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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota composition among three captive hornbills.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yang, E.; Wang, S.; Feng, H.; Zheng, F.; Duan, Y.; and Yang, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Frontiers in Microbiology. 2025.\n
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@article{yang_comparative_2025,\n\ttitle = {Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota composition among three captive hornbills},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1642332},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Enmei and Wang, Song and Feng, Huajuan and Zheng, Fanglin and Duan, Yubao and Yang, Shuang},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Anthracoceros albirostris, Buceros bicornis, Rhyticeros undulatus},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Modelling the distribution of great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) in Nepal: Insights for conservation planning using ensemble species distribution models.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bajagain, S.; Kafle, S.; Luitel, S. C.; Joshi, A. B.; Dangaura, H. L.; Shrestha, M. B.; Pradhan, A.; Rokka, P.; and Joshi, I. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Global Ecology and Conservation, 62. 2025.\n
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@article{bajagain_modelling_2025,\n\ttitle = {Modelling the distribution of great hornbill ({Buceros} bicornis) in {Nepal}: {Insights} for conservation planning using ensemble species distribution models},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03787},\n\tabstract = {To ensure the protection of rare and endangered species, it is essential to assess their habitats carefully to develop effective conservation plans. The globally vulnerable and nationally endangered Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), with an estimated population of only 80–150 individuals in Nepal, is a critical conservation priority. We employed an ensemble species distribution modeling approach, analyzing 12 environmental variables, to map the Great Hornbill’s current and future suitable habitats across Nepal. The ensemble model performed with high accuracy (Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.994; True Skill Statistic (TSS) = 0.964), identifying the minimum temperature of the coldest month, percentage tree cover, and mean diurnal temperature range as the most important predictors of Great Hornbill distribution. The Great Hornbill was predicted to have the highest habitat suitability on west-to-northwest-facing slopes, in areas with high tree cover ({\\textgreater}20 \\%), along forest–grassland ecotones, and at moderate distances from water and human settlements. We estimated a current suitable habitat extent of 5433.82 km² (about 3.7 \\% of Nepal’s land area), of which 85.02 \\% lies within existing protected areas (PAs). Under future climate scenarios, the suitable area is projected to increase to a range of 20,772–27,913 km² by 2050, expanding further to 28,822–43,095 km² by 2070. However, only 14–20 \\% of this expanded future habitat would fall within the current PA network, indicating a significant expansion of habitat outside of the PA network. This study provides the first range-wide habitat assessment for the Great Hornbill in Nepal, identifying key areas for habitat protection and restoration to safeguard this species.},\n\tjournal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Bajagain, Santosh and Kafle, Samit and Luitel, Sandeep Chhetri and Joshi, Ankit Bishal and Dangaura, Hiru Lal and Shrestha, Mohan Bikram and Pradhan, Aavas and Rokka, Prashant and Joshi, Ishwar Datt},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Buceros bicornis},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n To ensure the protection of rare and endangered species, it is essential to assess their habitats carefully to develop effective conservation plans. The globally vulnerable and nationally endangered Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), with an estimated population of only 80–150 individuals in Nepal, is a critical conservation priority. We employed an ensemble species distribution modeling approach, analyzing 12 environmental variables, to map the Great Hornbill’s current and future suitable habitats across Nepal. The ensemble model performed with high accuracy (Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.994; True Skill Statistic (TSS) = 0.964), identifying the minimum temperature of the coldest month, percentage tree cover, and mean diurnal temperature range as the most important predictors of Great Hornbill distribution. The Great Hornbill was predicted to have the highest habitat suitability on west-to-northwest-facing slopes, in areas with high tree cover (\\textgreater20 %), along forest–grassland ecotones, and at moderate distances from water and human settlements. We estimated a current suitable habitat extent of 5433.82 km² (about 3.7 % of Nepal’s land area), of which 85.02 % lies within existing protected areas (PAs). Under future climate scenarios, the suitable area is projected to increase to a range of 20,772–27,913 km² by 2050, expanding further to 28,822–43,095 km² by 2070. However, only 14–20 % of this expanded future habitat would fall within the current PA network, indicating a significant expansion of habitat outside of the PA network. This study provides the first range-wide habitat assessment for the Great Hornbill in Nepal, identifying key areas for habitat protection and restoration to safeguard this species.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Study on the Presence of the Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros Rhinoceros) and its Food Potential in the Pondok Buluh Forest Training Center.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rozalina, S. E.; and Sanjaya, T. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(11): 377–385. 2025.\n
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@article{rozalina_study_2025,\n\ttitle = {Study on the {Presence} of the {Rhinoceros} {Hornbill} ({Buceros} {Rhinoceros}) and its {Food} {Potential} in the {Pondok} {Buluh} {Forest} {Training} {Center}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tdoi = {http://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i11.13319},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA},\n\tauthor = {Rozalina, S. E., Damanik and Sanjaya, Tri Adimas},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Buceros rhinoceros},\n\tpages = {377--385},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n A study on the status of hornbill species of Uttarakhand, India.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rana, K.; Badola, S.; and Badola, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Annals of Science and Allied Research, 3 (1): 6–13. 2025.\n
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@article{rana_study_2025,\n\ttitle = {A study on the status of hornbill species of {Uttarakhand}, {India}},\n\tvolume = {3 (1)},\n\tissn = {2584-2307},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Science and Allied Research},\n\tauthor = {Rana, Komal and Badola, Saket and Badola, Smita},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {6--13},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Habitat determinants of nest-site selection by Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris in an urbanized landscape in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hafeez, A.; Iqbal, S.; and Ilyas, O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Indian BIRDS, 22(2): 33–39. 2025.\n
