\tlanguage = {eng},\\n\\tjournal = {Zoo Biology},\\n\\tauthor = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Lubbe, Nevanya and Donaldson, Ashleigh and Kemp, Lucy Valeska},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tkeywords = {dispersal, management, mortalities, reintroductions, reproductive outputs},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koeppel, K. N.\",\"Lubbe, N.\",\"Donaldson, A.\",\"Kemp, L. V.\"],\"key\":\"koeppel_seasonality_2025\",\"id\":\"koeppel_seasonality_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koeppel-lubbe-donaldson-kemp-seasonalitysocialstructureandagepredictconspecificaggressionincaptivebreedingsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"dispersal\",\"management\",\"mortalities\",\"reintroductions\",\"reproductive outputs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills ( <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> ) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols\",\"volume\":\"10\",\"copyright\":\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor\",\"issn\":\"2052-6121, 2052-6121\",\"url\":\"https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/vrc2.250\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The combination of midazolam, medetomidine and azaperone (MMA) was compared with the combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) for the sedation of southern ground hornbills when administered orally in a bait. The BAM combination (30 mg butorphanol, 12 mg azaperone and 12 mg medetomidine per ml of solution) at a dose of 0.14 ml/kg was the only combination that did not result in re‐sedation after reversal. However, induction of sedation was long, and sedation was only deep enough for capture, handling, and minor non‐invasive procedures. The MMA combination and higher doses of the BAM combination resulted in quicker inductions although individuals showed mild to severe signs of re‐sedation, starting at 4 hours after reversal and continuing for as long as 17 hours after reversal. Care should therefore be taken when administering these combinations orally to southern ground hornbills as it appears that absorption, metabolism and excretion are unpredictable in this species.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Veterinary Record Case Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laubscher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Liesel\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koeppel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Campbell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chabangu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"e250\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{laubscher_complication_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills ( \\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols},\\n\\tvolume = {10},\\n\\tcopyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\\\\#vor},\\n\\tissn = {2052-6121, 2052-6121},\\n\\turl = {https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/vrc2.250},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            The combination of midazolam, medetomidine and azaperone (MMA) was compared with the combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) for the sedation of southern ground hornbills when administered orally in a bait. The BAM combination (30 mg butorphanol, 12 mg azaperone and 12 mg medetomidine per ml of solution) at a dose of 0.14 ml/kg was the only combination that did not result in re‐sedation after reversal. However, induction of sedation was long, and sedation was only deep enough for capture, handling, and minor non‐invasive procedures. The MMA combination and higher doses of the BAM combination resulted in quicker inductions although individuals showed mild to severe signs of re‐sedation, starting at 4 hours after reversal and continuing for as long as 17 hours after reversal. Care should therefore be taken when administering these combinations orally to southern ground hornbills as it appears that absorption, metabolism and excretion are unpredictable in this species.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Veterinary Record Case Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Laubscher, Liesel L. and Koeppel, Katja and Campbell, Robert and Chabangu, Sarah and Kemp, Lucy V.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {e250},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Laubscher, L. L.\",\"Koeppel, K.\",\"Campbell, R.\",\"Chabangu, S.\",\"Kemp, L. V.\"],\"key\":\"laubscher_complication_2022\",\"id\":\"laubscher_complication_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"laubscher-koeppel-campbell-chabangu-kemp-complicationwithresedationinsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriifollowingpartialreversaloftwoorallyadministeredsedationprotocols-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(PhD Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Rondebosch, Cape Town\",\"title\":\"Individual contributions to group behaviour in the cooperatively breeding southern ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"url\":\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"school\":\"University of Cape Town\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Middleton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kyle-Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2023\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{middleton_individual_2023,\\n\\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\\n\\ttype = {({PhD} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Individual contributions to group behaviour in the cooperatively breeding southern ground-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\turl = {https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\\n\\tauthor = {Middleton, Kyle-Mark},\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Middleton, K.\"],\"key\":\"middleton_individual_2023\",\"id\":\"middleton_individual_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"middleton-individualcontributionstogroupbehaviourinthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe: impacts of human activities\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1474-0001, 0959-2709\",\"shorttitle\":\"Breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S0959270905000237\",\"abstract\":\"This paper summarizes current knowledge and outlines future work on the breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. All available records since 1900 were analysed, including casual reports by members of BirdLife Zimbabwe and published records. Estimates were made for the start and end of the breeding season, group sizes, clutch size and productivity levels, together with an assessment of preferred habitats and nest-tree species. There is a need for intensive fieldwork to determine aspects of breeding biology such as incubation and nestling periods. Particularly important for sound management and conservation strategies is relative breeding success in different land-tenure systems. The author has started work in a communal area 40 km south of Bulawayo city; land-use systems such as new resettlement areas, commercial farms and protected areas remain to be studied.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"S1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-19\",\"journal\":\"Bird Conservation International\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Msimanga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2004\",\"pages\":\"S63–S68\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{msimanga_breeding_2004,\\n\\ttitle = {Breeding biology of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}: impacts of human activities},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1474-0001, 0959-2709},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Breeding biology of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/S0959270905000237},\\n\\tabstract = {This paper summarizes current knowledge and outlines future work on the breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. All available records since 1900 were analysed, including casual reports by members of BirdLife Zimbabwe and published records. Estimates were made for the start and end of the breeding season, group sizes, clutch size and productivity levels, together with an assessment of preferred habitats and nest-tree species. There is a need for intensive fieldwork to determine aspects of breeding biology such as incubation and nestling periods. Particularly important for sound management and conservation strategies is relative breeding success in different land-tenure systems. The author has started work in a communal area 40 km south of Bulawayo city; land-use systems such as new resettlement areas, commercial farms and protected areas remain to be studied.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {S1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Bird Conservation International},\\n\\tauthor = {Msimanga, A.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2004},\\n\\tpages = {S63--S68},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Msimanga, A.\"],\"key\":\"msimanga_breeding_2004\",\"id\":\"msimanga_breeding_2004\",\"bibbaseid\":\"msimanga-breedingbiologyofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweimpactsofhumanactivities-2004\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the Southern Ground-hornbill ( <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> ) biological niche in Zimbabwe? Perspectives from ecological predictions\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"issn\":\"1548-1603, 1943-7226\",\"shorttitle\":\"Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the Southern Ground-hornbill ( <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> ) biological niche in Zimbabwe?\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"GIScience & Remote Sensing\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mudereri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bester\",\"Tawona\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chitata\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tavengwa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chemura\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Makaure\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mukanga\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Concilia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abdel-Rahman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elfatih\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"Biogeography, climate change, ecological niche, landscape conservation, machine learning, protected area, protection status\",\"pages\":\"405–424\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mudereri_is_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ( \\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) biological niche in {Zimbabwe}? {Perspectives} from ecological predictions},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\tissn = {1548-1603, 1943-7226},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ( \\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) biological niche in {Zimbabwe}?},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {GIScience \\\\& Remote Sensing},\\n\\tauthor = {Mudereri, Bester Tawona and Chitata, Tavengwa and Chemura, Abel and Makaure, Joseph and Mukanga, Concilia and Abdel-Rahman, Elfatih M.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biogeography, climate change, ecological niche, landscape conservation, machine learning, protected area, protection status},\\n\\tpages = {405--424},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Mudereri, B. T.\",\"Chitata, T.\",\"Chemura, A.\",\"Makaure, J.\",\"Mukanga, C.\",\"Abdel-Rahman, E. M.\"],\"key\":\"mudereri_is_2021\",\"id\":\"mudereri_is_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mudereri-chitata-chemura-makaure-mukanga-abdelrahman-istheprotectedareacoveragestillrelevantinprotectingthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriibiologicalnicheinzimbabweperspectivesfromecologicalpredictions-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biogeography\",\"climate change\",\"ecological niche\",\"landscape conservation\",\"machine learning\",\"protected area\",\"protection status\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(MSc Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Onder\",\"title\":\"Morphology of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) gastro-intestinal tract\",\"copyright\":\"© 2021 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria.\",\"url\":\"https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276\",\"abstract\":\"The Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) is the largest bird species that breeds cooperatively and the only entirely carnivorous hornbill. Currently, there are only an estimated 417 breeding groups in South Africa. As the bird is an obligatory carnivore the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) may display specific adaptations which could be of significance in the husbandry of this endangered species. Factors that contribute to unnatural mortality in SGH’s in South Africa are poisoning, both primary and secondary; electrocution on transformer boxes; shooting; and illegal capture for trade. An undescribed threat is lead contamination of hunting offal from the use of lead-based ammunition as well as object ingestion as the SGH is a non-discriminate eater in the wild as well as in captivity. Carnivorous bird species have important gastrointestinal differences in anatomy, physiology, nutrition, and disease etiologies that greatly affect the success of medical and surgical intervention during gastrointestinal diseases. Nine adult SGH’s, of either sex, which succumbed due to natural causes, unknown causes, attack from other birds, euthanasia for humane reasons or untreatable conditions and management reasons (usually reproductive failure) were used in this study. Deceased birds were from Mabula Ground Hornbill project (Bela-Bela, Limpopo, South-Africa) and were transported to the Faculty of Veterinary Science for post-mortem examination. After the latter, the GIT with the liver, pancreas and spleen, were removed and immersion-fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. In some instances, not all parts of the digestive tract were included in the study due to obvious pathology. The hollow organs were cut longitudinally to reveal and describe the inner surfaces. The topography of the organs was described and captured during postmortem examinations with a Go-pro HERO 7 action camera (American technology) and a Samsung A51 smartphone (Samsung electronics, South Africa). The terminology used in this study is that of Nomina Anatomica Avium (Baumel, 1993). After the gross description, samples for histology from the various sections of the GIT were taken, dehydrated and there after processed through 50:50 ethanol: xylol, 2X xylol and 2X paraffin wax using a Shandon model 2LE Automatic Tissue Processor. Tissue samples were then manually imbedded in paraffin wax in plastic moulds. Sections were cut at 3-5 μm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Peroidic Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome. The most notable organ from ventral view was the ventriculus situated between the two liver lobes. The coelom cavity is divided into cavities, cranial to caudal consist of a pericardial cavity (Cavum pericardii), four hepatic peritoneal cavities (Cavitas peritonealis hepatica), and an intestinal peritoneal cavity (Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis). The proventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica dorsalis, the ventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis, the intestine in the Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis and the liver in the left and right Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis and Cavitas peritonealis hepatica dorsalis. The four Cavitas peritonealis hepatica are bounded caudally by the transversely oriented Septum posthepaticum and separates the Cavitas peritonealis hepatica from the Cavum intestinale peritonei. The proventriculus was small and the ventriculus large. Low longitudinal folds were present on the luminal surface allowing for distention, for large prey to move through. Gll. proventriculares profundae were visible macroscopically in the wall of the proventriculus and formed the main feature on the cut surface. Some of the glands emptied into the cranial aspect of the ventriculus and were more concentrated on the dorsal aspect, the Zona intermedia gastris. The proventriculus was seperated from the ventriculus by the Isthmus gastris. The large ventriculus displayed prominent longitudinal folds on the dorsal surface that ran perpendicular to the ventriculo-duodenal opening on the luminal surface and circumferentially around the Centrum tendineum. The pylorus was on the right lateral aspect of the ventriculus and was represented by the slit-like ventriculo-duodenal opening. The intestine consist of the duodnenum, jejunum, ileum and the large intestine, or the rectum. There is a total of 5 loops comprising the small intestine. The Flexura duodenojejunalis marked the transition from the duodenum to the jejunum. The point where the last branch of the cranial mesenteric artery supplied the small intestine marked the transition from the jejunum to the ileum, no Meckel’s diverticulum was present in order to identify this transition. The rectum was short and straight and slightly larger in diameter than the ileum. Ceacae were not observed. The pancreas was situated in the Ligamentum pancreaticoduodenale, between the descending and ascending duodenum, or the Ansa duodenalis. It was composed of three lobes, the dorsal lobe (Lobus pancreaticus dorsalis), the ventral lobe (Lobus pancreaticus ventralis) and the splenic lobe (Lobus pancreaticus splenalis). The Ductus pancreaticus ventralis, Ductus pancreaticus dorsalis and Ductus pancreaticus accessorius, were identified and drained into the ascending duodenum at the duodenal papilla, at the point where the bile ducts entered the ascending duodenum. The liver was large, with a smaller left lobe (Lobus hepaticus sinister) and a larger right lobe (Lobus hepaticus dexter). The two lobes were separated caudally by a complete deep, median, caudal interlobular incisure (Incisura interlobaris caudalis) and connected by the Pars interlobaris. Various organs made impressions on the liver. Two bile ducts were present, the Ductus hepatoentericus communis and the Ductus cysticoentericus.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"school\":\"University of Pretoria\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Naude\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anel\",\"Delene\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"note\":\"Accepted: 2022-01-12T06:01:12Z\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{naude_morphology_2020,\\n\\taddress = {Onder},\\n\\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Morphology of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) gastro-intestinal tract},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2021 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria.},\\n\\turl = {https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276},\\n\\tabstract = {The Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) is the largest bird species that breeds\\ncooperatively and the only entirely carnivorous hornbill. Currently, there are only an\\nestimated 417 breeding groups in South Africa. As the bird is an obligatory carnivore\\nthe gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) may display specific adaptations which could be of\\nsignificance in the husbandry of this endangered species. Factors that contribute to\\nunnatural mortality in SGH’s in South Africa are poisoning, both primary and\\nsecondary; electrocution on transformer boxes; shooting; and illegal capture for trade.\\nAn undescribed threat is lead contamination of hunting offal from the use of lead-based\\nammunition as well as object ingestion as the SGH is a non-discriminate eater in the\\nwild as well as in captivity. Carnivorous bird species have important gastrointestinal differences in anatomy, physiology, nutrition, and disease etiologies that greatly affect\\nthe success of medical and surgical intervention during gastrointestinal diseases.\\nNine adult SGH’s, of either sex, which succumbed due to natural causes, unknown\\ncauses, attack from other birds, euthanasia for humane reasons or untreatable\\nconditions and management reasons (usually reproductive failure) were used in this\\nstudy. Deceased birds were from Mabula Ground Hornbill project (Bela-Bela,\\nLimpopo, South-Africa) and were transported to the Faculty of Veterinary Science for\\npost-mortem examination. After the latter, the GIT with the liver, pancreas and spleen,\\nwere removed and immersion-fixed in 10\\\\% neutral-buffered formalin. In some\\ninstances, not all parts of the digestive tract were included in the study due to obvious\\npathology. The hollow organs were cut longitudinally to reveal and describe the inner\\nsurfaces. The topography of the organs was described and captured during postmortem\\nexaminations with a Go-pro HERO 7 action camera (American technology)\\nand a Samsung A51 smartphone (Samsung electronics, South Africa). The\\nterminology used in this study is that of Nomina Anatomica Avium (Baumel, 1993).\\nAfter the gross description, samples for histology from the various sections of the GIT\\nwere taken, dehydrated and there after processed through 50:50 ethanol: xylol, 2X\\nxylol and 2X paraffin wax using a Shandon model 2LE Automatic Tissue Processor.\\nTissue samples were then manually imbedded in paraffin wax in plastic moulds.\\nSections were cut at 3-5 μm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H\\\\&E), Peroidic\\nPeriodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome.\\nThe most notable organ from ventral view was the ventriculus situated between the\\ntwo liver lobes. The coelom cavity is divided into cavities, cranial to caudal consist of\\na pericardial cavity (Cavum pericardii), four hepatic peritoneal cavities (Cavitas\\nperitonealis hepatica), and an intestinal peritoneal cavity (Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis). The proventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica\\ndorsalis, the ventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis,\\nthe intestine in the Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis and the liver in the left and right\\nCavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis and Cavitas peritonealis hepatica dorsalis. The\\nfour Cavitas peritonealis hepatica are bounded caudally by the transversely oriented\\nSeptum posthepaticum and separates the Cavitas peritonealis hepatica from the\\nCavum intestinale peritonei. The proventriculus was small and the ventriculus large.\\nLow longitudinal folds were present on the luminal surface allowing for distention, for\\nlarge prey to move through. Gll. proventriculares profundae were visible\\nmacroscopically in the wall of the proventriculus and formed the main feature on the\\ncut surface. Some of the glands emptied into the cranial aspect of the ventriculus and\\nwere more concentrated on the dorsal aspect, the Zona intermedia gastris. The\\nproventriculus was seperated from the ventriculus by the Isthmus gastris. The large\\nventriculus displayed prominent longitudinal folds on the dorsal surface that ran\\nperpendicular to the ventriculo-duodenal opening on the luminal surface and\\ncircumferentially around the Centrum tendineum. The pylorus was on the right lateral\\naspect of the ventriculus and was represented by the slit-like ventriculo-duodenal\\nopening. The intestine consist of the duodnenum, jejunum, ileum and the large\\nintestine, or the rectum. There is a total of 5 loops comprising the small intestine. The\\nFlexura duodenojejunalis marked the transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.\\nThe point where the last branch of the cranial mesenteric artery supplied the small\\nintestine marked the transition from the jejunum to the ileum, no Meckel’s diverticulum\\nwas present in order to identify this transition. The rectum was short and straight and\\nslightly larger in diameter than the ileum. Ceacae were not observed. The pancreas\\nwas situated in the Ligamentum pancreaticoduodenale, between the descending and\\nascending duodenum, or the Ansa duodenalis. It was composed of three lobes, the\\ndorsal lobe (Lobus pancreaticus dorsalis), the ventral lobe (Lobus pancreaticus ventralis) and the splenic lobe (Lobus pancreaticus splenalis). The Ductus\\npancreaticus ventralis, Ductus pancreaticus dorsalis and Ductus pancreaticus\\naccessorius, were identified and drained into the ascending duodenum at the\\nduodenal papilla, at the point where the bile ducts entered the ascending duodenum.\\nThe liver was large, with a smaller left lobe (Lobus hepaticus sinister) and a larger right\\nlobe (Lobus hepaticus dexter). The two lobes were separated caudally by a complete\\ndeep, median, caudal interlobular incisure (Incisura interlobaris caudalis) and\\nconnected by the Pars interlobaris. Various organs made impressions on the liver.\\nTwo bile ducts were present, the Ductus hepatoentericus communis and the Ductus\\ncysticoentericus.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tschool = {University of Pretoria},\\n\\tauthor = {Naude, Anel Delene},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tnote = {Accepted: 2022-01-12T06:01:12Z},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Naude, A. D.\"],\"key\":\"naude_morphology_2020\",\"id\":\"naude_morphology_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"naude-morphologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigastrointestinaltract-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Aeromonas hydrophila as Cause of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in a Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"00052086\",\"url\":\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref\",\"doi\":\"10.2307/1591444\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2023-10-17\",\"journal\":\"Avian Diseases\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ocholi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kalejaiye\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"1990\",\"pages\":\"495\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ocholi_aeromonas_1990,\\n\\ttitle = {Aeromonas hydrophila as {Cause} of {Hemorrhagic} {Septicemia} in a {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {00052086},\\n\\turl = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2307/1591444},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2023-10-17},\\n\\tjournal = {Avian Diseases},\\n\\tauthor = {Ocholi, R. A. and Kalejaiye, J. O.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {1990},\\n\\tpages = {495},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ocholi, R. A.\",\"Kalejaiye, J. O.\"],\"key\":\"ocholi_aeromonas_1990\",\"id\":\"ocholi_aeromonas_1990\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ocholi-kalejaiye-aeromonashydrophilaascauseofhemorrhagicsepticemiainagroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1990\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Description of the Vessels of the Neck and Head in the Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)\",\"volume\":\"47\",\"issn\":\"1469-7998\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ottley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"1879\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x\",\"pages\":\"461–467\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ottley_description_1879,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Description} of the {Vessels} of the {Neck} and {Head} in the {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},\\n\\tvolume = {47},\\n\\tissn = {1469-7998},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London},\\n\\tauthor = {Ottley, W.},\\n\\tyear = {1879},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},\\n\\tpages = {461--467},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ottley, W.\"],\"key\":\"ottley_description_1879\",\"id\":\"ottley_description_1879\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ottley-adescriptionofthevesselsoftheneckandheadinthegroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1879\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Whole genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of the Southern Ground Hornbill – Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"copyright\":\"2025 The Author(s)\",\"issn\":\"2052-4463\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41597-025-04412-2\",\"abstract\":\"The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH – Bucorvus leadbeateri) is one of the largest hornbill species worldwide, known for its complex social structures and breeding behaviours. This bird has been of great interest due to its declining population and disappearance from historic ranges in southern Africa. Despite being the focus of numerous conservation efforts, with research forming an integral part of these initiatives, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge regarding the molecular biology aspects of this bird species. In this study, whole genome sequencing of the SGH was achieved using Illumina short-read (NovaSeq 6000) and Pacific Biosciences long-read technologies. A hybrid de novo genome assembly followed by reference-based refinement produced a 1.16 Gb high-quality draft genome assembly of the SGH comprised of 1,672 contigs (N50 value of 40.45 Mb). The availability of this genome will aid in improving our current understanding of this bird at a genomic level and provide a pivotal foundation for comparative genomic analysis with other hornbill species.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-10\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Data\",\"publisher\":\"Nature Publishing Group\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Patel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jasmin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Botes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Angela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mollett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jean\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Maayer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pieter\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"keywords\":\"Animal behaviour, Biodiversity\",\"pages\":\"58\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{patel_whole_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Whole genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} – {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tcopyright = {2025 The Author(s)},\\n\\tissn = {2052-4463},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41597-025-04412-2},\\n\\tabstract = {The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH – Bucorvus leadbeateri) is one of the largest hornbill species worldwide, known for its complex social structures and breeding behaviours. This bird has been of great interest due to its declining population and disappearance from historic ranges in southern Africa. Despite being the focus of numerous conservation efforts, with research forming an integral part of these initiatives, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge regarding the molecular biology aspects of this bird species. In this study, whole genome sequencing of the SGH was achieved using Illumina short-read (NovaSeq 6000) and Pacific Biosciences long-read technologies. A hybrid de novo genome assembly followed by reference-based refinement produced a 1.16 Gb high-quality draft genome assembly of the SGH comprised of 1,672 contigs (N50 value of 40.45 Mb). The availability of this genome will aid in improving our current understanding of this bird at a genomic level and provide a pivotal foundation for comparative genomic analysis with other hornbill species.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-10},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Data},\\n\\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tauthor = {Patel, Jasmin and Botes, Angela and Mollett, Jean and De Maayer, Pieter},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tkeywords = {Animal behaviour, Biodiversity},\\n\\tpages = {58},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Patel, J.\",\"Botes, A.\",\"Mollett, J.\",\"De Maayer, P.\"],\"key\":\"patel_whole_2025\",\"id\":\"patel_whole_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"patel-botes-mollett-demaayer-wholegenomesequencingassemblyandannotationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2\"},\"keyword\":[\"Animal behaviour\",\"Biodiversity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"copyright\":\"© 2020 International Society of Zoological Sciences, Institute of Zoology/Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.\",\"issn\":\"1749-4877\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/1749-4877.12478\",\"abstract\":\"The southern ground-hornbill (SGH) is a cooperatively breeding bird endemic to eastern and southern Africa, but is endangered in its southern distributional range. The national conservation restoration program harvests redundant chicks for captive breeding and reintroduction; with sexing and social grouping of the species evaluated by throat-skin coloration, with adult males displaying a completely red color compared to dark blue within the red observed in adult females. However, recent findings indicate that dominant and subordinate adult males exhibit patches of blue throat-skin. To optimize SGH management practices, it is vital to determine the role of red and blue coloration, as well as the possible drivers thereof. As a prerequisite, an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring fecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentrations in SGH was established. Following this, fresh fecal samples were collected from 78 SGH, of various demographics and origin, across 12 captive institutions, to determine whether fAM concentrations differ between blue (B), partially blue (sB), and fully red (R) throat-skin colored SGH. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were compared between males housed in different social groups of different age and sex classes. Individual median fAM concentrations of B, sB, and R adult males did not differ significantly but were considerably higher in B and sB males compared to R males. Social dynamics within captivity, for example, dominance, played no role as a driver of male gonadal activity or throat skin coloration. The results of the study indicate that androgens and apparent social dynamics are not primary determinants of throat coloration in male SGH.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-19\",\"journal\":\"Integrative Zoology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Scheun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Juan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sophie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bennett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nigel\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ganswindt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andre\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1749-4877.12478\",\"keywords\":\"coloration, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, non-invasive, southern ground-hornbill, validation\",\"pages\":\"189–201\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{scheun_endocrine_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tcopyright = {© 2020 International Society of Zoological Sciences, Institute of Zoology/Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley \\\\& Sons Australia, Ltd.},\\n\\tissn = {1749-4877},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12478},\\n\\tabstract = {The southern ground-hornbill (SGH) is a cooperatively breeding bird endemic to eastern and southern Africa, but is endangered in its southern distributional range. The national conservation restoration program harvests redundant chicks for captive breeding and reintroduction; with sexing and social grouping of the species evaluated by throat-skin coloration, with adult males displaying a completely red color compared to dark blue within the red observed in adult females. However, recent findings indicate that dominant and subordinate adult males exhibit patches of blue throat-skin. To optimize SGH management practices, it is vital to determine the role of red and blue coloration, as well as the possible drivers thereof. As a prerequisite, an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring fecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentrations in SGH was established. Following this, fresh fecal samples were collected from 78 SGH, of various demographics and origin, across 12 captive institutions, to determine whether fAM concentrations differ between blue (B), partially blue (sB), and fully red (R) throat-skin colored SGH. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were compared between males housed in different social groups of different age and sex classes. Individual median fAM concentrations of B, sB, and R adult males did not differ significantly but were considerably higher in B and sB males compared to R males. Social dynamics within captivity, for example, dominance, played no role as a driver of male gonadal activity or throat skin coloration. The results of the study indicate that androgens and apparent social dynamics are not primary determinants of throat coloration in male SGH.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Integrative Zoology},\\n\\tauthor = {Scheun, Juan and Neller, Sophie and Bennett, Nigel C. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Ganswindt, Andre},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {\\\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1749-4877.12478},\\n\\tkeywords = {coloration, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, non-invasive, southern ground-hornbill, validation},\\n\\tpages = {189--201},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Scheun, J.\",\"Neller, S.\",\"Bennett, N. C.\",\"Kemp, L. V.\",\"Ganswindt, A.\"],\"key\":\"scheun_endocrine_2021\",\"id\":\"scheun_endocrine_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"scheun-neller-bennett-kemp-ganswindt-endocrinecorrelatesofgenderandthroatcolorationinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478\"},\"keyword\":[\"coloration\",\"fecal glucocorticoid metabolites\",\"non-invasive\",\"southern ground-hornbill\",\"validation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Leiden, The Netherlands\",\"title\":\"Preliminary results on the development of dueting in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri)\",\"url\":\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"publisher\":\"Centre for Language Studies (CLS) at Radboud University; The Institute for Language Sciences (ILS) at Utrecht University; The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[\"ter\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Haar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sita\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2024\",\"keywords\":\"animal vocalizations, coordination, infant speech development, rhythm\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{ter_haar_preliminary_2024,\\n\\taddress = {Leiden, The Netherlands},\\n\\ttitle = {Preliminary results on the development of dueting in {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tpublisher = {Centre for Language Studies (CLS) at Radboud University; The Institute for Language Sciences (ILS) at Utrecht University; The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL)},\\n\\tauthor = {ter Haar, Sita M.},\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tkeywords = {animal vocalizations, coordination, infant speech development, rhythm},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"ter Haar, S. M.\"],\"key\":\"ter_haar_preliminary_2024\",\"id\":\"ter_haar_preliminary_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"terhaar-preliminaryresultsonthedevelopmentofduetinginsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf\"},\"keyword\":[\"animal vocalizations\",\"coordination\",\"infant speech development\",\"rhythm\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":3,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The home range of a recently established group of Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in the Limpopo Valley, South Africa : original research\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"shorttitle\":\"The home range of a recently established group of Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in the Limpopo Valley, South Africa\",\"url\":\"https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135\",\"doi\":\"10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135\",\"abstract\":\"Little is known about Southern ground-hornbill (SGH) population ecology outside of large, formally protected areas where the largest declines in numbers have been recorded. The SGH has started re-colonising, establishing group territories and breeding successfully in the Limpopo Valley on the northern border of South Africa, following localised extinction from the 1950s to the 1970s. A group of SGH was monitored over a period of 14 months by means of radio telemetry across privately owned land in order to investigate their seasonal habitat movements in this semi-arid, predominantly livestock-based environment. We also investigated seasonal fluctuations in invertebrate prevalence, as an indication of food availability and its influence on seasonal SGH group movements and foraging activity patterns. There was a clear increase in food availability during the summer rainfall period allowing the group to forage over a wider area, whilst winter foraging remained localised within their range. Kernel home range analysis indicated a marked difference in size between the summer (13 409 ha) and winter (5280 ha) home ranges, with an overall home range of 19 372 ha, which is approximately double that of home ranges recorded that fall within formally and informally protected reserves. In this article, we proposed that food availability is the driving force for home range size and seasonal activity patterns in a semi-arid livestock-ranching habitat. Conservation implications : The Limpopo Valley SGH population is one of the most significant outside protected areas in South Africa. This population is especially vulnerable to threats such as poisoning, persecution for window breaking and drought, as shown by their near extirpation from the area. Conservation efforts need to focus on awareness amongst local farmers, provision of artificial nests and continued monitoring of groups.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-21\",\"journal\":\"Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science\",\"publisher\":\"AOSIS\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Theron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grobler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paul\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kotze\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Antoinette\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jansen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Raymond\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{theron_home_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {The home range of a recently established group of {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} {Valley}, {South} {Africa} : original research},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The home range of a recently established group of {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} {Valley}, {South} {Africa}},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135},\\n\\tdoi = {10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135},\\n\\tabstract = {Little is known about Southern ground-hornbill (SGH) population ecology outside of large, formally protected areas where the largest declines in numbers have been recorded. The SGH has started\\n      re-colonising, establishing group territories and breeding successfully in the Limpopo Valley on the northern border of South Africa, following localised extinction from the 1950s to the 1970s.\\n      A group of SGH was monitored over a period of 14 months by means of radio telemetry across privately owned land in order to investigate their seasonal habitat movements in this semi-arid,\\n      predominantly livestock-based environment. We also investigated seasonal fluctuations in invertebrate prevalence, as an indication of food availability and its influence on seasonal SGH group\\n      movements and foraging activity patterns. There was a clear increase in food availability during the summer rainfall period allowing the group to forage over a wider area, whilst winter\\n      foraging remained localised within their range. Kernel home range analysis indicated a marked difference in size between the summer (13 409 ha) and winter (5280 ha) home ranges, with an overall\\n      home range of 19 372 ha, which is approximately double that of home ranges recorded that fall within formally and informally protected reserves. In this article, we proposed that food\\n      availability is the driving force for home range size and seasonal activity patterns in a semi-arid livestock-ranching habitat.\\n    \\n    \\n    Conservation implications : The Limpopo Valley SGH population is one of the most significant outside protected areas in South Africa. This population is especially\\n    vulnerable to threats such as poisoning, persecution for window breaking and drought, as shown by their near extirpation from the area. Conservation efforts need to focus on awareness amongst\\n    local farmers, provision of artificial nests and continued monitoring of groups.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-21},\\n\\tjournal = {Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science},\\n\\tpublisher = {AOSIS},\\n\\tauthor = {Theron, Nicholas and Grobler, Paul and Kotze, Antoinette and Jansen, Raymond},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Theron, N.\",\"Grobler, P.\",\"Kotze, A.\",\"Jansen, R.\"],\"key\":\"theron_home_2013\",\"id\":\"theron_home_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"theron-grobler-kotze-jansen-thehomerangeofarecentlyestablishedgroupofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopovalleysouthafricaoriginalresearch-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(Master Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Bloemfontein\",\"title\":\"Genetic connectivity, population dynamics and habitat selection of the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in the Limpopo province\",\"url\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594\",\"abstract\":\"Southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) (SGH) are co-operative breeders that occur in groups of 2-9 individuals. Long life spans, large territory sizes (100km²), and low reproductive rates render these birds vulnerable to threats such as loss of habitat, persecution for their habit of breaking windows through territorial aggression, poisoning and loss of suitable nesting sites. As a result, SGH are listed as vulnerable in the red data book of South Africa as well as globally. The main objective of this study was to contribute to our overall understanding of the ecology and biology of the SGH for conservation planning. Data collection was completed in the nonprotected, semi-arid landscape of the Limpopo Valley from June 2008 - September 2009. The seasonal habitat use by a group of SGH, seasonal abundance (numbers) and biomass (volume) of invertebrates using pitfall and sweep net methods was investigated. Furthermore, a total of eight groups and 23 birds were captured in the Limpopo Valley and different statistical analysis were performed to investigate levels of inbreeding, relatedness, sex-biased dispersal and the effects the recent re-colonisation has had on the genetic structure of SGH in the Limpopo Valley. Finally the genetic variation of the species in the rest of Africa was determined using samples from Kenya, Tanzania and three populations in South Africa namely the Limpopo Valley, Kruger National Park (KNP) and Kwa Zulu-Natal (KZN). Genetic analysis revealed SGH have retained comparatively high levels of genetic diversity, even though there are indications of genetic bottlenecks in the Limpopo, KNP and Kenyan populations. The SGH populations studied were grouped into two clusters corresponding to the geographic origin of samples. The birds from Tanzania and Kenya clustered together while the KNP and KZN birds clustered together with the Limpopo population grouping more or less equally between the Kenyan/Tanzanian and South African populations. A large percentage of genetic variation was found within populations while among population variation was low, indicating there is little molecular evidence for the presence of SGH subspecies. The overall home range of one group was approximately 20 000 ha while seasonal home ranges varied between 5000 ha in winter to 13 500 ha in summer. The response of organisms to environmental variables in this extremely seasonal habitat was further revealed by the positive correlations found between the number of invertebrates with mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, and the volume of invertebrates with mean monthly rainfall. No significant differences were found between numbers and volume of invertebrates per order, between sites, which was expected in this homogenous vegetation type dominated by mopani shrub and trees (Colophospermum mopane). The re-colonisation of the Limpopo Valley was shown to have occurred by a number of unrelated individuals. This was demonstrable by very low levels of inbreeding and average relatedness of the population, as well as the favourable levels of heterozygosity across age and sex categories. Within group relatedness was high with juveniles related to at least one parent from their natal group. Insights were also gained into the breeding behaviour of SGH, providing evidence for the first time that SGH are not as monogamous as previously thought, with two instances of extra pair copulations recorded between four groups. This study shows that a holistic approach combining genetic techniques, radio telemetry studies and ecological principles has great potential to further investigate SGH, thereby contributing to the preservation of this enigmatic species of the savannah biome.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-08-20\",\"school\":\"University of the Free State\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Theron\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\",\"Terence\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2011\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{theron_genetic_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Bloemfontein},\\n\\ttype = {({Master} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Genetic connectivity, population dynamics and habitat selection of the southern ground hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} province},\\n\\turl = {http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594},\\n\\tabstract = {Southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) (SGH) are co-operative breeders that occur in groups of 2-9 individuals. Long life spans, large territory sizes (100km²), and low reproductive rates render these birds vulnerable to threats such as loss of habitat, persecution for their habit of breaking windows through territorial aggression, poisoning and loss of suitable nesting sites. As a result, SGH are listed as vulnerable in the red data book of South Africa as well as globally. The main objective of this study was to contribute to our overall understanding of the ecology and biology of the SGH for conservation planning. Data collection was completed in the nonprotected, semi-arid landscape of the Limpopo Valley from June 2008 - September 2009. The seasonal habitat use by a group of SGH, seasonal abundance (numbers) and biomass (volume) of invertebrates using pitfall and sweep net methods was investigated. Furthermore, a total of eight groups and 23 birds were captured in the Limpopo Valley and different statistical analysis were performed to investigate levels of inbreeding, relatedness, sex-biased dispersal and the effects the recent re-colonisation has had on the genetic structure of SGH in the Limpopo Valley. Finally the genetic variation of the species in the rest of Africa was determined using samples from Kenya, Tanzania and three populations in South Africa namely the Limpopo Valley, Kruger National Park (KNP) and Kwa Zulu-Natal (KZN). Genetic analysis revealed SGH have retained comparatively high levels of genetic diversity, even though there are indications of genetic bottlenecks in the Limpopo, KNP and Kenyan populations. The SGH populations studied were grouped into two clusters corresponding to the geographic origin of samples. The birds from Tanzania and Kenya clustered together while the KNP and KZN birds clustered together with the Limpopo population grouping more or less equally between the Kenyan/Tanzanian and South African populations. A large percentage of genetic variation was found within populations while among population variation was low, indicating there is little molecular evidence for the presence of SGH subspecies. The overall home range of one group was approximately 20 000 ha while seasonal home ranges varied between 5000 ha in winter to 13 500 ha in summer. The response of organisms to environmental variables in this extremely seasonal habitat was further revealed by the positive correlations found between the number of invertebrates with mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, and the volume of invertebrates with mean monthly rainfall. No significant differences were found between numbers and volume of invertebrates per order, between sites, which was expected in this homogenous vegetation type dominated by mopani shrub and trees (Colophospermum mopane). The re-colonisation of the Limpopo Valley was shown to have occurred by a number of unrelated individuals. This was demonstrable by very low levels of inbreeding and average relatedness of the population, as well as the favourable levels of heterozygosity across age and sex categories. Within group relatedness was high with juveniles related to at least one parent from their natal group. Insights were also gained into the breeding behaviour of SGH, providing evidence for the first time that SGH are not as monogamous as previously thought, with two instances of extra pair copulations recorded between four groups. This study shows that a holistic approach combining genetic techniques, radio telemetry studies and ecological principles has great potential to further investigate SGH, thereby contributing to the preservation of this enigmatic species of the savannah biome.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-08-20},\\n\\tschool = {University of the Free State},\\n\\tauthor = {Theron, Nicholas Terence},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Theron, N. T.\"],\"key\":\"theron_genetic_2011\",\"id\":\"theron_genetic_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"theron-geneticconnectivitypopulationdynamicsandhabitatselectionofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovince-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(MSc Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Rondebosch, Cape Town\",\"title\":\"What causes variation in the reproductive performance of groups of Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus Leadbeateri\",\"language\":\"en\",\"school\":\"University of Cape Town\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2010\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{wilson_what_2010,\\n\\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\\n\\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {What causes variation in the reproductive performance of groups of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri}},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\\n\\tauthor = {Wilson, G.},\\n\\tyear = {2010},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wilson, G.\"],\"key\":\"wilson_what_2010\",\"id\":\"wilson_what_2010\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wilson-whatcausesvariationinthereproductiveperformanceofgroupsofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2010\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Is there a visitor effect on Abyssinian Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus abyssinicus), Papuan Wreathed Hornbills (Aceros plicatus), Wrinkled Hornbills (Aceros corrugatus) and Toco Toucans (Ramphastos toco) in a captive zoo environment?\",\"volume\":\"1\",\"issn\":\"1754-2383\",\"url\":\"https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14\",\"doi\":\"10.24382/9amf-9s11\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"The Plymouth Student Scientist\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thicks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Susanna\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2008\",\"pages\":\"30–55\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{thicks_is_2008,\\n\\ttitle = {Is there a visitor effect on {Abyssinian} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus), {Papuan} {Wreathed} {Hornbills} ({Aceros} plicatus), {Wrinkled} {Hornbills} ({Aceros} corrugatus) and {Toco} {Toucans} ({Ramphastos} toco) in a captive zoo environment?},\\n\\tvolume = {1},\\n\\tissn = {1754-2383},\\n\\turl = {https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14},\\n\\tdoi = {10.24382/9amf-9s11},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {The Plymouth Student Scientist},\\n\\tauthor = {Thicks, Susanna},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2008},\\n\\tpages = {30--55},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Thicks, S.\"],\"key\":\"thicks_is_2008\",\"id\":\"thicks_is_2008\",\"bibbaseid\":\"thicks-isthereavisitoreffectonabyssiniangroundhornbillsbucorvusabyssinicuspapuanwreathedhornbillsacerosplicatuswrinkledhornbillsaceroscorrugatusandtocotoucansramphastostocoinacaptivezooenvironment-2008\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Breeding density of the southern ground hornbill, <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> , in the communal areas surrounding the Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"1562-7020, 2224-073X\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2024-10-01\",\"journal\":\"African Zoology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Witteveen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Minke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elspeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Norris-Rogers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mark\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2013\",\"pages\":\"274–278\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{witteveen_breeding_2013,\\n\\ttitle = {Breeding density of the southern ground hornbill, \\\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} , in the communal areas surrounding the {Matobo} {National} {Park}, {Zimbabwe}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {1562-7020, 2224-073X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2024-10-01},\\n\\tjournal = {African Zoology},\\n\\tauthor = {Witteveen, Minke and Parry, Elspeth and Norris-Rogers, Mark and Brown, Mark},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tpages = {274--278},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Witteveen, M.\",\"Parry, E.\",\"Norris-Rogers, M.\",\"Brown, M.\"],\"key\":\"witteveen_breeding_2013\",\"id\":\"witteveen_breeding_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"witteveen-parry-norrisrogers-brown-breedingdensityofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiinthecommunalareassurroundingthematobonationalparkzimbabwe-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(BSc Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Rondebosch, Cape Town\",\"title\":\"Home range use by Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) -quantifying seasonal habitat selection and vegetation characteristics\",\"language\":\"en\",\"school\":\"University of Cape Town\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wyness\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"keywords\":\"habitat preference, habitat type, home range, perception\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{wyness_home_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\\n\\ttype = {({BSc} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Home range use by {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) -quantifying seasonal habitat selection and vegetation characteristics},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\\n\\tauthor = {Wyness, W.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tkeywords = {habitat preference, habitat type, home range, perception},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wyness, W.\"],\"key\":\"wyness_home_2011\",\"id\":\"wyness_home_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wyness-homerangeusebysoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriquantifyingseasonalhabitatselectionandvegetationcharacteristics-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"habitat preference\",\"habitat type\",\"home range\",\"perception\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"phdthesis\",\"type\":\"(MSc Thesis)\",\"address\":\"Johannesburg\",\"title\":\"Individual behavioural differences in the captive Southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri\",\"url\":\"https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911\",\"abstract\":\"Southern ground hornbills (ground hornbill) Bucorvus leadbeateri are among Africa’s most recognisable birds. The ground hornbill is formally listed as ‘Vulnerable to Extinction’ on the IUCN Red List and is endangered in both South Africa and Namibia. The ground hornbill is a nationally protected species in South Africa, yet the population numbers are still declining. The species is thus a conservation priority, and studies of captive individuals are needed to assess the suitability of individuals for breeding and potential future release. I investigated the behaviour of five captive populations of ground hornbills in Gauteng Province, and one population in the Western Cape Province, South Africa with the aim of investigating individual behavioural variation in these captive ground hornbills. Firstly, I described nine broad behavioural categories in the captive ground hornbills, and used these behaviours as a basis for further analysis. Secondly, I studied the activity patterns of the captive ground hornbills and found that the ground hornbills in my study did not conform to the bimodal pattern of their free-living counterparts, but rather their activity, at least for the three common behaviours (perching, locomotion, object interaction) remained fairly constant throughout the sampling time. The captive ground hornbills spent the largest proportion of their time perching, followed by locomotion and probing with their beaks. The three behaviours that were displayed the least were thermoregulation, vocalising and feeding. Behaviours varied by location on the overall behaviour but no sex effect. Thirdly, I recorded transactional (behavioural) interaction and found that aggression was rare and occurred in just one population. In contrast amicability was common and occurred more often than chance in three populations. Fourthly, I also found differences in the space use of individuals within populations, where space use was greater in some individuals in each institution. Individuals in each population commonly used less than 50% of their cage, frequently at the same time, linked to feeding, cage composition and their natural patrolling tendencies. Fifthly, I investigated the risk-taking behaviour and found that individuals in each institution varied their behavioural responses inconsistently in a startle test but with some showing consistent responses in novel object tests, indicating personality in ground hornbills. There were also population differences in the responses to a novel object. Finally, correlations among the behaviours indicated that ground hornbills display a behavioural syndrome (i.e. consistent behaviour responses across contexts). These findings allow for a greater understanding of the individual differences in captive ground hornbills, which are important when considering iv how individuals are managed and respond to interactions with conspecifics in captivity and for the inclusion in future release programmes. KEYWORDS: Activity patterns; Animal behaviour; Behavioural syndrome; Risk-taking behaviour; Space use; Southern Ground Hornbill; Transactional behavioural interaction.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-05\",\"school\":\"University of Witwatersrand\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\",\"Charlotte\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"bibtex\":\"@phdthesis{young_individual_2019,\\n\\taddress = {Johannesburg},\\n\\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\\n\\ttitle = {Individual behavioural differences in the captive {Southern} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\\n\\turl = {https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911},\\n\\tabstract = {Southern ground hornbills (ground hornbill) Bucorvus leadbeateri are among Africa’s most recognisable birds. The ground hornbill is formally listed as ‘Vulnerable to Extinction’ on the IUCN Red List and is endangered in both South Africa and Namibia. The ground hornbill is a nationally protected species in South Africa, yet the population numbers are still declining. The species is thus a conservation priority, and studies of captive individuals are needed to assess the suitability of individuals for breeding and potential future release. I investigated the behaviour of five captive populations of ground hornbills in Gauteng Province, and one population in the Western Cape Province, South Africa with the aim of investigating individual behavioural variation in these captive ground hornbills. Firstly, I described nine broad behavioural categories in the captive ground hornbills, and used these behaviours as a basis for further analysis. Secondly, I studied the activity patterns of the captive ground hornbills and found that the ground hornbills in my study did not conform to the bimodal pattern of their free-living counterparts, but rather their activity, at least for the three common behaviours (perching, locomotion, object interaction) remained fairly constant throughout the sampling time. The captive ground hornbills spent the largest proportion of their time perching, followed by locomotion and probing with their beaks. The three behaviours that were displayed the least were thermoregulation, vocalising and feeding. Behaviours varied by location on the overall behaviour but no sex effect. Thirdly, I recorded transactional (behavioural) interaction and found that aggression was rare and occurred in just one population. In contrast amicability was common and occurred more often than chance in three populations. Fourthly, I also found differences in the space use of individuals within populations, where space use was greater in some individuals in each institution. Individuals in each population commonly used less than 50\\\\% of their cage, frequently at the same time, linked to feeding, cage composition and their natural patrolling tendencies. Fifthly, I investigated the risk-taking behaviour and found that individuals in each institution varied their behavioural responses inconsistently in a startle test but with some showing consistent responses in novel object tests, indicating personality in ground hornbills. There were also population differences in the responses to a novel object. Finally, correlations among the behaviours indicated that ground hornbills display a behavioural syndrome (i.e. consistent behaviour responses across contexts). These findings allow for a greater understanding of the individual differences in captive ground hornbills, which are important when considering iv how individuals are managed and respond to interactions with conspecifics in captivity and for the inclusion in future release programmes. KEYWORDS: Activity patterns; Animal behaviour; Behavioural syndrome; Risk-taking behaviour; Space use; Southern Ground Hornbill; Transactional behavioural interaction.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-05},\\n\\tschool = {University of Witwatersrand},\\n\\tauthor = {Young, Lucy Charlotte},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Young, L. C.\"],\"key\":\"young_individual_2019\",\"id\":\"young_individual_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"young-individualbehaviouraldifferencesinthecaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Intense international exploitation of African hornbills necessitates urgent conservation measures, including CITES listing\",\"volume\":\"308\",\"issn\":\"0006-3207\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111105\",\"abstract\":\"Unchecked international trade in wildlife threatens biodiversity globally. The major mechanism for regulating this trade is listing species in the appendices of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. However, piecemeal protection of species in decline can displace demand onto similar, unprotected species. In this study, we consider the case of the hornbills (Bucorvidae and Bucerotidae). Most Asian hornbills received CITES protection in 1992, while international trade in African hornbills remains unregulated and under-documented. We analyzed data collected by the US Fish & Wildlife Service on 573 shipments of at least 2704 hornbills from 1999 to 2024. African species accounted for 94.5 % of traded hornbills. Trade in African hornbills has increased significantly over time, unlike the trade volume of Asian hornbills, which has remained constant under CITES management. Larger forest hornbill skulls are often sold online as oddities, while the smaller species are advertised as pets. Current US trade in the larger African genera Ceratogymna and Bycanistes likely exceeds global trade in all Asian hornbills prior to their CITES protection. Trade in the already Vulnerable Yellow-casqued Hornbill and Brown-cheeked Hornbill currently poses an existential threat to these species. However, every African genus of hornbill is traded internationally. To avoid shifting demand onto a few remaining unprotected species, and to ensure that forest hornbills continue to play their critical ecological role as seed dispersers, we call for CITES parties to list the hornbill families in Appendix II at the next Conference of the Parties.\",\"urldate\":\"2026-02-05\",\"journal\":\"Biological Conservation\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tinsman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Woodward\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ariel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Su\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Shan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skinner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniella\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\",\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abeh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anya\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Afiademanyo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Komlan\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arcilla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nico\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brouwer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Koen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chaffra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Abiola\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Forzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guetse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Francis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Holbech\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lars\",\"Haubye\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ikome\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delphine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koutchoro\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Agbatan\",\"Marc\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Odoukpe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Saint\",\"Guillaume\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Orenstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ronald\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nshom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Docas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Russo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nicholas\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Terrill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trail\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pepper\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oswald\",\"Terrill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"keywords\":\"CITES, Hornbills, International trade, LEMIS, Online trade, Pet birds, Wildlife trade\",\"pages\":\"111105\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tinsman_intense_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Intense international exploitation of {African} hornbills necessitates urgent conservation measures, including {CITES} listing},\\n\\tvolume = {308},\\n\\tissn = {0006-3207},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111105},\\n\\tabstract = {Unchecked international trade in wildlife threatens biodiversity globally. The major mechanism for regulating this trade is listing species in the appendices of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. However, piecemeal protection of species in decline can displace demand onto similar, unprotected species. In this study, we consider the case of the hornbills (Bucorvidae and Bucerotidae). Most Asian hornbills received CITES protection in 1992, while international trade in African hornbills remains unregulated and under-documented. We analyzed data collected by the US Fish \\\\& Wildlife Service on 573 shipments of at least 2704 hornbills from 1999 to 2024. African species accounted for 94.5 \\\\% of traded hornbills. Trade in African hornbills has increased significantly over time, unlike the trade volume of Asian hornbills, which has remained constant under CITES management. Larger forest hornbill skulls are often sold online as oddities, while the smaller species are advertised as pets. Current US trade in the larger African genera Ceratogymna and Bycanistes likely exceeds global trade in all Asian hornbills prior to their CITES protection. Trade in the already Vulnerable Yellow-casqued Hornbill and Brown-cheeked Hornbill currently poses an existential threat to these species. However, every African genus of hornbill is traded internationally. To avoid shifting demand onto a few remaining unprotected species, and to ensure that forest hornbills continue to play their critical ecological role as seed dispersers, we call for CITES parties to list the hornbill families in Appendix II at the next Conference of the Parties.},\\n\\turldate = {2026-02-05},\\n\\tjournal = {Biological Conservation},\\n\\tauthor = {Tinsman, Jen and Woodward, Ariel and Su, Shan and Skinner, Daniella H. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Abeh, Anya D. and Afiademanyo, Komlan M. and Arcilla, Nico and Brouwer, Koen and Chaffra, Abiola S. and Forzi, Francis and Guetse, Francis and Holbech, Lars Haubye and Ikome, Delphine and Koutchoro, Agbatan Marc and Odoukpe, Saint Guillaume K. and Orenstein, Ronald and Nshom, Docas and Russo, Nicholas J. and Smith, Thomas B. and Terrill, Ryan S. and Trail, Pepper W. and Oswald Terrill, Jessica A.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tkeywords = {CITES, Hornbills, International trade, LEMIS, Online trade, Pet birds, Wildlife trade},\\n\\tpages = {111105},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tinsman, J.\",\"Woodward, A.\",\"Su, S.\",\"Skinner, D. H.\",\"Kemp, L. V.\",\"Abeh, A. D.\",\"Afiademanyo, K. M.\",\"Arcilla, N.\",\"Brouwer, K.\",\"Chaffra, A. S.\",\"Forzi, F.\",\"Guetse, F.\",\"Holbech, L. H.\",\"Ikome, D.\",\"Koutchoro, A. M.\",\"Odoukpe, S. G. K.\",\"Orenstein, R.\",\"Nshom, D.\",\"Russo, N. J.\",\"Smith, T. B.\",\"Terrill, R. S.\",\"Trail, P. W.\",\"Oswald Terrill, J. A.\"],\"key\":\"tinsman_intense_2025\",\"id\":\"tinsman_intense_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tinsman-woodward-su-skinner-kemp-abeh-afiademanyo-arcilla-etal-intenseinternationalexploitationofafricanhornbillsnecessitatesurgentconservationmeasuresincludingciteslisting-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429\"},\"keyword\":[\"CITES\",\"Hornbills\",\"International trade\",\"LEMIS\",\"Online trade\",\"Pet birds\",\"Wildlife trade\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Preventing Shadow Boxing through Habituation - A Pilot Study\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"0889-3667\",\"shorttitle\":\"Mirror, Mirror on the Wall\",\"url\":\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq\",\"doi\":\"10.46867/ijcp.48963\",\"abstract\":\"Shadow boxing is the aggressive response of an animal to its reflection. When the species is strong enough to break surfaces (e.g., bear, monkey, woodpecker), this behaviour can lead to human-wildlife conflicts. In this pilot study, we assessed whether shadow boxing is subject to habituation (learning to ignore stimuli) in Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). In the Mirror task, birds were repeatedly exposed to unbreakable mirrors (habituation). Subsequently, one mirror was presented at a different location (test). In the Neophobia task, a food reward was placed next to novel objects. Ground-hornbills did not habituate to the mirrors, but they differed in their levels of neophobia.&nbsp;\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2026-02-05\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Comparative Psychology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cully\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sharline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rebout\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nancy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kemp\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Danel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samara\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2026\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cully_mirror_2026,\\n\\ttitle = {Mirror, {Mirror} on the {Wall}: {Preventing} {Shadow} {Boxing} through {Habituation} - {A} {Pilot} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {0889-3667},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Mirror, {Mirror} on the {Wall}},\\n\\turl = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq},\\n\\tdoi = {10.46867/ijcp.48963},\\n\\tabstract = {Shadow boxing is the aggressive response of an animal to its reflection. When the species is strong enough to break surfaces (e.g., bear, monkey, woodpecker), this behaviour can lead to human-wildlife conflicts. In this pilot study, we assessed whether shadow boxing is subject to habituation (learning to ignore stimuli) in Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). In the Mirror task, birds were repeatedly exposed to unbreakable mirrors (habituation). Subsequently, one mirror was presented at a different location (test). In the Neophobia task, a food reward was placed next to novel objects. Ground-hornbills did not habituate to the mirrors, but they differed in their levels of neophobia.\\\\&nbsp;},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2026-02-05},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Comparative Psychology},\\n\\tauthor = {Cully, Sharline and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy and Danel, Samara},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2026},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cully, S.\",\"Rebout, N.\",\"Kemp, L.\",\"Danel, S.\"],\"key\":\"cully_mirror_2026\",\"id\":\"cully_mirror_2026\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cully-rebout-kemp-danel-mirrormirroronthewallpreventingshadowboxingthroughhabituationapilotstudy-2026\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"LibGuides: Southern Ground Hornbill (<i>Bucorvus</i> leadbeateri) Fact Sheet: Bibliography & Resources\",\"copyright\":\"Copyright International Environment Library Consortium 2025\",\"shorttitle\":\"LibGuides\",\"url\":\"https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography\",\"abstract\":\"References, additional internet resources\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-07\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jirik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kate\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{jirik_libguides_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {{LibGuides}: {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} (\\\\textit{{Bucorvus}} leadbeateri) {Fact} {Sheet}: {Bibliography} \\\\& {Resources}},\\n\\tcopyright = {Copyright International Environment Library Consortium 2025},\\n\\tshorttitle = {{LibGuides}},\\n\\turl = {https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography},\\n\\tabstract = {References, additional internet resources},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-07},\\n\\tauthor = {Jirik, Kate},\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jirik, K.\"],\"key\":\"jirik_libguides_2024\",\"id\":\"jirik_libguides_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jirik-libguidessoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeaterifactsheetbibliographyresources-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"misc\",\"type\":\"misc\",\"title\":\"Identifying Optimal Reintroduction Sites for Bucorvus Leadbeateri in South Africa\",\"language\":\"en\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cilliers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dirk\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"bibtex\":\"@misc{cilliers_identifying_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Identifying {Optimal} {Reintroduction} {Sites} for {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri} in {South} {Africa}},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tauthor = {Cilliers, Dirk},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cilliers, D.\"],\"key\":\"cilliers_identifying_2011\",\"id\":\"cilliers_identifying_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cilliers-identifyingoptimalreintroductionsitesforbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script 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href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{marques_pityriasis_2026,
	title = {Pityriasis {Versicolor} in a {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	volume = {2026},
	issn = {2090-7001},
	url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/},
	doi = {10.1155/crve/5261490},
	abstract = {A 20‐year‐old southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) developed hyperpigmented macules on its gular pouch, resembling the lesions typically seen in humans with pityriasis versicolor. Cytologic examination revealed over 100 budding yeasts per oil immersion field. Fungal culture showed rare growth of smooth, cream‐colored yeast colonies, identified by PCR as Malassezia slooffiae. Histopathological analysis showed lymphocytic perivascular dermatitis. Periodic acid–Schiff staining revealed rare forms of yeasts between the layers of the stratum corneum. This clinical report provides further insights into the role of Malassezia spp. in the avian skin microbiome. To the authors′ knowledge, this is the first report of Malassezia sp. as an agent of pityriasis versicolor in birds.},
	urldate = {2026-03-02},
	journal = {Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine},
	author = {Marques, Gonçalo N. and Lourenço, Miguel and Leal, Miriam and Urbani, Nuno and Peleteiro, Maria Conceição},
	month = feb,
	year = {2026},
	pages = {5261490},
}









