var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/johnandsci/5265817\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Validating and Improving Voting Advice Applications: Estimating Party Positions Using Candidate Surveys\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"2151-7509\",\"url\":\"http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml\",\"doi\":\"10.1515/spp-2018-0012\",\"abstract\":\"Locating political parties correctly regarding different policy issues is not just crucial for research on parties, party competition, and many similar fields but also for the electorate. For the latter, it has become more and more important as the relevance of voting advice applications (VAA) has increased and as their main usage is to compare citizens’ policy preferences to the offer of political parties. However, if party positions are not adequately assigned, citizens are provided with suboptimal information which decreases the citizens’ capacities to make rational electoral decision. VAA designers follow different approaches to determining party positions. In this paper, we look beyond most common sources like electoral manifestos and expert judgments by using surveys of electoral candidates to validate and improve VAAs. We argue that by using positions derived from candidate surveys we get the information by the source itself, but at the same time we overcome most of the disadvantages of the other methods. Using data for the 2014 European Parliament election both in Greece and Germany, we show that while positions taken from the VAAs and from the candidate surveys do match more often than not, we also find substantive differences and even opposing positions. Moreover, these occasional differences have already rather severe consequences looking at calculated overlaps between citizens and parties as well as representations of the political competition space and party system polarization. These differences seem to be more pronounced in Greece. We conclude that candidate surveys are indeed a valid additional source to validate and improve VAAs.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2019-03-12\",\"journal\":\"Statistics, Politics and Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giebler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"note\":\"Publisher: De Gruyter\",\"pages\":\"135–160\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Andreadis2018a,\\n\\ttitle = {Validating and {Improving} {Voting} {Advice} {Applications}: {Estimating} {Party} {Positions} {Using} {Candidate} {Surveys}},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {2151-7509},\\n\\turl = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1515/spp-2018-0012},\\n\\tabstract = {Locating political parties correctly regarding different policy issues is not just crucial for research on parties, party competition, and many similar fields but also for the electorate. For the latter, it has become more and more important as the relevance of voting advice applications (VAA) has increased and as their main usage is to compare citizens’ policy preferences to the offer of political parties. However, if party positions are not adequately assigned, citizens are provided with suboptimal information which decreases the citizens’ capacities to make rational electoral decision. VAA designers follow different approaches to determining party positions. In this paper, we look beyond most common sources like electoral manifestos and expert judgments by using surveys of electoral candidates to validate and improve VAAs. We argue that by using positions derived from candidate surveys we get the information by the source itself, but at the same time we overcome most of the disadvantages of the other methods. Using data for the 2014 European Parliament election both in Greece and Germany, we show that while positions taken from the VAAs and from the candidate surveys do match more often than not, we also find substantive differences and even opposing positions. Moreover, these occasional differences have already rather severe consequences looking at calculated overlaps between citizens and parties as well as representations of the political competition space and party system polarization. These differences seem to be more pronounced in Greece. We conclude that candidate surveys are indeed a valid additional source to validate and improve VAAs.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2019-03-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Statistics, Politics and Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Giebler, Heiko},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: De Gruyter},\\n\\tpages = {135--160},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Giebler, H.\"],\"key\":\"Andreadis2018a\",\"id\":\"Andreadis2018a\",\"bibbaseid\":\"andreadis-giebler-validatingandimprovingvotingadviceapplicationsestimatingpartypositionsusingcandidatesurveys-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Party performance explains disagreement between politicians and their parties\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"17439655\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/01402382.2017.1359013\",\"abstract\":\"Are politicians more likely to disagree with their party after an electoral defeat or during a spell in opposition? If so, are they likely to advocate a more moderate or a more radical position than their party? In order to evaluate this, the article analyses the absolute distance between candidates for parliament and their parties on the left–right dimension. The sample used consists of 5614 politicians from 11 countries (Comparative Candidate Survey). Controlling for party system differences and individual characteristics, the results demonstrate that politicians take more moderate positions than their party after an electoral defeat. Also politicians of government parties are surprisingly more likely to disagree than politicians of opposition parties. These results overlap with predictions of party position shifts and inform the discussion on how intra-party dynamics bring about changes in party position. In addition, the article finds evidence of loss aversion, and differences in the responsiveness of elite and non-elite candidates.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"West European Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schumacher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gijs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elmelund-Præstekær\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Routledge\",\"keywords\":\"Party positions, candidates, electoral performance, intra-party politics, intra-party unity\",\"pages\":\"329–349\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schumacher_party_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Party performance explains disagreement between politicians and their parties},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {17439655},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/01402382.2017.1359013},\\n\\tabstract = {Are politicians more likely to disagree with their party after an electoral defeat or during a spell in opposition? If so, are they likely to advocate a more moderate or a more radical position than their party? In order to evaluate this, the article analyses the absolute distance between candidates for parliament and their parties on the left–right dimension. The sample used consists of 5614 politicians from 11 countries (Comparative Candidate Survey). Controlling for party system differences and individual characteristics, the results demonstrate that politicians take more moderate positions than their party after an electoral defeat. Also politicians of government parties are surprisingly more likely to disagree than politicians of opposition parties. These results overlap with predictions of party position shifts and inform the discussion on how intra-party dynamics bring about changes in party position. In addition, the article finds evidence of loss aversion, and differences in the responsiveness of elite and non-elite candidates.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {West European Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Schumacher, Gijs and Elmelund-Præstekær, Christian},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\\n\\tkeywords = {Party positions, candidates, electoral performance, intra-party politics, intra-party unity},\\n\\tpages = {329--349},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schumacher, G.\",\"Elmelund-Præstekær, C.