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@article{hafeez_habitat_2025,\n\ttitle = {Habitat determinants of nest-site selection by {Indian} {Grey}\nHornbill {Ocyceros} birostris in an urbanized landscape in\nAligarh, {Uttar} {Pradesh}, {India}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Indian BIRDS},\n\tauthor = {Hafeez, A. and Iqbal, S. and Ilyas, O.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ocyceros birostris},\n\tpages = {33--39},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Sighting of Oriental Pied-Hornbills from arid region of Rajasthan, India.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singh, P.; Choudhary, R.; Sharma, A.; Dutta, S.; and Sharma, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
ZOO'S PRINT, 40(2): 24–25. 2025.\n
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@article{singh_sighting_2025,\n\ttitle = {Sighting of {Oriental} {Pied}-{Hornbills} from arid region of {Rajasthan}, {India}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {ZOO'S PRINT},\n\tauthor = {Singh, Priya and Choudhary, R. and Sharma, A. and Dutta, S. and Sharma, V.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Anthracoceros albirostris},\n\tpages = {24--25},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bushy-Crested Hornbills successfully hunting flying bats in Gomantong Caves, Malaysia.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tella, J. L.; Fuentes‐Sendín, C.; Gutiérrez‐Expósito, C.; Ruiz‐Jiménez, G.; Sainz‐Elipe, R.; Sánchez‐Prieto, C. B.; and Serrano, D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Ecology and Evolution, 15(7): e71744. 2025.\n
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@article{tella_bushy-crested_2025,\n\ttitle = {Bushy-{Crested} {Hornbills} successfully hunting flying bats in {Gomantong} {Caves}, {Malaysia}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71744},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Ecology and Evolution},\n\tauthor = {Tella, Jose L. and Fuentes‐Sendín, C. and Gutiérrez‐Expósito, C. and Ruiz‐Jiménez, G. and Sainz‐Elipe, R. and Sánchez‐Prieto, C. B. and Serrano, D},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Anorrhinus galeritus},\n\tpages = {e71744},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Population assessment and conservation insights of Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) in Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wong, A.; Makbul, N. S.; and Bansa, L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Malayan Nature Journal, 76(1/2): 53. 2025.\n
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@article{wong_population_2025,\n\ttitle = {Population assessment and conservation insights of {Helmeted} {Hornbill} ({Rhinoplax} vigil) in {Imbak} {Canyon} {Conservation} {Area}, {Sabah}, {Malaysian} {Borneo}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tdoi = {10.62613/mnj.257712.04},\n\tnumber = {1/2},\n\tjournal = {Malayan Nature Journal},\n\tauthor = {Wong, Anna and Makbul, Nur Syamimi and Bansa, Lawrence Alan},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Rhinoplax vigil},\n\tpages = {53},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Examining Activity, Courtship, and Social Behaviour in Zoo-Housed Wreathed Hornbills: Potential Insights into Pair Compatibility.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Groot, K.; and Rose, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 6(1): 10. 2025.\n
Number: 1\n\n
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@article{groot_examining_2025,\n\ttitle = {Examining {Activity}, {Courtship}, and {Social} {Behaviour} in {Zoo}-{Housed} {Wreathed} {Hornbills}: {Potential} {Insights} into {Pair} {Compatibility}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2673-5636},\n\tshorttitle = {Examining {Activity}, {Courtship}, and {Social} {Behaviour} in {Zoo}-{Housed} {Wreathed} {Hornbills}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/6/1/10},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/jzbg6010010},\n\tabstract = {Tropical forest hornbills display complex social and reproductive behaviours that make them hard to reliably and frequently breed in ex situ facilities. This study investigated potential behavioural indicators of pair compatibility for two wreathed hornbills (Rhyticeros undulatus) at ARTIS Amsterdam Royal Zoo. We focused on behaviours linked to reproductive investment, such as time spent in proximity, vocalisation, and courtship display. Through systematic observations using ZooMonitor, we recorded behavioural and enclosure use data, as well as visitor presence. Key findings revealed that the male hornbill was more active and exploratory than the female. Courtship behaviours were more frequently performed by the male bird and were positively associated with perching at elevated positions. However, this behaviour decreased when the birds were in close proximity or inactive. Visitor presence influenced enclosure use, with the hornbills preferring higher perches during peak visitor times. We conclude that behaviours such as proximity, vocalisations, and courtship displays could potentially serve as indicators of compatibility in hornbill pairs but more data across more birds are needed for validation. Finally, we advocate for enclosure designs that consider hornbills’ natural behaviours and social needs to help ex situ facilities promote an environment conducive to pair bonding.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-11},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens},\n\tpublisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tauthor = {Groot, Kees and Rose, Paul},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tkeywords = {Rhyticeros undulatus},\n\tpages = {10},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Tropical forest hornbills display complex social and reproductive behaviours that make them hard to reliably and frequently breed in ex situ facilities. This study investigated potential behavioural indicators of pair compatibility for two wreathed hornbills (Rhyticeros undulatus) at ARTIS Amsterdam Royal Zoo. We focused on behaviours linked to reproductive investment, such as time spent in proximity, vocalisation, and courtship display. Through systematic observations using ZooMonitor, we recorded behavioural and enclosure use data, as well as visitor presence. Key findings revealed that the male hornbill was more active and exploratory than the female. Courtship behaviours were more frequently performed by the male bird and were positively associated with perching at elevated positions. However, this behaviour decreased when the birds were in close proximity or inactive. Visitor presence influenced enclosure use, with the hornbills preferring higher perches during peak visitor times. We conclude that behaviours such as proximity, vocalisations, and courtship displays could potentially serve as indicators of compatibility in hornbill pairs but more data across more birds are needed for validation. Finally, we advocate for enclosure designs that consider hornbills’ natural behaviours and social needs to help ex situ facilities promote an environment conducive to pair bonding.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Description of Rhyticeros cassidix Feed in Makarti Jaya Landscape Area, Pohuwato.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Samalu, A. M.; Katili, A. S.; and Ibrahim, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
MIKHAYLA : Journal of Advanced Research, 2(1): 57–65. 2025.\n
Number: 1\n\n