@phdthesis{zoghby_fine-scale_2015,
	address = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},
	type = {({MSc} {Thesis})},
	title = {Fine-scale movements and habitat use of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri}},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581},
	abstract = {Southern Ground-Hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri are listed as Endangered in South Africa and there is a concerted effort to reverse their population decline. Understanding the factors affecting their movement patterns and how they interact with their habitat is useful to inform conservation and habitat management options for the species, to select sites for artificial nests and to identify suitable areas for reintroduction initiatives. In this study, I report daily and seasonal patterns of habitat use as well as patterns of roost site use of four Southern Ground-Hornbill groups in the Associated Private Nature Reserves, northeast South Africa, based on data from GPS-satellite tags collected over one year from October 2010 to September 2011. Home ranges varied from 5.9-10.3 km² and were larger in winter than during the summer breeding season. Daily travel distances were greater during the breeding season, when birds were constrained to forage close to their nest, and were lower in winter, when birds ranged more widely. Hourly travel distances were affected by time of day, season, air temperature and group. Birds travelled farthest per hour in the morning, decreasing in the afternoon in winter. However, in summer hourly travel distances were bimodally distributed, with a minimum during the middle of the day when ambient temperatures exceed 25⁰C. Acacia-dominated vegetation and riparian habitats were favoured disproportionately during the heat of the day in summer, presumably because they offer more shade than other habitats. The number of roost sites used per month decreased progressively throughout the Early Wet season (October-December) and was lowest during the Late Wet season (January-March) for three groups that bred successfully. Mean monthly nights per roost were highest for these groups in the Early Wet and Late Wet seasons, specifically over December and January, coinciding with the peak breeding period. Throughout the Early Wet season, all four groups frequently roosted in close proximity to the nest, with 54-83\% of roosts being within 1 000 m of the nest. During the Wet season, riparian habitats were favoured for roosting by the three groups that bred successfully, while during the dry season, disturbed areas, combretum-dominated habitats and mopane-dominated habitats were used. I conclude that the optimal habitat configurations for ground-hornbills include a mosaic of habitat types, including open areas for foraging and dense trees for shade as well as adequate large trees for nesting and roosting, particularly in riparian habitats.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2024-08-19},
	school = {University of Cape Town},
	author = {Zoghby, Blair Anthony},
	year = {2015},
}





@phdthesis{spear_dealing_2005,
	address = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},
	title = {Dealing with socially complex species in population viability analysis: a case study of the cooperatively-breeding southern ground hornbill,  {Bucorvus} leadbeateri.},
	language = {en},
	school = {University of Cape Town},
	author = {Spear, D.},
	year = {2005},
}













@phdthesis{combrink_habitat_2016,
	address = {Pietermaritzburg},
	title = {The habitat, nesting and foraging requirements of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} in the {Kruger} {National} {Park}, {South} {Africa}},
	school = {University of KwaZulu-Natal},
	author = {Combrink, Leigh},
	year = {2016},
}









@article{engelbrecht_growth_2007,
	title = {Growth curve analysis of hand-reared {Southern} and {Northern} {Ground} {Hornbill} nestlings},
	abstract = {We compared the increase in mass of seven Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri and four
Northern Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus nestlings that were hand-eared at two facilities. The
facilities were the Ground Hornbill Research and Conservation Project based at Mabula Game Reserve,
Bela-
Bela. and the Umgeni River Bird Park, Durban. Logistic, Gompetz and Von Bertalanffy models for
growth analysis were applied to the data collected. The Gompetz model best described the growth of
Southern and Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings. Mean values of A = 3598.40 ± 512.70 (2655.50 –
4035.30) and K = 0.08 ± 0.02 (0.05-0.12) were calculated for Southern Ground Hornbill nestlings and
values of A = 2962.03 ± 464.63 (2612.60 – 3489.32) and K = 0.07 ± 0.02 (0.05 – 0.09) for Northern
Ground Hornbill nestlings. There was a significant difference (P{\textless}0.05) between the A values of the
two species. We also calculated the inflection point and t10-90 (time required for growth from 10
to 90\% of the asymptote). These results provide a basis for further studies on ground hornbill
growth and will also
allow hand-rearing facilities to verify the growth of their ground hornbill nestlings.},
	journal = {CDROM Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference},
	author = {Engelbrecht, Derek},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
}





@article{peters_prothesis_1962,
	title = {Prothesis of the lower bill of an {African} {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1748-1090},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-10-03},
	journal = {International Zoo Yearbook},
	author = {Peters, J. C.},
	year = {1962},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},
	pages = {112--113},
}





@article{asefa_human-bird_2023,
	title = {Human-{Bird} {Interactions}: {An} {Exploration} of {Oromo} {Cultural} {Beliefs} and {Practices} {Associated} with the {Northern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus).},
	volume = {6},
	shorttitle = {Human-{Bird} {Interactions}},
	url = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=26163977&AN=173872213&h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&crl=c},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Gadaa Journal},
	author = {Asefa, Addisu},
	year = {2023},
}





@techreport{botha_southern_2011,
	title = {Southern {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) {Species} {Recovery} {Plan} for {South} {Africa}},
	doi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.3554.0082},
	abstract = {Executive Summary
The Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is a globally threatened species (IUCN Red List:
Vulnerable) with a declining population. In South Africa the species is considered nationally
Vulnerable, declining and listed as a ‘Protected Species’ under national legislation. It is a long-lived
and slow-breeding bird with an unusual cooperative breeding strategy and requiring large group
territories.