\"],\"key\":\"schumacher_party_2018\",\"id\":\"schumacher_party_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schumacher-elmelundprstekr-partyperformanceexplainsdisagreementbetweenpoliticiansandtheirparties-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Party positions\",\"candidates\",\"electoral performance\",\"intra-party politics\",\"intra-party unity\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Gendered political resources: The case of party office\",\"volume\":\"24\",\"issn\":\"14603683\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1354068816663040\",\"abstract\":\"Party office is a crucial political resource for those seeking a political career. It provides advantageous access to the distribution of the patronage parties are entitled to in party government democracies. This article aims at measuring this comparative advantage while simultaneously investigating whether it benefits women and men equally in political recruitment processes. We concentrate on viable candidacy for parliamentary office, ministerial appointments, as well as post-ministerial offices in public and semi-public life that are also in the hands of political parties to distribute. Our cross-national analysis of advanced industrial democracies shows that men are much more likely than women to benefit from holding party office in their ascendant political careers, even when controlling for other political resources, sociodemographic factors and country-level variables. This suggests that party office is a gendered political resource and that gender power dynamics are deeply entrenched in political parties.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Party Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Verge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tània\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Claveria\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sílvia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"note\":\"Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd\",\"keywords\":\"gender power, party patronage, political parties, political recruitment, women’s representation\",\"pages\":\"536–548\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{verge_gendered_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Gendered political resources: {The} case of party office},\\n\\tvolume = {24},\\n\\tissn = {14603683},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1354068816663040},\\n\\tabstract = {Party office is a crucial political resource for those seeking a political career. It provides advantageous access to the distribution of the patronage parties are entitled to in party government democracies. This article aims at measuring this comparative advantage while simultaneously investigating whether it benefits women and men equally in political recruitment processes. We concentrate on viable candidacy for parliamentary office, ministerial appointments, as well as post-ministerial offices in public and semi-public life that are also in the hands of political parties to distribute. Our cross-national analysis of advanced industrial democracies shows that men are much more likely than women to benefit from holding party office in their ascendant political careers, even when controlling for other political resources, sociodemographic factors and country-level variables. This suggests that party office is a gendered political resource and that gender power dynamics are deeply entrenched in political parties.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Party Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Verge, Tània and Claveria, Sílvia},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},\\n\\tkeywords = {gender power, party patronage, political parties, political recruitment, women’s representation},\\n\\tpages = {536--548},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Verge, T.\",\"Claveria, S.\"],\"key\":\"verge_gendered_2018\",\"id\":\"verge_gendered_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"verge-claveria-genderedpoliticalresourcesthecaseofpartyoffice-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"gender power\",\"party patronage\",\"political parties\",\"political recruitment\",\"women’s representation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cheap Talk or Proper Signaling? Styles of Campaigning and Engagement in Constituency Service\",\"volume\":\"99\",\"issn\":\"00384941\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/ssqu.12404\",\"abstract\":\"Objectives Although a salient component of parliamentary delegation and accountability chains, the connection between individual campaigning and parliamentary behavior has not been measured systematically by empirical research. This study assesses the importance of campaign strategies and activities for constituency service. Methods We draw on an original data set combining the responses of 234 members of Parliament (MPs) participating at the 2010 Hungarian Candidate Study with their subsequent parliamentary questions. We content analyzed the questions and ran negative binomial regressions to evaluate if and how campaign activities influenced the MPs to introduce locally‐oriented questions. Results Our analyses show that a form of campaign socialization, the time devoted to meet local activists during campaigns, is a key predictor for the likelihood of introducing constituency questions, whereas campaign norms and messages matter less. Conclusions Ultimately, even though campaigns matter for constituency service, the MPs’ shadowing behavior, their socialization in local politics, and their partisan affiliation is likely to matter more.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-04\",\"journal\":\"Social Science Quarterly\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiru\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mihail\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"283–295\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chiru_cheap_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Cheap {Talk} or {Proper} {Signaling}? {Styles} of {Campaigning} and {Engagement} in {Constituency} {Service}},\\n\\tvolume = {99},\\n\\tissn = {00384941},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/ssqu.12404},\\n\\tabstract = {Objectives Although a salient component of parliamentary delegation and accountability chains, the connection between individual campaigning and parliamentary behavior has not been measured systematically by empirical research. This study assesses the importance of campaign strategies and activities for constituency service. Methods We draw on an original data set combining the responses of 234 members of Parliament (MPs) participating at the 2010 Hungarian Candidate Study with their subsequent parliamentary questions. We content analyzed the questions and ran negative binomial regressions to evaluate if and how campaign activities influenced the MPs to introduce locally‐oriented questions. Results Our analyses show that a form of campaign socialization, the time devoted to meet local activists during campaigns, is a key predictor for the likelihood of introducing constituency questions, whereas campaign norms and messages matter less. Conclusions Ultimately, even though campaigns matter for constituency service, the MPs’ shadowing behavior, their socialization in local politics, and their partisan affiliation is likely to matter more.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-04},\\n\\tjournal = {Social Science Quarterly},\\n\\tauthor = {Chiru, Mihail},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {283--295},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chiru, M.\"],\"key\":\"chiru_cheap_2018\",\"id\":\"chiru_cheap_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chiru-cheaptalkorpropersignalingstylesofcampaigningandengagementinconstituencyservice-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Italian candidates under the Rosato law\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"2420-8434\",\"abstract\":\"Candidates for public office are part of the politically 'active minority' that serve as a fundamental link between voters and the ruling class. The selection of candidates can also define the traits of political personnel in the major political institutions and, more in general, the very nature of democratic representation. The study of candidates is particularly interesting in the case of the 2018 Italian elections as it allows us to understand the extent to which Italian citizens are willing to run for office despite a negative climate towards politics, and despite parties' choices under the new mixed electoral system-the so-called 'Rosato law'. This article investigates a number of key characteristics of the Italian candidates running for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 and compares them with those who stood for office in the past elections from 1976 onwards. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: the overall number of candidacies and party lists, the use of multiple candidacies by different parties, and some relevant traits of candidates such as their age, gender and past experience as candidates. Results highlight the impact of the new electoral institutions, as in 2018 the overall number of Italian candidates and lists has decreased if compared to the 2013 elections. However, the new rules have not substantially reduced the number of those who run for office without any reasonable possibility of obtaining a parliamentary seat. In addition, the population of Italian would-be deputies has become more balanced in terms of gender-though not any younger-and the turnover rate among Italian candidates seems to be somewhat lower than in 2013. Furthermore, moving from 2013 to 2018, the leaders of Italian parties have made more moderate use of multiple candidacies as a tool for controlling party members. In the last elections, multiple candidacies were employed mostly for safeguarding the election of some prominent politicians.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Italian Political Science\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pedrazzani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Segatti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paolo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"19–35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pedrazzani_italian_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Italian candidates under the {Rosato} law},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {2420-8434},\\n\\tabstract = {Candidates for public office are part of the politically 'active minority' that serve as a fundamental link between voters and the ruling class. The selection of candidates can also define the traits of political personnel in the major political institutions and, more in general, the very nature of democratic representation. The study of candidates is particularly interesting in the case of the 2018 Italian elections as it allows us to understand the extent to which Italian citizens are willing to run for office despite a negative climate towards politics, and despite parties' choices under the new mixed electoral system-the so-called 'Rosato law'. This article investigates a number of key characteristics of the Italian candidates running for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 and compares them with those who stood for office in the past elections from 1976 onwards. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: the overall number of candidacies and party lists, the use of multiple candidacies by different parties, and some relevant traits of candidates such as their age, gender and past experience as candidates. Results highlight the impact of the new electoral institutions, as in 2018 the overall number of Italian candidates and lists has decreased if compared to the 2013 elections. However, the new rules have not substantially reduced the number of those who run for office without any reasonable possibility of obtaining a parliamentary seat. In addition, the population of Italian would-be deputies has become more balanced in terms of gender-though not any younger-and the turnover rate among Italian candidates seems to be somewhat lower than in 2013. Furthermore, moving from 2013 to 2018, the leaders of Italian parties have made more moderate use of multiple candidacies as a tool for controlling party members. In the last elections, multiple candidacies were employed mostly for safeguarding the election of some prominent politicians.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Italian Political Science},\\n\\tauthor = {Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca and Segatti, Paolo},\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {19--35},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pedrazzani, A.\",\"Pinto, L.\",\"Segatti, P.\"],\"key\":\"pedrazzani_italian_2018\",\"id\":\"pedrazzani_italian_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pedrazzani-pinto-segatti-italiancandidatesundertherosatolaw-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Bologna\",\"title\":\"La rappresentanza politica in Italia : candidati ed elettori nelle elezioni politiche del 2013\",\"isbn\":\"978-88-15-25807-6\",\"url\":\"https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"publisher\":\"Il mulino\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Di\",\"Virgilio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Segatti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paolo\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{di_virgilio_rappresentanza_2016,\\n\\taddress = {Bologna},\\n\\ttitle = {La rappresentanza politica in {Italia} : candidati ed elettori nelle elezioni politiche del 2013},\\n\\tisbn = {978-88-15-25807-6},\\n\\turl = {https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tpublisher = {Il mulino},\\n\\tauthor = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Segatti, Paolo},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Di Virgilio, A.\",\"Segatti, P.\"],\"key\":\"di_virgilio_rappresentanza_2016\",\"id\":\"di_virgilio_rappresentanza_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"divirgilio-segatti-larappresentanzapoliticainitaliacandidatiedelettorinelleelezionipolitichedel2013-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Lisboa\",\"title\":\"Participação e Representação Políticas na Europa em Crise\",\"url\":\"https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&btnG=#d=gs_cit&u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"publisher\":\"Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lisi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viegas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"JM\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{freire_participacao_2016,\\n\\taddress = {Lisboa},\\n\\ttitle = {Participação e {Representação} {Políticas} na {Europa} em {Crise}},\\n\\turl = {https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&btnG=#d=gs_cit&u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tpublisher = {Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento},\\n\\tauthor = {Freire, A and Lisi, M and Viegas, JM},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Freire, A\",\"Lisi, M\",\"Viegas, J.\"],\"key\":\"freire_participacao_2016\",\"id\":\"freire_participacao_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freire-lisi-viegas-participaoerepresentaopolticasnaeuropaemcrise-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&btnG=#d=gs_cit&u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Political Representation in Times of Bailout\",\"isbn\":\"978-1-315-67526-8\",\"url\":\"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268\",\"abstract\":\"Since 2008 many European states have experienced significant challenges in adapting to austerity, and political actors within these states have made significant changes in their discourses and practices. This book explores the short-term impact of the sovereign debt crisis on aspects of political representation in Greece and Portugal, two of the countries that have been the most severely affected. It provides the most systematic examination to date of the attitudinal change of voters and elites regarding participation and representation, and of the legitimacy of the political system in two of the bailed-out Eurozone states. By examining the congruence between elites and voters, the shift in the patterns of competition, and the position of both citizens and representatives on the main issues, the studies contribute towards a reassessment of the validity of the responsible party model and of theories about democratic accountability. By relying on original mass and elite surveys conducted both before and after the bailouts, the volume helps us understand how the EU/IMF intervention has affected partisan alignments in Greece and Portugal, as well as the differences and similarities in the way political elites and civil society have adapted to severe austerity. This book was originally published as a special issue of South European Society & Politics.