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@article{samalu_description_2025,\n\ttitle = {Description of {Rhyticeros} cassidix {Feed} in {Makarti} {Jaya} {Landscape} {Area}, {Pohuwato}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2025 Aris Munandar Samalu, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Mustamin Ibrahim},\n\tissn = {3062-715X},\n\turl = {https://ejournal.sagita.or.id/index.php/mikhayla/article/view/295},\n\tdoi = {10.61579/mikhayla.v2i1.295},\n\tabstract = {Rhyticeros cassidix is a group of birds that are easily recognized, because it has a characteristic in the form of a large beak with an additional structure at the top called balung (casque). Rhyticeros cassidix classified as endangered to critical spesies. This happens because of pressure on the habitat of these animals, including in the form of land use change which results in the loss of vegetation that feeds them. The aims of this study to describe the feed of Rhyticeros cassidix in the landscape area of Makarti Jaya, Pohuwato. The roaming method is used in this study. There are four stations explored with the distance at each station being 400 meters. The four stations are located in the landscape area of Makari Jaya Village, Pohuwato, Gorontalo. Identify the type of Rhyticeros cassidix feed found by recording the findings of Sulawesi julang feed in each exploration area. The results showed that there were 8 types of feed found, namely, Rao Tree (Drancontomelon dao), Ylang Ylang Flower (Cananga odorata), Palapi Tree (Heritiera javanica), Banyan (Ficus Benjamina), Woka (Livistona altissima), Nantu (Palaquium quercifolium), Matoa (Pometia pinnata), Bugis Wood (Koordersiodendrom pinnatum). The feed consumed by Rhyticeros cassidix varies greatly depending on the season and the availability of feed sources in the Makarti Jaya Landscape area by having good adaptation in finding and choosing feed that suits their nutritional needs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tjournal = {MIKHAYLA : Journal of Advanced Research},\n\tauthor = {Samalu, Aris Munandar and Katili, Abubakar Sidik and Ibrahim, Mustamin},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {Number: 1},\n\tkeywords = {Rhyticeros cassidix},\n\tpages = {57--65},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Rhyticeros cassidix is a group of birds that are easily recognized, because it has a characteristic in the form of a large beak with an additional structure at the top called balung (casque). Rhyticeros cassidix classified as endangered to critical spesies. This happens because of pressure on the habitat of these animals, including in the form of land use change which results in the loss of vegetation that feeds them. The aims of this study to describe the feed of Rhyticeros cassidix in the landscape area of Makarti Jaya, Pohuwato. The roaming method is used in this study. There are four stations explored with the distance at each station being 400 meters. The four stations are located in the landscape area of Makari Jaya Village, Pohuwato, Gorontalo. Identify the type of Rhyticeros cassidix feed found by recording the findings of Sulawesi julang feed in each exploration area. The results showed that there were 8 types of feed found, namely, Rao Tree (Drancontomelon dao), Ylang Ylang Flower (Cananga odorata), Palapi Tree (Heritiera javanica), Banyan (Ficus Benjamina), Woka (Livistona altissima), Nantu (Palaquium quercifolium), Matoa (Pometia pinnata), Bugis Wood (Koordersiodendrom pinnatum). The feed consumed by Rhyticeros cassidix varies greatly depending on the season and the availability of feed sources in the Makarti Jaya Landscape area by having good adaptation in finding and choosing feed that suits their nutritional needs.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Large Congregation of Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis at a Fruiting Fig Tree (Ficus: Moraceae) in Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Western Ghats, India.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shibu, A.; Sadhasivan, V.; David, P.; and Muthukrishnan, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (JBNHS), 122. 2025.\n
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@article{shibu_large_2025,\n\ttitle = {Large {Congregation} of {Great} {Hornbill} {Buceros} bicornis at a {Fruiting} {Fig} {Tree} ({Ficus}: {Moraceae}) in {Kanyakumari} {Wildlife} {Sanctuary}, {Southern} {Western} {Ghats}, {India}},\n\tvolume = {122},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (JBNHS)},\n\tissn = {2454-1095},\n\tshorttitle = {Large {Congregation} of {Great} {Hornbill} \\textit{{Buceros} bicornis} at a {Fruiting} {Fig} {Tree} ({Ficus}},\n\turl = {https://www.bnhsjournal.in/index.php/bnhs/article/view/170992},\n\tdoi = {10.17087/jbnhs/2025/v122/170992},\n\tabstract = {No Abstract.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (JBNHS)},\n\tauthor = {Shibu, Anand and Sadhasivan, Vinod and David, Patrick and Muthukrishnan, V.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Buceros bicornis},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n No Abstract.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Big Brains and Befitting Behaviour: A Review on Cognition in Three Avian Families.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rekers, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Master's thesis, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 2025.\n
Accepted: 2025-01-14T00:01:04Z\n\n
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@mastersthesis{rekers_big_2025,\n\taddress = {The Netherlands},\n\ttitle = {Big {Brains} and {Befitting} {Behaviour}: {A} {Review} on {Cognition} in {Three} {Avian} {Families}},\n\tcopyright = {CC-BY-NC-ND},\n\tshorttitle = {Big {Brains} and {Befitting} {Behaviour}},\n\turl = {https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/48364},\n\tabstract = {Comparative psychology has revealed advanced cognitive abilities in primates, corvids (Corvidae) and parrots (Psittacidae). However, research on many bird families is sparse, even though brain sizes are relatively large in Old and New World vultures (Accipitridae and Cathartidae), falcons (Falconidae) and hornbills (Bucerotidae). Therefore, in this review, it was investigated whether these three families also possess advanced cognitive abilities similar to primates, corvids and parrots to gain a broader understanding of the distribution and evolution of avian cognition. Overall, hornbills have gained most attention and generally show positive results on ecology-related cognitive abilities. Falcons follow second with results on both ecological and social cognitive domains. Lastly, vultures show problem-solving abilities, tool use, social learning and an extensive vocal repertoire. While cognitive domains and evolutionary drivers remain understudied in these families, they do possess multiple cognitive abilities also found in corvids and parrots.},\n\tlanguage = {EN},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tschool = {Utrecht University},\n\tauthor = {Rekers, Michelle},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {Accepted: 2025-01-14T00:01:04Z},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Comparative psychology has revealed advanced cognitive abilities in primates, corvids (Corvidae) and parrots (Psittacidae). However, research on many bird families is sparse, even though brain sizes are relatively large in Old and New World vultures (Accipitridae and Cathartidae), falcons (Falconidae) and hornbills (Bucerotidae). Therefore, in this review, it was investigated whether these three families also possess advanced cognitive abilities similar to primates, corvids and parrots to gain a broader understanding of the distribution and evolution of avian cognition. Overall, hornbills have gained most attention and generally show positive results on ecology-related cognitive abilities. Falcons follow second with results on both ecological and social cognitive domains. Lastly, vultures show problem-solving abilities, tool use, social learning and an extensive vocal repertoire. While cognitive domains and evolutionary drivers remain understudied in these families, they do possess multiple cognitive abilities also found in corvids and parrots.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Hornbills Adjust Response Speed According to Solvability of Patterned-Strings Problems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xue, C.; and Garcia-Pelegrin, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2025.\n