The slow, complex breeding biology of the species renders it highly susceptible to threats that
include afforestation, cultivation and degradation of habitat, a lack of suitable nesting trees,
poisoning and direct persecution, live trade, and traditional practices.
The purpose of this plan is to ensure the favourable conservation status of the Southern Ground
Hornbill in South Africa, through six priority objectives:
 Generate an increase in the Southern Ground Hornbill population by expanding the
population into parts of its historic range
 Understand the genetic relationships across the populations, within family groups and the
mechanisms behind female and immature dispersal
 Collect information on population threats and mortalities for Southern Ground Hornbill to
determine their importance
 Investigate and implement in-situ and ex-situ management and conservation interventions
to increase Southern Ground Hornbill populations in South Africa and neighbouring
countries that could potentially act as a sink or source for South African (RSA) birds
 Increase awareness of the Southern Ground Hornbill and the threats acting upon the species
to increase tolerance towards the species and reduce persecution
 Provide an insurance against future declines in the wild Southern Ground Hornbill
population by managing a viable ex situ population of Southern Ground Hornbills
Lead implementing agencies for specific activities are listed in Table 3. Implementation of this plan
will be coordinated by the Southern Ground Hornbill Action Group, a consortium formed by the key
current stakeholders that meets regularly to address issues of Southern Ground Hornbill
conservation and research.},
	institution = {Johannesburg Zoo; Endangered Wildlife Trust},
	author = {Botha, Andre and Coetzee, Rynette and Hagens, Quentin and Hockey, Phil and Jansen, Ray and Jordan, Lara and Jordan, Mike and Kemp, Alan and Kotze, Antoinette and Little, Rob and Carstens, Kate and Moss, Dominic and Rehse, Tracey and Theron, N. and Turner, Ann},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
}





@incollection{alves_finely_2013,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {Finely {Ground}‐{Hornbill}: {The} {Sale} of {Bucorvus} {Cafer} in a {Traditional} {Medicine} {Market} in {Bulawayo}, {Zimbabwe}},
	isbn = {978-3-642-29025-1 978-3-642-29026-8},
	shorttitle = {Finely {Ground}‐{Hornbill}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	booktitle = {Animals in {Traditional} {Folk} {Medicine}},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	author = {Bruyns, Robin K. and Williams, Vivienne L. and Cunningham, Anthony B.},
	editor = {Alves, Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega and Rosa, Ierecê Lucena},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {475--486},
}





@phdthesis{carstens_breeding_2017,
	address = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},
	type = {({PhD} {Thesis})},
	title = {Breeding and dispersal implications for the conservation of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	url = {https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	school = {University of Cape Town},
	author = {Carstens, Kate},
	year = {2017},
}









@article{carstens_natal_2019,
	title = {Natal dispersal in the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} \textit{{Bucorvus}} leadbeateri},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0030-6525, 1727-947X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474},
	doi = {10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Ostrich},
	author = {Carstens, Kate F and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Robin M and Ryan, Peter G and Hockey, Philip Ar},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {cooperative breeding, dispersal, ground hornbills, philopatry, resightings},
	pages = {119--127},
}









@article{carstens_effects_2019,
	title = {The effects of weather, group size and type of nest on the timing of egg-laying in the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	volume = {160},
	issn = {2193-7192, 2193-7206},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
	author = {Carstens, Kate F. and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Rob M. and Ryan, Peter G. and Hockey, Phillip A. R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Breeding success, Breeding success, Early breeding, Rainfall, Temperature},
	pages = {633--640},
}





@article{carstens_breeding_2019,
	title = {Breeding success and population growth of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} \textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} in an area supplemented with nest-boxes},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0959-2709, 1474-0001},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0959270919000108},
	abstract = {The provision of artificial nests can improve the conservation status of threatened bird species that are limited by nest-site availability. The shortage of natural cavity nesting sites is one factor limiting the population growth of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In an 1,800 km2 study area in north-eastern South Africa, 31 wooden nest-boxes were installed during 2002–2015. We investigated the relationships between nests, as well as environmental and social factors, with breeding. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to the observational data and identified positive relationships between breeding attempts and each of home range size and the previous year’s rainfall; as well as positive relationships between breeding success (amongst the groups that attempt breeding) and each of earlier breeding, nest height and thickness of the nest cavity wall. The provision of nest-boxes increased the number of breeding groups and although breeding success also increased initially, it later declined as the density of breeding groups increased above 20 groups. Although nest-boxes alone did not increase overall breeding success, they are an effective conservation tool to enhance the population of Southern Ground Hornbills if spaced optimally, to enhance reproductive output in areas where suitable nest-sites are scarce or lacking.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-10-24},
	journal = {Bird Conservation International},
	author = {Carstens, Kate F. and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Rob M. and Ryan, Peter G. and Hockey, Phil A. R.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {627--643},
}





@article{carstens_egg-capping_2014,
	title = {Egg-capping in the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0030-6525},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},
	doi = {10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},
	abstract = {‘Egg-capping’ describes occurrences of the empty shell from a hatched egg slipping over an unhatched egg from the same clutch. It is a rare phenomenon, occurring typically in {\textless}2\% of nests monitored. Here I report the first two observed cases of egg-capping in the endangered Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In north-eastern South Africa, egg-capping occurred in 4.3\% of nests that contained two eggs with one or more surviving to hatching.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-09-30},
	journal = {Ostrich},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Carstens, Kathleen F},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},
	keywords = {Associated Private Nature Reserves, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground-Hornbill, egg-capping},
	pages = {89--91},
}

















@article{carstens_short_2014,
	title = {Short {Note} {Egg}-capping in the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	volume = {85},
	url = {https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Ostrich},
	author = {Carstens, Kathleen F.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
}









@misc{chiweshe_current_2007,
	title = {The current conservation status of the {Southern} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}.  {In}: {Kemp}, {A}. {C}. \& {Kemp}, {M}. {I}. (eds). {The} {Active} {Management} of {Hornbills} and their {Habitats} for {Conservation}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	publisher = {BirdLife Zimbabwe},
	author = {Chiweshe, Ngoni},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: BirdLife Zimbabwe},
}





@article{cilliers_developing_2013,
	title = {Developing a site selection tool to assist reintroduction efforts for the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {0030-6525},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},
	doi = {10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},
	abstract = {The Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (SGH) is regarded as Vulnerable globally and Endangered in South Africa as a result of losing close to 70\% of its range and 50\% of its historic population in the country. One of the conservation tools being used to address this issue and restore the population to its historic range is reintroductions. The aim of this study was to identify and prioritise probable reintroduction sites in the Mopane Bioregion and the Limpopo and Mpumalanga sections of the Lowveld Bioregion of South Africa (all in the Savanna Biome), by using a niche-based modelling technique (Maxent) combined with GIS analyses. Suitable SGH habitat was determined for farms in the study area and evaluated for the absence of mappable threats. Three priority areas were identified for reintroductions. These areas are in a near-natural state, offer sufficient habitat, are free of mappable threats and are close to formally protected areas. Field surveys of these three priority areas are needed next to validate their suitability for reintroduction purposes. This is the first spatially explicit reintroduction plan for the SGH that has been developed and will contribute to conservationists’ efforts to conserve the SGH.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-08-19},
	journal = {Ostrich},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Cilliers, Dirk and Evans, Steven and Coetzee, Hendri and van Rensburg, Leon},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},
	keywords = {Bucorvus leadbeateri, GIS, Maxent, Southern Ground Hornbill, ecological niche modelling, reintroduction},
	pages = {101--111},
}

















@article{coetzee_observations_2010,
	title = {Observations of southern ground-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri grooming common warthog {Phacochoerus} africanus},
	volume = {48},
	copyright = {© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	issn = {1365-2028},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Coetzee, Hendri C.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},
	pages = {1131--1133},
}













@article{coetzee_exploration_2014,
	title = {An exploration of cultural beliefs and practices across the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill}’s range in {Africa}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1746-4269},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28},
	doi = {10.1186/1746-4269-10-28},
	abstract = {This article explores cultural beliefs and practices related to the Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in nine southern and east-African countries.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-09-30},
	journal = {Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine},
	author = {Coetzee, Hendri and Nell, Werner and van Rensburg, Leon},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Bucorvus leadbeateri, Conservation, Cultural beliefs, Cultural practices, Intervention programme, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Surrogate species},
	pages = {28},
}





@article{cooper_random_2013,
	title = {Random time-activity budgets in captive {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0038-2353},
	url = {http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0038-23532013000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
	number = {7-8},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	publisher = {Academy of Science of South Africa},
	author = {Cooper, Mark and Jordan, Lara},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {01--02},
}













@article{cooper_update_2023,
	title = {Update: {Random} time-activity budgets in captive {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	volume = {119},
	url = {https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435},
	doi = {10.17159/sajs.2023/a0028u},
	number = {7/8},
	journal = {South African Journal of Science},
	author = {Cooper, Mark and Jordan, Lara},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
}









@article{courtnay-latimer_ground_1942,
	title = {The ground hornbill: ({Bucorvus} cefer},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.1080/00306525.1942.9634667},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Ostrich},
	author = {Courtnay-Latimer, M.},
	year = {1942},
	pages = {121--136},
}





@article{dalton_isolation_2011,
	title = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	abstract = {Twelve microsatellite markers were developed via pyrosequencing for the Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). These microsatellite loci displayed one to eight alleles with an expected heterozygosity range between 0.339 – 0.858 and an observed heterozygosity between 0.348 – 0.913. The high level of polymorphisms observed in the microsatellite markers indicates that they can be used to strongly improve our knowledge of the genetic structure and relatedness of these birds.},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},
	author = {Dalton, Desire and Kotze, Antoinette},
	month = aug,
	year = {2011},
}





@article{danel_assessing_2023,
	title = {Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species: the {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1435-9456},
	shorttitle = {Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6},
	abstract = {Since ecology influences the expression of cognitive traits, intra-specific variation in ecological demands can drive differences in cognition. This is often the case, for instance, when sexes face different ecological challenges. However, so far, most studies have focused on few cognitive domains (i.e., spatial cognition), which limits our understanding of the evolution of sexually dimorphic cognition in animals. Endangered Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri), for example, show sex-specific ecological differences in age at dispersal, where females disperse from their natal group earlier than males. Based on this potential sex-specific source of selection, females and males may differ in their capacity to behave flexibly. Here, we used the reversal-learning paradigm in ten Southern ground-hornbills in two conditions: spatial and colour. During the pre-test (learning phase), regardless the sex, all subjects were faster at associating the food reward with spatial rather than with colour cues. Similarly, during the test (reversal-learning phase), both sexes learned the new association quicker with spatial cues. There were no sex differences in learning or reversal learning during both experimental phases. This possibility, however, requires further observation and experimentation. We hope our study will provide the impetus to assess further the cognitive capacities of this still overlooked species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Animal Cognition},
	author = {Danel, Samara and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Behavioural flexibility, Cups task, Ground-hornbills, Reversal learning, Sex differences},
	pages = {599--609},
}









@article{danel_social_2023,
	title = {Social diffusion of new foraging techniques in the {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1543-4508},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4},
	doi = {10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4},
	abstract = {Social learning during foraging has been found in a wide range of animals, including numerous bird species. Still, the mechanisms underlying this cognitive capacity remain largely unstudied and the use of divergent methods limits our understanding of their taxonomic distribution. Using an ecologically relevant design, the open diffusion experiment, we tested whether 11 Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) were able to show imitation on the two-action task. Three experimental groups were created. In the slide and pull group, subjects (‘observers’) watched a trained conspecific (‘demonstrator’) opening a box using a specific technique. Naïve individuals from the control group, however, did not receive a social demonstration. All birds of the slide and pull group succeeded in opening the box, whereas all subjects of the control group failed the task. We found consistent inter-individual differences among some observers, with only two birds (one in each group) using the same technique and part of the box contacted by the demonstrator. Our results suggest that at least fine-tune enhancement underlies behavioural diffusion in this novel model species, which provides new research opportunities with direct implications for conservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	journal = {Learning \& Behavior},
	author = {Danel, Samara and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Bucerotiformes, Ground-hornbills, Group foraging, Open diffusion, Social learning, Two-action task},
	pages = {153--165},
}





@article{danel_ground-hornbills_2019,
	title = {Ground-hornbills ({Bucorvus}) show means-end understanding in a horizontal two-string discrimination task},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0289-0771, 1439-5444},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Journal of Ethology},
	author = {Danel, Samara and Von Bayern, Auguste M. P. and Osiurak, François},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Brain size, Cognition, Physical cognition, Problem solving, Selection pressure, String pulling},
	pages = {117--122},
}





@article{daso_polybrominated_2015,
	title = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in eggshells of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} (\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri}) and {Wattled} {Crane} (\textit{{Bugeranus} carunculatus}) in {South} {Africa}},
	volume = {118},
	issn = {0045-6535},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.063},
	abstract = {This study was undertaken to assess the levels of eight PBDE congeners, namely: PBDE-17, 47, 100, 99, 154, 153, 183 and 209 in eggshells of Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) Bucorvus leadbeateri and Wattled Crane (WC) Bugeranus carunculatus obtained from different nesting sites within the eastern savanna of Limpopo Province and the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, respectively. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry employing the electron impact ionization technique. The results obtained indicated that the lower brominated congeners were predominant in both species. The total PBDEs ranged between not detected (ND) to 264μgg−1 lipid weight and 5.98–7146μgg−1 lipid weight in the SGH and WC samples, respectively. More so, the mean recoveries of the 13C-labelled surrogate standards ranged between 40\% (PBDE-100) and 136\% (PBDE-99). The potential hazards to these birds via PBDEs exposure were evaluated by determining the hazard quotients (HQs) by employing the established Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL) values associated with impaired pipping and hatching success as well as that associated with impaired reproduction. HQs values varying from 0.58 to 0.94 and 27.71 to 45.27, respectively were obtained for SGH and WC species. This implies that the SGH populations are exposed to low to moderate hazards, while the WC populations are susceptible to high hazards. Considering the potential threats posed by PBDEs, particularly to the WC species, it is likely that exposure to the current environmental levels of PBDEs by these birds may contribute to their reduced breeding success and declining population trends.},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	journal = {Chemosphere},
	author = {Daso, Adegbenro P. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O. and Jansen, Raymond and Forbes, Patricia B. C. and Kotzé, Antoinette and Rohwer, Egmont R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Eggshell, PBDEs, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Wattled Crane},
	pages = {284--292},
}









@article{daso_mercury_2015,
	title = {Mercury concentrations in eggshells of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} (\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri}) and {Wattled} {Crane} (\textit{{Bugeranus} carunculatus}) in {South} {Africa}},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0147-6513},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.010},
	abstract = {In this study, wild hatched eggshells were collected from the nests of threatened Wattled Crane and South Ground-Hornbill in an attempt to determine their total Hg concentrations. A total of fourteen eggshell samples from both bird species were collected from different study areas in the Mpumlanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. The eggshells were acid digested under reflux and their total Hg concentrations were determined using cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). The observed total Hg levels for the South Ground-Hornbill samples ranged from 1.31 to 8.88µgg−1 dry weight (dw), except for one outlier which had an elevated 75.0µgg−1 dw. The levels obtained for the Wattled Crane samples were relatively high and these ranged from 14.84 to 36.37µgg−1 dw. Generally, all the measured total Hg concentrations for the Wattled Crane samples exceeded the estimated total Hg levels derived for eggshell which were known to cause adverse reproductive effects in avian species from previous studies. Based on these findings, it is, therefore, possible that the exposure of these birds to elevated Hg may have contributed to their present population decline.},
	urldate = {2024-08-20},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
	author = {Daso, Adegbenro P. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O. and Jansen, Raymond and Brandao, José D. D. O. and Kotzé, Antoinette},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Eggshells, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Total mercury, Wattled Crane},
	pages = {61--66},
}





@inproceedings{engelbrecht_status_2007,
	title = {The status and conservation of southern ground hornbills, {Bucorvus} leadbeateri, in the {Limpopo} province, {South} {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {International} {Hornbill} {Conference}. {Mabula} {Game} {Lodge}, {South} {Africa}},
	author = {Engelbrecht, Derek and Theron, Nicholas and Turner, Ann and Van Wyk, Johan and Pienaar, Kobus and Kemp, A. C. and Kemp, M. I.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1--5},
}









@article{falzone_maintaining_1989,
	title = {Maintaining and breeding the {Abyssinian} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} abyssinicus at the {Dallas} {Zoo}},
	volume = {28},
	copyright = {© 1989 The Zoological Society of London},
	issn = {1748-1090},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-08-20},
	journal = {International Zoo Yearbook},
	author = {Falzone, Celia K.},
	year = {1989},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},
	pages = {246--249},
}





@article{gretillat_helminthes_1967,
	title = {Helminthes parasites d’animaux sauvages au {Sénégal} - {Histiocephalus} bucorvi n. sp. ({Hedruridae}, {Nematoda}), parasite du ventricule succenturié de {Bucorvus} abyssinicus ({Boddaert}) ({Grand} {Calao} d’{Abyssinie})},
	volume = {42},
	copyright = {© Masson, Paris 1967, transferred to Société Française de Parasitologie},
	issn = {0003-4150, 2772-4042},
	url = {https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html},
	doi = {10.1051/parasite/1967425533},
	abstract = {Parasite international open-access, peer-reviewed, online journal publishing high quality papers on all aspects of human and animal parasitology},
	language = {fr},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2024-08-20},
	journal = {Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée},
	publisher = {EDP Sciences},
	author = {Gretillat, Simon},
	year = {1967},
	note = {Number: 5},
	pages = {533--542},
}













@article{gula_observations_2020,
	title = {Observations of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} \textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} groups in the {Kafue} {National} {Park}, {Zambia}},
	volume = {91},
	issn = {0030-6525, 1727-947X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433},
	doi = {10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Ostrich},
	author = {Gula, Jonah and Phiri, Chaona G},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {267--270},
}









@phdthesis{jerling_identification_2011,
	address = {Potchefstroom},
	type = {({Master} {Thesis})},
	title = {The identification and verification of optimal reintroduction sites for the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in the {Musina} area of the {Limpopo} {Province}, {South} {Africa}},
	url = {https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170},
	abstract = {The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) has recently been listed globally by the IUCN Red list as Endangered or Critically Endangered. In South Africa, the declining population of the SGH has led it to be listed nationally as Vulnerable and falls under the “Protected Species” legislation. Research into the habitat preferences and identification of suitable reintroduction areas have been few since the initiation of reintroduction attempts, therefore resulting in mixed outcomes of previously-reintroduced SGH. The aim of this study was to identify and verify optimal reintroduction sites for the SGH, in the Musina area in the Limpopo Province. Five main objectives were determined, namely: to identify optimal reintroduction areas; to develop a habitat profile of the designated area; to determine the availability of prey items; to determine the availability of large trees needed for nesting and roosting; to evaluate pre-release sites by involving a number of stakeholders. Three study sites were selected on the farm Greyghost Safaris (Ludwigslust), each made up of a different plant community. Sampling was carried out a total of four times during the year: one sampling bout in each season. A niche-based modelling technique was used to describe the suitability of a particular habitat (“ecological space”) then used to project it onto another geographical space. Floristic and faunal surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of prey items and composition and frequency of the herbaceous and woody layer. High-resolution, natural-colour aerial imagery was used in order to determine the availability of trees for nesting and roosting. Pre-release site evaluations and stakeholder engagements were conducted by means of interviews with landowners on and around the study sites. The Limpopo River Valley and across to the KNP on the eastern border of the Limpopo Province, is suitable re-introduction sites for the SGH. This study site provided a good opportunity to explore what an optimal site for reintroduction should resemble.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-02-06},
	school = {North-West University},
	author = {Jerling, Francette},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Accepted: 2013-09-30T13:07:46Z},
}





@inproceedings{haar_development_2024,
	title = {Development {Of} {The} {Rhythmically} {Coordinated} {Duet} {Of} {A} {Bird} {Species} ({Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills}, {Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	url = {https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html},
	doi = {10.21437/SpeechProsody.2024-232},
	abstract = {Comparing human with non-human animal vocalizations can give insight in evolution and mechanisms of vocal behavior. This study addresses rhythm, a feature shared between speech prosody and music, in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Adults in this bird species sing a rhythmically coordinated duet, alternating between the male and the female. Vocalizations were recorded in two developmental and social settings in zoo living Southern Ground Hornbills and analyzed for their rhythmic patterns. Preliminary results indicate juvenile Ground Hornbills produce similar calls as adults, but do not produce the rhythmic duet yet. Moreover, upon introduction of a new adult male to an adult human-reared female, the birds did occasionally, but not always produce a rhythmic duet. These preliminary findings suggest that either learning and/or physiological changes during development and possibly pair bonding induce the rhythmic duet. Further research using more diverse settings and longitudinal recordings (including more adult controls), should disentangle these possible mechanisms. These findings are relevant for both evolution and mechanisms of rhythmic capacities, as well as animal welfare, particularly breeding programs to reintroduce Ground Hornbills to the wild. If development of the coordinated duet is in jeopardy, the breeding and reintroduction may be at risk as well.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	booktitle = {Speech {Prosody} 2024},
	publisher = {ISCA},
	author = {Haar, Sita M. Ter},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1150--1154},
}





@article{kemp_biology_1980,
	title = {The biology of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}) ({Aves}: {Bucerotidae})},
	volume = {32},
	shorttitle = {The biology of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}) ({Aves}},
	url = {https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057},
	doi = {10.10520/AJA00411752_1057},
	abstract = {Fourteen groups of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were observed over five months in the Kruger National Park in the Republic of South Africa. Aspects of their activity patterns and behaviour are recorded, and their breeding biology and activity are described. B. leadbeateri is a group-territorial species with extensive spatial requirements of about 100 sq km per group. The territorial maintenance is elaborate, as is an intragroup social organisation. Each group breeds cooperatively, with a very low productivity indicating that individuals have a high survival rate. Comparison with the Abyssinian Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus indicates that this is a distinct species with a different biology.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	journal = {Annals of the Transvaal Museum},
	publisher = {Northern Flagship Institute},
	author = {Kemp, A.C. \& Kemp M.I.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1980},
	keywords = {Aves, Breeding, Bucerotidae, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground Hornbill},
	pages = {65--100},
}

















@article{kemp_ground_1994,
	title = {Ground {Hornbills}, the genus {Bucorvus}},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1352-481X},
	url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855},
	doi = {10.5962/p.308855},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-08-20},
	journal = {Bulletin of the African Bird Club},
	author = {Kemp, Alan},
	month = mar,
	year = {1994},
	pages = {10--11},
}





@article{kemp_nest_1996,
	title = {Nest {Sites} of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri} in the {Kruger} {National} {Park}, {South} {Africa}, and {Conservation} {Implications}},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0030-6525},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},
	doi = {10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},
	abstract = {Kemp, A. C. \& Begg, K. S. 1996. Nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and conservation implications. Ostrich 67: 9–14. Details of 56 active and 18 potential nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were recorded in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, over 298 nest-seasons during 1967–95. Nests were natural cavities with a median diameter of about 40 cm, 96\% situated in 12 species of trees and 4\% in rock faces. Only four species of tree provided 72\% of nest sites and 85\% of active nest sites were formed by rotting of a damaged branch or trunk. No habitat preference associated with nest sites was detected, but 61\% of nests were within 400 m of a tourist road, possibly due to lower predation pressure. Nest attractiveness was correlated positively with nest height, cavity shallowness and proximity to tourist roads, but nest success was not correlated with any measured features of the sites. Average cavity durability was 14 years, but differed between tree species from 5–26 years. Nest site availability appeared to be the principal factor limiting the Southern Ground Hornbill population of the Kruger National Park. The limited choice of sites, and the potential for site modification and substitution, have important implications for wild and captive management and conservation.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	journal = {Ostrich},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Kemp, Alan C. and Begg, Keith S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1996},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},
	pages = {9--14},
}













@phdthesis{kemp_conservation_2017,
	address = {Bloemfontein},
	type = {({PhD} {Thesis})},
	title = {Conservation biology and molecular ecology of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}, 1825)},
	language = {en},
	school = {University of the Free State},
	author = {Kemp, L.V.},
	year = {2017},
}





@article{kemp_broad-scale_2024,
	title = {Broad-scale genetic assessment of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) to inform population management},
	volume = {52},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Kemp, Lucy and Dalton, Desiré L. and Mwale, Monica and Grobler, J. Paul and Madisha, M. Thabang and Van Wyk, Anna M. and Mokgokong, Prudent S. and Jansen, Raymond and Kotze, Antoinette},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {e02963},
}













@phdthesis{knight_preliminary_1990,
	address = {Berea, Durban, South Africa},
	type = {({Master} {Thesis})},
	title = {A preliminary investigation into the status, distribution and some aspects of the foraging ecology of the southern ground hornbill ({Bucorvus} cafer},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-02-02},
	school = {University of KwaZulu-Natal},
	author = {Knight, G.M.},
	year = {1990},
}





@article{koeppel_lead_2015,
	title = {Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {South} {Africa}},
	volume = {29},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery},
	publisher = {BioOne},
	author = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Kemp, Lucy V.},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Animals, Bird Diseases, Birds, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Chelating Agents, Edetic Acid, Female, Lead, Lead Poisoning, South Africa, avian, endangered species, lead, southern ground hornbill, toxicosis},
	pages = {340--344},
}









@article{koeppel_immunogenicity_2020,
	title = {Immunogenicity of {Newcastle} {Disease} {Vaccine} in {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1082-6742, 1938-2871},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full},
	doi = {10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229},
	abstract = {The southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri; hereafter SGH) is endangered in South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland. Through a conservation program established in South Africa by the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, wild populations are being re-established by the reintroduction of captive-reared birds. The SGH is susceptible to infection with avian avulavirus 1, which causes Newcastle disease (ND). Four different vaccines to protect against ND were administered through various vaccination schedules and evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various combinations of vaccines (live versus inactivated/killed), vaccine strains (Ulster strain, live; Avivac Cellimune, live; VG/GA strain, live; and Avivac Struvac, killed), and administration routes (intraocular versus subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection versus oral). We vaccinated 75 individuals and evaluated antibody titers in 53 individuals (24 juveniles, 13 subadults, and 16 adult SGH; 26 males and 27 females) over a period of 9 years. Antibody titers to avian avulavirus 1 in sera were monitored by a hemagglutination inhibition test. Protective titers were generated with 3/6 vaccine regimes tested in the SGH. The highest vaccine titers were established in birds vaccinated with the Ulster strain in the conjunctiva and followed with an intramuscular Struvac injection (mean log2 titer 8.6 ± 2.6) booster. Our aim was 1) to assess whether optimal vaccination protocols could be developed and 2) to then be able, by oral administration, to remove the need to recapture free-roaming, reintroduced birds to administer the initial vaccine or booster, thus remove the threat or mortality associated with ND to this endangered avian species in both captive birds and birds released back into the wild.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-08-20},
	journal = {Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery},
	publisher = {Association of Avian Veterinarians},
	author = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Maartens, Louis H. and Thompson, Peter N.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {229--236},
}













@article{koeppel_seasonality_2025,
	title = {Seasonality, {Social} {Structure} and {Age} {Predict} {Conspecific} {Aggression} in {Captive} {Breeding} {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	issn = {1098-2361},
	doi = {10.1002/zoo.21882},
	abstract = {Southern Ground-hornbills (SGHs) are listed as Vulnerable globally, and Endangered in South Africa, Namibia and Swaziland, due to poisoning, habitat loss and persecution. Successful conservation breeding and rearing of redundant second-hatched chick protocol has been established to supplement natural SGH populations in an attempt mitigate a declining population. However, captive rearing is costly and susceptible to loss of birds through conspecific aggression. Maximising the efficacy of reproductive output in captive settings and ensuring successful reintroductions of captive-reared birds to wild populations is of paramount importance if this species is to persist. Therefore, it is important to untangle the predictors of what drives mortalities in captive birds, particularly, through conspecific aggression. Using a database of captive SGH mortalities collected over 46 years we investigated whether variables such as season, age, relatedness, sex and husbandry predicted the occurrence of conspecific aggression in SGH. Aggression among adult, non-related birds particularly during SGH breeding season (austral spring) was the most predictable form of conspecific aggression. It was inferred that aggression is normally directed at non-related birds outside of already established social groups or at younger, related birds that are not dispersing from groups when reaching sexual maturity. Variables such as season, age, relatedness and husbandry were therefore all useful for predicting the potential and avoidable occurrence of an aggression event. Male birds were most often the aggressors. Making use of such variables to manage birds in a captive setting, move birds before sexual maturity and maintaining birds in known and accepted social structures could greatly improve management in SGH breeding facilities and optimise the efforts for re-establishing natural SGH populations.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Zoo Biology},
	author = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Lubbe, Nevanya and Donaldson, Ashleigh and Kemp, Lucy Valeska},
	month = feb,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {dispersal, management, mortalities, reintroductions, reproductive outputs},
}









@article{laubscher_complication_2022,
	title = {Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills ( \textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\#vor},
	issn = {2052-6121, 2052-6121},
	url = {https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250},
	doi = {10.1002/vrc2.250},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The combination of midazolam, medetomidine and azaperone (MMA) was compared with the combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) for the sedation of southern ground hornbills when administered orally in a bait. The BAM combination (30 mg butorphanol, 12 mg azaperone and 12 mg medetomidine per ml of solution) at a dose of 0.14 ml/kg was the only combination that did not result in re‐sedation after reversal. However, induction of sedation was long, and sedation was only deep enough for capture, handling, and minor non‐invasive procedures. The MMA combination and higher doses of the BAM combination resulted in quicker inductions although individuals showed mild to severe signs of re‐sedation, starting at 4 hours after reversal and continuing for as long as 17 hours after reversal. Care should therefore be taken when administering these combinations orally to southern ground hornbills as it appears that absorption, metabolism and excretion are unpredictable in this species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Veterinary Record Case Reports},
	author = {Laubscher, Liesel L. and Koeppel, Katja and Campbell, Robert and Chabangu, Sarah and Kemp, Lucy V.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {e250},
}





@phdthesis{middleton_individual_2023,
	address = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},
	type = {({PhD} {Thesis})},
	title = {Individual contributions to group behaviour in the cooperatively breeding southern ground-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	url = {https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	school = {University of Cape Town},
	author = {Middleton, Kyle-Mark},
	year = {2023},
}









@article{msimanga_breeding_2004,
	title = {Breeding biology of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}: impacts of human activities},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1474-0001, 0959-2709},
	shorttitle = {Breeding biology of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00},
	doi = {10.1017/S0959270905000237},
	abstract = {This paper summarizes current knowledge and outlines future work on the breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. All available records since 1900 were analysed, including casual reports by members of BirdLife Zimbabwe and published records. Estimates were made for the start and end of the breeding season, group sizes, clutch size and productivity levels, together with an assessment of preferred habitats and nest-tree species. There is a need for intensive fieldwork to determine aspects of breeding biology such as incubation and nestling periods. Particularly important for sound management and conservation strategies is relative breeding success in different land-tenure systems. The author has started work in a communal area 40 km south of Bulawayo city; land-use systems such as new resettlement areas, commercial farms and protected areas remain to be studied.},
	language = {en},
	number = {S1},
	urldate = {2024-08-19},
	journal = {Bird Conservation International},
	author = {Msimanga, A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {S63--S68},
}





@article{mudereri_is_2021,
	title = {Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ( \textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) biological niche in {Zimbabwe}? {Perspectives} from ecological predictions},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {1548-1603, 1943-7226},
	shorttitle = {Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ( \textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) biological niche in {Zimbabwe}?},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947},
	doi = {10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {GIScience \& Remote Sensing},
	author = {Mudereri, Bester Tawona and Chitata, Tavengwa and Chemura, Abel and Makaure, Joseph and Mukanga, Concilia and Abdel-Rahman, Elfatih M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Biogeography, climate change, ecological niche, landscape conservation, machine learning, protected area, protection status},
	pages = {405--424},
}





@phdthesis{naude_morphology_2020,
	address = {Onder},
	type = {({MSc} {Thesis})},
	title = {Morphology of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) gastro-intestinal tract},
	copyright = {© 2021 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria.},
	url = {https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276},
	abstract = {The Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) is the largest bird species that breeds
cooperatively and the only entirely carnivorous hornbill. Currently, there are only an
estimated 417 breeding groups in South Africa. As the bird is an obligatory carnivore
the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) may display specific adaptations which could be of
significance in the husbandry of this endangered species. Factors that contribute to
unnatural mortality in SGH’s in South Africa are poisoning, both primary and
secondary; electrocution on transformer boxes; shooting; and illegal capture for trade.
An undescribed threat is lead contamination of hunting offal from the use of lead-based
ammunition as well as object ingestion as the SGH is a non-discriminate eater in the
wild as well as in captivity. Carnivorous bird species have important gastrointestinal differences in anatomy, physiology, nutrition, and disease etiologies that greatly affect
the success of medical and surgical intervention during gastrointestinal diseases.
Nine adult SGH’s, of either sex, which succumbed due to natural causes, unknown
causes, attack from other birds, euthanasia for humane reasons or untreatable
conditions and management reasons (usually reproductive failure) were used in this
study. Deceased birds were from Mabula Ground Hornbill project (Bela-Bela,
Limpopo, South-Africa) and were transported to the Faculty of Veterinary Science for
post-mortem examination. After the latter, the GIT with the liver, pancreas and spleen,
were removed and immersion-fixed in 10\% neutral-buffered formalin. In some
instances, not all parts of the digestive tract were included in the study due to obvious
pathology. The hollow organs were cut longitudinally to reveal and describe the inner
surfaces. The topography of the organs was described and captured during postmortem
examinations with a Go-pro HERO 7 action camera (American technology)
and a Samsung A51 smartphone (Samsung electronics, South Africa). The
terminology used in this study is that of Nomina Anatomica Avium (Baumel, 1993).
After the gross description, samples for histology from the various sections of the GIT
were taken, dehydrated and there after processed through 50:50 ethanol: xylol, 2X
xylol and 2X paraffin wax using a Shandon model 2LE Automatic Tissue Processor.
Tissue samples were then manually imbedded in paraffin wax in plastic moulds.
Sections were cut at 3-5 μm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E), Peroidic
Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome.
The most notable organ from ventral view was the ventriculus situated between the
two liver lobes. The coelom cavity is divided into cavities, cranial to caudal consist of
a pericardial cavity (Cavum pericardii), four hepatic peritoneal cavities (Cavitas
peritonealis hepatica), and an intestinal peritoneal cavity (Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis). The proventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica
dorsalis, the ventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis,
the intestine in the Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis and the liver in the left and right
Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis and Cavitas peritonealis hepatica dorsalis. The
four Cavitas peritonealis hepatica are bounded caudally by the transversely oriented
Septum posthepaticum and separates the Cavitas peritonealis hepatica from the
Cavum intestinale peritonei. The proventriculus was small and the ventriculus large.
Low longitudinal folds were present on the luminal surface allowing for distention, for
large prey to move through. Gll. proventriculares profundae were visible
macroscopically in the wall of the proventriculus and formed the main feature on the
cut surface. Some of the glands emptied into the cranial aspect of the ventriculus and
were more concentrated on the dorsal aspect, the Zona intermedia gastris. The
proventriculus was seperated from the ventriculus by the Isthmus gastris. The large
ventriculus displayed prominent longitudinal folds on the dorsal surface that ran
perpendicular to the ventriculo-duodenal opening on the luminal surface and
circumferentially around the Centrum tendineum. The pylorus was on the right lateral
aspect of the ventriculus and was represented by the slit-like ventriculo-duodenal
opening. The intestine consist of the duodnenum, jejunum, ileum and the large
intestine, or the rectum. There is a total of 5 loops comprising the small intestine. The
Flexura duodenojejunalis marked the transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.
The point where the last branch of the cranial mesenteric artery supplied the small
intestine marked the transition from the jejunum to the ileum, no Meckel’s diverticulum
was present in order to identify this transition. The rectum was short and straight and
slightly larger in diameter than the ileum. Ceacae were not observed. The pancreas
was situated in the Ligamentum pancreaticoduodenale, between the descending and
ascending duodenum, or the Ansa duodenalis. It was composed of three lobes, the
dorsal lobe (Lobus pancreaticus dorsalis), the ventral lobe (Lobus pancreaticus ventralis) and the splenic lobe (Lobus pancreaticus splenalis). The Ductus
pancreaticus ventralis, Ductus pancreaticus dorsalis and Ductus pancreaticus
accessorius, were identified and drained into the ascending duodenum at the
duodenal papilla, at the point where the bile ducts entered the ascending duodenum.
The liver was large, with a smaller left lobe (Lobus hepaticus sinister) and a larger right
lobe (Lobus hepaticus dexter). The two lobes were separated caudally by a complete
deep, median, caudal interlobular incisure (Incisura interlobaris caudalis) and
connected by the Pars interlobaris. Various organs made impressions on the liver.
Two bile ducts were present, the Ductus hepatoentericus communis and the Ductus
cysticoentericus.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	school = {University of Pretoria},
	author = {Naude, Anel Delene},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Accepted: 2022-01-12T06:01:12Z},
}









@article{ocholi_aeromonas_1990,
	title = {Aeromonas hydrophila as {Cause} of {Hemorrhagic} {Septicemia} in a {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {00052086},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref},
	doi = {10.2307/1591444},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-10-17},
	journal = {Avian Diseases},
	author = {Ocholi, R. A. and Kalejaiye, J. O.},
	month = apr,
	year = {1990},
	pages = {495},
}









@article{ottley_description_1879,
	title = {A {Description} of the {Vessels} of the {Neck} and {Head} in the {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1469-7998},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London},
	author = {Ottley, W.},
	year = {1879},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},
	pages = {461--467},
}





@article{patel_whole_2025,
	title = {Whole genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} – {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {2025 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2052-4463},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2},
	doi = {10.1038/s41597-025-04412-2},
	abstract = {The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH – Bucorvus leadbeateri) is one of the largest hornbill species worldwide, known for its complex social structures and breeding behaviours. This bird has been of great interest due to its declining population and disappearance from historic ranges in southern Africa. Despite being the focus of numerous conservation efforts, with research forming an integral part of these initiatives, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge regarding the molecular biology aspects of this bird species. In this study, whole genome sequencing of the SGH was achieved using Illumina short-read (NovaSeq 6000) and Pacific Biosciences long-read technologies. A hybrid de novo genome assembly followed by reference-based refinement produced a 1.16 Gb high-quality draft genome assembly of the SGH comprised of 1,672 contigs (N50 value of 40.45 Mb). The availability of this genome will aid in improving our current understanding of this bird at a genomic level and provide a pivotal foundation for comparative genomic analysis with other hornbill species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-02-10},
	journal = {Scientific Data},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	author = {Patel, Jasmin and Botes, Angela and Mollett, Jean and De Maayer, Pieter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Animal behaviour, Biodiversity},
	pages = {58},
}













































@article{scheun_endocrine_2021,
	title = {Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {© 2020 International Society of Zoological Sciences, Institute of Zoology/Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley \& Sons Australia, Ltd.},
	issn = {1749-4877},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478},
	doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12478},
	abstract = {The southern ground-hornbill (SGH) is a cooperatively breeding bird endemic to eastern and southern Africa, but is endangered in its southern distributional range. The national conservation restoration program harvests redundant chicks for captive breeding and reintroduction; with sexing and social grouping of the species evaluated by throat-skin coloration, with adult males displaying a completely red color compared to dark blue within the red observed in adult females. However, recent findings indicate that dominant and subordinate adult males exhibit patches of blue throat-skin. To optimize SGH management practices, it is vital to determine the role of red and blue coloration, as well as the possible drivers thereof. As a prerequisite, an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring fecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentrations in SGH was established. Following this, fresh fecal samples were collected from 78 SGH, of various demographics and origin, across 12 captive institutions, to determine whether fAM concentrations differ between blue (B), partially blue (sB), and fully red (R) throat-skin colored SGH. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were compared between males housed in different social groups of different age and sex classes. Individual median fAM concentrations of B, sB, and R adult males did not differ significantly but were considerably higher in B and sB males compared to R males. Social dynamics within captivity, for example, dominance, played no role as a driver of male gonadal activity or throat skin coloration. The results of the study indicate that androgens and apparent social dynamics are not primary determinants of throat coloration in male SGH.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-08-19},
	journal = {Integrative Zoology},
	author = {Scheun, Juan and Neller, Sophie and Bennett, Nigel C. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Ganswindt, Andre},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1749-4877.12478},
	keywords = {coloration, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, non-invasive, southern ground-hornbill, validation},
	pages = {189--201},
}





@inproceedings{ter_haar_preliminary_2024,
	address = {Leiden, The Netherlands},
	title = {Preliminary results on the development of dueting in {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},
	url = {https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	publisher = {Centre for Language Studies (CLS) at Radboud University; The Institute for Language Sciences (ILS) at Utrecht University; The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL)},
	author = {ter Haar, Sita M.},
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {animal vocalizations, coordination, infant speech development, rhythm},
}





@article{theron_home_2013,
	title = {The home range of a recently established group of {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} {Valley}, {South} {Africa} : original research},
	volume = {55},
	shorttitle = {The home range of a recently established group of {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} {Valley}, {South} {Africa}},
	url = {https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135},
	doi = {10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135},
	abstract = {Little is known about Southern ground-hornbill (SGH) population ecology outside of large, formally protected areas where the largest declines in numbers have been recorded. The SGH has started
      re-colonising, establishing group territories and breeding successfully in the Limpopo Valley on the northern border of South Africa, following localised extinction from the 1950s to the 1970s.
      A group of SGH was monitored over a period of 14 months by means of radio telemetry across privately owned land in order to investigate their seasonal habitat movements in this semi-arid,
      predominantly livestock-based environment. We also investigated seasonal fluctuations in invertebrate prevalence, as an indication of food availability and its influence on seasonal SGH group
      movements and foraging activity patterns. There was a clear increase in food availability during the summer rainfall period allowing the group to forage over a wider area, whilst winter
      foraging remained localised within their range. Kernel home range analysis indicated a marked difference in size between the summer (13 409 ha) and winter (5280 ha) home ranges, with an overall
      home range of 19 372 ha, which is approximately double that of home ranges recorded that fall within formally and informally protected reserves. In this article, we proposed that food
      availability is the driving force for home range size and seasonal activity patterns in a semi-arid livestock-ranching habitat.
    