\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"publisher\":\"Routledge\",\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"André\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lisi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leite\"],\"firstnames\":[\"José\",\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"doi\":\"10.4324/9781315675268\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{Freire2016,\\n\\ttitle = {Political {Representation} in {Times} of {Bailout}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-1-315-67526-8},\\n\\turl = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268},\\n\\tabstract = {Since 2008 many European states have experienced significant challenges in adapting to austerity, and political actors within these states have made significant changes in their discourses and practices. This book explores the short-term impact of the sovereign debt crisis on aspects of political representation in Greece and Portugal, two of the countries that have been the most severely affected. It provides the most systematic examination to date of the attitudinal change of voters and elites regarding participation and representation, and of the legitimacy of the political system in two of the bailed-out Eurozone states. By examining the congruence between elites and voters, the shift in the patterns of competition, and the position of both citizens and representatives on the main issues, the studies contribute towards a reassessment of the validity of the responsible party model and of theories about democratic accountability. By relying on original mass and elite surveys conducted both before and after the bailouts, the volume helps us understand how the EU/IMF intervention has affected partisan alignments in Greece and Portugal, as well as the differences and similarities in the way political elites and civil society have adapted to severe austerity. This book was originally published as a special issue of South European Society \\\\& Politics.},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tpublisher = {Routledge},\\n\\teditor = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite, José Manuel},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tdoi = {10.4324/9781315675268},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"editor_short\":[\"Freire, A.\",\"Lisi, M.\",\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Leite, J. M.\"],\"key\":\"Freire2016\",\"id\":\"Freire2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freire-lisi-andreadis-leite-politicalrepresentationintimesofbailout-2017\",\"role\":\"editor\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"University Donja Gorica, Podgorica, 1-2 July 2016\",\"title\":\"Conducting a Candidate Study as a Web-Survey. Advantages, Challenges and Best Practices.\",\"booktitle\":\"1st BCES International Scientific Conference\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kartsounidou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evangelia\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"note\":\"Issue: July\",\"keywords\":\"candidate study, nonresponse, web survey design, web surveys\",\"pages\":\"1–2\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{andreadis_conducting_2016,\\n\\taddress = {University Donja Gorica, Podgorica, 1-2 July 2016},\\n\\ttitle = {Conducting a {Candidate} {Study} as a {Web}-{Survey}. {Advantages}, {Challenges} and {Best} {Practices}.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {1st {BCES} {International} {Scientific} {Conference}},\\n\\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Kartsounidou, Evangelia},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tnote = {Issue: July},\\n\\tkeywords = {candidate study, nonresponse, web survey design, web surveys},\\n\\tpages = {1--2},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Kartsounidou, E.\"],\"key\":\"andreadis_conducting_2016\",\"id\":\"andreadis_conducting_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"andreadis-kartsounidou-conductingacandidatestudyasawebsurveyadvantageschallengesandbestpractices-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"candidate study\",\"nonresponse\",\"web survey design\",\"web surveys\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Prague\",\"title\":\"Mapping European parties’ policy positions by using data from the Comparative Candidates Survey.\",\"booktitle\":\"X ECPR General Conference\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giannetti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luca.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{giannetti_mapping_2016,\\n\\taddress = {Prague},\\n\\ttitle = {Mapping {European} parties’ policy positions by using data from the {Comparative} {Candidates} {Survey}.},\\n\\tbooktitle = {X {ECPR} {General} {Conference}},\\n\\tauthor = {Giannetti, Daniela and Pinto, Luca.},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Giannetti, D.\",\"Pinto, L.\"],\"key\":\"giannetti_mapping_2016\",\"id\":\"giannetti_mapping_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"giannetti-pinto-mappingeuropeanpartiespolicypositionsbyusingdatafromthecomparativecandidatessurvey-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"European Populist Parties in Government: How Well are Voters Represented? Evidence from Greece\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issn\":\"14247755\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/spsr.12255\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non-populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many' approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti-populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2017-06-07\",\"journal\":\"Swiss Political Science Review\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stavrakakis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"keywords\":\"Congruence, Greece, Populism, Representation, Voting behavior\",\"pages\":\"485–508\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Andreadis2017a,\\n\\ttitle = {European {Populist} {Parties} in {Government}: {How} {Well} are {Voters} {Represented}? {Evidence} from {Greece}},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tissn = {14247755},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/spsr.12255},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non-populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many' approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti-populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2017-06-07},\\n\\tjournal = {Swiss Political Science Review},\\n\\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tkeywords = {Congruence, Greece, Populism, Representation, Voting behavior},\\n\\tpages = {485--508},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Stavrakakis, Y.\"],\"key\":\"Andreadis2017a\",\"id\":\"Andreadis2017a\",\"bibbaseid\":\"andreadis-stavrakakis-europeanpopulistpartiesingovernmenthowwellarevotersrepresentedevidencefromgreece-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255\"},\"keyword\":[\"Congruence\",\"Greece\",\"Populism\",\"Representation\",\"Voting behavior\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Gendered policy preferences? Candidates’ views on political issues in a comparative perspective\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4\",\"doi\":\"10.1057/cep.2015.4\",\"abstract\":\"This article examines whether gender affects candidates’ position on the economic and cultural dimensions of political competition in nine West European countries. Using data from the Comparative Candidate Survey, we find that female candidates hold, on average, more liberal views than their male party colleagues. These gender differences vary according to the nature of issues. Female candidates are more liberal than their party colleagues on the cultural dimension, but we find no systematic differences in policy preferences on economic issues. Moreover, gender differences vary according to parties’ ideological position on the left–right scale with a more pronounced gender gap in right-wing parties. Our findings contribute to the literature on female candidates and on the impact of women in politics more broadly.