Pages: 2025.06.25.661464 Section: New Results\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{xue_hornbills_2025,\n\ttitle = {Hornbills {Adjust} {Response} {Speed} {According} to {Solvability} of {Patterned}-{Strings} {Problems}},\n\tcopyright = {© 2025, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. The copyright holder for this pre-print is the author. All rights reserved. The material may not be redistributed, re-used or adapted without the author's permission.},\n\turl = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661464v1},\n\tdoi = {10.1101/2025.06.25.661464},\n\tabstract = {Cognitive adaptations for processing causal information are fundamental to flexible problem-solving across species. Patterned-string tasks offer a classic means–end problem, requiring subjects to identify the functional connection between an action and its distal outcome. This study investigated patterned-string pulling in East Asian hornbills, a cognitively underexplored avian taxon, to assess their problem-solving abilities and underlying cognitive mechanisms. Nine hornbills were presented with three string configurations of increasing complexity: parallel (baseline), broken (contact/no-contact), and crossed strings. Subjects reliably selected the correct string in the baseline and contact conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to physical continuity cues. In contrast, accuracy declined significantly in the crossed condition, which required recognition of spatial displacement between the baited and accessible string ends. Reaction time (RT) analyses revealed prolonged latencies in the crossed condition, likely reflecting increased cognitive demands or limited habituation. Individuals who failed often adopted suboptimal strategies, such as proximity or side biases. We also observed lateralisation effects, with a left-side RT advantage, suggesting hemispheric specialisation. These findings support the hypothesis that task complexity modulates both decision accuracy and response speed, highlight RT as a useful proxy for interim cognitive processing, and establish hornbills as a valuable comparative model for studying causal cognition in birds.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tpublisher = {bioRxiv},\n\tauthor = {Xue, Chunyun and Garcia-Pelegrin, Elias},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {Pages: 2025.06.25.661464\nSection: New Results},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Cognitive adaptations for processing causal information are fundamental to flexible problem-solving across species. Patterned-string tasks offer a classic means–end problem, requiring subjects to identify the functional connection between an action and its distal outcome. This study investigated patterned-string pulling in East Asian hornbills, a cognitively underexplored avian taxon, to assess their problem-solving abilities and underlying cognitive mechanisms. Nine hornbills were presented with three string configurations of increasing complexity: parallel (baseline), broken (contact/no-contact), and crossed strings. Subjects reliably selected the correct string in the baseline and contact conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to physical continuity cues. In contrast, accuracy declined significantly in the crossed condition, which required recognition of spatial displacement between the baited and accessible string ends. Reaction time (RT) analyses revealed prolonged latencies in the crossed condition, likely reflecting increased cognitive demands or limited habituation. Individuals who failed often adopted suboptimal strategies, such as proximity or side biases. We also observed lateralisation effects, with a left-side RT advantage, suggesting hemispheric specialisation. These findings support the hypothesis that task complexity modulates both decision accuracy and response speed, highlight RT as a useful proxy for interim cognitive processing, and establish hornbills as a valuable comparative model for studying causal cognition in birds.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n De novo genome assemblies of threatened Asian hornbills (Bucerotidae) reveal declining population trajectories during the late Pleistocene.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pawar, P. Y.; Krishnan, G.; Naniwadekar, R.; and Joshi, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2025.\n
Pages: 2025.05.20.655227 Section: New Results\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{pawar_novo_2025,\n\ttitle = {De novo genome assemblies of threatened {Asian} hornbills ({Bucerotidae}) reveal declining population trajectories during the late {Pleistocene}},\n\tcopyright = {© 2025, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution 4.0 International), CC BY 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n\turl = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655227v1},\n\tdoi = {10.1101/2025.05.20.655227},\n\tabstract = {2. ABSTRACT\nAsian hornbills are flagship species of the wet tropics that face significant threats from hunting, habitat loss, and fragmentation. Despite being conservation flagships, whole genome information is available for only two of the 32 Asian hornbill species. In this study, we provide the first de novo genome assemblies for four hornbill species (Bucerotidae) in Asia. We present hybrid genome assemblies for Buceros bicornis and Rhyticeros undulatus, and short-read genomes for Anthracoceros coronatus, and Aceros nipalensis. The genome sizes of these hornbills range from 1.1 Gb to 1.3 Gb with over 93\\% completeness and gene prediction BUSCO. We also provide annotated mitogenomes for each of these species. Furthermore, we estimated Pleistocene population trajectories for these four species, which vary in their habitat preferences. Our results indicate that Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have led to dramatic population declines in all four species. We believe that this study provides robust genomic resources to support future conservation genomics efforts for hornbills.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tpublisher = {bioRxiv},\n\tauthor = {Pawar, Pooja Yashwant and Krishnan, Gopi and Naniwadekar, Rohit and Joshi, Jahnavi},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {Pages: 2025.05.20.655227\nSection: New Results},\n\tkeywords = {Aceros nipalensis, Anthracoceros coronatus, Buceros bicornis, Rhyticeros undulatus},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n 2. ABSTRACT Asian hornbills are flagship species of the wet tropics that face significant threats from hunting, habitat loss, and fragmentation. Despite being conservation flagships, whole genome information is available for only two of the 32 Asian hornbill species. In this study, we provide the first de novo genome assemblies for four hornbill species (Bucerotidae) in Asia. We present hybrid genome assemblies for Buceros bicornis and Rhyticeros undulatus, and short-read genomes for Anthracoceros coronatus, and Aceros nipalensis. The genome sizes of these hornbills range from 1.1 Gb to 1.3 Gb with over 93% completeness and gene prediction BUSCO. We also provide annotated mitogenomes for each of these species. Furthermore, we estimated Pleistocene population trajectories for these four species, which vary in their habitat preferences. Our results indicate that Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have led to dramatic population declines in all four species. We believe that this study provides robust genomic resources to support future conservation genomics efforts for hornbills.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of Birdwatching Tourism on Breeding Behaviour and Reproductive Success of Hornbills.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yang, S.; Lu, X.; Liu, J.; Yu, S.; Yang, Z.; Zuo, A.; Mo, R.; Zhu, D.; Liu, S.; and Duan, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2025.