    
    Conservation implications : The Limpopo Valley SGH population is one of the most significant outside protected areas in South Africa. This population is especially
    vulnerable to threats such as poisoning, persecution for window breaking and drought, as shown by their near extirpation from the area. Conservation efforts need to focus on awareness amongst
    local farmers, provision of artificial nests and continued monitoring of groups.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-08-21},
	journal = {Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science},
	publisher = {AOSIS},
	author = {Theron, Nicholas and Grobler, Paul and Kotze, Antoinette and Jansen, Raymond},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1--8},
}









@phdthesis{theron_genetic_2011,
	address = {Bloemfontein},
	type = {({Master} {Thesis})},
	title = {Genetic connectivity, population dynamics and habitat selection of the southern ground hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} province},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594},
	abstract = {Southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) (SGH) are co-operative breeders that occur in groups of 2-9 individuals. Long life spans, large territory sizes (100km²), and low reproductive rates render these birds vulnerable to threats such as loss of habitat, persecution for their habit of breaking windows through territorial aggression, poisoning and loss of suitable nesting sites. As a result, SGH are listed as vulnerable in the red data book of South Africa as well as globally. The main objective of this study was to contribute to our overall understanding of the ecology and biology of the SGH for conservation planning. Data collection was completed in the nonprotected, semi-arid landscape of the Limpopo Valley from June 2008 - September 2009. The seasonal habitat use by a group of SGH, seasonal abundance (numbers) and biomass (volume) of invertebrates using pitfall and sweep net methods was investigated. Furthermore, a total of eight groups and 23 birds were captured in the Limpopo Valley and different statistical analysis were performed to investigate levels of inbreeding, relatedness, sex-biased dispersal and the effects the recent re-colonisation has had on the genetic structure of SGH in the Limpopo Valley. Finally the genetic variation of the species in the rest of Africa was determined using samples from Kenya, Tanzania and three populations in South Africa namely the Limpopo Valley, Kruger National Park (KNP) and Kwa Zulu-Natal (KZN). Genetic analysis revealed SGH have retained comparatively high levels of genetic diversity, even though there are indications of genetic bottlenecks in the Limpopo, KNP and Kenyan populations. The SGH populations studied were grouped into two clusters corresponding to the geographic origin of samples. The birds from Tanzania and Kenya clustered together while the KNP and KZN birds clustered together with the Limpopo population grouping more or less equally between the Kenyan/Tanzanian and South African populations. A large percentage of genetic variation was found within populations while among population variation was low, indicating there is little molecular evidence for the presence of SGH subspecies. The overall home range of one group was approximately 20 000 ha while seasonal home ranges varied between 5000 ha in winter to 13 500 ha in summer. The response of organisms to environmental variables in this extremely seasonal habitat was further revealed by the positive correlations found between the number of invertebrates with mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, and the volume of invertebrates with mean monthly rainfall. No significant differences were found between numbers and volume of invertebrates per order, between sites, which was expected in this homogenous vegetation type dominated by mopani shrub and trees (Colophospermum mopane). The re-colonisation of the Limpopo Valley was shown to have occurred by a number of unrelated individuals. This was demonstrable by very low levels of inbreeding and average relatedness of the population, as well as the favourable levels of heterozygosity across age and sex categories. Within group relatedness was high with juveniles related to at least one parent from their natal group. Insights were also gained into the breeding behaviour of SGH, providing evidence for the first time that SGH are not as monogamous as previously thought, with two instances of extra pair copulations recorded between four groups. This study shows that a holistic approach combining genetic techniques, radio telemetry studies and ecological principles has great potential to further investigate SGH, thereby contributing to the preservation of this enigmatic species of the savannah biome.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-08-20},
	school = {University of the Free State},
	author = {Theron, Nicholas Terence},
	month = mar,
	year = {2011},
}









@phdthesis{wilson_what_2010,
	address = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},
	type = {({MSc} {Thesis})},
	title = {What causes variation in the reproductive performance of groups of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri}},
	language = {en},
	school = {University of Cape Town},
	author = {Wilson, G.},
	year = {2010},
}





@article{thicks_is_2008,
	title = {Is there a visitor effect on {Abyssinian} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus), {Papuan} {Wreathed} {Hornbills} ({Aceros} plicatus), {Wrinkled} {Hornbills} ({Aceros} corrugatus) and {Toco} {Toucans} ({Ramphastos} toco) in a captive zoo environment?},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1754-2383},
	url = {https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14},
	doi = {10.24382/9amf-9s11},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The Plymouth Student Scientist},
	author = {Thicks, Susanna},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {30--55},
}





@article{witteveen_breeding_2013,
	title = {Breeding density of the southern ground hornbill, \textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} , in the communal areas surrounding the {Matobo} {National} {Park}, {Zimbabwe}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1562-7020, 2224-073X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593},
	doi = {10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2024-10-01},
	journal = {African Zoology},
	author = {Witteveen, Minke and Parry, Elspeth and Norris-Rogers, Mark and Brown, Mark},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {274--278},
}





@phdthesis{wyness_home_2011,
	address = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},
	type = {({BSc} {Thesis})},
	title = {Home range use by {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) -quantifying seasonal habitat selection and vegetation characteristics},
	language = {en},
	school = {University of Cape Town},
	author = {Wyness, W.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {habitat preference, habitat type, home range, perception},
}





@phdthesis{young_individual_2019,
	address = {Johannesburg},
	type = {({MSc} {Thesis})},
	title = {Individual behavioural differences in the captive {Southern} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},
	url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911},
	abstract = {Southern ground hornbills (ground hornbill) Bucorvus leadbeateri are among Africa’s most recognisable birds. The ground hornbill is formally listed as ‘Vulnerable to Extinction’ on the IUCN Red List and is endangered in both South Africa and Namibia. The ground hornbill is a nationally protected species in South Africa, yet the population numbers are still declining. The species is thus a conservation priority, and studies of captive individuals are needed to assess the suitability of individuals for breeding and potential future release. I investigated the behaviour of five captive populations of ground hornbills in Gauteng Province, and one population in the Western Cape Province, South Africa with the aim of investigating individual behavioural variation in these captive ground hornbills. Firstly, I described nine broad behavioural categories in the captive ground hornbills, and used these behaviours as a basis for further analysis. Secondly, I studied the activity patterns of the captive ground hornbills and found that the ground hornbills in my study did not conform to the bimodal pattern of their free-living counterparts, but rather their activity, at least for the three common behaviours (perching, locomotion, object interaction) remained fairly constant throughout the sampling time. The captive ground hornbills spent the largest proportion of their time perching, followed by locomotion and probing with their beaks. The three behaviours that were displayed the least were thermoregulation, vocalising and feeding. Behaviours varied by location on the overall behaviour but no sex effect. Thirdly, I recorded transactional (behavioural) interaction and found that aggression was rare and occurred in just one population. In contrast amicability was common and occurred more often than chance in three populations. Fourthly, I also found differences in the space use of individuals within populations, where space use was greater in some individuals in each institution. Individuals in each population commonly used less than 50\% of their cage, frequently at the same time, linked to feeding, cage composition and their natural patrolling tendencies. Fifthly, I investigated the risk-taking behaviour and found that individuals in each institution varied their behavioural responses inconsistently in a startle test but with some showing consistent responses in novel object tests, indicating personality in ground hornbills. There were also population differences in the responses to a novel object. Finally, correlations among the behaviours indicated that ground hornbills display a behavioural syndrome (i.e. consistent behaviour responses across contexts). These findings allow for a greater understanding of the individual differences in captive ground hornbills, which are important when considering iv how individuals are managed and respond to interactions with conspecifics in captivity and for the inclusion in future release programmes. KEYWORDS: Activity patterns; Animal behaviour; Behavioural syndrome; Risk-taking behaviour; Space use; Southern Ground Hornbill; Transactional behavioural interaction.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-02-05},
	school = {University of Witwatersrand},
	author = {Young, Lucy Charlotte},
	year = {2019},
}













@article{tinsman_intense_2025,
	title = {Intense international exploitation of {African} hornbills necessitates urgent conservation measures, including {CITES} listing},
	volume = {308},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111105},
	abstract = {Unchecked international trade in wildlife threatens biodiversity globally. The major mechanism for regulating this trade is listing species in the appendices of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. However, piecemeal protection of species in decline can displace demand onto similar, unprotected species. In this study, we consider the case of the hornbills (Bucorvidae and Bucerotidae). Most Asian hornbills received CITES protection in 1992, while international trade in African hornbills remains unregulated and under-documented. We analyzed data collected by the US Fish \& Wildlife Service on 573 shipments of at least 2704 hornbills from 1999 to 2024. African species accounted for 94.5 \% of traded hornbills. Trade in African hornbills has increased significantly over time, unlike the trade volume of Asian hornbills, which has remained constant under CITES management. Larger forest hornbill skulls are often sold online as oddities, while the smaller species are advertised as pets. Current US trade in the larger African genera Ceratogymna and Bycanistes likely exceeds global trade in all Asian hornbills prior to their CITES protection. Trade in the already Vulnerable Yellow-casqued Hornbill and Brown-cheeked Hornbill currently poses an existential threat to these species. However, every African genus of hornbill is traded internationally. To avoid shifting demand onto a few remaining unprotected species, and to ensure that forest hornbills continue to play their critical ecological role as seed dispersers, we call for CITES parties to list the hornbill families in Appendix II at the next Conference of the Parties.},
	urldate = {2026-02-05},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Tinsman, Jen and Woodward, Ariel and Su, Shan and Skinner, Daniella H. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Abeh, Anya D. and Afiademanyo, Komlan M. and Arcilla, Nico and Brouwer, Koen and Chaffra, Abiola S. and Forzi, Francis and Guetse, Francis and Holbech, Lars Haubye and Ikome, Delphine and Koutchoro, Agbatan Marc and Odoukpe, Saint Guillaume K. and Orenstein, Ronald and Nshom, Docas and Russo, Nicholas J. and Smith, Thomas B. and Terrill, Ryan S. and Trail, Pepper W. and Oswald Terrill, Jessica A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {CITES, Hornbills, International trade, LEMIS, Online trade, Pet birds, Wildlife trade},
	pages = {111105},
}





@article{cully_mirror_2026,
	title = {Mirror, {Mirror} on the {Wall}: {Preventing} {Shadow} {Boxing} through {Habituation} - {A} {Pilot} {Study}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0889-3667},
	shorttitle = {Mirror, {Mirror} on the {Wall}},
	url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq},
	doi = {10.46867/ijcp.48963},
	abstract = {Shadow boxing is the aggressive response of an animal to its reflection. When the species is strong enough to break surfaces (e.g., bear, monkey, woodpecker), this behaviour can lead to human-wildlife conflicts. In this pilot study, we assessed whether shadow boxing is subject to habituation (learning to ignore stimuli) in Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). In the Mirror task, birds were repeatedly exposed to unbreakable mirrors (habituation). Subsequently, one mirror was presented at a different location (test). In the Neophobia task, a food reward was placed next to novel objects. Ground-hornbills did not habituate to the mirrors, but they differed in their levels of neophobia.\&nbsp;},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-02-05},
	journal = {International Journal of Comparative Psychology},
	author = {Cully, Sharline and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy and Danel, Samara},
	month = jan,
	year = {2026},
}









@misc{jirik_libguides_2024,
	title = {{LibGuides}: {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} (\textit{{Bucorvus}} leadbeateri) {Fact} {Sheet}: {Bibliography} \& {Resources}},
	copyright = {Copyright International Environment Library Consortium 2025},
	shorttitle = {{LibGuides}},
	url = {https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography},
	abstract = {References, additional internet resources},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	author = {Jirik, Kate},
	year = {2024},
}

















































































































































































@misc{cilliers_identifying_2011,
	title = {Identifying {Optimal} {Reintroduction} {Sites} for {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri} in {South} {Africa}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Cilliers, Dirk},
	year = {2011},
}
























































































