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"Comparative European Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lloren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anouk\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosset\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2017\",\"pages\":\"944–968\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lloren_gendered_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Gendered policy preferences? {Candidates}’ views on political issues in a comparative perspective},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1057/cep.2015.4},\\n\\tabstract = {This article examines whether gender affects candidates’ position on the economic and cultural dimensions of political competition in nine West European countries. Using data from the Comparative Candidate Survey, we find that female candidates hold, on average, more liberal views than their male party colleagues. These gender differences vary according to the nature of issues. Female candidates are more liberal than their party colleagues on the cultural dimension, but we find no systematic differences in policy preferences on economic issues. Moreover, gender differences vary according to parties’ ideological position on the left–right scale with a more pronounced gender gap in right-wing parties. Our findings contribute to the literature on female candidates and on the impact of women in politics more broadly.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {Comparative European Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Lloren, Anouk and Rosset, Jan},\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tpages = {944--968},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lloren, A.\",\"Rosset, J.\"],\"key\":\"lloren_gendered_2017\",\"id\":\"lloren_gendered_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lloren-rosset-genderedpolicypreferencescandidatesviewsonpoliticalissuesinacomparativeperspective-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary Greek context\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"2374-5118\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434\",\"abstract\":\"Interrogating available indexes from a discourse-theoretical point of view, this paper utilizes a reformulated populism index in order to identify populist parties. In particular, the index is applied in a candidate survey carried out in Greece in 2015. Findings indicate that this index allows for a clear differentiation between populist and non-populist parties. Based on candidate attitudes, SYRIZA and ANEL belong to the first group whereas New Democracy, PASOK and River to the second. The examination of additional survey items reveals a clear ideological division within the populist camp: right-wing populism is exclusionary, while left-wing populism more inclusive and pluralist.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2018-01-16\",\"journal\":\"European Politics and Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stavrakakis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Katsambekis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Giorgos\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Routledge\",\"keywords\":\"Candidates, Greece, discourse, populism, surveys\",\"pages\":\"446–464\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Stavrakakis2017,\\n\\ttitle = {A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary {Greek} context},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {2374-5118},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},\\n\\tabstract = {Interrogating available indexes from a discourse-theoretical point of view, this paper utilizes a reformulated populism index in order to identify populist parties. In particular, the index is applied in a candidate survey carried out in Greece in 2015. Findings indicate that this index allows for a clear differentiation between populist and non-populist parties. Based on candidate attitudes, SYRIZA and ANEL belong to the first group whereas New Democracy, PASOK and River to the second. The examination of additional survey items reveals a clear ideological division within the populist camp: right-wing populism is exclusionary, while left-wing populism more inclusive and pluralist.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2018-01-16},\\n\\tjournal = {European Politics and Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Stavrakakis, Yannis and Andreadis, Ioannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\\n\\tkeywords = {Candidates, Greece, discourse, populism, surveys},\\n\\tpages = {446--464},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stavrakakis, Y.\",\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Katsambekis, G.\"],\"key\":\"Stavrakakis2017\",\"id\":\"Stavrakakis2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stavrakakis-andreadis-katsambekis-anewpopulismindexatworkidentifyingpopulistcandidatesandpartiesinthecontemporarygreekcontext-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434\"},\"keyword\":[\"Candidates\",\"Greece\",\"discourse\",\"populism\",\"surveys\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Choosing your own Boss: Variations of Representation Foci in Mixed Electoral Systems\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"url\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Legislative Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiru\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mihail\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Enyedi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Zsolt\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Hungary, Romania, electoral logic, mixed electoral systems, parliamentary logic, representation focus\",\"pages\":\"495–514\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chiru_choosing_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Choosing your own {Boss}: {Variations} of {Representation} {Foci} in {Mixed} {Electoral} {Systems}},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Legislative Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Chiru, Mihail and Enyedi, Zsolt},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Hungary, Romania, electoral logic, mixed electoral systems, parliamentary logic, representation focus},\\n\\tpages = {495--514},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chiru, M.\",\"Enyedi, Z.\"],\"key\":\"chiru_choosing_2015\",\"id\":\"chiru_choosing_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chiru-enyedi-choosingyourownbossvariationsofrepresentationfociinmixedelectoralsystems-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025\"},\"keyword\":[\"Hungary\",\"Romania\",\"electoral logic\",\"mixed electoral systems\",\"parliamentary logic\",\"representation focus\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Wahlverhalten und politische Repräsentation von Migranten\",\"volume\":\"56\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-09\",\"journal\":\"Der Bürger im Staat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wüst\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"pages\":\"228–234\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wust_wahlverhalten_2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Wahlverhalten und politische {Repräsentation} von {Migranten}},\\n\\tvolume = {56},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Der Bürger im Staat},\\n\\tauthor = {Wüst, A. M.},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpages = {228--234},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wüst, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"wust_wahlverhalten_2006\",\"id\":\"wust_wahlverhalten_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wst-wahlverhaltenundpolitischereprsentationvonmigranten-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Candidates in the 2005 Bundestag election: Mode of candidacy, campaigning and issues\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"url\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/09644000601062576\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-09\",\"journal\":\"German Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wüst\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gschwend\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zittel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"pages\":\"420–438\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Wust2006,\\n\\ttitle = {Candidates in the 2005 {Bundestag} election: {Mode} of candidacy, campaigning and issues},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/09644000601062576},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-09},\\n\\tjournal = {German Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Wüst, A. M. and Schmitt, H. and Gschwend, T. and Zittel, T.