\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{yang_effects_2025,\n\taddress = {Rochester, NY},\n\ttype = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},\n\ttitle = {Effects of {Birdwatching} {Tourism} on {Breeding} {Behaviour} and {Reproductive} {Success} of {Hornbills}},\n\turl = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=5292478},\n\tabstract = {Birdwatching tourism, as a form of sustainable ecotourism, has gained increasing attention and popularity. While bringing significant economic benefits to local areas, it may also impact on local wildlife. Yingjiang County, located in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, leverages its abundant avian resources to develop the birdwatching industry vigorously. Three hornbill species—Anthracoceros albirostris, Rhyticeros undulatus, and Buceros bicornis—form stable breeding populations there and have become focal species for birdwatching tourism. However, research on the impacts of birdwatching tourism on the behavior and breeding ecology of hornbills remains scarce.This study investigated the effects of birdwatching activities at birdwatching hides on the behavioral expressions of these three hornbill species during the breeding period, using birdwatcher numbers, hiding cover, and distance as key factors. Results showed that anthropogenic disturbances from birdwatching did not significantly impact hornbills, breeding success rates, nor did they affect locomotor, preening, or social behaviors. However, they significantly influenced breeding behaviors, particularly during the pre-nesting period, with weaker effects observed during the nesting period. Overall, the impacts of birdwatching at birdwatching hides are complex and multifaceted, with disturbances and protective effects coexisting in a non-mutually exclusive manner during the breeding period.This study aims to reveal the impacts of birdwatching activities on hornbills’ behaviors and breeding performance while exploring hornbills’ response processes to anthropogenic disturbances. The findings will help establish rational birdwatching practices and standardize the planning and design of birdwatching sites, providing a scientific basis for sustainable birdwatching tourism and effective species conservation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tpublisher = {Social Science Research Network},\n\tauthor = {Yang, Shuang and Lu, Xi and Liu, Jiaju and Yu, Shuangping and Yang, Zuwei and Zuo, Anru and Mo, Ruixin and Zhu, Dong and Liu, Shilong and Duan, Yu-Bao},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Behavior, Birdwatching, Hornbill},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Birdwatching tourism, as a form of sustainable ecotourism, has gained increasing attention and popularity. While bringing significant economic benefits to local areas, it may also impact on local wildlife. Yingjiang County, located in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, leverages its abundant avian resources to develop the birdwatching industry vigorously. Three hornbill species—Anthracoceros albirostris, Rhyticeros undulatus, and Buceros bicornis—form stable breeding populations there and have become focal species for birdwatching tourism. However, research on the impacts of birdwatching tourism on the behavior and breeding ecology of hornbills remains scarce.This study investigated the effects of birdwatching activities at birdwatching hides on the behavioral expressions of these three hornbill species during the breeding period, using birdwatcher numbers, hiding cover, and distance as key factors. Results showed that anthropogenic disturbances from birdwatching did not significantly impact hornbills, breeding success rates, nor did they affect locomotor, preening, or social behaviors. However, they significantly influenced breeding behaviors, particularly during the pre-nesting period, with weaker effects observed during the nesting period. Overall, the impacts of birdwatching at birdwatching hides are complex and multifaceted, with disturbances and protective effects coexisting in a non-mutually exclusive manner during the breeding period.This study aims to reveal the impacts of birdwatching activities on hornbills’ behaviors and breeding performance while exploring hornbills’ response processes to anthropogenic disturbances. The findings will help establish rational birdwatching practices and standardize the planning and design of birdwatching sites, providing a scientific basis for sustainable birdwatching tourism and effective species conservation.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Causal affordances shape Hornbills’ problem-solving strategies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia-Pelegrin, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2025.\n
Pages: 2025.04.03.646957 Section: New Results\n\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@misc{garcia-pelegrin_causal_2025,\n\ttitle = {Causal affordances shape {Hornbills}’ problem-solving strategies},\n\tcopyright = {© 2025, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. The copyright holder for this pre-print is the author. All rights reserved. The material may not be redistributed, re-used or adapted without the author's permission.},\n\turl = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.646957v1},\n\tdoi = {10.1101/2025.04.03.646957},\n\tabstract = {Insight—that eureka moment when understanding emerges without trial-and-error—has traditionally been limited to great apes, corvids, and parrots (Byrne, 2016; Emery \\& Clayton, 2004; Lambert et al., 2019). The vertical string-pulling paradigm, a hallmark test of avian cognition (Jacobs \\& Osvath, 2015), requires birds to retrieve suspended food by incrementally pulling the string with their bill while securing it with their foot—demonstrating both motor coordination and causal understanding. However, Oriental pied hornbills (Anthracoceros albirostris) present an interesting case due to their unique anatomical constraints—their fused proximal phalanges prevent them from employing the typical foot-assisted string-pulling technique used by other birds. This study challenged six Oriental pied hornbills with two distinct vertical string-pulling problems, each requiring different solving strategies based on their causal properties. Despite their pedal limitations, five of the six subjects successfully solved both problems with remarkable efficiency, achieving solutions within an average of 17.6 seconds of their first encounter with the tasks. Most notably, the successful hornbills immediately employed task-specific biomechanical strategies that directly addressed the causal relationship between the string and the food reward: vigorous shaking movements to dislodge unsecured rewards, versus precise bill-and-tongue manipulation for rewards firmly attached to the string. The hornbills’ immediate application of causally appropriate, task-specific solutions without prior trial-and-error strongly supports the genuine insight hypothesis rather than associative learning explanations. These findings reveal sophisticated problem-solving capabilities in this previously understudied taxon and contribute valuable evidence to our understanding of convergent cognitive evolution across phylogenetically distant species.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-04-11},\n\tpublisher = {bioRxiv},\n\tauthor = {Garcia-Pelegrin, Elias},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {Pages: 2025.04.03.646957\nSection: New Results},\n\tkeywords = {Anthracoceros albirostris},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Insight—that eureka moment when understanding emerges without trial-and-error—has traditionally been limited to great apes, corvids, and parrots (Byrne, 2016; Emery & Clayton, 2004; Lambert et al., 2019). The vertical string-pulling paradigm, a hallmark test of avian cognition (Jacobs & Osvath, 2015), requires birds to retrieve suspended food by incrementally pulling the string with their bill while securing it with their foot—demonstrating both motor coordination and causal understanding. However, Oriental pied hornbills (Anthracoceros albirostris) present an interesting case due to their unique anatomical constraints—their fused proximal phalanges prevent them from employing the typical foot-assisted string-pulling technique used by other birds. This study challenged six Oriental pied hornbills with two distinct vertical string-pulling problems, each requiring different solving strategies based on their causal properties. Despite their pedal limitations, five of the six subjects successfully solved both problems with remarkable efficiency, achieving solutions within an average of 17.6 seconds of their first encounter with the tasks. Most notably, the successful hornbills immediately employed task-specific biomechanical strategies that directly addressed the causal relationship between the string and the food reward: vigorous shaking movements to dislodge unsecured rewards, versus precise bill-and-tongue manipulation for rewards firmly attached to the string. The hornbills’ immediate application of causally appropriate, task-specific solutions without prior trial-and-error strongly supports the genuine insight hypothesis rather than associative learning explanations. These findings reveal sophisticated problem-solving capabilities in this previously understudied taxon and contribute valuable evidence to our understanding of convergent cognitive evolution across phylogenetically distant species.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Diversity of hornbill species (Bucerotidae) at Soraya Research Station, Subulussalam City, Aceh Province.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zahrah, M.; Jumilawaty, E.; and Halimah, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1445(1): 012091. 2025.\n