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In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2026\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2026')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2026')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2026</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marques-loureno-leal-urbani-peleteiro-pityriasisversicolorinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2026\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'marques-loureno-leal-urbani-peleteiro-pityriasisversicolorinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2026', 'https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/', event);\">\n    Pityriasis Versicolor in a Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marques, G. N.; Lourenço, M.; Leal, M.; Urbani, N.;  and Peleteiro, M. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine</i>, 2026: 5261490. February 2026.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marques-loureno-leal-urbani-peleteiro-pityriasisversicolorinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2026', 'https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Pityriasis Versicolor in a Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1155/crve/5261490\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('marques-loureno-leal-urbani-peleteiro-pityriasisversicolorinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2026', 'http://doi.org/10.1155/crve/5261490', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marques-loureno-leal-urbani-peleteiro-pityriasisversicolorinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2026\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marques-loureno-leal-urbani-peleteiro-pityriasisversicolorinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2026')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{marques_pityriasis_2026,\n\ttitle = {Pityriasis {Versicolor} in a {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\tvolume = {2026},\n\tissn = {2090-7001},\n\turl = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12927905/},\n\tdoi = {10.1155/crve/5261490},\n\tabstract = {A 20‐year‐old southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) developed hyperpigmented macules on its gular pouch, resembling the lesions typically seen in humans with pityriasis versicolor. Cytologic examination revealed over 100 budding yeasts per oil immersion field. Fungal culture showed rare growth of smooth, cream‐colored yeast colonies, identified by PCR as Malassezia slooffiae. Histopathological analysis showed lymphocytic perivascular dermatitis. Periodic acid–Schiff staining revealed rare forms of yeasts between the layers of the stratum corneum. This clinical report provides further insights into the role of Malassezia spp. in the avian skin microbiome. To the authors′ knowledge, this is the first report of Malassezia sp. as an agent of pityriasis versicolor in birds.},\n\turldate = {2026-03-02},\n\tjournal = {Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Marques, Gonçalo N. and Lourenço, Miguel and Leal, Miriam and Urbani, Nuno and Peleteiro, Maria Conceição},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tpages = {5261490},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A 20‐year‐old southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) developed hyperpigmented macules on its gular pouch, resembling the lesions typically seen in humans with pityriasis versicolor. Cytologic examination revealed over 100 budding yeasts per oil immersion field. Fungal culture showed rare growth of smooth, cream‐colored yeast colonies, identified by PCR as Malassezia slooffiae. Histopathological analysis showed lymphocytic perivascular dermatitis. Periodic acid–Schiff staining revealed rare forms of yeasts between the layers of the stratum corneum. This clinical report provides further insights into the role of Malassezia spp. in the avian skin microbiome. To the authors′ knowledge, this is the first report of Malassezia sp. as an agent of pityriasis versicolor in birds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cully-rebout-kemp-danel-mirrormirroronthewallpreventingshadowboxingthroughhabituationapilotstudy-2026\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cully-rebout-kemp-danel-mirrormirroronthewallpreventingshadowboxingthroughhabituationapilotstudy-2026', 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq', event);\">\n    Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Preventing Shadow Boxing through Habituation - A Pilot Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cully, S.; Rebout, N.; Kemp, L.;  and Danel, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Comparative Psychology</i>, 38(1). January 2026.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cully-rebout-kemp-danel-mirrormirroronthewallpreventingshadowboxingthroughhabituationapilotstudy-2026', 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Preventing Shadow Boxing through Habituation - A Pilot Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.48963\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cully-rebout-kemp-danel-mirrormirroronthewallpreventingshadowboxingthroughhabituationapilotstudy-2026', 'http://doi.org/10.46867/ijcp.48963', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cully-rebout-kemp-danel-mirrormirroronthewallpreventingshadowboxingthroughhabituationapilotstudy-2026\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cully-rebout-kemp-danel-mirrormirroronthewallpreventingshadowboxingthroughhabituationapilotstudy-2026')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cully_mirror_2026,\n\ttitle = {Mirror, {Mirror} on the {Wall}: {Preventing} {Shadow} {Boxing} through {Habituation} - {A} {Pilot} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0889-3667},\n\tshorttitle = {Mirror, {Mirror} on the {Wall}},\n\turl = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68c9q9hq},\n\tdoi = {10.46867/ijcp.48963},\n\tabstract = {Shadow boxing is the aggressive response of an animal to its reflection. When the species is strong enough to break surfaces (e.g., bear, monkey, woodpecker), this behaviour can lead to human-wildlife conflicts. In this pilot study, we assessed whether shadow boxing is subject to habituation (learning to ignore stimuli) in Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). In the Mirror task, birds were repeatedly exposed to unbreakable mirrors (habituation). Subsequently, one mirror was presented at a different location (test). In the Neophobia task, a food reward was placed next to novel objects. Ground-hornbills did not habituate to the mirrors, but they differed in their levels of neophobia.\\&amp;nbsp;},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2026-02-05},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Comparative Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Cully, Sharline and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy and Danel, Samara},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2026},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Shadow boxing is the aggressive response of an animal to its reflection. When the species is strong enough to break surfaces (e.g., bear, monkey, woodpecker), this behaviour can lead to human-wildlife conflicts. In this pilot study, we assessed whether shadow boxing is subject to habituation (learning to ignore stimuli) in Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). In the Mirror task, birds were repeatedly exposed to unbreakable mirrors (habituation). Subsequently, one mirror was presented at a different location (test). In the Neophobia task, a food reward was placed next to novel objects. Ground-hornbills did not habituate to the mirrors, but they differed in their levels of neophobia.&nbsp;\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2025\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2025')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2025')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2025</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koeppel-lubbe-donaldson-kemp-seasonalitysocialstructureandagepredictconspecificaggressionincaptivebreedingsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Seasonality, Social Structure and Age Predict Conspecific Aggression in Captive Breeding Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koeppel, K. N.; Lubbe, N.; Donaldson, A.;  and Kemp, L. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Zoo Biology</i>. February 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21882\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koeppel-lubbe-donaldson-kemp-seasonalitysocialstructureandagepredictconspecificaggressionincaptivebreedingsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21882', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koeppel-lubbe-donaldson-kemp-seasonalitysocialstructureandagepredictconspecificaggressionincaptivebreedingsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koeppel-lubbe-donaldson-kemp-seasonalitysocialstructureandagepredictconspecificaggressionincaptivebreedingsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koeppel_seasonality_2025,\n\ttitle = {Seasonality, {Social} {Structure} and {Age} {Predict} {Conspecific} {Aggression} in {Captive} {Breeding} {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\tissn = {1098-2361},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/zoo.21882},\n\tabstract = {Southern Ground-hornbills (SGHs) are listed as Vulnerable globally, and Endangered in South Africa, Namibia and Swaziland, due to poisoning, habitat loss and persecution. Successful conservation breeding and rearing of redundant second-hatched chick protocol has been established to supplement natural SGH populations in an attempt mitigate a declining population. However, captive rearing is costly and susceptible to loss of birds through conspecific aggression. Maximising the efficacy of reproductive output in captive settings and ensuring successful reintroductions of captive-reared birds to wild populations is of paramount importance if this species is to persist. Therefore, it is important to untangle the predictors of what drives mortalities in captive birds, particularly, through conspecific aggression. Using a database of captive SGH mortalities collected over 46 years we investigated whether variables such as season, age, relatedness, sex and husbandry predicted the occurrence of conspecific aggression in SGH. Aggression among adult, non-related birds particularly during SGH breeding season (austral spring) was the most predictable form of conspecific aggression. It was inferred that aggression is normally directed at non-related birds outside of already established social groups or at younger, related birds that are not dispersing from groups when reaching sexual maturity. Variables such as season, age, relatedness and husbandry were therefore all useful for predicting the potential and avoidable occurrence of an aggression event. Male birds were most often the aggressors. Making use of such variables to manage birds in a captive setting, move birds before sexual maturity and maintaining birds in known and accepted social structures could greatly improve management in SGH breeding facilities and optimise the efforts for re-establishing natural SGH populations.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Zoo Biology},\n\tauthor = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Lubbe, Nevanya and Donaldson, Ashleigh and Kemp, Lucy Valeska},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {dispersal, management, mortalities, reintroductions, reproductive outputs},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Southern Ground-hornbills (SGHs) are listed as Vulnerable globally, and Endangered in South Africa, Namibia and Swaziland, due to poisoning, habitat loss and persecution. Successful conservation breeding and rearing of redundant second-hatched chick protocol has been established to supplement natural SGH populations in an attempt mitigate a declining population. However, captive rearing is costly and susceptible to loss of birds through conspecific aggression. Maximising the efficacy of reproductive output in captive settings and ensuring successful reintroductions of captive-reared birds to wild populations is of paramount importance if this species is to persist. Therefore, it is important to untangle the predictors of what drives mortalities in captive birds, particularly, through conspecific aggression. Using a database of captive SGH mortalities collected over 46 years we investigated whether variables such as season, age, relatedness, sex and husbandry predicted the occurrence of conspecific aggression in SGH. Aggression among adult, non-related birds particularly during SGH breeding season (austral spring) was the most predictable form of conspecific aggression. It was inferred that aggression is normally directed at non-related birds outside of already established social groups or at younger, related birds that are not dispersing from groups when reaching sexual maturity. Variables such as season, age, relatedness and husbandry were therefore all useful for predicting the potential and avoidable occurrence of an aggression event. Male birds were most often the aggressors. Making use of such variables to manage birds in a captive setting, move birds before sexual maturity and maintaining birds in known and accepted social structures could greatly improve management in SGH breeding facilities and optimise the efforts for re-establishing natural SGH populations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"patel-botes-mollett-demaayer-wholegenomesequencingassemblyandannotationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'patel-botes-mollett-demaayer-wholegenomesequencingassemblyandannotationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2025', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2', event);\">\n    Whole genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of the Southern Ground Hornbill – Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Patel, J.; Botes, A.; Mollett, J.;  and De Maayer, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Data</i>, 12(1): 58. January 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('patel-botes-mollett-demaayer-wholegenomesequencingassemblyandannotationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2025', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Whole genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of the Southern Ground Hornbill – Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04412-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('patel-botes-mollett-demaayer-wholegenomesequencingassemblyandannotationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04412-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/patel-botes-mollett-demaayer-wholegenomesequencingassemblyandannotationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('patel-botes-mollett-demaayer-wholegenomesequencingassemblyandannotationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{patel_whole_2025,\n\ttitle = {Whole genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} – {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tcopyright = {2025 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2052-4463},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04412-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41597-025-04412-2},\n\tabstract = {The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH – Bucorvus leadbeateri) is one of the largest hornbill species worldwide, known for its complex social structures and breeding behaviours. This bird has been of great interest due to its declining population and disappearance from historic ranges in southern Africa. Despite being the focus of numerous conservation efforts, with research forming an integral part of these initiatives, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge regarding the molecular biology aspects of this bird species. In this study, whole genome sequencing of the SGH was achieved using Illumina short-read (NovaSeq 6000) and Pacific Biosciences long-read technologies. A hybrid de novo genome assembly followed by reference-based refinement produced a 1.16 Gb high-quality draft genome assembly of the SGH comprised of 1,672 contigs (N50 value of 40.45 Mb). The availability of this genome will aid in improving our current understanding of this bird at a genomic level and provide a pivotal foundation for comparative genomic analysis with other hornbill species.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-02-10},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Data},\n\tpublisher = {Nature Publishing Group},\n\tauthor = {Patel, Jasmin and Botes, Angela and Mollett, Jean and De Maayer, Pieter},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Animal behaviour, Biodiversity},\n\tpages = {58},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH – Bucorvus leadbeateri) is one of the largest hornbill species worldwide, known for its complex social structures and breeding behaviours. This bird has been of great interest due to its declining population and disappearance from historic ranges in southern Africa. Despite being the focus of numerous conservation efforts, with research forming an integral part of these initiatives, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge regarding the molecular biology aspects of this bird species. In this study, whole genome sequencing of the SGH was achieved using Illumina short-read (NovaSeq 6000) and Pacific Biosciences long-read technologies. A hybrid de novo genome assembly followed by reference-based refinement produced a 1.16 Gb high-quality draft genome assembly of the SGH comprised of 1,672 contigs (N50 value of 40.45 Mb). The availability of this genome will aid in improving our current understanding of this bird at a genomic level and provide a pivotal foundation for comparative genomic analysis with other hornbill species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tinsman-woodward-su-skinner-kemp-abeh-afiademanyo-arcilla-etal-intenseinternationalexploitationofafricanhornbillsnecessitatesurgentconservationmeasuresincludingciteslisting-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'tinsman-woodward-su-skinner-kemp-abeh-afiademanyo-arcilla-etal-intenseinternationalexploitationofafricanhornbillsnecessitatesurgentconservationmeasuresincludingciteslisting-2025', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429', event);\">\n    Intense international exploitation of African hornbills necessitates urgent conservation measures, including CITES listing.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tinsman, J.; Woodward, A.; Su, S.; Skinner, D. H.; Kemp, L. V.; Abeh, A. D.; Afiademanyo, K. M.; Arcilla, N.; Brouwer, K.; Chaffra, A. S.; Forzi, F.; Guetse, F.; Holbech, L. H.; Ikome, D.; Koutchoro, A. M.; Odoukpe, S. G. K.; Orenstein, R.; Nshom, D.; Russo, N. J.; Smith, T. B.; Terrill, R. S.; Trail, P. W.;  and Oswald Terrill, J. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Biological Conservation</i>, 308: 111105. August 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tinsman-woodward-su-skinner-kemp-abeh-afiademanyo-arcilla-etal-intenseinternationalexploitationofafricanhornbillsnecessitatesurgentconservationmeasuresincludingciteslisting-2025', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Intense international exploitation of African hornbills necessitates urgent conservation measures, including CITES listing [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111105\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tinsman-woodward-su-skinner-kemp-abeh-afiademanyo-arcilla-etal-intenseinternationalexploitationofafricanhornbillsnecessitatesurgentconservationmeasuresincludingciteslisting-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111105', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tinsman-woodward-su-skinner-kemp-abeh-afiademanyo-arcilla-etal-intenseinternationalexploitationofafricanhornbillsnecessitatesurgentconservationmeasuresincludingciteslisting-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tinsman-woodward-su-skinner-kemp-abeh-afiademanyo-arcilla-etal-intenseinternationalexploitationofafricanhornbillsnecessitatesurgentconservationmeasuresincludingciteslisting-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tinsman_intense_2025,\n\ttitle = {Intense international exploitation of {African} hornbills necessitates urgent conservation measures, including {CITES} listing},\n\tvolume = {308},\n\tissn = {0006-3207},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725001429},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111105},\n\tabstract = {Unchecked international trade in wildlife threatens biodiversity globally. The major mechanism for regulating this trade is listing species in the appendices of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. However, piecemeal protection of species in decline can displace demand onto similar, unprotected species. In this study, we consider the case of the hornbills (Bucorvidae and Bucerotidae). Most Asian hornbills received CITES protection in 1992, while international trade in African hornbills remains unregulated and under-documented. We analyzed data collected by the US Fish \\&amp; Wildlife Service on 573 shipments of at least 2704 hornbills from 1999 to 2024. African species accounted for 94.5 \\% of traded hornbills. Trade in African hornbills has increased significantly over time, unlike the trade volume of Asian hornbills, which has remained constant under CITES management. Larger forest hornbill skulls are often sold online as oddities, while the smaller species are advertised as pets. Current US trade in the larger African genera Ceratogymna and Bycanistes likely exceeds global trade in all Asian hornbills prior to their CITES protection. Trade in the already Vulnerable Yellow-casqued Hornbill and Brown-cheeked Hornbill currently poses an existential threat to these species. However, every African genus of hornbill is traded internationally. To avoid shifting demand onto a few remaining unprotected species, and to ensure that forest hornbills continue to play their critical ecological role as seed dispersers, we call for CITES parties to list the hornbill families in Appendix II at the next Conference of the Parties.},\n\turldate = {2026-02-05},\n\tjournal = {Biological Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Tinsman, Jen and Woodward, Ariel and Su, Shan and Skinner, Daniella H. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Abeh, Anya D. and Afiademanyo, Komlan M. and Arcilla, Nico and Brouwer, Koen and Chaffra, Abiola S. and Forzi, Francis and Guetse, Francis and Holbech, Lars Haubye and Ikome, Delphine and Koutchoro, Agbatan Marc and Odoukpe, Saint Guillaume K. and Orenstein, Ronald and Nshom, Docas and Russo, Nicholas J. and Smith, Thomas B. and Terrill, Ryan S. and Trail, Pepper W. and Oswald Terrill, Jessica A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {CITES, Hornbills, International trade, LEMIS, Online trade, Pet birds, Wildlife trade},\n\tpages = {111105},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Unchecked international trade in wildlife threatens biodiversity globally. The major mechanism for regulating this trade is listing species in the appendices of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. However, piecemeal protection of species in decline can displace demand onto similar, unprotected species. In this study, we consider the case of the hornbills (Bucorvidae and Bucerotidae). Most Asian hornbills received CITES protection in 1992, while international trade in African hornbills remains unregulated and under-documented. We analyzed data collected by the US Fish & Wildlife Service on 573 shipments of at least 2704 hornbills from 1999 to 2024. African species accounted for 94.5 % of traded hornbills. Trade in African hornbills has increased significantly over time, unlike the trade volume of Asian hornbills, which has remained constant under CITES management. Larger forest hornbill skulls are often sold online as oddities, while the smaller species are advertised as pets. Current US trade in the larger African genera Ceratogymna and Bycanistes likely exceeds global trade in all Asian hornbills prior to their CITES protection. Trade in the already Vulnerable Yellow-casqued Hornbill and Brown-cheeked Hornbill currently poses an existential threat to these species. However, every African genus of hornbill is traded internationally. To avoid shifting demand onto a few remaining unprotected species, and to ensure that forest hornbills continue to play their critical ecological role as seed dispersers, we call for CITES parties to list the hornbill families in Appendix II at the next Conference of the Parties.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"haar-developmentoftherhythmicallycoordinatedduetofabirdspeciessoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'haar-developmentoftherhythmicallycoordinatedduetofabirdspeciessoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024', 'https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html', event);\">\n    Development Of The Rhythmically Coordinated Duet Of A Bird Species (Southern Ground Hornbills, Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Haar, S. M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Speech Prosody 2024</i>, pages 1150–1154, July 2024. ISCA\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('haar-developmentoftherhythmicallycoordinatedduetofabirdspeciessoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024', 'https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Development Of The Rhythmically Coordinated Duet Of A Bird Species (Southern Ground Hornbills, Bucorvus leadbeateri) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2024-232\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('haar-developmentoftherhythmicallycoordinatedduetofabirdspeciessoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2024-232', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/haar-developmentoftherhythmicallycoordinatedduetofabirdspeciessoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('haar-developmentoftherhythmicallycoordinatedduetofabirdspeciessoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{haar_development_2024,\n\ttitle = {Development {Of} {The} {Rhythmically} {Coordinated} {Duet} {Of} {A} {Bird} {Species} ({Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills}, {Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\turl = {https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.html},\n\tdoi = {10.21437/SpeechProsody.2024-232},\n\tabstract = {Comparing human with non-human animal vocalizations can give insight in evolution and mechanisms of vocal behavior. This study addresses rhythm, a feature shared between speech prosody and music, in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Adults in this bird species sing a rhythmically coordinated duet, alternating between the male and the female. Vocalizations were recorded in two developmental and social settings in zoo living Southern Ground Hornbills and analyzed for their rhythmic patterns. Preliminary results indicate juvenile Ground Hornbills produce similar calls as adults, but do not produce the rhythmic duet yet. Moreover, upon introduction of a new adult male to an adult human-reared female, the birds did occasionally, but not always produce a rhythmic duet. These preliminary findings suggest that either learning and/or physiological changes during development and possibly pair bonding induce the rhythmic duet. Further research using more diverse settings and longitudinal recordings (including more adult controls), should disentangle these possible mechanisms. These findings are relevant for both evolution and mechanisms of rhythmic capacities, as well as animal welfare, particularly breeding programs to reintroduce Ground Hornbills to the wild. If development of the coordinated duet is in jeopardy, the breeding and reintroduction may be at risk as well.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tbooktitle = {Speech {Prosody} 2024},\n\tpublisher = {ISCA},\n\tauthor = {Haar, Sita M. Ter},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {1150--1154},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Comparing human with non-human animal vocalizations can give insight in evolution and mechanisms of vocal behavior. This study addresses rhythm, a feature shared between speech prosody and music, in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri). Adults in this bird species sing a rhythmically coordinated duet, alternating between the male and the female. Vocalizations were recorded in two developmental and social settings in zoo living Southern Ground Hornbills and analyzed for their rhythmic patterns. Preliminary results indicate juvenile Ground Hornbills produce similar calls as adults, but do not produce the rhythmic duet yet. Moreover, upon introduction of a new adult male to an adult human-reared female, the birds did occasionally, but not always produce a rhythmic duet. These preliminary findings suggest that either learning and/or physiological changes during development and possibly pair bonding induce the rhythmic duet. Further research using more diverse settings and longitudinal recordings (including more adult controls), should disentangle these possible mechanisms. These findings are relevant for both evolution and mechanisms of rhythmic capacities, as well as animal welfare, particularly breeding programs to reintroduce Ground Hornbills to the wild. If development of the coordinated duet is in jeopardy, the breeding and reintroduction may be at risk as well.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kemp-dalton-mwale-grobler-madisha-vanwyk-mokgokong-jansen-etal-broadscalegeneticassessmentofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateritoinformpopulationmanagement-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kemp-dalton-mwale-grobler-madisha-vanwyk-mokgokong-jansen-etal-broadscalegeneticassessmentofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateritoinformpopulationmanagement-2024', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677', event);\">\n    Broad-scale genetic assessment of Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) to inform population management.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kemp, L.; Dalton, D. L.; Mwale, M.; Grobler, J. P.; Madisha, M. T.; Van Wyk, A. M.; Mokgokong, P. S.; Jansen, R.;  and Kotze, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Global Ecology and Conservation</i>, 52: e02963.  2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemp-dalton-mwale-grobler-madisha-vanwyk-mokgokong-jansen-etal-broadscalegeneticassessmentofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateritoinformpopulationmanagement-2024', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Broad-scale genetic assessment of Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) to inform population management [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kemp-dalton-mwale-grobler-madisha-vanwyk-mokgokong-jansen-etal-broadscalegeneticassessmentofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateritoinformpopulationmanagement-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kemp-dalton-mwale-grobler-madisha-vanwyk-mokgokong-jansen-etal-broadscalegeneticassessmentofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateritoinformpopulationmanagement-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kemp_broad-scale_2024,\n\ttitle = {Broad-scale genetic assessment of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) to inform population management},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001677},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Kemp, Lucy and Dalton, Desiré L. and Mwale, Monica and Grobler, J. Paul and Madisha, M. Thabang and Van Wyk, Anna M. and Mokgokong, Prudent S. and Jansen, Raymond and Kotze, Antoinette},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {e02963},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"terhaar-preliminaryresultsonthedevelopmentofduetinginsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'terhaar-preliminaryresultsonthedevelopmentofduetinginsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024', 'https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf', event);\">\n    Preliminary results on the development of dueting in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  ter Haar, S. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Leiden, The Netherlands,  2024. Centre for Language Studies (CLS) at Radboud University; The Institute for Language Sciences (ILS) at Utrecht University; The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL)\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('terhaar-preliminaryresultsonthedevelopmentofduetinginsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024', 'https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Preliminary results on the development of dueting in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/terhaar-preliminaryresultsonthedevelopmentofduetinginsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>3 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('terhaar-preliminaryresultsonthedevelopmentofduetinginsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{ter_haar_preliminary_2024,\n\taddress = {Leiden, The Netherlands},\n\ttitle = {Preliminary results on the development of dueting in {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\turl = {https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2024/haar24_speechprosody.pdf},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tpublisher = {Centre for Language Studies (CLS) at Radboud University; The Institute for Language Sciences (ILS) at Utrecht University; The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL)},\n\tauthor = {ter Haar, Sita M.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tkeywords = {animal vocalizations, coordination, infant speech development, rhythm},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jirik-libguidessoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeaterifactsheetbibliographyresources-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jirik-libguidessoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeaterifactsheetbibliographyresources-2024', 'https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography', event);\">\n    LibGuides: Southern Ground Hornbill (<i>Bucorvus</i> leadbeateri) Fact Sheet: Bibliography & Resources.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jirik, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jirik-libguidessoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeaterifactsheetbibliographyresources-2024', 'https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"LibGuides: Southern Ground Hornbill (&lt;i&gt;Bucorvus&lt;/i&gt; leadbeateri) Fact Sheet: Bibliography &amp; Resources [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jirik-libguidessoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeaterifactsheetbibliographyresources-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jirik-libguidessoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeaterifactsheetbibliographyresources-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{jirik_libguides_2024,\n\ttitle = {{LibGuides}: {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} (\\textit{{Bucorvus}} leadbeateri) {Fact} {Sheet}: {Bibliography} \\&amp; {Resources}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright International Environment Library Consortium 2025},\n\tshorttitle = {{LibGuides}},\n\turl = {https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/southern_groundhornbill/bibliography},\n\tabstract = {References, additional internet resources},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-07},\n\tauthor = {Jirik, Kate},\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  References, additional internet resources\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"asefa-humanbirdinteractionsanexplorationoforomoculturalbeliefsandpracticesassociatedwiththenortherngroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;profile=ehost&amp;scope=site&amp;authtype=crawler&amp;jrnl=26163977&amp;AN=173872213&amp;h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&amp;crl=c\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'asefa-humanbirdinteractionsanexplorationoforomoculturalbeliefsandpracticesassociatedwiththenortherngroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-2023', 'https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;profile=ehost&amp;scope=site&amp;authtype=crawler&amp;jrnl=26163977&amp;AN=173872213&amp;h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&amp;crl=c', event);\">\n    Human-Bird Interactions: An Exploration of Oromo Cultural Beliefs and Practices Associated with the Northern Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Asefa, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Gadaa Journal</i>, 6(2).  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;profile=ehost&amp;scope=site&amp;authtype=crawler&amp;jrnl=26163977&amp;AN=173872213&amp;h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&amp;crl=c\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('asefa-humanbirdinteractionsanexplorationoforomoculturalbeliefsandpracticesassociatedwiththenortherngroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-2023', 'https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;profile=ehost&amp;scope=site&amp;authtype=crawler&amp;jrnl=26163977&amp;AN=173872213&amp;h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&amp;crl=c', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Human-Bird Interactions: An Exploration of Oromo Cultural Beliefs and Practices Associated with the Northern Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus). [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/asefa-humanbirdinteractionsanexplorationoforomoculturalbeliefsandpracticesassociatedwiththenortherngroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('asefa-humanbirdinteractionsanexplorationoforomoculturalbeliefsandpracticesassociatedwiththenortherngroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{asefa_human-bird_2023,\n\ttitle = {Human-{Bird} {Interactions}: {An} {Exploration} of {Oromo} {Cultural} {Beliefs} and {Practices} {Associated} with the {Northern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus).},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tshorttitle = {Human-{Bird} {Interactions}},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;profile=ehost&amp;scope=site&amp;authtype=crawler&amp;jrnl=26163977&amp;AN=173872213&amp;h=BzNESb%2BchwPib2x5HuajlL9NpwjevjD1cugE03ht6BPOZPhZ6XUj3oQdwwx%2BDDUEHEZQKZC%2BLgYfmMVw%2FHhXoA%3D%3D&amp;crl=c},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Gadaa Journal},\n\tauthor = {Asefa, Addisu},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-jordan-updaterandomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cooper-jordan-updaterandomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435', event);\">\n    Update: Random time-activity budgets in captive Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, M.;  and Jordan, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>South African Journal of Science</i>, 119(7/8). June 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-jordan-updaterandomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Update: Random time-activity budgets in captive Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2023/a0028u\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-jordan-updaterandomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2023/a0028u', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-jordan-updaterandomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-jordan-updaterandomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_update_2023,\n\ttitle = {Update: {Random} time-activity budgets in captive {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\turl = {https://lens.org/117-191-708-880-435},\n\tdoi = {10.17159/sajs.2023/a0028u},\n\tnumber = {7/8},\n\tjournal = {South African Journal of Science},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, Mark and Jordan, Lara},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"danel-rebout-kemp-assessingsexdifferencesinbehaviouralflexibilityinanendangeredbirdspeciesthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'danel-rebout-kemp-assessingsexdifferencesinbehaviouralflexibilityinanendangeredbirdspeciesthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6', event);\">\n    Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species: the Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Danel, S.; Rebout, N.;  and Kemp, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Animal Cognition</i>, 26(2): 599–609. March 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danel-rebout-kemp-assessingsexdifferencesinbehaviouralflexibilityinanendangeredbirdspeciesthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species: the Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danel-rebout-kemp-assessingsexdifferencesinbehaviouralflexibilityinanendangeredbirdspeciesthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/danel-rebout-kemp-assessingsexdifferencesinbehaviouralflexibilityinanendangeredbirdspeciesthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('danel-rebout-kemp-assessingsexdifferencesinbehaviouralflexibilityinanendangeredbirdspeciesthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{danel_assessing_2023,\n\ttitle = {Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species: the {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1435-9456},\n\tshorttitle = {Assessing sex differences in behavioural flexibility in an endangered bird species},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10071-022-01705-6},\n\tabstract = {Since ecology influences the expression of cognitive traits, intra-specific variation in ecological demands can drive differences in cognition. This is often the case, for instance, when sexes face different ecological challenges. However, so far, most studies have focused on few cognitive domains (i.e., spatial cognition), which limits our understanding of the evolution of sexually dimorphic cognition in animals. Endangered Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri), for example, show sex-specific ecological differences in age at dispersal, where females disperse from their natal group earlier than males. Based on this potential sex-specific source of selection, females and males may differ in their capacity to behave flexibly. Here, we used the reversal-learning paradigm in ten Southern ground-hornbills in two conditions: spatial and colour. During the pre-test (learning phase), regardless the sex, all subjects were faster at associating the food reward with spatial rather than with colour cues. Similarly, during the test (reversal-learning phase), both sexes learned the new association quicker with spatial cues. There were no sex differences in learning or reversal learning during both experimental phases. This possibility, however, requires further observation and experimentation. We hope our study will provide the impetus to assess further the cognitive capacities of this still overlooked species.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Animal Cognition},\n\tauthor = {Danel, Samara and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Behavioural flexibility, Cups task, Ground-hornbills, Reversal learning, Sex differences},\n\tpages = {599--609},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since ecology influences the expression of cognitive traits, intra-specific variation in ecological demands can drive differences in cognition. This is often the case, for instance, when sexes face different ecological challenges. However, so far, most studies have focused on few cognitive domains (i.e., spatial cognition), which limits our understanding of the evolution of sexually dimorphic cognition in animals. Endangered Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri), for example, show sex-specific ecological differences in age at dispersal, where females disperse from their natal group earlier than males. Based on this potential sex-specific source of selection, females and males may differ in their capacity to behave flexibly. Here, we used the reversal-learning paradigm in ten Southern ground-hornbills in two conditions: spatial and colour. During the pre-test (learning phase), regardless the sex, all subjects were faster at associating the food reward with spatial rather than with colour cues. Similarly, during the test (reversal-learning phase), both sexes learned the new association quicker with spatial cues. There were no sex differences in learning or reversal learning during both experimental phases. This possibility, however, requires further observation and experimentation. We hope our study will provide the impetus to assess further the cognitive capacities of this still overlooked species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"danel-rebout-kemp-socialdiffusionofnewforagingtechniquesinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'danel-rebout-kemp-socialdiffusionofnewforagingtechniquesinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4', event);\">\n    Social diffusion of new foraging techniques in the Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Danel, S.; Rebout, N.;  and Kemp, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Learning & Behavior</i>, 51(2): 153–165. June 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danel-rebout-kemp-socialdiffusionofnewforagingtechniquesinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Social diffusion of new foraging techniques in the Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danel-rebout-kemp-socialdiffusionofnewforagingtechniquesinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/danel-rebout-kemp-socialdiffusionofnewforagingtechniquesinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('danel-rebout-kemp-socialdiffusionofnewforagingtechniquesinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{danel_social_2023,\n\ttitle = {Social diffusion of new foraging techniques in the {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\tvolume = {51},\n\tissn = {1543-4508},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4},\n\tdoi = {10.3758/s13420-022-00518-4},\n\tabstract = {Social learning during foraging has been found in a wide range of animals, including numerous bird species. Still, the mechanisms underlying this cognitive capacity remain largely unstudied and the use of divergent methods limits our understanding of their taxonomic distribution. Using an ecologically relevant design, the open diffusion experiment, we tested whether 11 Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) were able to show imitation on the two-action task. Three experimental groups were created. In the slide and pull group, subjects (‘observers’) watched a trained conspecific (‘demonstrator’) opening a box using a specific technique. Naïve individuals from the control group, however, did not receive a social demonstration. All birds of the slide and pull group succeeded in opening the box, whereas all subjects of the control group failed the task. We found consistent inter-individual differences among some observers, with only two birds (one in each group) using the same technique and part of the box contacted by the demonstrator. Our results suggest that at least fine-tune enhancement underlies behavioural diffusion in this novel model species, which provides new research opportunities with direct implications for conservation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tjournal = {Learning \\&amp; Behavior},\n\tauthor = {Danel, Samara and Rebout, Nancy and Kemp, Lucy},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Bucerotiformes, Ground-hornbills, Group foraging, Open diffusion, Social learning, Two-action task},\n\tpages = {153--165},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Social learning during foraging has been found in a wide range of animals, including numerous bird species. Still, the mechanisms underlying this cognitive capacity remain largely unstudied and the use of divergent methods limits our understanding of their taxonomic distribution. Using an ecologically relevant design, the open diffusion experiment, we tested whether 11 Southern ground-hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) were able to show imitation on the two-action task. Three experimental groups were created. In the slide and pull group, subjects (‘observers’) watched a trained conspecific (‘demonstrator’) opening a box using a specific technique. Naïve individuals from the control group, however, did not receive a social demonstration. All birds of the slide and pull group succeeded in opening the box, whereas all subjects of the control group failed the task. We found consistent inter-individual differences among some observers, with only two birds (one in each group) using the same technique and part of the box contacted by the demonstrator. Our results suggest that at least fine-tune enhancement underlies behavioural diffusion in this novel model species, which provides new research opportunities with direct implications for conservation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"middleton-individualcontributionstogroupbehaviourinthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'middleton-individualcontributionstogroupbehaviourinthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073', event);\">\n    Individual contributions to group behaviour in the cooperatively breeding southern ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Middleton, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town,  2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('middleton-individualcontributionstogroupbehaviourinthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023', 'https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Individual contributions to group behaviour in the cooperatively breeding southern ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/middleton-individualcontributionstogroupbehaviourinthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('middleton-individualcontributionstogroupbehaviourinthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{middleton_individual_2023,\n\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\n\ttype = {({PhD} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Individual contributions to group behaviour in the cooperatively breeding southern ground-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\turl = {https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/38073},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\n\tauthor = {Middleton, Kyle-Mark},\n\tyear = {2023},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"laubscher-koeppel-campbell-chabangu-kemp-complicationwithresedationinsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriifollowingpartialreversaloftwoorallyadministeredsedationprotocols-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'laubscher-koeppel-campbell-chabangu-kemp-complicationwithresedationinsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriifollowingpartialreversaloftwoorallyadministeredsedationprotocols-2022', 'https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250', event);\">\n    Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills ( <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> ) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Laubscher, L. L.; Koeppel, K.; Campbell, R.; Chabangu, S.;  and Kemp, L. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Veterinary Record Case Reports</i>, 10(1): e250. March 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laubscher-koeppel-campbell-chabangu-kemp-complicationwithresedationinsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriifollowingpartialreversaloftwoorallyadministeredsedationprotocols-2022', 'https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills ( &lt;i&gt;Bucorvus leadbeateri&lt;/i&gt; ) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.250\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laubscher-koeppel-campbell-chabangu-kemp-complicationwithresedationinsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriifollowingpartialreversaloftwoorallyadministeredsedationprotocols-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.250', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/laubscher-koeppel-campbell-chabangu-kemp-complicationwithresedationinsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriifollowingpartialreversaloftwoorallyadministeredsedationprotocols-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('laubscher-koeppel-campbell-chabangu-kemp-complicationwithresedationinsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriifollowingpartialreversaloftwoorallyadministeredsedationprotocols-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{laubscher_complication_2022,\n\ttitle = {Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills ( \\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tcopyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\\#vor},\n\tissn = {2052-6121, 2052-6121},\n\turl = {https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vrc2.250},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/vrc2.250},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            The combination of midazolam, medetomidine and azaperone (MMA) was compared with the combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) for the sedation of southern ground hornbills when administered orally in a bait. The BAM combination (30 mg butorphanol, 12 mg azaperone and 12 mg medetomidine per ml of solution) at a dose of 0.14 ml/kg was the only combination that did not result in re‐sedation after reversal. However, induction of sedation was long, and sedation was only deep enough for capture, handling, and minor non‐invasive procedures. The MMA combination and higher doses of the BAM combination resulted in quicker inductions although individuals showed mild to severe signs of re‐sedation, starting at 4 hours after reversal and continuing for as long as 17 hours after reversal. Care should therefore be taken when administering these combinations orally to southern ground hornbills as it appears that absorption, metabolism and excretion are unpredictable in this species.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Veterinary Record Case Reports},\n\tauthor = {Laubscher, Liesel L. and Koeppel, Katja and Campbell, Robert and Chabangu, Sarah and Kemp, Lucy V.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {e250},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The combination of midazolam, medetomidine and azaperone (MMA) was compared with the combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) for the sedation of southern ground hornbills when administered orally in a bait. The BAM combination (30 mg butorphanol, 12 mg azaperone and 12 mg medetomidine per ml of solution) at a dose of 0.14 ml/kg was the only combination that did not result in re‐sedation after reversal. However, induction of sedation was long, and sedation was only deep enough for capture, handling, and minor non‐invasive procedures. The MMA combination and higher doses of the BAM combination resulted in quicker inductions although individuals showed mild to severe signs of re‐sedation, starting at 4 hours after reversal and continuing for as long as 17 hours after reversal. Care should therefore be taken when administering these combinations orally to southern ground hornbills as it appears that absorption, metabolism and excretion are unpredictable in this species.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mudereri-chitata-chemura-makaure-mukanga-abdelrahman-istheprotectedareacoveragestillrelevantinprotectingthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriibiologicalnicheinzimbabweperspectivesfromecologicalpredictions-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mudereri-chitata-chemura-makaure-mukanga-abdelrahman-istheprotectedareacoveragestillrelevantinprotectingthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriibiologicalnicheinzimbabweperspectivesfromecologicalpredictions-2021', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947', event);\">\n    Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the Southern Ground-hornbill ( <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> ) biological niche in Zimbabwe? Perspectives from ecological predictions.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Mudereri, B. T.; Chitata, T.; Chemura, A.; Makaure, J.; Mukanga, C.;  and Abdel-Rahman, E. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>GIScience & Remote Sensing</i>, 58(3): 405–424. April 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mudereri-chitata-chemura-makaure-mukanga-abdelrahman-istheprotectedareacoveragestillrelevantinprotectingthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriibiologicalnicheinzimbabweperspectivesfromecologicalpredictions-2021', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the Southern Ground-hornbill ( &lt;i&gt;Bucorvus leadbeateri&lt;/i&gt; ) biological niche in Zimbabwe? Perspectives from ecological predictions [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mudereri-chitata-chemura-makaure-mukanga-abdelrahman-istheprotectedareacoveragestillrelevantinprotectingthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriibiologicalnicheinzimbabweperspectivesfromecologicalpredictions-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mudereri-chitata-chemura-makaure-mukanga-abdelrahman-istheprotectedareacoveragestillrelevantinprotectingthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriibiologicalnicheinzimbabweperspectivesfromecologicalpredictions-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mudereri-chitata-chemura-makaure-mukanga-abdelrahman-istheprotectedareacoveragestillrelevantinprotectingthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriibiologicalnicheinzimbabweperspectivesfromecologicalpredictions-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mudereri_is_2021,\n\ttitle = {Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ( \\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) biological niche in {Zimbabwe}? {Perspectives} from ecological predictions},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\tissn = {1548-1603, 1943-7226},\n\tshorttitle = {Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ( \\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} ) biological niche in {Zimbabwe}?},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15481603.2021.1883947},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {GIScience \\&amp; Remote Sensing},\n\tauthor = {Mudereri, Bester Tawona and Chitata, Tavengwa and Chemura, Abel and Makaure, Joseph and Mukanga, Concilia and Abdel-Rahman, Elfatih M.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Biogeography, climate change, ecological niche, landscape conservation, machine learning, protected area, protection status},\n\tpages = {405--424},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"scheun-neller-bennett-kemp-ganswindt-endocrinecorrelatesofgenderandthroatcolorationinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'scheun-neller-bennett-kemp-ganswindt-endocrinecorrelatesofgenderandthroatcolorationinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478', event);\">\n    Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Scheun, J.; Neller, S.; Bennett, N. C.; Kemp, L. V.;  and Ganswindt, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Integrative Zoology</i>, 16(2): 189–201.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1749-4877.12478</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheun-neller-bennett-kemp-ganswindt-endocrinecorrelatesofgenderandthroatcolorationinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12478\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('scheun-neller-bennett-kemp-ganswindt-endocrinecorrelatesofgenderandthroatcolorationinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12478', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/scheun-neller-bennett-kemp-ganswindt-endocrinecorrelatesofgenderandthroatcolorationinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('scheun-neller-bennett-kemp-ganswindt-endocrinecorrelatesofgenderandthroatcolorationinthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{scheun_endocrine_2021,\n\ttitle = {Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tcopyright = {© 2020 International Society of Zoological Sciences, Institute of Zoology/Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley \\&amp; Sons Australia, Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1749-4877},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1749-4877.12478},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12478},\n\tabstract = {The southern ground-hornbill (SGH) is a cooperatively breeding bird endemic to eastern and southern Africa, but is endangered in its southern distributional range. The national conservation restoration program harvests redundant chicks for captive breeding and reintroduction; with sexing and social grouping of the species evaluated by throat-skin coloration, with adult males displaying a completely red color compared to dark blue within the red observed in adult females. However, recent findings indicate that dominant and subordinate adult males exhibit patches of blue throat-skin. To optimize SGH management practices, it is vital to determine the role of red and blue coloration, as well as the possible drivers thereof. As a prerequisite, an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring fecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentrations in SGH was established. Following this, fresh fecal samples were collected from 78 SGH, of various demographics and origin, across 12 captive institutions, to determine whether fAM concentrations differ between blue (B), partially blue (sB), and fully red (R) throat-skin colored SGH. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were compared between males housed in different social groups of different age and sex classes. Individual median fAM concentrations of B, sB, and R adult males did not differ significantly but were considerably higher in B and sB males compared to R males. Social dynamics within captivity, for example, dominance, played no role as a driver of male gonadal activity or throat skin coloration. The results of the study indicate that androgens and apparent social dynamics are not primary determinants of throat coloration in male SGH.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-08-19},\n\tjournal = {Integrative Zoology},\n\tauthor = {Scheun, Juan and Neller, Sophie and Bennett, Nigel C. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Ganswindt, Andre},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1749-4877.12478},\n\tkeywords = {coloration, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, non-invasive, southern ground-hornbill, validation},\n\tpages = {189--201},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The southern ground-hornbill (SGH) is a cooperatively breeding bird endemic to eastern and southern Africa, but is endangered in its southern distributional range. The national conservation restoration program harvests redundant chicks for captive breeding and reintroduction; with sexing and social grouping of the species evaluated by throat-skin coloration, with adult males displaying a completely red color compared to dark blue within the red observed in adult females. However, recent findings indicate that dominant and subordinate adult males exhibit patches of blue throat-skin. To optimize SGH management practices, it is vital to determine the role of red and blue coloration, as well as the possible drivers thereof. As a prerequisite, an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring fecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentrations in SGH was established. Following this, fresh fecal samples were collected from 78 SGH, of various demographics and origin, across 12 captive institutions, to determine whether fAM concentrations differ between blue (B), partially blue (sB), and fully red (R) throat-skin colored SGH. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were compared between males housed in different social groups of different age and sex classes. Individual median fAM concentrations of B, sB, and R adult males did not differ significantly but were considerably higher in B and sB males compared to R males. Social dynamics within captivity, for example, dominance, played no role as a driver of male gonadal activity or throat skin coloration. The results of the study indicate that androgens and apparent social dynamics are not primary determinants of throat coloration in male SGH.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gula-phiri-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriigroupsinthekafuenationalparkzambia-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gula-phiri-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriigroupsinthekafuenationalparkzambia-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433', event);\">\n    Observations of Southern Ground-Hornbill <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> groups in the Kafue National Park, Zambia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gula, J.;  and Phiri, C. G\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ostrich</i>, 91(3): 267–270. July 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gula-phiri-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriigroupsinthekafuenationalparkzambia-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Observations of Southern Ground-Hornbill &lt;i&gt;Bucorvus leadbeateri&lt;/i&gt; groups in the Kafue National Park, Zambia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gula-phiri-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriigroupsinthekafuenationalparkzambia-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gula-phiri-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriigroupsinthekafuenationalparkzambia-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gula-phiri-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriigroupsinthekafuenationalparkzambia-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gula_observations_2020,\n\ttitle = {Observations of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} \\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} groups in the {Kafue} {National} {Park}, {Zambia}},\n\tvolume = {91},\n\tissn = {0030-6525, 1727-947X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433},\n\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2020.1803433},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Ostrich},\n\tauthor = {Gula, Jonah and Phiri, Chaona G},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {267--270},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koeppel-kemp-maartens-thompson-immunogenicityofnewcastlediseasevaccineinsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koeppel-kemp-maartens-thompson-immunogenicityofnewcastlediseasevaccineinsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2020', 'https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full', event);\">\n    Immunogenicity of Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koeppel, K. N.; Kemp, L. V.; Maartens, L. H.;  and Thompson, P. N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery</i>, 34(3): 229–236. October 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koeppel-kemp-maartens-thompson-immunogenicityofnewcastlediseasevaccineinsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2020', 'https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Immunogenicity of Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koeppel-kemp-maartens-thompson-immunogenicityofnewcastlediseasevaccineinsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koeppel-kemp-maartens-thompson-immunogenicityofnewcastlediseasevaccineinsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koeppel-kemp-maartens-thompson-immunogenicityofnewcastlediseasevaccineinsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koeppel_immunogenicity_2020,\n\ttitle = {Immunogenicity of {Newcastle} {Disease} {Vaccine} in {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {1082-6742, 1938-2871},\n\turl = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-34/issue-3/1082-6742-34.3.229/Immunogenicity-of-Newcastle-Disease-Vaccine-in-Southern-Ground-hornbill-Bucorvus/10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229.full},\n\tdoi = {10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.229},\n\tabstract = {The southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri; hereafter SGH) is endangered in South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland. Through a conservation program established in South Africa by the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, wild populations are being re-established by the reintroduction of captive-reared birds. The SGH is susceptible to infection with avian avulavirus 1, which causes Newcastle disease (ND). Four different vaccines to protect against ND were administered through various vaccination schedules and evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various combinations of vaccines (live versus inactivated/killed), vaccine strains (Ulster strain, live; Avivac Cellimune, live; VG/GA strain, live; and Avivac Struvac, killed), and administration routes (intraocular versus subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection versus oral). We vaccinated 75 individuals and evaluated antibody titers in 53 individuals (24 juveniles, 13 subadults, and 16 adult SGH; 26 males and 27 females) over a period of 9 years. Antibody titers to avian avulavirus 1 in sera were monitored by a hemagglutination inhibition test. Protective titers were generated with 3/6 vaccine regimes tested in the SGH. The highest vaccine titers were established in birds vaccinated with the Ulster strain in the conjunctiva and followed with an intramuscular Struvac injection (mean log2 titer 8.6 ± 2.6) booster. Our aim was 1) to assess whether optimal vaccination protocols could be developed and 2) to then be able, by oral administration, to remove the need to recapture free-roaming, reintroduced birds to administer the initial vaccine or booster, thus remove the threat or mortality associated with ND to this endangered avian species in both captive birds and birds released back into the wild.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-08-20},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery},\n\tpublisher = {Association of Avian Veterinarians},\n\tauthor = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Kemp, Lucy V. and Maartens, Louis H. and Thompson, Peter N.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {229--236},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri; hereafter SGH) is endangered in South Africa, Namibia, and Swaziland. Through a conservation program established in South Africa by the Mabula Ground Hornbill Project, wild populations are being re-established by the reintroduction of captive-reared birds. The SGH is susceptible to infection with avian avulavirus 1, which causes Newcastle disease (ND). Four different vaccines to protect against ND were administered through various vaccination schedules and evaluated by serologic monitoring to assess the efficiency and safety of various combinations of vaccines (live versus inactivated/killed), vaccine strains (Ulster strain, live; Avivac Cellimune, live; VG/GA strain, live; and Avivac Struvac, killed), and administration routes (intraocular versus subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection versus oral). We vaccinated 75 individuals and evaluated antibody titers in 53 individuals (24 juveniles, 13 subadults, and 16 adult SGH; 26 males and 27 females) over a period of 9 years. Antibody titers to avian avulavirus 1 in sera were monitored by a hemagglutination inhibition test. Protective titers were generated with 3/6 vaccine regimes tested in the SGH. The highest vaccine titers were established in birds vaccinated with the Ulster strain in the conjunctiva and followed with an intramuscular Struvac injection (mean log2 titer 8.6 ± 2.6) booster. Our aim was 1) to assess whether optimal vaccination protocols could be developed and 2) to then be able, by oral administration, to remove the need to recapture free-roaming, reintroduced birds to administer the initial vaccine or booster, thus remove the threat or mortality associated with ND to this endangered avian species in both captive birds and birds released back into the wild.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"naude-morphologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigastrointestinaltract-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'naude-morphologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigastrointestinaltract-2020', 'https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276', event);\">\n    Morphology of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) gastro-intestinal tract.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Naude, A. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria, Onder,  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\">Accepted: 2022-01-12T06:01:12Z</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('naude-morphologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigastrointestinaltract-2020', 'https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Morphology of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) gastro-intestinal tract [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/naude-morphologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigastrointestinaltract-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('naude-morphologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigastrointestinaltract-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{naude_morphology_2020,\n\taddress = {Onder},\n\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Morphology of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) gastro-intestinal tract},\n\tcopyright = {© 2021 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria.},\n\turl = {https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/83276},\n\tabstract = {The Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) is the largest bird species that breeds\ncooperatively and the only entirely carnivorous hornbill. Currently, there are only an\nestimated 417 breeding groups in South Africa. As the bird is an obligatory carnivore\nthe gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) may display specific adaptations which could be of\nsignificance in the husbandry of this endangered species. Factors that contribute to\nunnatural mortality in SGH’s in South Africa are poisoning, both primary and\nsecondary; electrocution on transformer boxes; shooting; and illegal capture for trade.\nAn undescribed threat is lead contamination of hunting offal from the use of lead-based\nammunition as well as object ingestion as the SGH is a non-discriminate eater in the\nwild as well as in captivity. Carnivorous bird species have important gastrointestinal differences in anatomy, physiology, nutrition, and disease etiologies that greatly affect\nthe success of medical and surgical intervention during gastrointestinal diseases.\nNine adult SGH’s, of either sex, which succumbed due to natural causes, unknown\ncauses, attack from other birds, euthanasia for humane reasons or untreatable\nconditions and management reasons (usually reproductive failure) were used in this\nstudy. Deceased birds were from Mabula Ground Hornbill project (Bela-Bela,\nLimpopo, South-Africa) and were transported to the Faculty of Veterinary Science for\npost-mortem examination. After the latter, the GIT with the liver, pancreas and spleen,\nwere removed and immersion-fixed in 10\\% neutral-buffered formalin. In some\ninstances, not all parts of the digestive tract were included in the study due to obvious\npathology. The hollow organs were cut longitudinally to reveal and describe the inner\nsurfaces. The topography of the organs was described and captured during postmortem\nexaminations with a Go-pro HERO 7 action camera (American technology)\nand a Samsung A51 smartphone (Samsung electronics, South Africa). The\nterminology used in this study is that of Nomina Anatomica Avium (Baumel, 1993).\nAfter the gross description, samples for histology from the various sections of the GIT\nwere taken, dehydrated and there after processed through 50:50 ethanol: xylol, 2X\nxylol and 2X paraffin wax using a Shandon model 2LE Automatic Tissue Processor.\nTissue samples were then manually imbedded in paraffin wax in plastic moulds.\nSections were cut at 3-5 μm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H\\&amp;E), Peroidic\nPeriodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome.\nThe most notable organ from ventral view was the ventriculus situated between the\ntwo liver lobes. The coelom cavity is divided into cavities, cranial to caudal consist of\na pericardial cavity (Cavum pericardii), four hepatic peritoneal cavities (Cavitas\nperitonealis hepatica), and an intestinal peritoneal cavity (Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis). The proventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica\ndorsalis, the ventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis,\nthe intestine in the Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis and the liver in the left and right\nCavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis and Cavitas peritonealis hepatica dorsalis. The\nfour Cavitas peritonealis hepatica are bounded caudally by the transversely oriented\nSeptum posthepaticum and separates the Cavitas peritonealis hepatica from the\nCavum intestinale peritonei. The proventriculus was small and the ventriculus large.\nLow longitudinal folds were present on the luminal surface allowing for distention, for\nlarge prey to move through. Gll. proventriculares profundae were visible\nmacroscopically in the wall of the proventriculus and formed the main feature on the\ncut surface. Some of the glands emptied into the cranial aspect of the ventriculus and\nwere more concentrated on the dorsal aspect, the Zona intermedia gastris. The\nproventriculus was seperated from the ventriculus by the Isthmus gastris. The large\nventriculus displayed prominent longitudinal folds on the dorsal surface that ran\nperpendicular to the ventriculo-duodenal opening on the luminal surface and\ncircumferentially around the Centrum tendineum. The pylorus was on the right lateral\naspect of the ventriculus and was represented by the slit-like ventriculo-duodenal\nopening. The intestine consist of the duodnenum, jejunum, ileum and the large\nintestine, or the rectum. There is a total of 5 loops comprising the small intestine. The\nFlexura duodenojejunalis marked the transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.\nThe point where the last branch of the cranial mesenteric artery supplied the small\nintestine marked the transition from the jejunum to the ileum, no Meckel’s diverticulum\nwas present in order to identify this transition. The rectum was short and straight and\nslightly larger in diameter than the ileum. Ceacae were not observed. The pancreas\nwas situated in the Ligamentum pancreaticoduodenale, between the descending and\nascending duodenum, or the Ansa duodenalis. It was composed of three lobes, the\ndorsal lobe (Lobus pancreaticus dorsalis), the ventral lobe (Lobus pancreaticus ventralis) and the splenic lobe (Lobus pancreaticus splenalis). The Ductus\npancreaticus ventralis, Ductus pancreaticus dorsalis and Ductus pancreaticus\naccessorius, were identified and drained into the ascending duodenum at the\nduodenal papilla, at the point where the bile ducts entered the ascending duodenum.\nThe liver was large, with a smaller left lobe (Lobus hepaticus sinister) and a larger right\nlobe (Lobus hepaticus dexter). The two lobes were separated caudally by a complete\ndeep, median, caudal interlobular incisure (Incisura interlobaris caudalis) and\nconnected by the Pars interlobaris. Various organs made impressions on the liver.\nTwo bile ducts were present, the Ductus hepatoentericus communis and the Ductus\ncysticoentericus.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tschool = {University of Pretoria},\n\tauthor = {Naude, Anel Delene},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Accepted: 2022-01-12T06:01:12Z},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) is the largest bird species that breeds cooperatively and the only entirely carnivorous hornbill. Currently, there are only an estimated 417 breeding groups in South Africa. As the bird is an obligatory carnivore the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) may display specific adaptations which could be of significance in the husbandry of this endangered species. Factors that contribute to unnatural mortality in SGH’s in South Africa are poisoning, both primary and secondary; electrocution on transformer boxes; shooting; and illegal capture for trade. An undescribed threat is lead contamination of hunting offal from the use of lead-based ammunition as well as object ingestion as the SGH is a non-discriminate eater in the wild as well as in captivity. Carnivorous bird species have important gastrointestinal differences in anatomy, physiology, nutrition, and disease etiologies that greatly affect the success of medical and surgical intervention during gastrointestinal diseases. Nine adult SGH’s, of either sex, which succumbed due to natural causes, unknown causes, attack from other birds, euthanasia for humane reasons or untreatable conditions and management reasons (usually reproductive failure) were used in this study. Deceased birds were from Mabula Ground Hornbill project (Bela-Bela, Limpopo, South-Africa) and were transported to the Faculty of Veterinary Science for post-mortem examination. After the latter, the GIT with the liver, pancreas and spleen, were removed and immersion-fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. In some instances, not all parts of the digestive tract were included in the study due to obvious pathology. The hollow organs were cut longitudinally to reveal and describe the inner surfaces. The topography of the organs was described and captured during postmortem examinations with a Go-pro HERO 7 action camera (American technology) and a Samsung A51 smartphone (Samsung electronics, South Africa). The terminology used in this study is that of Nomina Anatomica Avium (Baumel, 1993). After the gross description, samples for histology from the various sections of the GIT were taken, dehydrated and there after processed through 50:50 ethanol: xylol, 2X xylol and 2X paraffin wax using a Shandon model 2LE Automatic Tissue Processor. Tissue samples were then manually imbedded in paraffin wax in plastic moulds. Sections were cut at 3-5 μm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Peroidic Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome. The most notable organ from ventral view was the ventriculus situated between the two liver lobes. The coelom cavity is divided into cavities, cranial to caudal consist of a pericardial cavity (Cavum pericardii), four hepatic peritoneal cavities (Cavitas peritonealis hepatica), and an intestinal peritoneal cavity (Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis). The proventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica dorsalis, the ventriculus is situated in the left Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis, the intestine in the Cavitas peritonealis intestinalis and the liver in the left and right Cavitas peritonealis hepatica ventralis and Cavitas peritonealis hepatica dorsalis. The four Cavitas peritonealis hepatica are bounded caudally by the transversely oriented Septum posthepaticum and separates the Cavitas peritonealis hepatica from the Cavum intestinale peritonei. The proventriculus was small and the ventriculus large. Low longitudinal folds were present on the luminal surface allowing for distention, for large prey to move through. Gll. proventriculares profundae were visible macroscopically in the wall of the proventriculus and formed the main feature on the cut surface. Some of the glands emptied into the cranial aspect of the ventriculus and were more concentrated on the dorsal aspect, the Zona intermedia gastris. The proventriculus was seperated from the ventriculus by the Isthmus gastris. The large ventriculus displayed prominent longitudinal folds on the dorsal surface that ran perpendicular to the ventriculo-duodenal opening on the luminal surface and circumferentially around the Centrum tendineum. The pylorus was on the right lateral aspect of the ventriculus and was represented by the slit-like ventriculo-duodenal opening. The intestine consist of the duodnenum, jejunum, ileum and the large intestine, or the rectum. There is a total of 5 loops comprising the small intestine. The Flexura duodenojejunalis marked the transition from the duodenum to the jejunum. The point where the last branch of the cranial mesenteric artery supplied the small intestine marked the transition from the jejunum to the ileum, no Meckel’s diverticulum was present in order to identify this transition. The rectum was short and straight and slightly larger in diameter than the ileum. Ceacae were not observed. The pancreas was situated in the Ligamentum pancreaticoduodenale, between the descending and ascending duodenum, or the Ansa duodenalis. It was composed of three lobes, the dorsal lobe (Lobus pancreaticus dorsalis), the ventral lobe (Lobus pancreaticus ventralis) and the splenic lobe (Lobus pancreaticus splenalis). The Ductus pancreaticus ventralis, Ductus pancreaticus dorsalis and Ductus pancreaticus accessorius, were identified and drained into the ascending duodenum at the duodenal papilla, at the point where the bile ducts entered the ascending duodenum. The liver was large, with a smaller left lobe (Lobus hepaticus sinister) and a larger right lobe (Lobus hepaticus dexter). The two lobes were separated caudally by a complete deep, median, caudal interlobular incisure (Incisura interlobaris caudalis) and connected by the Pars interlobaris. Various organs made impressions on the liver. Two bile ducts were present, the Ductus hepatoentericus communis and the Ductus cysticoentericus.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-nataldispersalinthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeateri-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-nataldispersalinthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeateri-2019', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474', event);\">\n    Natal dispersal in the Southern Ground Hornbill <i>Bucorvus</i> leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carstens, K. F; Kassanjee, R.; Little, R. M; Ryan, P. G;  and Hockey, P. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ostrich</i>, 90(2): 119–127. May 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-nataldispersalinthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeateri-2019', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Natal dispersal in the Southern Ground Hornbill &lt;i&gt;Bucorvus&lt;/i&gt; leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-nataldispersalinthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeateri-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-nataldispersalinthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeateri-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-nataldispersalinthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusileadbeateri-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carstens_natal_2019,\n\ttitle = {Natal dispersal in the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} \\textit{{Bucorvus}} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {90},\n\tissn = {0030-6525, 1727-947X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474},\n\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2019.1590474},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Ostrich},\n\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate F and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Robin M and Ryan, Peter G and Hockey, Philip Ar},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {cooperative breeding, dispersal, ground hornbills, philopatry, resightings},\n\tpages = {119--127},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-theeffectsofweathergroupsizeandtypeofnestonthetimingofegglayinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-theeffectsofweathergroupsizeandtypeofnestonthetimingofegglayinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x', event);\">\n    The effects of weather, group size and type of nest on the timing of egg-laying in the Southern Ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carstens, K. F.; Kassanjee, R.; Little, R. M.; Ryan, P. G.;  and Hockey, P. A. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Ornithology</i>, 160(3): 633–640. July 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-theeffectsofweathergroupsizeandtypeofnestonthetimingofegglayinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The effects of weather, group size and type of nest on the timing of egg-laying in the Southern Ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-theeffectsofweathergroupsizeandtypeofnestonthetimingofegglayinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-theeffectsofweathergroupsizeandtypeofnestonthetimingofegglayinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-theeffectsofweathergroupsizeandtypeofnestonthetimingofegglayinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carstens_effects_2019,\n\ttitle = {The effects of weather, group size and type of nest on the timing of egg-laying in the {Southern} {Ground}-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {160},\n\tissn = {2193-7192, 2193-7206},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10336-019-01654-x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ornithology},\n\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate F. and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Rob M. and Ryan, Peter G. and Hockey, Phillip A. R.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Breeding success, Breeding success, Early breeding, Rainfall, Temperature},\n\tpages = {633--640},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-breedingsuccessandpopulationgrowthofsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriiinanareasupplementedwithnestboxes-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-breedingsuccessandpopulationgrowthofsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriiinanareasupplementedwithnestboxes-2019', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article', event);\">\n    Breeding success and population growth of Southern Ground Hornbills <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> in an area supplemented with nest-boxes.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carstens, K. F.; Kassanjee, R.; Little, R. M.; Ryan, P. G.;  and Hockey, P. A. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bird Conservation International</i>, 29(4): 627–643. December 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-breedingsuccessandpopulationgrowthofsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriiinanareasupplementedwithnestboxes-2019', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Breeding success and population growth of Southern Ground Hornbills &lt;i&gt;Bucorvus leadbeateri&lt;/i&gt; in an area supplemented with nest-boxes [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270919000108\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-breedingsuccessandpopulationgrowthofsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriiinanareasupplementedwithnestboxes-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270919000108', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-breedingsuccessandpopulationgrowthofsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriiinanareasupplementedwithnestboxes-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carstens-kassanjee-little-ryan-hockey-breedingsuccessandpopulationgrowthofsoutherngroundhornbillsibucorvusleadbeateriiinanareasupplementedwithnestboxes-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carstens_breeding_2019,\n\ttitle = {Breeding success and population growth of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} \\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} in an area supplemented with nest-boxes},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0959-2709, 1474-0001},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0959270919000108/type/journal_article},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0959270919000108},\n\tabstract = {The provision of artificial nests can improve the conservation status of threatened bird species that are limited by nest-site availability. The shortage of natural cavity nesting sites is one factor limiting the population growth of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In an 1,800 km2 study area in north-eastern South Africa, 31 wooden nest-boxes were installed during 2002–2015. We investigated the relationships between nests, as well as environmental and social factors, with breeding. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to the observational data and identified positive relationships between breeding attempts and each of home range size and the previous year’s rainfall; as well as positive relationships between breeding success (amongst the groups that attempt breeding) and each of earlier breeding, nest height and thickness of the nest cavity wall. The provision of nest-boxes increased the number of breeding groups and although breeding success also increased initially, it later declined as the density of breeding groups increased above 20 groups. Although nest-boxes alone did not increase overall breeding success, they are an effective conservation tool to enhance the population of Southern Ground Hornbills if spaced optimally, to enhance reproductive output in areas where suitable nest-sites are scarce or lacking.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2023-10-24},\n\tjournal = {Bird Conservation International},\n\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate F. and Kassanjee, Reshma and Little, Rob M. and Ryan, Peter G. and Hockey, Phil A. R.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {627--643},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The provision of artificial nests can improve the conservation status of threatened bird species that are limited by nest-site availability. The shortage of natural cavity nesting sites is one factor limiting the population growth of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In an 1,800 km2 study area in north-eastern South Africa, 31 wooden nest-boxes were installed during 2002–2015. We investigated the relationships between nests, as well as environmental and social factors, with breeding. Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to the observational data and identified positive relationships between breeding attempts and each of home range size and the previous year’s rainfall; as well as positive relationships between breeding success (amongst the groups that attempt breeding) and each of earlier breeding, nest height and thickness of the nest cavity wall. The provision of nest-boxes increased the number of breeding groups and although breeding success also increased initially, it later declined as the density of breeding groups increased above 20 groups. Although nest-boxes alone did not increase overall breeding success, they are an effective conservation tool to enhance the population of Southern Ground Hornbills if spaced optimally, to enhance reproductive output in areas where suitable nest-sites are scarce or lacking.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"danel-vonbayern-osiurak-groundhornbillsbucorvusshowmeansendunderstandinginahorizontaltwostringdiscriminationtask-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'danel-vonbayern-osiurak-groundhornbillsbucorvusshowmeansendunderstandinginahorizontaltwostringdiscriminationtask-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9', event);\">\n    Ground-hornbills (Bucorvus) show means-end understanding in a horizontal two-string discrimination task.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Danel, S.; Von Bayern, A. M. P.;  and Osiurak, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Ethology</i>, 37(1): 117–122. January 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danel-vonbayern-osiurak-groundhornbillsbucorvusshowmeansendunderstandinginahorizontaltwostringdiscriminationtask-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ground-hornbills (Bucorvus) show means-end understanding in a horizontal two-string discrimination task [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('danel-vonbayern-osiurak-groundhornbillsbucorvusshowmeansendunderstandinginahorizontaltwostringdiscriminationtask-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/danel-vonbayern-osiurak-groundhornbillsbucorvusshowmeansendunderstandinginahorizontaltwostringdiscriminationtask-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('danel-vonbayern-osiurak-groundhornbillsbucorvusshowmeansendunderstandinginahorizontaltwostringdiscriminationtask-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{danel_ground-hornbills_2019,\n\ttitle = {Ground-hornbills ({Bucorvus}) show means-end understanding in a horizontal two-string discrimination task},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0289-0771, 1439-5444},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10164-018-0565-9},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethology},\n\tauthor = {Danel, Samara and Von Bayern, Auguste M. P. and Osiurak, François},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Brain size, Cognition, Physical cognition, Problem solving, Selection pressure, String pulling},\n\tpages = {117--122},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"young-individualbehaviouraldifferencesinthecaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'young-individualbehaviouraldifferencesinthecaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019', 'https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911', event);\">\n    Individual behavioural differences in the captive Southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Young, L. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('young-individualbehaviouraldifferencesinthecaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019', 'https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Individual behavioural differences in the captive Southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/young-individualbehaviouraldifferencesinthecaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('young-individualbehaviouraldifferencesinthecaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{young_individual_2019,\n\taddress = {Johannesburg},\n\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Individual behavioural differences in the captive {Southern} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\turl = {https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28911},\n\tabstract = {Southern ground hornbills (ground hornbill) Bucorvus leadbeateri are among Africa’s most recognisable birds. The ground hornbill is formally listed as ‘Vulnerable to Extinction’ on the IUCN Red List and is endangered in both South Africa and Namibia. The ground hornbill is a nationally protected species in South Africa, yet the population numbers are still declining. The species is thus a conservation priority, and studies of captive individuals are needed to assess the suitability of individuals for breeding and potential future release. I investigated the behaviour of five captive populations of ground hornbills in Gauteng Province, and one population in the Western Cape Province, South Africa with the aim of investigating individual behavioural variation in these captive ground hornbills. Firstly, I described nine broad behavioural categories in the captive ground hornbills, and used these behaviours as a basis for further analysis. Secondly, I studied the activity patterns of the captive ground hornbills and found that the ground hornbills in my study did not conform to the bimodal pattern of their free-living counterparts, but rather their activity, at least for the three common behaviours (perching, locomotion, object interaction) remained fairly constant throughout the sampling time. The captive ground hornbills spent the largest proportion of their time perching, followed by locomotion and probing with their beaks. The three behaviours that were displayed the least were thermoregulation, vocalising and feeding. Behaviours varied by location on the overall behaviour but no sex effect. Thirdly, I recorded transactional (behavioural) interaction and found that aggression was rare and occurred in just one population. In contrast amicability was common and occurred more often than chance in three populations. Fourthly, I also found differences in the space use of individuals within populations, where space use was greater in some individuals in each institution. Individuals in each population commonly used less than 50\\% of their cage, frequently at the same time, linked to feeding, cage composition and their natural patrolling tendencies. Fifthly, I investigated the risk-taking behaviour and found that individuals in each institution varied their behavioural responses inconsistently in a startle test but with some showing consistent responses in novel object tests, indicating personality in ground hornbills. There were also population differences in the responses to a novel object. Finally, correlations among the behaviours indicated that ground hornbills display a behavioural syndrome (i.e. consistent behaviour responses across contexts). These findings allow for a greater understanding of the individual differences in captive ground hornbills, which are important when considering iv how individuals are managed and respond to interactions with conspecifics in captivity and for the inclusion in future release programmes. KEYWORDS: Activity patterns; Animal behaviour; Behavioural syndrome; Risk-taking behaviour; Space use; Southern Ground Hornbill; Transactional behavioural interaction.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-05},\n\tschool = {University of Witwatersrand},\n\tauthor = {Young, Lucy Charlotte},\n\tyear = {2019},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Southern ground hornbills (ground hornbill) Bucorvus leadbeateri are among Africa’s most recognisable birds. The ground hornbill is formally listed as ‘Vulnerable to Extinction’ on the IUCN Red List and is endangered in both South Africa and Namibia. The ground hornbill is a nationally protected species in South Africa, yet the population numbers are still declining. The species is thus a conservation priority, and studies of captive individuals are needed to assess the suitability of individuals for breeding and potential future release. I investigated the behaviour of five captive populations of ground hornbills in Gauteng Province, and one population in the Western Cape Province, South Africa with the aim of investigating individual behavioural variation in these captive ground hornbills. Firstly, I described nine broad behavioural categories in the captive ground hornbills, and used these behaviours as a basis for further analysis. Secondly, I studied the activity patterns of the captive ground hornbills and found that the ground hornbills in my study did not conform to the bimodal pattern of their free-living counterparts, but rather their activity, at least for the three common behaviours (perching, locomotion, object interaction) remained fairly constant throughout the sampling time. The captive ground hornbills spent the largest proportion of their time perching, followed by locomotion and probing with their beaks. The three behaviours that were displayed the least were thermoregulation, vocalising and feeding. Behaviours varied by location on the overall behaviour but no sex effect. Thirdly, I recorded transactional (behavioural) interaction and found that aggression was rare and occurred in just one population. In contrast amicability was common and occurred more often than chance in three populations. Fourthly, I also found differences in the space use of individuals within populations, where space use was greater in some individuals in each institution. Individuals in each population commonly used less than 50% of their cage, frequently at the same time, linked to feeding, cage composition and their natural patrolling tendencies. Fifthly, I investigated the risk-taking behaviour and found that individuals in each institution varied their behavioural responses inconsistently in a startle test but with some showing consistent responses in novel object tests, indicating personality in ground hornbills. There were also population differences in the responses to a novel object. Finally, correlations among the behaviours indicated that ground hornbills display a behavioural syndrome (i.e. consistent behaviour responses across contexts). These findings allow for a greater understanding of the individual differences in captive ground hornbills, which are important when considering iv how individuals are managed and respond to interactions with conspecifics in captivity and for the inclusion in future release programmes. KEYWORDS: Activity patterns; Animal behaviour; Behavioural syndrome; Risk-taking behaviour; Space use; Southern Ground Hornbill; Transactional behavioural interaction.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carstens-breedinganddispersalimplicationsfortheconservationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carstens-breedinganddispersalimplicationsfortheconservationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2017', 'https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943', event);\">\n    Breeding and dispersal implications for the conservation of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carstens, K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town,  2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-breedinganddispersalimplicationsfortheconservationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2017', 'https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Breeding and dispersal implications for the conservation of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carstens-breedinganddispersalimplicationsfortheconservationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carstens-breedinganddispersalimplicationsfortheconservationofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{carstens_breeding_2017,\n\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\n\ttype = {({PhD} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Breeding and dispersal implications for the conservation of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\turl = {https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/26943},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\n\tauthor = {Carstens, Kate},\n\tyear = {2017},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kemp-conservationbiologyandmolecularecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigors1825-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Conservation biology and molecular ecology of the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors, 1825).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kemp, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,  2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kemp-conservationbiologyandmolecularecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigors1825-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kemp-conservationbiologyandmolecularecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigors1825-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{kemp_conservation_2017,\n\taddress = {Bloemfontein},\n\ttype = {({PhD} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Conservation biology and molecular ecology of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}, 1825)},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tschool = {University of the Free State},\n\tauthor = {Kemp, L.V.},\n\tyear = {2017},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"combrink-thehabitatnestingandforagingrequirementsofsoutherngroundhornbillsinthekrugernationalparksouthafrica-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The habitat, nesting and foraging requirements of Southern Ground-Hornbills in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Combrink, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/combrink-thehabitatnestingandforagingrequirementsofsoutherngroundhornbillsinthekrugernationalparksouthafrica-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('combrink-thehabitatnestingandforagingrequirementsofsoutherngroundhornbillsinthekrugernationalparksouthafrica-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{combrink_habitat_2016,\n\taddress = {Pietermaritzburg},\n\ttitle = {The habitat, nesting and foraging requirements of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} in the {Kruger} {National} {Park}, {South} {Africa}},\n\tschool = {University of KwaZulu-Natal},\n\tauthor = {Combrink, Leigh},\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zoghby-finescalemovementsandhabitatuseofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zoghby-finescalemovementsandhabitatuseofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2015', 'http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581', event);\">\n    Fine-scale movements and habitat use of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus Leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zoghby, B. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town,  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zoghby-finescalemovementsandhabitatuseofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2015', 'http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fine-scale movements and habitat use of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus Leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zoghby-finescalemovementsandhabitatuseofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zoghby-finescalemovementsandhabitatuseofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{zoghby_fine-scale_2015,\n\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\n\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Fine-scale movements and habitat use of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri}},\n\turl = {http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15581},\n\tabstract = {Southern Ground-Hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri are listed as Endangered in South Africa and there is a concerted effort to reverse their population decline. Understanding the factors affecting their movement patterns and how they interact with their habitat is useful to inform conservation and habitat management options for the species, to select sites for artificial nests and to identify suitable areas for reintroduction initiatives. In this study, I report daily and seasonal patterns of habitat use as well as patterns of roost site use of four Southern Ground-Hornbill groups in the Associated Private Nature Reserves, northeast South Africa, based on data from GPS-satellite tags collected over one year from October 2010 to September 2011. Home ranges varied from 5.9-10.3 km² and were larger in winter than during the summer breeding season. Daily travel distances were greater during the breeding season, when birds were constrained to forage close to their nest, and were lower in winter, when birds ranged more widely. Hourly travel distances were affected by time of day, season, air temperature and group. Birds travelled farthest per hour in the morning, decreasing in the afternoon in winter. However, in summer hourly travel distances were bimodally distributed, with a minimum during the middle of the day when ambient temperatures exceed 25⁰C. Acacia-dominated vegetation and riparian habitats were favoured disproportionately during the heat of the day in summer, presumably because they offer more shade than other habitats. The number of roost sites used per month decreased progressively throughout the Early Wet season (October-December) and was lowest during the Late Wet season (January-March) for three groups that bred successfully. Mean monthly nights per roost were highest for these groups in the Early Wet and Late Wet seasons, specifically over December and January, coinciding with the peak breeding period. Throughout the Early Wet season, all four groups frequently roosted in close proximity to the nest, with 54-83\\% of roosts being within 1 000 m of the nest. During the Wet season, riparian habitats were favoured for roosting by the three groups that bred successfully, while during the dry season, disturbed areas, combretum-dominated habitats and mopane-dominated habitats were used. I conclude that the optimal habitat configurations for ground-hornbills include a mosaic of habitat types, including open areas for foraging and dense trees for shade as well as adequate large trees for nesting and roosting, particularly in riparian habitats.