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tpages = {420--438},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wüst, A. M.\",\"Schmitt, H.\",\"Gschwend, T.\",\"Zittel, T.\"],\"key\":\"Wust2006\",\"id\":\"Wust2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wst-schmitt-gschwend-zittel-candidatesinthe2005bundestagelectionmodeofcandidacycampaigningandissues-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Oxford\",\"title\":\"Comparative Legislative Behavior\",\"booktitle\":\"Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions\",\"publisher\":\"Oxford: Oxford University Press.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zittel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rod\",\"A.W.\",\"Rhodes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sara\",\"Binder\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2006\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{zittel_comparative_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Oxford},\\n\\ttitle = {Comparative {Legislative} {Behavior}},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Oxford {Handbook} of {Political} {Institutions}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press.},\\n\\tauthor = {Zittel, Thomas},\\n\\teditor = {Rod A.W. Rhodes, Sara Binder, Bert Rockman},\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zittel, T.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Rod A.W. Rhodes, S. B.\"],\"key\":\"zittel_comparative_2006\",\"id\":\"zittel_comparative_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zittel-comparativelegislativebehavior-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Individualisierte Wahlkämpfe im Wahlkreis. Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Bundestagswahlkampfes von 2005\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"0032-3470\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-09\",\"journal\":\"Politische Vierteljahresschrift\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zittel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gschwend\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2007\",\"pages\":\"293–321\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zittel_individualisierte_2007,\\n\\ttitle = {Individualisierte {Wahlkämpfe} im {Wahlkreis}. {Eine} {Analyse} am {Beispiel} des {Bundestagswahlkampfes} von 2005},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {0032-3470},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Politische Vierteljahresschrift},\\n\\tauthor = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2007},\\n\\tpages = {293--321},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zittel, T.\",\"Gschwend, T.\"],\"key\":\"zittel_individualisierte_2007\",\"id\":\"zittel_individualisierte_2007\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zittel-gschwend-individualisiertewahlkmpfeimwahlkreiseineanalyseambeispieldesbundestagswahlkampfesvon2005-2007\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"When do individual candidates individualise their constituency campaigns? Reflections from the Finnish experience\",\"booktitle\":\"Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{arter_when_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {When do individual candidates individualise their constituency campaigns? {Reflections} from the {Finnish} experience},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\\n\\tauthor = {Arter, David},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Arter, D.\"],\"key\":\"arter_when_2009\",\"id\":\"arter_when_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"arter-whendoindividualcandidatesindividualisetheirconstituencycampaignsreflectionsfromthefinnishexperience-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Is there a way forward for the study of constituency campaigning in Britain?\",\"booktitle\":\"Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Denver\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2009\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{denver_is_2009,\\n\\ttitle = {Is there a way forward for the study of constituency campaigning in {Britain}?},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\\n\\tauthor = {Denver, David},\\n\\tyear = {2009},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Denver, D.\"],\"key\":\"denver_is_2009\",\"id\":\"denver_is_2009\",\"bibbaseid\":\"denver-isthereawayforwardforthestudyofconstituencycampaigninginbritain-2009\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Wiesbaden\",\"title\":\"Der Bundestagswahlkampf von 2005 und Kollektive Repräsentation: Ein kurzer Auftakt zum 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Social Media and Parliamentary Candidates in the 2009 Norwegian Election Campaign\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137\",\"doi\":\"10.2202/1944-2866.1137\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"Policy & Internet\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karlsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rune\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"1–25\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karlsen_platform_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Platform} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}? {Social} {Media} and {Parliamentary} {Candidates} in the 2009 {Norwegian} {Election} {Campaign}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2202/1944-2866.1137},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {Policy \\\\& Internet},\\n\\tauthor = {Karlsen, Rune},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {1--25},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karlsen, R.\"],\"key\":\"karlsen_platform_2011\",\"id\":\"karlsen_platform_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karlsen-aplatformforindividualizedcampaigningsocialmediaandparliamentarycandidatesinthe2009norwegianelectioncampaign-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Candidatos, Eleitores e Campanhas Eleitorais: As Eleições Legislativas de 2009 em Perspectiva\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Revista de Ciências Sociais e Políticas/Journal of Social and Political Sciences\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Meirinho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"André\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teixeira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leite\",\"Viegas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"pages\":\"1–149\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{meirinho_candidatos_2011,\\n\\ttitle = {Candidatos, {Eleitores} e {Campanhas} {Eleitorais}: {As} {Eleições} {Legislativas} de 2009 em {Perspectiva}},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Revista de Ciências Sociais e Políticas/Journal of Social and Political Sciences},\\n\\tauthor = {Meirinho, Manuel and Freire, André and Teixeira, C. P. and Leite Viegas, J. M.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tpages = {1--149},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Meirinho, M.\",\"Freire, A.\",\"Teixeira, C. P.\",\"Leite Viegas, J. M.\"],\"key\":\"meirinho_candidatos_2011\",\"id\":\"meirinho_candidatos_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"meirinho-freire-teixeira-leiteviegas-candidatoseleitoresecampanhaseleitoraisaseleieslegislativasde2009emperspectiva-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Mannheim\",\"title\":\"Investigating consensus versus conflict between the Greek and Portuguese political elites during the economic crisis: a matter of ideology?\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"booktitle\":\"nd Plenary Conference of the CCS, MZES\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teperoglou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"27–29\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{teperoglou_investigating_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Mannheim},\\n\\ttitle = {Investigating consensus versus conflict between the {Greek} and {Portuguese} political elites during the economic crisis: a matter of ideology?},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tbooktitle = {nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},\\n\\tauthor = {Teperoglou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {27--29},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Teperoglou, E\",\"Andreadis, I.