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Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{zahrah_diversity_2025,\n\ttitle = {Diversity of hornbill species ({Bucerotidae}) at {Soraya} {Research} {Station}, {Subulussalam} {City}, {Aceh} {Province}},\n\tvolume = {1445},\n\tissn = {1755-1315},\n\turl = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1445/1/012091},\n\tdoi = {10.1088/1755-1315/1445/1/012091},\n\tabstract = {Hornbills have a very important role in preserving nature. However, currently the hornbill population is decreasing, which could have a negative impact on its sustainability. The aim of this research is to analyze the species diversity index, species evenness and dominance of hornbills (Bucerotidae) found at the Soraya Research Station. Data collection was carried out using direct observation methods, namely the line transect method and point count method, and indirect observation, namely the sound recording method. The hornbill species found at the Soraya research station based on direct observations are Buceros rhinoceros, Rhinoplax vigil, Anthracoceros albirostris, Anthracoceros malayanus and Rhyticeros undulatus. The hornbill species diversity index is 1.42, which means the value of species diversity is medium. The evenness value for the hornbill species is 0.88, which is included in the maximum or high evenness. The dominance index value obtained was 0.271, which is considered low dominance.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-11},\n\tjournal = {IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science},\n\tpublisher = {IOP Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Zahrah, Ma’rifatin and Jumilawaty, Erni and Halimah, Nur},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {012091},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Hornbills have a very important role in preserving nature. However, currently the hornbill population is decreasing, which could have a negative impact on its sustainability. The aim of this research is to analyze the species diversity index, species evenness and dominance of hornbills (Bucerotidae) found at the Soraya Research Station. Data collection was carried out using direct observation methods, namely the line transect method and point count method, and indirect observation, namely the sound recording method. The hornbill species found at the Soraya research station based on direct observations are Buceros rhinoceros, Rhinoplax vigil, Anthracoceros albirostris, Anthracoceros malayanus and Rhyticeros undulatus. The hornbill species diversity index is 1.42, which means the value of species diversity is medium. The evenness value for the hornbill species is 0.88, which is included in the maximum or high evenness. The dominance index value obtained was 0.271, which is considered low dominance.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Farmers of the forest: Distribution of Hornbill species in India with their conservation status and strategic recommendation for conservation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Rana, K.; Badola, S.; and Bahuguna, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Environment Conservation Journal, 26(2): 667–676. 2025.\n
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@article{rana_farmers_2025,\n\ttitle = {Farmers of the forest: {Distribution} of {Hornbill} species in {India} with their conservation status and strategic recommendation for conservation},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {2278-5124},\n\tshorttitle = {Farmers of the forest},\n\turl = {https://journal.environcj.in/index.php/ecj/article/view/3362},\n\tdoi = {10.36953/ECJ.33622025},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tjournal = {Environment Conservation Journal},\n\tauthor = {Rana, Komal and Badola, Smita and Bahuguna, Deepti},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {667--676},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A systematic review reveals the future study priorities of hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae) in Indonesia.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kurniawan, F. H.; Mardiastuti, A.; Mulyani, Y. A.; and Hadiprakarsa, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Bird Conservation International, 35: e21. 2025.\n
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@article{kurniawan_systematic_2025,\n\ttitle = {A systematic review reveals the future study priorities of hornbills ({Aves}: {Bucerotidae}) in {Indonesia}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {0959-2709, 1474-0001},\n\tshorttitle = {A systematic review reveals the future study priorities of hornbills ({Aves}},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/systematic-review-reveals-the-future-study-priorities-of-hornbills-aves-bucerotidae-in-indonesia/6D588548FFC350C3AD3308C177FB35A9},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/S0959270925100105},\n\tabstract = {The 13 species of hornbills occurring in Indonesia have been studied to varying degrees, but a comprehensive identification of knowledge gaps is still lacking. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify the species and topics that require further investigation. We searched the literature using ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Neliti, ResearchGate, and the Google search engine for all publications from 1970 to 2023. Publications were grouped under 15 conservation and ecological topics related to hornbills. Our review included 183 publications, comprising journal articles (56.3\\%), theses/dissertations (23.5\\%), conference papers (18.6\\%), and small portions of books and book sections (1.6\\%). Almost all the literature (72\\%) had been published after 2013, while the remaining (28\\%) was published before this period. The need for further studies across all research topics was identified for several species, including the Sumba Hornbill Rhyticeros everetti, Sulawesi Hornbill Rhabdotorrhinus exharratus, and Papuan Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus. We also underscore the need for investigation into seed dispersal, ecotourism, and research methods across all hornbill species. Enhancing research and drawing public attention to Indonesia’s hornbills should increase their popularity and may serve to increase financial resources. This is the first systematic review of hornbill research for Indonesia and provides important information to determine future hornbill studies in the country.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tjournal = {Bird Conservation International},\n\tauthor = {Kurniawan, Firman H. and Mardiastuti, Ani and Mulyani, Yeni A. and Hadiprakarsa, Yokyok},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {e21},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n The 13 species of hornbills occurring in Indonesia have been studied to varying degrees, but a comprehensive identification of knowledge gaps is still lacking. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify the species and topics that require further investigation. We searched the literature using ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Neliti, ResearchGate, and the Google search engine for all publications from 1970 to 2023. Publications were grouped under 15 conservation and ecological topics related to hornbills. Our review included 183 publications, comprising journal articles (56.3%), theses/dissertations (23.5%), conference papers (18.6%), and small portions of books and book sections (1.6%). Almost all the literature (72%) had been published after 2013, while the remaining (28%) was published before this period. The need for further studies across all research topics was identified for several species, including the Sumba Hornbill Rhyticeros everetti, Sulawesi Hornbill Rhabdotorrhinus exharratus, and Papuan Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus. We also underscore the need for investigation into seed dispersal, ecotourism, and research methods across all hornbill species. Enhancing research and drawing public attention to Indonesia’s hornbills should increase their popularity and may serve to increase financial resources. This is the first systematic review of hornbill research for Indonesia and provides important information to determine future hornbill studies in the country.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The influence of noise, temperature, and humidity on hornbill behaviour in a zoo.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tay, C.; Fernandez, E. J.; Xie, S.; Leong, K. L.; and McWhorter, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Discover Animals, 2(1): 20. 2025.\n
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@article{tay_influence_2025,\n\ttitle = {The influence of noise, temperature, and humidity on hornbill behaviour in a zoo},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {3004-894X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s44338-025-00063-0},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s44338-025-00063-0},\n\tabstract = {Natural environmental conditions are often overlooked in the welfare evaluation of captive animals despite their significant impact. However, numerous studies have shown how factors such as temperature and relative humidity influence the behaviour of wild avian species, leading to reduced foraging, locomotion and increased call rates. Additionally, anthropogenic factors, such as noise, have been shown to affect the behaviour of captive birds as well. All the birds were relocated from Jurong Bird Park, Singapore, to the newly established Bird Paradise, Singapore. The aim of this study was to observe the behavioural responses of five hornbill species: great hornbill (Buceros bicornis), rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), wreathed hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus), black-casqued hornbill (Ceratogymna atrata), and crowned hornbill (Lophoceros alboterminatus) to noise, ambient temperature and relative humidity. The sound pressure levels (SPL), temperature, and relative humidity levels were measured, and the behaviour of nine individual hornbills was observed using an ethogram four times a day with 15-min sessions over one month. The results showed (1) the hornbills were significantly more active when noise increased and significantly less active when temperature increased; (2) there was a significant increase in resting in the hornbills as temperature rose and a significant decrease in resting when noise increased; (3) as humidity increased, the hornbills displayed significantly more self-maintenance behaviours. Noise was found to have a greater impact on active and resting behaviour than temperature. While anthropogenic influences do affect animal behaviour, natural environmental factors are often overlooked and should be incorporated into a comprehensive evaluation of animal welfare.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tjournal = {Discover Animals},\n\tauthor = {Tay, Claudia and Fernandez, Eduardo J. and Xie, Shangzhe and Leong, Kai Le and McWhorter, Todd J.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Buceros bicornis, Buceros rhinoceros, Ceratogymna atrata, Lophoceros alboterminatus, Rhyticeros undulatus},\n\tpages = {20},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Natural environmental conditions are often overlooked in the welfare evaluation of captive animals despite their significant impact. However, numerous studies have shown how factors such as temperature and relative humidity influence the behaviour of wild avian species, leading to reduced foraging, locomotion and increased call rates. Additionally, anthropogenic factors, such as noise, have been shown to affect the behaviour of captive birds as well. All the birds were relocated from Jurong Bird Park, Singapore, to the newly established Bird Paradise, Singapore. The aim of this study was to observe the behavioural responses of five hornbill species: great hornbill (Buceros bicornis), rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), wreathed hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus), black-casqued hornbill (Ceratogymna atrata), and crowned hornbill (Lophoceros alboterminatus) to noise, ambient temperature and relative humidity. The sound pressure levels (SPL), temperature, and relative humidity levels were measured, and the behaviour of nine individual hornbills was observed using an ethogram four times a day with 15-min sessions over one month. The results showed (1) the hornbills were significantly more active when noise increased and significantly less active when temperature increased; (2) there was a significant increase in resting in the hornbills as temperature rose and a significant decrease in resting when noise increased; (3) as humidity increased, the hornbills displayed significantly more self-maintenance behaviours. Noise was found to have a greater impact on active and resting behaviour than temperature. While anthropogenic influences do affect animal behaviour, natural environmental factors are often overlooked and should be incorporated into a comprehensive evaluation of animal welfare.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The trafficking of the endemic Visayan Rufous-headed Hornbill Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni and Visayan Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini in the Philippines.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sy, E. Y.; and Shepherd, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Hornbill Natural History and Conservation, 6. 2025.\n
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@article{sy_trafficking_2025,\n\ttitle = {The trafficking of the endemic {Visayan} {Rufous}-headed {Hornbill}\nRhabdotorrhinus waldeni and {Visayan} {Tarictic} {Hornbill} {Penelopides}\npanini in the {Philippines}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://iucnhornbills.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Sy-and-Shepherd_HNHC-Vol-6_web.pdf},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tjournal = {Hornbill Natural History and Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Sy, Emerson Y. and Shepherd, Loretta},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Penelopides panini, Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Range expansion of Indian Grey Hornbill population: a case study based on land use, land cover, and vegetation changes in Vadodara, Gujarat, India \\textbar Journal of Threatened Taxa.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dhaduk, P; and Padate, G\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Journal of Threatened Taxa, 17(6). 2025.\n