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2024-08-19},\n\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\n\tauthor = {Zoghby, Blair Anthony},\n\tyear = {2015},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Southern Ground-Hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri are listed as Endangered in South Africa and there is a concerted effort to reverse their population decline. Understanding the factors affecting their movement patterns and how they interact with their habitat is useful to inform conservation and habitat management options for the species, to select sites for artificial nests and to identify suitable areas for reintroduction initiatives. In this study, I report daily and seasonal patterns of habitat use as well as patterns of roost site use of four Southern Ground-Hornbill groups in the Associated Private Nature Reserves, northeast South Africa, based on data from GPS-satellite tags collected over one year from October 2010 to September 2011. Home ranges varied from 5.9-10.3 km² and were larger in winter than during the summer breeding season. Daily travel distances were greater during the breeding season, when birds were constrained to forage close to their nest, and were lower in winter, when birds ranged more widely. Hourly travel distances were affected by time of day, season, air temperature and group. Birds travelled farthest per hour in the morning, decreasing in the afternoon in winter. However, in summer hourly travel distances were bimodally distributed, with a minimum during the middle of the day when ambient temperatures exceed 25⁰C. Acacia-dominated vegetation and riparian habitats were favoured disproportionately during the heat of the day in summer, presumably because they offer more shade than other habitats. The number of roost sites used per month decreased progressively throughout the Early Wet season (October-December) and was lowest during the Late Wet season (January-March) for three groups that bred successfully. Mean monthly nights per roost were highest for these groups in the Early Wet and Late Wet seasons, specifically over December and January, coinciding with the peak breeding period. Throughout the Early Wet season, all four groups frequently roosted in close proximity to the nest, with 54-83% of roosts being within 1 000 m of the nest. During the Wet season, riparian habitats were favoured for roosting by the three groups that bred successfully, while during the dry season, disturbed areas, combretum-dominated habitats and mopane-dominated habitats were used. I conclude that the optimal habitat configurations for ground-hornbills include a mosaic of habitat types, including open areas for foraging and dense trees for shade as well as adequate large trees for nesting and roosting, particularly in riparian habitats.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"daso-okonkwo-jansen-forbes-kotz-rohwer-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'daso-okonkwo-jansen-forbes-kotz-rohwer-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394', event);\">\n    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in eggshells of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (<i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i>) and Wattled Crane (<i>Bugeranus carunculatus</i>) in South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Daso, A. P.; Okonkwo, J. O.; Jansen, R.; Forbes, P. B. C.; Kotzé, A.;  and Rohwer, E. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Chemosphere</i>, 118: 284–292. January 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daso-okonkwo-jansen-forbes-kotz-rohwer-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in eggshells of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (&lt;i&gt;Bucorvus leadbeateri&lt;/i&gt;) and Wattled Crane (&lt;i&gt;Bugeranus carunculatus&lt;/i&gt;) in South Africa [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.063\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daso-okonkwo-jansen-forbes-kotz-rohwer-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.063', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/daso-okonkwo-jansen-forbes-kotz-rohwer-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('daso-okonkwo-jansen-forbes-kotz-rohwer-polybrominateddiphenyletherspbdesineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{daso_polybrominated_2015,\n\ttitle = {Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ({PBDEs}) in eggshells of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} (\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri}) and {Wattled} {Crane} (\\textit{{Bugeranus} carunculatus}) in {South} {Africa}},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {0045-6535},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514011394},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.063},\n\tabstract = {This study was undertaken to assess the levels of eight PBDE congeners, namely: PBDE-17, 47, 100, 99, 154, 153, 183 and 209 in eggshells of Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) Bucorvus leadbeateri and Wattled Crane (WC) Bugeranus carunculatus obtained from different nesting sites within the eastern savanna of Limpopo Province and the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, respectively. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry employing the electron impact ionization technique. The results obtained indicated that the lower brominated congeners were predominant in both species. The total PBDEs ranged between not detected (ND) to 264μgg−1 lipid weight and 5.98–7146μgg−1 lipid weight in the SGH and WC samples, respectively. More so, the mean recoveries of the 13C-labelled surrogate standards ranged between 40\\% (PBDE-100) and 136\\% (PBDE-99). The potential hazards to these birds via PBDEs exposure were evaluated by determining the hazard quotients (HQs) by employing the established Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL) values associated with impaired pipping and hatching success as well as that associated with impaired reproduction. HQs values varying from 0.58 to 0.94 and 27.71 to 45.27, respectively were obtained for SGH and WC species. This implies that the SGH populations are exposed to low to moderate hazards, while the WC populations are susceptible to high hazards. Considering the potential threats posed by PBDEs, particularly to the WC species, it is likely that exposure to the current environmental levels of PBDEs by these birds may contribute to their reduced breeding success and declining population trends.},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tjournal = {Chemosphere},\n\tauthor = {Daso, Adegbenro P. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O. and Jansen, Raymond and Forbes, Patricia B. C. and Kotzé, Antoinette and Rohwer, Egmont R.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Eggshell, PBDEs, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Wattled Crane},\n\tpages = {284--292},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study was undertaken to assess the levels of eight PBDE congeners, namely: PBDE-17, 47, 100, 99, 154, 153, 183 and 209 in eggshells of Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) Bucorvus leadbeateri and Wattled Crane (WC) Bugeranus carunculatus obtained from different nesting sites within the eastern savanna of Limpopo Province and the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, respectively. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry employing the electron impact ionization technique. The results obtained indicated that the lower brominated congeners were predominant in both species. The total PBDEs ranged between not detected (ND) to 264μgg−1 lipid weight and 5.98–7146μgg−1 lipid weight in the SGH and WC samples, respectively. More so, the mean recoveries of the 13C-labelled surrogate standards ranged between 40% (PBDE-100) and 136% (PBDE-99). The potential hazards to these birds via PBDEs exposure were evaluated by determining the hazard quotients (HQs) by employing the established Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL) values associated with impaired pipping and hatching success as well as that associated with impaired reproduction. HQs values varying from 0.58 to 0.94 and 27.71 to 45.27, respectively were obtained for SGH and WC species. This implies that the SGH populations are exposed to low to moderate hazards, while the WC populations are susceptible to high hazards. Considering the potential threats posed by PBDEs, particularly to the WC species, it is likely that exposure to the current environmental levels of PBDEs by these birds may contribute to their reduced breeding success and declining population trends.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"daso-okonkwo-jansen-brandao-kotz-mercuryconcentrationsineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'daso-okonkwo-jansen-brandao-kotz-mercuryconcentrationsineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111', event);\">\n    Mercury concentrations in eggshells of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (<i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i>) and Wattled Crane (<i>Bugeranus carunculatus</i>) in South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Daso, A. P.; Okonkwo, J. O.; Jansen, R.; Brandao, J. D. D. O.;  and Kotzé, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety</i>, 114: 61–66. April 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daso-okonkwo-jansen-brandao-kotz-mercuryconcentrationsineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mercury concentrations in eggshells of the Southern Ground-Hornbill (&lt;i&gt;Bucorvus leadbeateri&lt;/i&gt;) and Wattled Crane (&lt;i&gt;Bugeranus carunculatus&lt;/i&gt;) in South Africa [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.010\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('daso-okonkwo-jansen-brandao-kotz-mercuryconcentrationsineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.010', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/daso-okonkwo-jansen-brandao-kotz-mercuryconcentrationsineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('daso-okonkwo-jansen-brandao-kotz-mercuryconcentrationsineggshellsofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiandwattledcraneibugeranuscarunculatusiinsouthafrica-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{daso_mercury_2015,\n\ttitle = {Mercury concentrations in eggshells of the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} (\\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri}) and {Wattled} {Crane} (\\textit{{Bugeranus} carunculatus}) in {South} {Africa}},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {0147-6513},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651315000111},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.010},\n\tabstract = {In this study, wild hatched eggshells were collected from the nests of threatened Wattled Crane and South Ground-Hornbill in an attempt to determine their total Hg concentrations. A total of fourteen eggshell samples from both bird species were collected from different study areas in the Mpumlanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. The eggshells were acid digested under reflux and their total Hg concentrations were determined using cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). The observed total Hg levels for the South Ground-Hornbill samples ranged from 1.31 to 8.88µgg−1 dry weight (dw), except for one outlier which had an elevated 75.0µgg−1 dw. The levels obtained for the Wattled Crane samples were relatively high and these ranged from 14.84 to 36.37µgg−1 dw. Generally, all the measured total Hg concentrations for the Wattled Crane samples exceeded the estimated total Hg levels derived for eggshell which were known to cause adverse reproductive effects in avian species from previous studies. Based on these findings, it is, therefore, possible that the exposure of these birds to elevated Hg may have contributed to their present population decline.},\n\turldate = {2024-08-20},\n\tjournal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},\n\tauthor = {Daso, Adegbenro P. and Okonkwo, Jonathan O. and Jansen, Raymond and Brandao, José D. D. O. and Kotzé, Antoinette},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Eggshells, Reproduction, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Total mercury, Wattled Crane},\n\tpages = {61--66},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, wild hatched eggshells were collected from the nests of threatened Wattled Crane and South Ground-Hornbill in an attempt to determine their total Hg concentrations. A total of fourteen eggshell samples from both bird species were collected from different study areas in the Mpumlanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. The eggshells were acid digested under reflux and their total Hg concentrations were determined using cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). The observed total Hg levels for the South Ground-Hornbill samples ranged from 1.31 to 8.88µgg−1 dry weight (dw), except for one outlier which had an elevated 75.0µgg−1 dw. The levels obtained for the Wattled Crane samples were relatively high and these ranged from 14.84 to 36.37µgg−1 dw. Generally, all the measured total Hg concentrations for the Wattled Crane samples exceeded the estimated total Hg levels derived for eggshell which were known to cause adverse reproductive effects in avian species from previous studies. Based on these findings, it is, therefore, possible that the exposure of these birds to elevated Hg may have contributed to their present population decline.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koeppel-kemp-leadtoxicosisinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koeppel-kemp-leadtoxicosisinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2015', 'https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short', event);\">\n    Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koeppel, K. N.;  and Kemp, L. V.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery</i>, 29(4): 340–344.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koeppel-kemp-leadtoxicosisinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2015', 'https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koeppel-kemp-leadtoxicosisinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koeppel-kemp-leadtoxicosisinasoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koeppel_lead_2015,\n\ttitle = {Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {South} {Africa}},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\turl = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-avian-medicine-and-surgery/volume-29/issue-4/2014-037/Lead-Toxicosis-in-a-Southern-Ground-Hornbill--Bucorvus-leadbeateriin/10.1647/2014-037.short},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery},\n\tpublisher = {BioOne},\n\tauthor = {Koeppel, Katja N. and Kemp, Lucy V.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Bird Diseases, Birds, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Chelating Agents, Edetic Acid, Female, Lead, Lead Poisoning, South Africa, avian, endangered species, lead, southern ground hornbill, toxicosis},\n\tpages = {340--344},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2014\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2014</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carstens-eggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carstens-eggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014', 'https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438', event);\">\n    Egg-capping in the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carstens, K. F\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ostrich</i>, 85(1): 89–91. January 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-eggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014', 'https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Egg-capping in the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-eggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carstens-eggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carstens-eggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carstens_egg-capping_2014,\n\ttitle = {Egg-capping in the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {0030-6525},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},\n\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},\n\tabstract = {‘Egg-capping’ describes occurrences of the empty shell from a hatched egg slipping over an unhatched egg from the same clutch. It is a rare phenomenon, occurring typically in {\\textless}2\\% of nests monitored. Here I report the first two observed cases of egg-capping in the endangered Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In north-eastern South Africa, egg-capping occurred in 4.3\\% of nests that contained two eggs with one or more surviving to hatching.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-09-30},\n\tjournal = {Ostrich},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\&amp; Francis},\n\tauthor = {Carstens, Kathleen F},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.895438},\n\tkeywords = {Associated Private Nature Reserves, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground-Hornbill, egg-capping},\n\tpages = {89--91},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ‘Egg-capping’ describes occurrences of the empty shell from a hatched egg slipping over an unhatched egg from the same clutch. It is a rare phenomenon, occurring typically in \\textless2% of nests monitored. Here I report the first two observed cases of egg-capping in the endangered Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. In north-eastern South Africa, egg-capping occurred in 4.3% of nests that contained two eggs with one or more surviving to hatching.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carstens-shortnoteeggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carstens-shortnoteeggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014', 'https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128', event);\">\n    Short Note Egg-capping in the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carstens, K. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ostrich</i>, 85(1). May 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carstens-shortnoteeggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014', 'https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Short Note Egg-capping in the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carstens-shortnoteeggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carstens-shortnoteeggcappinginthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carstens_short_2014,\n\ttitle = {Short {Note} {Egg}-capping in the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\turl = {https://lens.org/067-774-838-289-128},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Ostrich},\n\tauthor = {Carstens, Kathleen F.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2014},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"coetzee-nell-vanrensburg-anexplorationofculturalbeliefsandpracticesacrossthesoutherngroundhornbillsrangeinafrica-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'coetzee-nell-vanrensburg-anexplorationofculturalbeliefsandpracticesacrossthesoutherngroundhornbillsrangeinafrica-2014', 'https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28', event);\">\n    An exploration of cultural beliefs and practices across the Southern Ground-Hornbill’s range in Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Coetzee, H.; Nell, W.;  and van Rensburg, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>, 10(1): 28. March 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coetzee-nell-vanrensburg-anexplorationofculturalbeliefsandpracticesacrossthesoutherngroundhornbillsrangeinafrica-2014', 'https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"An exploration of cultural beliefs and practices across the Southern Ground-Hornbill’s range in Africa [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coetzee-nell-vanrensburg-anexplorationofculturalbeliefsandpracticesacrossthesoutherngroundhornbillsrangeinafrica-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/coetzee-nell-vanrensburg-anexplorationofculturalbeliefsandpracticesacrossthesoutherngroundhornbillsrangeinafrica-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('coetzee-nell-vanrensburg-anexplorationofculturalbeliefsandpracticesacrossthesoutherngroundhornbillsrangeinafrica-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{coetzee_exploration_2014,\n\ttitle = {An exploration of cultural beliefs and practices across the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill}’s range in {Africa}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tissn = {1746-4269},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-28},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/1746-4269-10-28},\n\tabstract = {This article explores cultural beliefs and practices related to the Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in nine southern and east-African countries.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-09-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine},\n\tauthor = {Coetzee, Hendri and Nell, Werner and van Rensburg, Leon},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Bucorvus leadbeateri, Conservation, Cultural beliefs, Cultural practices, Intervention programme, Southern Ground-Hornbill, Surrogate species},\n\tpages = {28},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article explores cultural beliefs and practices related to the Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in nine southern and east-African countries.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2013\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2013</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bruyns-williams-cunningham-finelygroundhornbillthesaleofbucorvuscaferinatraditionalmedicinemarketinbulawayozimbabwe-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bruyns-williams-cunningham-finelygroundhornbillthesaleofbucorvuscaferinatraditionalmedicinemarketinbulawayozimbabwe-2013', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20', event);\">\n    Finely Ground‐Hornbill: The Sale of Bucorvus Cafer in a Traditional Medicine Market in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bruyns, R. K.; Williams, V. L.;  and Cunningham, A. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Alves, R. R. N.;  and Rosa, I. L., editor(s), <i>Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine</i>, pages 475–486. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg,  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruyns-williams-cunningham-finelygroundhornbillthesaleofbucorvuscaferinatraditionalmedicinemarketinbulawayozimbabwe-2013', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Finely Ground‐Hornbill: The Sale of Bucorvus Cafer in a Traditional Medicine Market in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bruyns-williams-cunningham-finelygroundhornbillthesaleofbucorvuscaferinatraditionalmedicinemarketinbulawayozimbabwe-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bruyns-williams-cunningham-finelygroundhornbillthesaleofbucorvuscaferinatraditionalmedicinemarketinbulawayozimbabwe-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bruyns-williams-cunningham-finelygroundhornbillthesaleofbucorvuscaferinatraditionalmedicinemarketinbulawayozimbabwe-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{alves_finely_2013,\n\taddress = {Berlin, Heidelberg},\n\ttitle = {Finely {Ground}‐{Hornbill}: {The} {Sale} of {Bucorvus} {Cafer} in a {Traditional} {Medicine} {Market} in {Bulawayo}, {Zimbabwe}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-642-29025-1 978-3-642-29026-8},\n\tshorttitle = {Finely {Ground}‐{Hornbill}},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_20},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tbooktitle = {Animals in {Traditional} {Folk} {Medicine}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},\n\tauthor = {Bruyns, Robin K. and Williams, Vivienne L. and Cunningham, Anthony B.},\n\teditor = {Alves, Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega and Rosa, Ierecê Lucena},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {475--486},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cilliers-evans-coetzee-vanrensburg-developingasiteselectiontooltoassistreintroductioneffortsforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cilliers-evans-coetzee-vanrensburg-developingasiteselectiontooltoassistreintroductioneffortsforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013', 'https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129', event);\">\n    Developing a site selection tool to assist reintroduction efforts for the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cilliers, D.; Evans, S.; Coetzee, H.;  and van Rensburg, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ostrich</i>, 84(2): 101–111. August 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cilliers-evans-coetzee-vanrensburg-developingasiteselectiontooltoassistreintroductioneffortsforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013', 'https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Developing a site selection tool to assist reintroduction efforts for the Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cilliers-evans-coetzee-vanrensburg-developingasiteselectiontooltoassistreintroductioneffortsforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cilliers-evans-coetzee-vanrensburg-developingasiteselectiontooltoassistreintroductioneffortsforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cilliers-evans-coetzee-vanrensburg-developingasiteselectiontooltoassistreintroductioneffortsforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cilliers_developing_2013,\n\ttitle = {Developing a site selection tool to assist reintroduction efforts for the {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {0030-6525},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},\n\tdoi = {10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},\n\tabstract = {The Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (SGH) is regarded as Vulnerable globally and Endangered in South Africa as a result of losing close to 70\\% of its range and 50\\% of its historic population in the country. One of the conservation tools being used to address this issue and restore the population to its historic range is reintroductions. The aim of this study was to identify and prioritise probable reintroduction sites in the Mopane Bioregion and the Limpopo and Mpumalanga sections of the Lowveld Bioregion of South Africa (all in the Savanna Biome), by using a niche-based modelling technique (Maxent) combined with GIS analyses. Suitable SGH habitat was determined for farms in the study area and evaluated for the absence of mappable threats. Three priority areas were identified for reintroductions. These areas are in a near-natural state, offer sufficient habitat, are free of mappable threats and are close to formally protected areas. Field surveys of these three priority areas are needed next to validate their suitability for reintroduction purposes. This is the first spatially explicit reintroduction plan for the SGH that has been developed and will contribute to conservationists’ efforts to conserve the SGH.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-08-19},\n\tjournal = {Ostrich},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\&amp; Francis},\n\tauthor = {Cilliers, Dirk and Evans, Steven and Coetzee, Hendri and van Rensburg, Leon},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.823129},\n\tkeywords = {Bucorvus leadbeateri, GIS, Maxent, Southern Ground Hornbill, ecological niche modelling, reintroduction},\n\tpages = {101--111},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (SGH) is regarded as Vulnerable globally and Endangered in South Africa as a result of losing close to 70% of its range and 50% of its historic population in the country. One of the conservation tools being used to address this issue and restore the population to its historic range is reintroductions. The aim of this study was to identify and prioritise probable reintroduction sites in the Mopane Bioregion and the Limpopo and Mpumalanga sections of the Lowveld Bioregion of South Africa (all in the Savanna Biome), by using a niche-based modelling technique (Maxent) combined with GIS analyses. Suitable SGH habitat was determined for farms in the study area and evaluated for the absence of mappable threats. Three priority areas were identified for reintroductions. These areas are in a near-natural state, offer sufficient habitat, are free of mappable threats and are close to formally protected areas. Field surveys of these three priority areas are needed next to validate their suitability for reintroduction purposes. This is the first spatially explicit reintroduction plan for the SGH that has been developed and will contribute to conservationists’ efforts to conserve the SGH.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-jordan-randomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0038-23532013000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cooper-jordan-randomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013', 'http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0038-23532013000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en', event);\">\n    Random time-activity budgets in captive Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, M.;  and Jordan, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>South African Journal of Science</i>, 109(7-8): 01–02. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0038-23532013000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-jordan-randomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013', 'http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0038-23532013000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Random time-activity budgets in captive Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-jordan-randomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-jordan-randomtimeactivitybudgetsincaptivesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_random_2013,\n\ttitle = {Random time-activity budgets in captive {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri},\n\tvolume = {109},\n\tissn = {0038-2353},\n\turl = {http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0038-23532013000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en},\n\tnumber = {7-8},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tjournal = {South African Journal of Science},\n\tpublisher = {Academy of Science of South Africa},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, Mark and Jordan, Lara},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {01--02},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"theron-grobler-kotze-jansen-thehomerangeofarecentlyestablishedgroupofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopovalleysouthafricaoriginalresearch-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'theron-grobler-kotze-jansen-thehomerangeofarecentlyestablishedgroupofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopovalleysouthafricaoriginalresearch-2013', 'https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135', event);\">\n    The home range of a recently established group of Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in the Limpopo Valley, South Africa : original research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Theron, N.; Grobler, P.; Kotze, A.;  and Jansen, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science</i>, 55(1): 1–8. January 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('theron-grobler-kotze-jansen-thehomerangeofarecentlyestablishedgroupofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopovalleysouthafricaoriginalresearch-2013', 'https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The home range of a recently established group of Southern ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in the Limpopo Valley, South Africa : original research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('theron-grobler-kotze-jansen-thehomerangeofarecentlyestablishedgroupofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopovalleysouthafricaoriginalresearch-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/theron-grobler-kotze-jansen-thehomerangeofarecentlyestablishedgroupofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopovalleysouthafricaoriginalresearch-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('theron-grobler-kotze-jansen-thehomerangeofarecentlyestablishedgroupofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopovalleysouthafricaoriginalresearch-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{theron_home_2013,\n\ttitle = {The home range of a recently established group of {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} {Valley}, {South} {Africa} : original research},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tshorttitle = {The home range of a recently established group of {Southern} ground-hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} {Valley}, {South} {Africa}},\n\turl = {https://journals.co.za/doi/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135},\n\tdoi = {10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1135},\n\tabstract = {Little is known about Southern ground-hornbill (SGH) population ecology outside of large, formally protected areas where the largest declines in numbers have been recorded. The SGH has started\n      re-colonising, establishing group territories and breeding successfully in the Limpopo Valley on the northern border of South Africa, following localised extinction from the 1950s to the 1970s.\n      A group of SGH was monitored over a period of 14 months by means of radio telemetry across privately owned land in order to investigate their seasonal habitat movements in this semi-arid,\n      predominantly livestock-based environment. We also investigated seasonal fluctuations in invertebrate prevalence, as an indication of food availability and its influence on seasonal SGH group\n      movements and foraging activity patterns. There was a clear increase in food availability during the summer rainfall period allowing the group to forage over a wider area, whilst winter\n      foraging remained localised within their range. Kernel home range analysis indicated a marked difference in size between the summer (13 409 ha) and winter (5280 ha) home ranges, with an overall\n      home range of 19 372 ha, which is approximately double that of home ranges recorded that fall within formally and informally protected reserves. In this article, we proposed that food\n      availability is the driving force for home range size and seasonal activity patterns in a semi-arid livestock-ranching habitat.\n    \n    \n    Conservation implications : The Limpopo Valley SGH population is one of the most significant outside protected areas in South Africa. This population is especially\n    vulnerable to threats such as poisoning, persecution for window breaking and drought, as shown by their near extirpation from the area. Conservation efforts need to focus on awareness amongst\n    local farmers, provision of artificial nests and continued monitoring of groups.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tjournal = {Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science},\n\tpublisher = {AOSIS},\n\tauthor = {Theron, Nicholas and Grobler, Paul and Kotze, Antoinette and Jansen, Raymond},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Little is known about Southern ground-hornbill (SGH) population ecology outside of large, formally protected areas where the largest declines in numbers have been recorded. The SGH has started re-colonising, establishing group territories and breeding successfully in the Limpopo Valley on the northern border of South Africa, following localised extinction from the 1950s to the 1970s. A group of SGH was monitored over a period of 14 months by means of radio telemetry across privately owned land in order to investigate their seasonal habitat movements in this semi-arid, predominantly livestock-based environment. We also investigated seasonal fluctuations in invertebrate prevalence, as an indication of food availability and its influence on seasonal SGH group movements and foraging activity patterns. There was a clear increase in food availability during the summer rainfall period allowing the group to forage over a wider area, whilst winter foraging remained localised within their range. Kernel home range analysis indicated a marked difference in size between the summer (13 409 ha) and winter (5280 ha) home ranges, with an overall home range of 19 372 ha, which is approximately double that of home ranges recorded that fall within formally and informally protected reserves. In this article, we proposed that food availability is the driving force for home range size and seasonal activity patterns in a semi-arid livestock-ranching habitat. Conservation implications : The Limpopo Valley SGH population is one of the most significant outside protected areas in South Africa. This population is especially vulnerable to threats such as poisoning, persecution for window breaking and drought, as shown by their near extirpation from the area. Conservation efforts need to focus on awareness amongst local farmers, provision of artificial nests and continued monitoring of groups.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"witteveen-parry-norrisrogers-brown-breedingdensityofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiinthecommunalareassurroundingthematobonationalparkzimbabwe-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'witteveen-parry-norrisrogers-brown-breedingdensityofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiinthecommunalareassurroundingthematobonationalparkzimbabwe-2013', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593', event);\">\n    Breeding density of the southern ground hornbill, <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i> , in the communal areas surrounding the Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Witteveen, M.; Parry, E.; Norris-Rogers, M.;  and Brown, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>African Zoology</i>, 48(2): 274–278. October 2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('witteveen-parry-norrisrogers-brown-breedingdensityofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiinthecommunalareassurroundingthematobonationalparkzimbabwe-2013', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Breeding density of the southern ground hornbill, &lt;i&gt;Bucorvus leadbeateri&lt;/i&gt; , in the communal areas surrounding the Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('witteveen-parry-norrisrogers-brown-breedingdensityofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiinthecommunalareassurroundingthematobonationalparkzimbabwe-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/witteveen-parry-norrisrogers-brown-breedingdensityofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiinthecommunalareassurroundingthematobonationalparkzimbabwe-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('witteveen-parry-norrisrogers-brown-breedingdensityofthesoutherngroundhornbillibucorvusleadbeateriiinthecommunalareassurroundingthematobonationalparkzimbabwe-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{witteveen_breeding_2013,\n\ttitle = {Breeding density of the southern ground hornbill, \\textit{{Bucorvus} leadbeateri} , in the communal areas surrounding the {Matobo} {National} {Park}, {Zimbabwe}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1562-7020, 2224-073X},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15627020.2013.11407593},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {African Zoology},\n\tauthor = {Witteveen, Minke and Parry, Elspeth and Norris-Rogers, Mark and Brown, Mark},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {274--278},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2011\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2011</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (6)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"botha-coetzee-hagens-hockey-jansen-jordan-jordan-kemp-etal-southerngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterispeciesrecoveryplanforsouthafrica-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) Species Recovery Plan for South Africa.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Botha, A.; Coetzee, R.; Hagens, Q.; Hockey, P.; Jansen, R.; Jordan, L.; Jordan, M.; Kemp, A.; Kotze, A.; Little, R.; Carstens, K.; Moss, D.; Rehse, T.; Theron, N.;  and Turner, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Johannesburg Zoo; Endangered Wildlife Trust, December 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3554.0082\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('botha-coetzee-hagens-hockey-jansen-jordan-jordan-kemp-etal-southerngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterispeciesrecoveryplanforsouthafrica-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3554.0082', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/botha-coetzee-hagens-hockey-jansen-jordan-jordan-kemp-etal-southerngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterispeciesrecoveryplanforsouthafrica-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('botha-coetzee-hagens-hockey-jansen-jordan-jordan-kemp-etal-southerngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterispeciesrecoveryplanforsouthafrica-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{botha_southern_2011,\n\ttitle = {Southern {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) {Species} {Recovery} {Plan} for {South} {Africa}},\n\tdoi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.3554.0082},\n\tabstract = {Executive Summary\nThe Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is a globally threatened species (IUCN Red List:\nVulnerable) with a declining population. In South Africa the species is considered nationally\nVulnerable, declining and listed as a ‘Protected Species’ under national legislation. It is a long-lived\nand slow-breeding bird with an unusual cooperative breeding strategy and requiring large group\nterritories.\n\nThe slow, complex breeding biology of the species renders it highly susceptible to threats that\ninclude afforestation, cultivation and degradation of habitat, a lack of suitable nesting trees,\npoisoning and direct persecution, live trade, and traditional practices.\nThe purpose of this plan is to ensure the favourable conservation status of the Southern Ground\nHornbill in South Africa, through six priority objectives:\n Generate an increase in the Southern Ground Hornbill population by expanding the\npopulation into parts of its historic range\n Understand the genetic relationships across the populations, within family groups and the\nmechanisms behind female and immature dispersal\n Collect information on population threats and mortalities for Southern Ground Hornbill to\ndetermine their importance\n Investigate and implement in-situ and ex-situ management and conservation interventions\nto increase Southern Ground Hornbill populations in South Africa and neighbouring\ncountries that could potentially act as a sink or source for South African (RSA) birds\n Increase awareness of the Southern Ground Hornbill and the threats acting upon the species\nto increase tolerance towards the species and reduce persecution\n Provide an insurance against future declines in the wild Southern Ground Hornbill\npopulation by managing a viable ex situ population of Southern Ground Hornbills\nLead implementing agencies for specific activities are listed in Table 3. Implementation of this plan\nwill be coordinated by the Southern Ground Hornbill Action Group, a consortium formed by the key\ncurrent stakeholders that meets regularly to address issues of Southern Ground Hornbill\nconservation and research.},\n\tinstitution = {Johannesburg Zoo; Endangered Wildlife Trust},\n\tauthor = {Botha, Andre and Coetzee, Rynette and Hagens, Quentin and Hockey, Phil and Jansen, Ray and Jordan, Lara and Jordan, Mike and Kemp, Alan and Kotze, Antoinette and Little, Rob and Carstens, Kate and Moss, Dominic and Rehse, Tracey and Theron, N. and Turner, Ann},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2011},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Executive Summary The Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is a globally threatened species (IUCN Red List: Vulnerable) with a declining population. In South Africa the species is considered nationally Vulnerable, declining and listed as a ‘Protected Species’ under national legislation. It is a long-lived and slow-breeding bird with an unusual cooperative breeding strategy and requiring large group territories. The slow, complex breeding biology of the species renders it highly susceptible to threats that include afforestation, cultivation and degradation of habitat, a lack of suitable nesting trees, poisoning and direct persecution, live trade, and traditional practices. The purpose of this plan is to ensure the favourable conservation status of the Southern Ground Hornbill in South Africa, through six priority objectives:  Generate an increase in the Southern Ground Hornbill population by expanding the population into parts of its historic range  Understand the genetic relationships across the populations, within family groups and the mechanisms behind female and immature dispersal  Collect information on population threats and mortalities for Southern Ground Hornbill to determine their importance  Investigate and implement in-situ and ex-situ management and conservation interventions to increase Southern Ground Hornbill populations in South Africa and neighbouring countries that could potentially act as a sink or source for South African (RSA) birds  Increase awareness of the Southern Ground Hornbill and the threats acting upon the species to increase tolerance towards the species and reduce persecution  Provide an insurance against future declines in the wild Southern Ground Hornbill population by managing a viable ex situ population of Southern Ground Hornbills Lead implementing agencies for specific activities are listed in Table 3. Implementation of this plan will be coordinated by the Southern Ground Hornbill Action Group, a consortium formed by the key current stakeholders that meets regularly to address issues of Southern Ground Hornbill conservation and research.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dalton-kotze-isolationandcharacterizationofmicrosatellitelociinsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Southern Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri).\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dalton, D.;  and Kotze, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecular Ecology Resources</i>. August 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dalton-kotze-isolationandcharacterizationofmicrosatellitelociinsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dalton-kotze-isolationandcharacterizationofmicrosatellitelociinsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dalton_isolation_2011,\n\ttitle = {Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri)},\n\tabstract = {Twelve microsatellite markers were developed via pyrosequencing for the Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). These microsatellite loci displayed one to eight alleles with an expected heterozygosity range between 0.339 – 0.858 and an observed heterozygosity between 0.348 – 0.913. The high level of polymorphisms observed in the microsatellite markers indicates that they can be used to strongly improve our knowledge of the genetic structure and relatedness of these birds.},\n\tjournal = {Molecular Ecology Resources},\n\tauthor = {Dalton, Desire and Kotze, Antoinette},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Twelve microsatellite markers were developed via pyrosequencing for the Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). These microsatellite loci displayed one to eight alleles with an expected heterozygosity range between 0.339 – 0.858 and an observed heterozygosity between 0.348 – 0.913. The high level of polymorphisms observed in the microsatellite markers indicates that they can be used to strongly improve our knowledge of the genetic structure and relatedness of these birds.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jerling-theidentificationandverificationofoptimalreintroductionsitesforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthemusinaareaofthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jerling-theidentificationandverificationofoptimalreintroductionsitesforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthemusinaareaofthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170', event);\">\n    The identification and verification of optimal reintroduction sites for the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Musina area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jerling, F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\">Accepted: 2013-09-30T13:07:46Z</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jerling-theidentificationandverificationofoptimalreintroductionsitesforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthemusinaareaofthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011', 'https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The identification and verification of optimal reintroduction sites for the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Musina area of the Limpopo Province, South Africa [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jerling-theidentificationandverificationofoptimalreintroductionsitesforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthemusinaareaofthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jerling-theidentificationandverificationofoptimalreintroductionsitesforthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthemusinaareaofthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{jerling_identification_2011,\n\taddress = {Potchefstroom},\n\ttype = {({Master} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {The identification and verification of optimal reintroduction sites for the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in the {Musina} area of the {Limpopo} {Province}, {South} {Africa}},\n\turl = {https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/9170},\n\tabstract = {The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) has recently been listed globally by the IUCN Red list as Endangered or Critically Endangered. In South Africa, the declining population of the SGH has led it to be listed nationally as Vulnerable and falls under the “Protected Species” legislation. Research into the habitat preferences and identification of suitable reintroduction areas have been few since the initiation of reintroduction attempts, therefore resulting in mixed outcomes of previously-reintroduced SGH. The aim of this study was to identify and verify optimal reintroduction sites for the SGH, in the Musina area in the Limpopo Province. Five main objectives were determined, namely: to identify optimal reintroduction areas; to develop a habitat profile of the designated area; to determine the availability of prey items; to determine the availability of large trees needed for nesting and roosting; to evaluate pre-release sites by involving a number of stakeholders. Three study sites were selected on the farm Greyghost Safaris (Ludwigslust), each made up of a different plant community. Sampling was carried out a total of four times during the year: one sampling bout in each season. A niche-based modelling technique was used to describe the suitability of a particular habitat (“ecological space”) then used to project it onto another geographical space. Floristic and faunal surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of prey items and composition and frequency of the herbaceous and woody layer. High-resolution, natural-colour aerial imagery was used in order to determine the availability of trees for nesting and roosting. Pre-release site evaluations and stakeholder engagements were conducted by means of interviews with landowners on and around the study sites. The Limpopo River Valley and across to the KNP on the eastern border of the Limpopo Province, is suitable re-introduction sites for the SGH. This study site provided a good opportunity to explore what an optimal site for reintroduction should resemble.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-06},\n\tschool = {North-West University},\n\tauthor = {Jerling, Francette},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {Accepted: 2013-09-30T13:07:46Z},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Southern Ground Hornbill (SGH) (Bucorvus leadbeateri) has recently been listed globally by the IUCN Red list as Endangered or Critically Endangered. In South Africa, the declining population of the SGH has led it to be listed nationally as Vulnerable and falls under the “Protected Species” legislation. Research into the habitat preferences and identification of suitable reintroduction areas have been few since the initiation of reintroduction attempts, therefore resulting in mixed outcomes of previously-reintroduced SGH. The aim of this study was to identify and verify optimal reintroduction sites for the SGH, in the Musina area in the Limpopo Province. Five main objectives were determined, namely: to identify optimal reintroduction areas; to develop a habitat profile of the designated area; to determine the availability of prey items; to determine the availability of large trees needed for nesting and roosting; to evaluate pre-release sites by involving a number of stakeholders. Three study sites were selected on the farm Greyghost Safaris (Ludwigslust), each made up of a different plant community. Sampling was carried out a total of four times during the year: one sampling bout in each season. A niche-based modelling technique was used to describe the suitability of a particular habitat (“ecological space”) then used to project it onto another geographical space. Floristic and faunal surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of prey items and composition and frequency of the herbaceous and woody layer. High-resolution, natural-colour aerial imagery was used in order to determine the availability of trees for nesting and roosting. Pre-release site evaluations and stakeholder engagements were conducted by means of interviews with landowners on and around the study sites. The Limpopo River Valley and across to the KNP on the eastern border of the Limpopo Province, is suitable re-introduction sites for the SGH. This study site provided a good opportunity to explore what an optimal site for reintroduction should resemble.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"theron-geneticconnectivitypopulationdynamicsandhabitatselectionofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovince-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'theron-geneticconnectivitypopulationdynamicsandhabitatselectionofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovince-2011', 'http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594', event);\">\n    Genetic connectivity, population dynamics and habitat selection of the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in the Limpopo province.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Theron, N. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, March 2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('theron-geneticconnectivitypopulationdynamicsandhabitatselectionofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovince-2011', 'http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Genetic connectivity, population dynamics and habitat selection of the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) in the Limpopo province [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/theron-geneticconnectivitypopulationdynamicsandhabitatselectionofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovince-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('theron-geneticconnectivitypopulationdynamicsandhabitatselectionofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovince-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{theron_genetic_2011,\n\taddress = {Bloemfontein},\n\ttype = {({Master} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Genetic connectivity, population dynamics and habitat selection of the southern ground hornbill ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) in the {Limpopo} province},\n\turl = {http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1594},\n\tabstract = {Southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) (SGH) are co-operative breeders that occur in groups of 2-9 individuals. Long life spans, large territory sizes (100km²), and low reproductive rates render these birds vulnerable to threats such as loss of habitat, persecution for their habit of breaking windows through territorial aggression, poisoning and loss of suitable nesting sites. As a result, SGH are listed as vulnerable in the red data book of South Africa as well as globally. The main objective of this study was to contribute to our overall understanding of the ecology and biology of the SGH for conservation planning. Data collection was completed in the nonprotected, semi-arid landscape of the Limpopo Valley from June 2008 - September 2009. The seasonal habitat use by a group of SGH, seasonal abundance (numbers) and biomass (volume) of invertebrates using pitfall and sweep net methods was investigated. Furthermore, a total of eight groups and 23 birds were captured in the Limpopo Valley and different statistical analysis were performed to investigate levels of inbreeding, relatedness, sex-biased dispersal and the effects the recent re-colonisation has had on the genetic structure of SGH in the Limpopo Valley. Finally the genetic variation of the species in the rest of Africa was determined using samples from Kenya, Tanzania and three populations in South Africa namely the Limpopo Valley, Kruger National Park (KNP) and Kwa Zulu-Natal (KZN). Genetic analysis revealed SGH have retained comparatively high levels of genetic diversity, even though there are indications of genetic bottlenecks in the Limpopo, KNP and Kenyan populations. The SGH populations studied were grouped into two clusters corresponding to the geographic origin of samples. The birds from Tanzania and Kenya clustered together while the KNP and KZN birds clustered together with the Limpopo population grouping more or less equally between the Kenyan/Tanzanian and South African populations. A large percentage of genetic variation was found within populations while among population variation was low, indicating there is little molecular evidence for the presence of SGH subspecies. The overall home range of one group was approximately 20 000 ha while seasonal home ranges varied between 5000 ha in winter to 13 500 ha in summer. The response of organisms to environmental variables in this extremely seasonal habitat was further revealed by the positive correlations found between the number of invertebrates with mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, and the volume of invertebrates with mean monthly rainfall. No significant differences were found between numbers and volume of invertebrates per order, between sites, which was expected in this homogenous vegetation type dominated by mopani shrub and trees (Colophospermum mopane). The re-colonisation of the Limpopo Valley was shown to have occurred by a number of unrelated individuals. This was demonstrable by very low levels of inbreeding and average relatedness of the population, as well as the favourable levels of heterozygosity across age and sex categories. Within group relatedness was high with juveniles related to at least one parent from their natal group. Insights were also gained into the breeding behaviour of SGH, providing evidence for the first time that SGH are not as monogamous as previously thought, with two instances of extra pair copulations recorded between four groups. This study shows that a holistic approach combining genetic techniques, radio telemetry studies and ecological principles has great potential to further investigate SGH, thereby contributing to the preservation of this enigmatic species of the savannah biome.