\"],\"key\":\"teperoglou_investigating_2012\",\"id\":\"teperoglou_investigating_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"teperoglou-andreadis-investigatingconsensusversusconflictbetweenthegreekandportuguesepoliticalelitesduringtheeconomiccrisisamatterofideology-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Wiesbaden\",\"title\":\"Nationale Parteien oder lokale Kandidaten? Eine Analyse ihrer elektoralen Orientierungsleistungen bei der Bundestagswahl 2009\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"booktitle\":\"Wahlen und Wähler\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hermann\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2013\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23\",\"pages\":\"514–529\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{schmitt_nationale_2013,\\n\\taddress = {Wiesbaden},\\n\\ttitle = {Nationale {Parteien} oder lokale {Kandidaten}? {Eine} {Analyse} ihrer elektoralen {Orientierungsleistungen} bei der {Bundestagswahl} 2009},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Wahlen und {Wähler}},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},\\n\\tauthor = {Schmitt, Hermann},\\n\\tyear = {2013},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},\\n\\tpages = {514--529},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schmitt, H.\"],\"key\":\"schmitt_nationale_2013\",\"id\":\"schmitt_nationale_2013\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schmitt-nationaleparteienoderlokalekandidateneineanalyseihrerelektoralenorientierungsleistungenbeiderbundestagswahl2009-2013\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Political Representation in Bailed-out Southern Europe: Greece and Portugal Compared\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1360-8746\",\"url\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/13608746.2014.984381\",\"abstract\":\"The emergence of the economic and financial crisis has already shown important electoral and political consequences in southern Europe. Drawing on the experience of two bailed-out countries, Greece and Portugal, we use original data collected before and after 2008 to examine how patterns of political representation have changed during this period. We argue that austerity measures have significantly affected the way MPs represent their electorates, namely in terms of policy congruence. In addition, the economic crisis has also deepened the legitimacy crisis in both countries. Finally, we find that the short-term impact of the crisis has had a greater impact on voters' attitudes than on those of their representatives.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2017-03-17\",\"journal\":\"South European Society and Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"André\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lisi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marco\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leite\",\"Viegas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.M.\",\"José\",\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Routledge\",\"keywords\":\"Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal\",\"pages\":\"413–433\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Freire2014a,\\n\\ttitle = {Political {Representation} in {Bailed}-out {Southern} {Europe}: {Greece} and {Portugal} {Compared}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1360-8746},\\n\\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},\\n\\tabstract = {The emergence of the economic and financial crisis has already shown important electoral and political consequences in southern Europe. Drawing on the experience of two bailed-out countries, Greece and Portugal, we use original data collected before and after 2008 to examine how patterns of political representation have changed during this period. We argue that austerity measures have significantly affected the way MPs represent their electorates, namely in terms of policy congruence. In addition, the economic crisis has also deepened the legitimacy crisis in both countries. Finally, we find that the short-term impact of the crisis has had a greater impact on voters' attitudes than on those of their representatives.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2017-03-17},\\n\\tjournal = {South European Society and Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\\n\\tkeywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},\\n\\tpages = {413--433},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Freire, A.\",\"Lisi, M.\",\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Leite Viegas, J. J. M.\"],\"key\":\"Freire2014a\",\"id\":\"Freire2014a\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freire-lisi-andreadis-leiteviegas-politicalrepresentationinbailedoutsoutherneuropegreeceandportugalcompared-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381\"},\"keyword\":[\"Austerity Policies\",\"Bailouts\",\"Economic Crisis\",\"Greece\",\"Political Representation\",\"Portugal\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"incollection\",\"type\":\"incollection\",\"address\":\"Wiesbaden\",\"title\":\"Individuelle Wahlkämpfe bei der Europawahl 2009: Länderübergreifende und ebenenspezifische Befunde\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"booktitle\":\"Superwahljahr 2009\",\"publisher\":\"VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giebler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heiko\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wüst\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2011\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5\",\"pages\":\"121–152\",\"bibtex\":\"@incollection{giebler_individuelle_2011,\\n\\taddress = {Wiesbaden},\\n\\ttitle = {Individuelle {Wahlkämpfe} bei der {Europawahl} 2009: {Länderübergreifende} und ebenenspezifische {Befunde}},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Superwahljahr 2009},\\n\\tpublisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},\\n\\tauthor = {Giebler, Heiko and Wüst, Andreas M.},\\n\\tyear = {2011},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},\\n\\tpages = {121--152},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Giebler, H.\",\"Wüst, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"giebler_individuelle_2011\",\"id\":\"giebler_individuelle_2011\",\"bibbaseid\":\"giebler-wst-individuellewahlkmpfebeidereuropawahl2009lnderbergreifendeundebenenspezifischebefunde-2011\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Mannheim\",\"title\":\"Measuring satisfaction with democracy among candidates: What is the effect of the electoral outcome?\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"booktitle\":\"2nd Plenary Conference of the CCS, MZES\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2012\",\"pages\":\"pp. 27–29\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{andreadis_measuring_2012,\\n\\taddress = {Mannheim},\\n\\ttitle = {Measuring satisfaction with democracy among candidates: {What} is the effect of the electoral outcome?},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tbooktitle = {2nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},\\n\\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis},\\n\\tyear = {2012},\\n\\tpages = {pp. 27--29},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Andreadis, I.\"],\"key\":\"andreadis_measuring_2012\",\"id\":\"andreadis_measuring_2012\",\"bibbaseid\":\"andreadis-measuringsatisfactionwithdemocracyamongcandidateswhatistheeffectoftheelectoraloutcome-2012\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"techreport\",\"title\":\"A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electoral Institutions on Campaigns\",\"abstract\":\"A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna , and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Trumm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Siim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sudulich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\",\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2014\",\"doi\":\"10.2139/ssrn.2385892\",\"note\":\"Publication Title: SSRN\",\"keywords\":\"campaign means, campaign style, electoral institutions, party-candidate relations\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{trumm_comparative_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Comparative} {Study} of the {Effects} of {Electoral} {Institutions} on {Campaigns}},\\n\\tabstract = {A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna , and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.},\\n\\tauthor = {Trumm, Siim and Sudulich, Maria Laura},\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2139/ssrn.2385892},\\n\\tnote = {Publication Title: SSRN},\\n\\tkeywords = {campaign means, campaign style, electoral institutions, party-candidate relations},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Trumm, S.