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@article{dhaduk_range_2025,\n\ttitle = {Range expansion of {Indian} {Grey} {Hornbill} population: a case study based on land use, land cover, and vegetation changes in {Vadodara}, {Gujarat}, {India} {\\textbar} {Journal} of {Threatened} {Taxa}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\turl = {https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/9523},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2025-07-04},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Threatened Taxa},\n\tauthor = {Dhaduk, P and Padate, G},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Ocyceros birostris},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Population mitogenome diversity and connectivity among wild populations of Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) in Thailand: Implications for population recovery planning.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jansamut, P; Gale, G. A.; Sukmak, M; Chimchome, V; and Klinsawat, W\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Global Ecology and Conservation, 60. 2025.\n
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@article{jansamut_population_2025,\n\ttitle = {Population mitogenome diversity and connectivity among wild populations of {Great} {Hornbill} ({Buceros} bicornis) in {Thailand}: {Implications} for population recovery planning},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\turl = {https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/306541/1-s2.0-S2351989424X00050/1-s2.0-S2351989425001982/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHwaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIDdkRjGQZQbpTpxcwsnAT8hDyIkz1VG7JITyvp4FrXo8AiEAlKdBAnPihPYKzdMqblsO%2FIhaIvFksaaHW6JtwQRiIp8qsgUIJRAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDBy5A9C7LRdf%2BI1sVyqPBdA2gTzmjV9QK%2FhFq4F%2FrI9llrvq2xiIcVdD9MkEQvpgSpjtNPsLmIRumNa%2BBlHDDeUjupCVOhId18JSOluSVviSR9NIEXQ%2FuiIzmd3X9VZ7XUxK%2FLBSWo6%2Bj%2F7zfO3WcxOFoc9Eef6QuklmMbGzz7h0JqtwkRiR%2BxJOxWKGiJMf9K46wJqvgot8p%2FYB%2FbnQQRFiRDYoBqaAkpBssZTFnGiNT7PaSCRGihyYiUhZ2oTY70iFJ05J1MR%2BihJbJ0Dp%2BHgO0awkN76t6%2FWd0v9wdbru3lt1KLpMtub0reDhG1y%2FQG2p1xZb9Y8zMmJSVn%2BxB5KnHv9dWdBKAQedLGZNn85rxePjLBcNPnurH8XIPkj3EcNqNYPesI805uxMlo1fktaeMjz1xt42qwh33mnXHoJF%2BM9qUyDRMDvypsUZ0Fji1LoXnz%2Bn1wKJbDWMkaWbXgBT1IObxPW2PuX%2F9JQLmWrKUHx8yMfYYtvV7agWqLSDWUcOUKfOIYFQszdXsHlZp2JF2uXcUYtD7MzLKX3O1tdN3DEAmWzRCiLjQcNayJxU4QYpmRF2zgsIUPNi71uBjJz7C8%2Fy0LCemsXyvdVbZOF1sPre2Gd%2B1gJbHrFsjem7EA30QbQY3R489d6a2%2BeXc8VCwZtjREvUN3kh4%2Ba1Z6LWJGNPPeEy1mD4GYptO48%2BXX%2FMIvwgEknqHX260YbKPQDnc61hJQdReT2%2F4KkB1J5zxD1mN072Ki3gwSf2M90ZendQcf50Uer7z8lO4OsVYKm4CvO02dLVLMRpbal53Y3dkO5LAUlpqXHCfa0GsO%2BgZicerZVa9l3w%2B4vrgi8TWpUKu%2FMmFkV2bcchrOWpuxiymMu5ZATFkcr89tXT1mgw8e%2FgwAY6sQFBU4Y5EZ4uUJSuumdYyAe6%2FCZmWhcazzEOpYYkkmfm4VfRiww2MqGiFepLmr3mH9aNmQAD%2Bpt6X5zCJb6hOXr7nYkHKO6QhyCuhptPx0k206%2B3x0nZC2LseZ3QKrknRWnGgthh7a3oMX%2F4%2BDqxBNXDhBg%2FR%2F%2FNOrs5sDl55R2i22oKZbNkMQ7GqmY%2BCxdJTdC4TU8u9P2%2F%2BVrNQ6kPuqJ%2Fc7cf1eiE4iHSYFb%2BdDRkKlA%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250505T044321Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYVLCVSN74%2F20250505%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=f8701edb1cb851c05b0ae3aad8e738fbc47eafebc8ca25ce51e3d939c18e3045&hash=63ce20b48c7bb9b930b35678f067b9f4a5e8479b92b3f0723e38114c475c95ea&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2351989425001982&tid=spdf-abf3c838-da93-4bdd-9c72-34005e89cb54&sid=12707ca945ac3048150a0eb5a6ffcc94be8bgxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=1308595700075e515a5356&rr=93ad939418617e9d&cc=in},\n\tjournal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},\n\tauthor = {Jansamut, P and Gale, G. A. and Sukmak, M and Chimchome, V and Klinsawat, W},\n\tyear = {2025},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The helmeted hornbill casque is reinforced by a bundle of exceptionally thick, rod-like trabeculae.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Surapaneni, V. A.; Flaum, B.; Schindler, M.; Hayat, K.; Wölfer, J.; Baum, D.; Hu, R.; Kong, T. F.; Doube, M.; and Dean, M. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1544(1): 78–91. 2025.\n
_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nyas.15254\n\n
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@article{surapaneni_helmeted_2025,\n\ttitle = {The helmeted hornbill casque is reinforced by a bundle of exceptionally thick, rod-like trabeculae},\n\tvolume = {1544},\n\tcopyright = {© 2025 The Author(s). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The New York Academy of Sciences.},\n\tissn = {1749-6632},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nyas.15254},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/nyas.15254},\n\tabstract = {Among hornbill birds, the critically endangered helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) is notable for its casque (a bulbous beak protrusion) being filled with trabeculae and fronted by a very thick keratin layer. Casque function is debated but appears central to aerial jousting, where birds (typically males) collide casques at high speeds in a mid-flight display that is audible for more than 100 m. We characterized the structural relationship between the skull and casque anatomy using X-ray microtomography and quantitative trabecular network analysis to examine how the casque sustains extreme impact. The casque comprises a keratin veneer (rhamphotheca, ∼8× thicker than beak keratin), which slots over the internal bony casque like a tight-fitting sheath. The bony casque's central cavity contains a network of trabeculae—heavily aligned and predominantly rod-like, among the thickest described in vertebrates—forming a massive rostrocaudal strut spanning the casque's length, bridging rostral (impact), and caudal (braincase) surfaces. Quantitative network characterizations indicate no differences between male and female trabecular architectures. This suggests that females may also joust or that casques play other roles. Our results argue that the casque's impact loading demands and shapes a high-safety-factor construction that involves extreme trabecular morphologies among vertebrates, architectures that also have the potential for informing the design of collision-resistant materials.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2025-04-11},\n\tjournal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Surapaneni, Venkata A. and Flaum, Benjamin and Schindler, Mike and Hayat, Khizar and Wölfer, Jan and Baum, Daniel and Hu, Ruien and Kong, Ting Fai and Doube, Michael and Dean, Mason N.},\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nyas.15254},\n\tkeywords = {Rhinoplax vigil},\n\tpages = {78--91},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Among hornbill birds, the critically endangered helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) is notable for its casque (a bulbous beak protrusion) being filled with trabeculae and fronted by a very thick keratin layer. Casque function is debated but appears central to aerial jousting, where birds (typically males) collide casques at high speeds in a mid-flight display that is audible for more than 100 m. We characterized the structural relationship between the skull and casque anatomy using X-ray microtomography and quantitative trabecular network analysis to examine how the casque sustains extreme impact. The casque comprises a keratin veneer (rhamphotheca, ∼8× thicker than beak keratin), which slots over the internal bony casque like a tight-fitting sheath. The bony casque's central cavity contains a network of trabeculae—heavily aligned and predominantly rod-like, among the thickest described in vertebrates—forming a massive rostrocaudal strut spanning the casque's length, bridging rostral (impact), and caudal (braincase) surfaces. Quantitative network characterizations indicate no differences between male and female trabecular architectures. This suggests that females may also joust or that casques play other roles. Our results argue that the casque's impact loading demands and shapes a high-safety-factor construction that involves extreme trabecular morphologies among vertebrates, architectures that also have the potential for informing the design of collision-resistant materials.\n
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