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-08-20},\n\tschool = {University of the Free State},\n\tauthor = {Theron, Nicholas Terence},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) (SGH) are co-operative breeders that occur in groups of 2-9 individuals. Long life spans, large territory sizes (100km²), and low reproductive rates render these birds vulnerable to threats such as loss of habitat, persecution for their habit of breaking windows through territorial aggression, poisoning and loss of suitable nesting sites. As a result, SGH are listed as vulnerable in the red data book of South Africa as well as globally. The main objective of this study was to contribute to our overall understanding of the ecology and biology of the SGH for conservation planning. Data collection was completed in the nonprotected, semi-arid landscape of the Limpopo Valley from June 2008 - September 2009. The seasonal habitat use by a group of SGH, seasonal abundance (numbers) and biomass (volume) of invertebrates using pitfall and sweep net methods was investigated. Furthermore, a total of eight groups and 23 birds were captured in the Limpopo Valley and different statistical analysis were performed to investigate levels of inbreeding, relatedness, sex-biased dispersal and the effects the recent re-colonisation has had on the genetic structure of SGH in the Limpopo Valley. Finally the genetic variation of the species in the rest of Africa was determined using samples from Kenya, Tanzania and three populations in South Africa namely the Limpopo Valley, Kruger National Park (KNP) and Kwa Zulu-Natal (KZN). Genetic analysis revealed SGH have retained comparatively high levels of genetic diversity, even though there are indications of genetic bottlenecks in the Limpopo, KNP and Kenyan populations. The SGH populations studied were grouped into two clusters corresponding to the geographic origin of samples. The birds from Tanzania and Kenya clustered together while the KNP and KZN birds clustered together with the Limpopo population grouping more or less equally between the Kenyan/Tanzanian and South African populations. A large percentage of genetic variation was found within populations while among population variation was low, indicating there is little molecular evidence for the presence of SGH subspecies. The overall home range of one group was approximately 20 000 ha while seasonal home ranges varied between 5000 ha in winter to 13 500 ha in summer. The response of organisms to environmental variables in this extremely seasonal habitat was further revealed by the positive correlations found between the number of invertebrates with mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, and the volume of invertebrates with mean monthly rainfall. No significant differences were found between numbers and volume of invertebrates per order, between sites, which was expected in this homogenous vegetation type dominated by mopani shrub and trees (Colophospermum mopane). The re-colonisation of the Limpopo Valley was shown to have occurred by a number of unrelated individuals. This was demonstrable by very low levels of inbreeding and average relatedness of the population, as well as the favourable levels of heterozygosity across age and sex categories. Within group relatedness was high with juveniles related to at least one parent from their natal group. Insights were also gained into the breeding behaviour of SGH, providing evidence for the first time that SGH are not as monogamous as previously thought, with two instances of extra pair copulations recorded between four groups. This study shows that a holistic approach combining genetic techniques, radio telemetry studies and ecological principles has great potential to further investigate SGH, thereby contributing to the preservation of this enigmatic species of the savannah biome.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wyness-homerangeusebysoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriquantifyingseasonalhabitatselectionandvegetationcharacteristics-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Home range use by Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) -quantifying seasonal habitat selection and vegetation characteristics.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wyness, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wyness-homerangeusebysoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriquantifyingseasonalhabitatselectionandvegetationcharacteristics-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wyness-homerangeusebysoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriquantifyingseasonalhabitatselectionandvegetationcharacteristics-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{wyness_home_2011,\n\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\n\ttype = {({BSc} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {Home range use by {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} leadbeateri) -quantifying seasonal habitat selection and vegetation characteristics},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\n\tauthor = {Wyness, W.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {habitat preference, habitat type, home range, perception},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cilliers-identifyingoptimalreintroductionsitesforbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Identifying Optimal Reintroduction Sites for Bucorvus Leadbeateri in South Africa.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cilliers, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cilliers-identifyingoptimalreintroductionsitesforbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cilliers-identifyingoptimalreintroductionsitesforbucorvusleadbeateriinsouthafrica-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{cilliers_identifying_2011,\n\ttitle = {Identifying {Optimal} {Reintroduction} {Sites} for {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri} in {South} {Africa}},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tauthor = {Cilliers, Dirk},\n\tyear = {2011},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2010\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2010</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"coetzee-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigroomingcommonwarthogphacochoerusafricanus-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'coetzee-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigroomingcommonwarthogphacochoerusafricanus-2010', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x', event);\">\n    Observations of southern ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri grooming common warthog Phacochoerus africanus.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Coetzee, H. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>African Journal of Ecology</i>, 48(4): 1131–1133.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coetzee-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigroomingcommonwarthogphacochoerusafricanus-2010', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Observations of southern ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri grooming common warthog Phacochoerus africanus [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('coetzee-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigroomingcommonwarthogphacochoerusafricanus-2010', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/coetzee-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigroomingcommonwarthogphacochoerusafricanus-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('coetzee-observationsofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterigroomingcommonwarthogphacochoerusafricanus-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{coetzee_observations_2010,\n\ttitle = {Observations of southern ground-hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri grooming common warthog {Phacochoerus} africanus},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tcopyright = {© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd},\n\tissn = {1365-2028},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tjournal = {African Journal of Ecology},\n\tauthor = {Coetzee, Hendri C.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01203.x},\n\tpages = {1131--1133},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wilson-whatcausesvariationinthereproductiveperformanceofgroupsofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  What causes variation in the reproductive performance of groups of Southern Ground-Hornbills (Bucorvus Leadbeateri.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wilson, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town,  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wilson-whatcausesvariationinthereproductiveperformanceofgroupsofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wilson-whatcausesvariationinthereproductiveperformanceofgroupsofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateri-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{wilson_what_2010,\n\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\n\ttype = {({MSc} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {What causes variation in the reproductive performance of groups of {Southern} {Ground}-{Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri}},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\n\tauthor = {Wilson, G.},\n\tyear = {2010},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2008\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2008</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"thicks-isthereavisitoreffectonabyssiniangroundhornbillsbucorvusabyssinicuspapuanwreathedhornbillsacerosplicatuswrinkledhornbillsaceroscorrugatusandtocotoucansramphastostocoinacaptivezooenvironment-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'thicks-isthereavisitoreffectonabyssiniangroundhornbillsbucorvusabyssinicuspapuanwreathedhornbillsacerosplicatuswrinkledhornbillsaceroscorrugatusandtocotoucansramphastostocoinacaptivezooenvironment-2008', 'https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14', event);\">\n    Is there a visitor effect on Abyssinian Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus abyssinicus), Papuan Wreathed Hornbills (Aceros plicatus), Wrinkled Hornbills (Aceros corrugatus) and Toco Toucans (Ramphastos toco) in a captive zoo environment?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Thicks, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Plymouth Student Scientist</i>, 1(2): 30–55. December 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thicks-isthereavisitoreffectonabyssiniangroundhornbillsbucorvusabyssinicuspapuanwreathedhornbillsacerosplicatuswrinkledhornbillsaceroscorrugatusandtocotoucansramphastostocoinacaptivezooenvironment-2008', 'https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Is there a visitor effect on Abyssinian Ground Hornbills (Bucorvus abyssinicus), Papuan Wreathed Hornbills (Aceros plicatus), Wrinkled Hornbills (Aceros corrugatus) and Toco Toucans (Ramphastos toco) in a captive zoo environment? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.24382/9amf-9s11\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('thicks-isthereavisitoreffectonabyssiniangroundhornbillsbucorvusabyssinicuspapuanwreathedhornbillsacerosplicatuswrinkledhornbillsaceroscorrugatusandtocotoucansramphastostocoinacaptivezooenvironment-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.24382/9amf-9s11', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/thicks-isthereavisitoreffectonabyssiniangroundhornbillsbucorvusabyssinicuspapuanwreathedhornbillsacerosplicatuswrinkledhornbillsaceroscorrugatusandtocotoucansramphastostocoinacaptivezooenvironment-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('thicks-isthereavisitoreffectonabyssiniangroundhornbillsbucorvusabyssinicuspapuanwreathedhornbillsacerosplicatuswrinkledhornbillsaceroscorrugatusandtocotoucansramphastostocoinacaptivezooenvironment-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{thicks_is_2008,\n\ttitle = {Is there a visitor effect on {Abyssinian} {Ground} {Hornbills} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus), {Papuan} {Wreathed} {Hornbills} ({Aceros} plicatus), {Wrinkled} {Hornbills} ({Aceros} corrugatus) and {Toco} {Toucans} ({Ramphastos} toco) in a captive zoo environment?},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {1754-2383},\n\turl = {https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/tpss/vol1/iss2/14},\n\tdoi = {10.24382/9amf-9s11},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {The Plymouth Student Scientist},\n\tauthor = {Thicks, Susanna},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tpages = {30--55},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2007\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2007</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"engelbrecht-growthcurveanalysisofhandrearedsouthernandnortherngroundhornbillnestlings-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Growth curve analysis of hand-reared Southern and Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Engelbrecht, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>CDROM Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference</i>. January 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/engelbrecht-growthcurveanalysisofhandrearedsouthernandnortherngroundhornbillnestlings-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('engelbrecht-growthcurveanalysisofhandrearedsouthernandnortherngroundhornbillnestlings-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{engelbrecht_growth_2007,\n\ttitle = {Growth curve analysis of hand-reared {Southern} and {Northern} {Ground} {Hornbill} nestlings},\n\tabstract = {We compared the increase in mass of seven Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri and four\nNorthern Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus nestlings that were hand-eared at two facilities. The\nfacilities were the Ground Hornbill Research and Conservation Project based at Mabula Game Reserve,\nBela-\nBela. and the Umgeni River Bird Park, Durban. Logistic, Gompetz and Von Bertalanffy models for\ngrowth analysis were applied to the data collected. The Gompetz model best described the growth of\nSouthern and Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings. Mean values of A = 3598.40 ± 512.70 (2655.50 –\n4035.30) and K = 0.08 ± 0.02 (0.05-0.12) were calculated for Southern Ground Hornbill nestlings and\nvalues of A = 2962.03 ± 464.63 (2612.60 – 3489.32) and K = 0.07 ± 0.02 (0.05 – 0.09) for Northern\nGround Hornbill nestlings. There was a significant difference (P{\\textless}0.05) between the A values of the\ntwo species. We also calculated the inflection point and t10-90 (time required for growth from 10\nto 90\\% of the asymptote). These results provide a basis for further studies on ground hornbill\ngrowth and will also\nallow hand-rearing facilities to verify the growth of their ground hornbill nestlings.},\n\tjournal = {CDROM Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference},\n\tauthor = {Engelbrecht, Derek},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2007},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We compared the increase in mass of seven Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri and four Northern Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus nestlings that were hand-eared at two facilities. The facilities were the Ground Hornbill Research and Conservation Project based at Mabula Game Reserve, Bela- Bela. and the Umgeni River Bird Park, Durban. Logistic, Gompetz and Von Bertalanffy models for growth analysis were applied to the data collected. The Gompetz model best described the growth of Southern and Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings. Mean values of A = 3598.40 ± 512.70 (2655.50 – 4035.30) and K = 0.08 ± 0.02 (0.05-0.12) were calculated for Southern Ground Hornbill nestlings and values of A = 2962.03 ± 464.63 (2612.60 – 3489.32) and K = 0.07 ± 0.02 (0.05 – 0.09) for Northern Ground Hornbill nestlings. There was a significant difference (P\\textless0.05) between the A values of the two species. We also calculated the inflection point and t10-90 (time required for growth from 10 to 90% of the asymptote). These results provide a basis for further studies on ground hornbill growth and will also allow hand-rearing facilities to verify the growth of their ground hornbill nestlings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chiweshe-thecurrentconservationstatusofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweinkempackempmiedstheactivemanagementofhornbillsandtheirhabitatsforconservation-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chiweshe-thecurrentconservationstatusofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweinkempackempmiedstheactivemanagementofhornbillsandtheirhabitatsforconservation-2007', 'https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf', event);\">\n    The current conservation status of the Southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. In: Kemp, A. C. & Kemp, M. I. (eds). The Active Management of Hornbills and their Habitats for Conservation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chiweshe, N.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n   2007.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: BirdLife Zimbabwe</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiweshe-thecurrentconservationstatusofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweinkempackempmiedstheactivemanagementofhornbillsandtheirhabitatsforconservation-2007', 'https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The current conservation status of the Southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. In: Kemp, A. C. &amp; Kemp, M. I. (eds). The Active Management of Hornbills and their Habitats for Conservation [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chiweshe-thecurrentconservationstatusofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweinkempackempmiedstheactivemanagementofhornbillsandtheirhabitatsforconservation-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chiweshe-thecurrentconservationstatusofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweinkempackempmiedstheactivemanagementofhornbillsandtheirhabitatsforconservation-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@misc{chiweshe_current_2007,\n\ttitle = {The current conservation status of the {Southern} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}.  {In}: {Kemp}, {A}. {C}. \\&amp; {Kemp}, {M}. {I}. (eds). {The} {Active} {Management} of {Hornbills} and their {Habitats} for {Conservation}},\n\turl = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ngoni-Chiweshe/publication/273453754_The_current_conservation_status_of_the_Ground_Hornbill_Bucorvus_leadbeateri_in_Zimbabwe_In_Kemp_AC_Kemp_MI_eds_The_Active_Management_of_Hornbills_and_their_Habitats_for_conservation_pp_252-256/links/564ed86108ae4988a7a64ca4/The-current-conservation-status-of-the-Ground-Hornbill-Bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-Zimbabwe-In-Kemp-AC-Kemp-MI-eds-The-Active-Management-of-Hornbills-and-their-Habitats-for-conservation-pp-252-256.pdf},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tpublisher = {BirdLife Zimbabwe},\n\tauthor = {Chiweshe, Ngoni},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tnote = {Publisher: BirdLife Zimbabwe},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"engelbrecht-theron-turner-vanwyk-pienaar-kemp-kemp-thestatusandconservationofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'engelbrecht-theron-turner-vanwyk-pienaar-kemp-kemp-thestatusandconservationofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2007', 'https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf', event);\">\n    The status and conservation of southern ground hornbills, Bucorvus leadbeateri, in the Limpopo province, South Africa.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Engelbrecht, D.; Theron, N.; Turner, A.; Van Wyk, J.; Pienaar, K.; Kemp, A. C.;  and Kemp, M. I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference. Mabula Game Lodge, South Africa</i>, pages 1–5,  2007. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('engelbrecht-theron-turner-vanwyk-pienaar-kemp-kemp-thestatusandconservationofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2007', 'https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The status and conservation of southern ground hornbills, Bucorvus leadbeateri, in the Limpopo province, South Africa [pdf]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/engelbrecht-theron-turner-vanwyk-pienaar-kemp-kemp-thestatusandconservationofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('engelbrecht-theron-turner-vanwyk-pienaar-kemp-kemp-thestatusandconservationofsoutherngroundhornbillsbucorvusleadbeateriinthelimpopoprovincesouthafrica-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{engelbrecht_status_2007,\n\ttitle = {The status and conservation of southern ground hornbills, {Bucorvus} leadbeateri, in the {Limpopo} province, {South} {Africa}},\n\turl = {https://www.academia.edu/download/31685385/Limpopo_Hornbills_IHC2005.pdf},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {International} {Hornbill} {Conference}. {Mabula} {Game} {Lodge}, {South} {Africa}},\n\tauthor = {Engelbrecht, Derek and Theron, Nicholas and Turner, Ann and Van Wyk, Johan and Pienaar, Kobus and Kemp, A. C. and Kemp, M. I.},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {1--5},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2005\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2005')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2005</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"spear-dealingwithsociallycomplexspeciesinpopulationviabilityanalysisacasestudyofthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2005\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Dealing with socially complex species in population viability analysis: a case study of the cooperatively-breeding southern ground hornbill, Bucorvus leadbeateri.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Spear, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town,  2005.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/spear-dealingwithsociallycomplexspeciesinpopulationviabilityanalysisacasestudyofthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2005\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('spear-dealingwithsociallycomplexspeciesinpopulationviabilityanalysisacasestudyofthecooperativelybreedingsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateri-2005')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{spear_dealing_2005,\n\taddress = {Rondebosch, Cape Town},\n\ttitle = {Dealing with socially complex species in population viability analysis: a case study of the cooperatively-breeding southern ground hornbill,  {Bucorvus} leadbeateri.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tschool = {University of Cape Town},\n\tauthor = {Spear, D.},\n\tyear = {2005},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2004\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2004')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2004</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"msimanga-breedingbiologyofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweimpactsofhumanactivities-2004\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'msimanga-breedingbiologyofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweimpactsofhumanactivities-2004', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00', event);\">\n    Breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe: impacts of human activities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Msimanga, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bird Conservation International</i>, 14(S1): S63–S68. December 2004.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('msimanga-breedingbiologyofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweimpactsofhumanactivities-2004', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe: impacts of human activities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270905000237\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('msimanga-breedingbiologyofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweimpactsofhumanactivities-2004', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270905000237', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/msimanga-breedingbiologyofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweimpactsofhumanactivities-2004\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('msimanga-breedingbiologyofsoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinzimbabweimpactsofhumanactivities-2004')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{msimanga_breeding_2004,\n\ttitle = {Breeding biology of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}: impacts of human activities},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1474-0001, 0959-2709},\n\tshorttitle = {Breeding biology of {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri in {Zimbabwe}},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/breeding-biology-of-southern-ground-hornbill-bucorvus-leadbeateri-in-zimbabwe-impacts-of-human-activities/5560D2DE235966407FEA63A099A55E00},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0959270905000237},\n\tabstract = {This paper summarizes current knowledge and outlines future work on the breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. All available records since 1900 were analysed, including casual reports by members of BirdLife Zimbabwe and published records. Estimates were made for the start and end of the breeding season, group sizes, clutch size and productivity levels, together with an assessment of preferred habitats and nest-tree species. There is a need for intensive fieldwork to determine aspects of breeding biology such as incubation and nestling periods. Particularly important for sound management and conservation strategies is relative breeding success in different land-tenure systems. The author has started work in a communal area 40 km south of Bulawayo city; land-use systems such as new resettlement areas, commercial farms and protected areas remain to be studied.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\turldate = {2024-08-19},\n\tjournal = {Bird Conservation International},\n\tauthor = {Msimanga, A.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tpages = {S63--S68},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper summarizes current knowledge and outlines future work on the breeding biology of Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in Zimbabwe. All available records since 1900 were analysed, including casual reports by members of BirdLife Zimbabwe and published records. Estimates were made for the start and end of the breeding season, group sizes, clutch size and productivity levels, together with an assessment of preferred habitats and nest-tree species. There is a need for intensive fieldwork to determine aspects of breeding biology such as incubation and nestling periods. Particularly important for sound management and conservation strategies is relative breeding success in different land-tenure systems. The author has started work in a communal area 40 km south of Bulawayo city; land-use systems such as new resettlement areas, commercial farms and protected areas remain to be studied.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1996\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1996')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1996')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1996</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kemp-begg-nestsitesofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthekrugernationalparksouthafricaandconservationimplications-1996\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kemp-begg-nestsitesofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthekrugernationalparksouthafricaandconservationimplications-1996', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773', event);\">\n    Nest Sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus Leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and Conservation Implications.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kemp, A. C.;  and Begg, K. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ostrich</i>, 67(1): 9–14. March 1996.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemp-begg-nestsitesofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthekrugernationalparksouthafricaandconservationimplications-1996', 'https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nest Sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus Leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and Conservation Implications [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemp-begg-nestsitesofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthekrugernationalparksouthafricaandconservationimplications-1996', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kemp-begg-nestsitesofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthekrugernationalparksouthafricaandconservationimplications-1996\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kemp-begg-nestsitesofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeateriinthekrugernationalparksouthafricaandconservationimplications-1996')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kemp_nest_1996,\n\ttitle = {Nest {Sites} of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} {Leadbeateri} in the {Kruger} {National} {Park}, {South} {Africa}, and {Conservation} {Implications}},\n\tvolume = {67},\n\tissn = {0030-6525},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},\n\tabstract = {Kemp, A. C. \\&amp; Begg, K. S. 1996. Nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and conservation implications. Ostrich 67: 9–14. Details of 56 active and 18 potential nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were recorded in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, over 298 nest-seasons during 1967–95. Nests were natural cavities with a median diameter of about 40 cm, 96\\% situated in 12 species of trees and 4\\% in rock faces. Only four species of tree provided 72\\% of nest sites and 85\\% of active nest sites were formed by rotting of a damaged branch or trunk. No habitat preference associated with nest sites was detected, but 61\\% of nests were within 400 m of a tourist road, possibly due to lower predation pressure. Nest attractiveness was correlated positively with nest height, cavity shallowness and proximity to tourist roads, but nest success was not correlated with any measured features of the sites. Average cavity durability was 14 years, but differed between tree species from 5–26 years. Nest site availability appeared to be the principal factor limiting the Southern Ground Hornbill population of the Kruger National Park. The limited choice of sites, and the potential for site modification and substitution, have important implications for wild and captive management and conservation.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tjournal = {Ostrich},\n\tpublisher = {Taylor \\&amp; Francis},\n\tauthor = {Kemp, Alan C. and Begg, Keith S.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1996},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1996.9633773},\n\tpages = {9--14},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Kemp, A. C. & Begg, K. S. 1996. Nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and conservation implications. Ostrich 67: 9–14. Details of 56 active and 18 potential nest sites of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were recorded in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, over 298 nest-seasons during 1967–95. Nests were natural cavities with a median diameter of about 40 cm, 96% situated in 12 species of trees and 4% in rock faces. Only four species of tree provided 72% of nest sites and 85% of active nest sites were formed by rotting of a damaged branch or trunk. No habitat preference associated with nest sites was detected, but 61% of nests were within 400 m of a tourist road, possibly due to lower predation pressure. Nest attractiveness was correlated positively with nest height, cavity shallowness and proximity to tourist roads, but nest success was not correlated with any measured features of the sites. Average cavity durability was 14 years, but differed between tree species from 5–26 years. Nest site availability appeared to be the principal factor limiting the Southern Ground Hornbill population of the Kruger National Park. The limited choice of sites, and the potential for site modification and substitution, have important implications for wild and captive management and conservation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1994\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1994')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1994')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1994</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kemp-groundhornbillsthegenusbucorvus-1994\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kemp-groundhornbillsthegenusbucorvus-1994', 'https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855', event);\">\n    Ground Hornbills, the genus Bucorvus.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kemp, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Bulletin of the African Bird Club</i>, 1(1): 10–11. March 1994.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemp-groundhornbillsthegenusbucorvus-1994', 'https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Ground Hornbills, the genus Bucorvus [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5962/p.308855\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemp-groundhornbillsthegenusbucorvus-1994', 'http://doi.org/10.5962/p.308855', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kemp-groundhornbillsthegenusbucorvus-1994\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kemp-groundhornbillsthegenusbucorvus-1994')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kemp_ground_1994,\n\ttitle = {Ground {Hornbills}, the genus {Bucorvus}},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {1352-481X},\n\turl = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/308855},\n\tdoi = {10.5962/p.308855},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-08-20},\n\tjournal = {Bulletin of the African Bird Club},\n\tauthor = {Kemp, Alan},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1994},\n\tpages = {10--11},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1990\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1990')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1990')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1990</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"knight-apreliminaryinvestigationintothestatusdistributionandsomeaspectsoftheforagingecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvuscafer-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'knight-apreliminaryinvestigationintothestatusdistributionandsomeaspectsoftheforagingecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvuscafer-1990', 'http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895', event);\">\n    A preliminary investigation into the status, distribution and some aspects of the foraging ecology of the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus cafer.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Knight, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Ph.D. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea, Durban, South Africa,  1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('knight-apreliminaryinvestigationintothestatusdistributionandsomeaspectsoftheforagingecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvuscafer-1990', 'http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A preliminary investigation into the status, distribution and some aspects of the foraging ecology of the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus cafer [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/knight-apreliminaryinvestigationintothestatusdistributionandsomeaspectsoftheforagingecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvuscafer-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('knight-apreliminaryinvestigationintothestatusdistributionandsomeaspectsoftheforagingecologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvuscafer-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@phdthesis{knight_preliminary_1990,\n\taddress = {Berea, Durban, South Africa},\n\ttype = {({Master} {Thesis})},\n\ttitle = {A preliminary investigation into the status, distribution and some aspects of the foraging ecology of the southern ground hornbill ({Bucorvus} cafer},\n\turl = {http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5895},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-02-02},\n\tschool = {University of KwaZulu-Natal},\n\tauthor = {Knight, G.M.},\n\tyear = {1990},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ocholi-kalejaiye-aeromonashydrophilaascauseofhemorrhagicsepticemiainagroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1990\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ocholi-kalejaiye-aeromonashydrophilaascauseofhemorrhagicsepticemiainagroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1990', 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref', event);\">\n    Aeromonas hydrophila as Cause of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in a Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ocholi, R. A.;  and Kalejaiye, J. O.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Avian Diseases</i>, 34(2): 495. April 1990.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ocholi-kalejaiye-aeromonashydrophilaascauseofhemorrhagicsepticemiainagroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1990', 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Aeromonas hydrophila as Cause of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in a Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2307/1591444\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ocholi-kalejaiye-aeromonashydrophilaascauseofhemorrhagicsepticemiainagroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1990', 'http://doi.org/10.2307/1591444', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ocholi-kalejaiye-aeromonashydrophilaascauseofhemorrhagicsepticemiainagroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1990\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ocholi-kalejaiye-aeromonashydrophilaascauseofhemorrhagicsepticemiainagroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1990')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ocholi_aeromonas_1990,\n\ttitle = {Aeromonas hydrophila as {Cause} of {Hemorrhagic} {Septicemia} in a {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {00052086},\n\turl = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/1591444?origin=crossref},\n\tdoi = {10.2307/1591444},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-10-17},\n\tjournal = {Avian Diseases},\n\tauthor = {Ocholi, R. A. and Kalejaiye, J. O.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tpages = {495},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1989\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1989')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1989')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1989</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"falzone-maintainingandbreedingtheabyssiniangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicusatthedallaszoo-1989\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'falzone-maintainingandbreedingtheabyssiniangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicusatthedallaszoo-1989', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x', event);\">\n    Maintaining and breeding the Abyssinian ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus at the Dallas Zoo.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Falzone, C. K.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Zoo Yearbook</i>, 28(1): 246–249.  1989.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('falzone-maintainingandbreedingtheabyssiniangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicusatthedallaszoo-1989', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Maintaining and breeding the Abyssinian ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus at the Dallas Zoo [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('falzone-maintainingandbreedingtheabyssiniangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicusatthedallaszoo-1989', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/falzone-maintainingandbreedingtheabyssiniangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicusatthedallaszoo-1989\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('falzone-maintainingandbreedingtheabyssiniangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicusatthedallaszoo-1989')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{falzone_maintaining_1989,\n\ttitle = {Maintaining and breeding the {Abyssinian} ground hornbill {Bucorvus} abyssinicus at the {Dallas} {Zoo}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tcopyright = {© 1989 The Zoological Society of London},\n\tissn = {1748-1090},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-08-20},\n\tjournal = {International Zoo Yearbook},\n\tauthor = {Falzone, Celia K.},\n\tyear = {1989},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03291.x},\n\tpages = {246--249},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1980\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1980')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1980')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1980</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kemp-thebiologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigorsavesbucerotidae-1980\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kemp-thebiologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigorsavesbucerotidae-1980', 'https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057', event);\">\n    The biology of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors) (Aves: Bucerotidae).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kemp, A. & K. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Annals of the Transvaal Museum</i>, 32(4): 65–100. February 1980.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemp-thebiologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigorsavesbucerotidae-1980', 'https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The biology of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors) (Aves: Bucerotidae) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kemp-thebiologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigorsavesbucerotidae-1980', 'http://doi.org/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kemp-thebiologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigorsavesbucerotidae-1980\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kemp-thebiologyofthesoutherngroundhornbillbucorvusleadbeaterivigorsavesbucerotidae-1980')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kemp_biology_1980,\n\ttitle = {The biology of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}) ({Aves}: {Bucerotidae})},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tshorttitle = {The biology of the {Southern} {Ground} {Hornbill} {Bucorvus} leadbeateri ({Vigors}) ({Aves}},\n\turl = {https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_1057},\n\tdoi = {10.10520/AJA00411752_1057},\n\tabstract = {Fourteen groups of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were observed over five months in the Kruger National Park in the Republic of South Africa. Aspects of their activity patterns and behaviour are recorded, and their breeding biology and activity are described. B. leadbeateri is a group-territorial species with extensive spatial requirements of about 100 sq km per group. The territorial maintenance is elaborate, as is an intragroup social organisation. Each group breeds cooperatively, with a very low productivity indicating that individuals have a high survival rate. Comparison with the Abyssinian Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus indicates that this is a distinct species with a different biology.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2024-08-21},\n\tjournal = {Annals of the Transvaal Museum},\n\tpublisher = {Northern Flagship Institute},\n\tauthor = {Kemp, A.C. \\&amp; Kemp M.I.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1980},\n\tkeywords = {Aves, Breeding, Bucerotidae, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Southern Ground Hornbill},\n\tpages = {65--100},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Fourteen groups of the Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri were observed over five months in the Kruger National Park in the Republic of South Africa. Aspects of their activity patterns and behaviour are recorded, and their breeding biology and activity are described. B. leadbeateri is a group-territorial species with extensive spatial requirements of about 100 sq km per group. The territorial maintenance is elaborate, as is an intragroup social organisation. Each group breeds cooperatively, with a very low productivity indicating that individuals have a high survival rate. Comparison with the Abyssinian Ground Hornbill B. abyssinicus indicates that this is a distinct species with a different biology.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1967\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1967')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1967')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1967</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gretillat-helminthesparasitesdanimauxsauvagesausngalhistiocephalusbucorvinsphedruridaenematodaparasiteduventriculesuccenturidebucorvusabyssinicusboddaertgrandcalaodabyssinie-1967\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gretillat-helminthesparasitesdanimauxsauvagesausngalhistiocephalusbucorvinsphedruridaenematodaparasiteduventriculesuccenturidebucorvusabyssinicusboddaertgrandcalaodabyssinie-1967', 'https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html', event);\">\n    Helminthes parasites d’animaux sauvages au Sénégal - Histiocephalus bucorvi n. sp. (Hedruridae, Nematoda), parasite du ventricule succenturié de Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert) (Grand Calao d’Abyssinie).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gretillat, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée</i>, 42(5): 533–542.  1967.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 5</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gretillat-helminthesparasitesdanimauxsauvagesausngalhistiocephalusbucorvinsphedruridaenematodaparasiteduventriculesuccenturidebucorvusabyssinicusboddaertgrandcalaodabyssinie-1967', 'https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Helminthes parasites d’animaux sauvages au Sénégal - Histiocephalus bucorvi n. sp. (Hedruridae, Nematoda), parasite du ventricule succenturié de Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert) (Grand Calao d’Abyssinie) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1967425533\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gretillat-helminthesparasitesdanimauxsauvagesausngalhistiocephalusbucorvinsphedruridaenematodaparasiteduventriculesuccenturidebucorvusabyssinicusboddaertgrandcalaodabyssinie-1967', 'http://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1967425533', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gretillat-helminthesparasitesdanimauxsauvagesausngalhistiocephalusbucorvinsphedruridaenematodaparasiteduventriculesuccenturidebucorvusabyssinicusboddaertgrandcalaodabyssinie-1967\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gretillat-helminthesparasitesdanimauxsauvagesausngalhistiocephalusbucorvinsphedruridaenematodaparasiteduventriculesuccenturidebucorvusabyssinicusboddaertgrandcalaodabyssinie-1967')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{gretillat_helminthes_1967,\n\ttitle = {Helminthes parasites d’animaux sauvages au {Sénégal} - {Histiocephalus} bucorvi n. sp. ({Hedruridae}, {Nematoda}), parasite du ventricule succenturié de {Bucorvus} abyssinicus ({Boddaert}) ({Grand} {Calao} d’{Abyssinie})},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tcopyright = {© Masson, Paris 1967, transferred to Société Française de Parasitologie},\n\tissn = {0003-4150, 2772-4042},\n\turl = {https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/1967/05/parasite1967425p533/parasite1967425p533.html},\n\tdoi = {10.1051/parasite/1967425533},\n\tabstract = {Parasite international open-access, peer-reviewed, online journal publishing high quality papers on all aspects of human and animal parasitology},\n\tlanguage = {fr},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2024-08-20},\n\tjournal = {Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée},\n\tpublisher = {EDP Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Gretillat, Simon},\n\tyear = {1967},\n\tnote = {Number: 5},\n\tpages = {533--542},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Parasite international open-access, peer-reviewed, online journal publishing high quality papers on all aspects of human and animal parasitology\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1962\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1962')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1962')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1962</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"peters-prothesisofthelowerbillofanafricangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1962\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'peters-prothesisofthelowerbillofanafricangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1962', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x', event);\">\n    Prothesis of the lower bill of an African Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Peters, J. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Zoo Yearbook</i>, 3(1): 112–113.  1962.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peters-prothesisofthelowerbillofanafricangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1962', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prothesis of the lower bill of an African Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('peters-prothesisofthelowerbillofanafricangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1962', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/peters-prothesisofthelowerbillofanafricangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1962\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('peters-prothesisofthelowerbillofanafricangroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1962')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{peters_prothesis_1962,\n\ttitle = {Prothesis of the lower bill of an {African} {Ground} {Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {1748-1090},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-10-03},\n\tjournal = {International Zoo Yearbook},\n\tauthor = {Peters, J. C.},\n\tyear = {1962},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03426.x},\n\tpages = {112--113},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1942\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1942')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1942')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1942</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"courtnaylatimer-thegroundhornbillbucorvuscefer-1942\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The ground hornbill: (Bucorvus cefer.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Courtnay-Latimer, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ostrich</i>, 13: 121–136.  1942.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1942.9634667\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('courtnaylatimer-thegroundhornbillbucorvuscefer-1942', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1942.9634667', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/courtnaylatimer-thegroundhornbillbucorvuscefer-1942\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('courtnaylatimer-thegroundhornbillbucorvuscefer-1942')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{courtnay-latimer_ground_1942,\n\ttitle = {The ground hornbill: ({Bucorvus} cefer},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/00306525.1942.9634667},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Ostrich},\n\tauthor = {Courtnay-Latimer, M.},\n\tyear = {1942},\n\tpages = {121--136},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_1879\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_1879')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_1879')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>1879</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ottley-adescriptionofthevesselsoftheneckandheadinthegroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1879\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ottley-adescriptionofthevesselsoftheneckandheadinthegroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1879', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x', event);\">\n    A Description of the Vessels of the Neck and Head in the Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ottley, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</i>, 47(1): 461–467.  1879.\n  <span class=\"note\">_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ottley-adescriptionofthevesselsoftheneckandheadinthegroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1879', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Description of the Vessels of the Neck and Head in the Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ottley-adescriptionofthevesselsoftheneckandheadinthegroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1879', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ottley-adescriptionofthevesselsoftheneckandheadinthegroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1879\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ottley-adescriptionofthevesselsoftheneckandheadinthegroundhornbillbucorvusabyssinicus-1879')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ottley_description_1879,\n\ttitle = {A {Description} of the {Vessels} of the {Neck} and {Head} in the {Ground}-{Hornbill} ({Bucorvus} abyssinicus)},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1469-7998},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-10-01},\n\tjournal = {Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London},\n\tauthor = {Ottley, W.},\n\tyear = {1879},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02681.x},\n\tpages = {461--467},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);