\",\"Sudulich, M. L.\"],\"key\":\"trumm_comparative_2014\",\"id\":\"trumm_comparative_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"trumm-sudulich-acomparativestudyoftheeffectsofelectoralinstitutionsoncampaigns-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"campaign means\",\"campaign style\",\"electoral institutions\",\"party-candidate relations\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Multiple Candidacies and the Role of the Lowest Electoral Tier for Individualized Campaigning\",\"volume\":\"29\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0888325415569761\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"East European Politics and Societies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chiru\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mihail\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"892–914\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chiru_multiple_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Multiple {Candidacies} and the {Role} of the {Lowest} {Electoral} {Tier} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}},\\n\\tvolume = {29},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0888325415569761},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {East European Politics and Societies},\\n\\tauthor = {Chiru, Mihail},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {892--914},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chiru, M.\"],\"key\":\"chiru_multiple_2015\",\"id\":\"chiru_multiple_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chiru-multiplecandidaciesandtheroleofthelowestelectoraltierforindividualizedcampaigning-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Awakening the Sleeping Giant in Greece and Portugal? Elites' and Voters' Attitudes towards EU Integration in Difficult Economic Times\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1360-8746\",\"url\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/13608746.2014.983311\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"South European Society and Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"André\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teperoglou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eftichia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moury\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Catherine\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Routledge\",\"pages\":\"477–499\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{freire_awakening_2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Awakening the {Sleeping} {Giant} in {Greece} and {Portugal}? {Elites}' and {Voters}' {Attitudes} towards {EU} {Integration} in {Difficult} {Economic} {Times}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1360-8746},\\n\\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {South European Society and Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Freire, André and Teperoglou, Eftichia and Moury, Catherine},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\\n\\tpages = {477--499},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Freire, A.\",\"Teperoglou, E.\",\"Moury, C.\"],\"key\":\"freire_awakening_2014\",\"id\":\"freire_awakening_2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freire-teperoglou-moury-awakeningthesleepinggiantingreeceandportugalelitesandvotersattitudestowardseuintegrationindifficulteconomictimes-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Policy Congruence and Style of Representation: Party Voters and Political Parties\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"17439655\",\"url\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/01402382.2013.841057\",\"abstract\":\"This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties who are partisans, delegates or trustees. Policy congruence refers to how close on the left–right scale the mean position of a party as placed by its candidates is compared to that of party voters. The article concludes that where there are higher proportions of trustees within parties, there is a greater degree of policy congruence, whereas a higher proportion of partisans results in less policy congruence. The proportion of delegates has no significant impact on congruence after taking account of other party and country measures. This indicates that party constraints on representatives are applied at the cost of congruence with voters, and that when representatives enjoy more flexibility to follow their own opinions, the party displays greater congruence with its own voters.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2017-03-17\",\"journal\":\"West European Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Önnudóttir\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eva\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"note\":\"Publisher: Routledge\",\"pages\":\"538–563\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Onnudottir2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Policy {Congruence} and {Style} of {Representation}: {Party} {Voters} and {Political} {Parties}},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {17439655},\\n\\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},\\n\\tabstract = {This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties who are partisans, delegates or trustees. Policy congruence refers to how close on the left--right scale the mean position of a party as placed by its candidates is compared to that of party voters. The article concludes that where there are higher proportions of trustees within parties, there is a greater degree of policy congruence, whereas a higher proportion of partisans results in less policy congruence. The proportion of delegates has no significant impact on congruence after taking account of other party and country measures. This indicates that party constraints on representatives are applied at the cost of congruence with voters, and that when representatives enjoy more flexibility to follow their own opinions, the party displays greater congruence with its own voters.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2017-03-17},\\n\\tjournal = {West European Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Önnudóttir, Eva H.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\\n\\tpages = {538--563},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Önnudóttir, E. H.\"],\"key\":\"Onnudottir2014\",\"id\":\"Onnudottir2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nnudttir-policycongruenceandstyleofrepresentationpartyvotersandpoliticalparties-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Elites' and Voters' Attitudes towards Austerity Policies and their Consequences in Greece and Portugal\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1360-8746\",\"url\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/13608746.2014.983306\",\"abstract\":\"© 2014 Taylor & Francis. This article analyses the attitudes of the political elite and voters in Greece and Portugal vis-à-vis the Troika bailouts, austerity policies and the attribution of responsibilities for the crisis. Using both elite and mass surveys with similar questions, the article explores to what extent the elites and voters share similar attitudes, what might explain possible differences between these two groups and between the two countries and what this information can tell us about the quality of political representation in Greece and Portugal. The differences between the countries are explained mainly by the severity of the crisis and austerity policies in each country, but also by the diversity of political conditions.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2017-03-17\",\"journal\":\"South European Society and Politics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teperoglou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eftichia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"André\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leite\",\"Viegas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.M.\",\"José\",\"Manuel\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2014\",\"keywords\":\"Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal\",\"pages\":\"457–476\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{Teperoglou2014,\\n\\ttitle = {Elites' and {Voters}' {Attitudes} towards {Austerity} {Policies} and their {Consequences} in {Greece} and {Portugal}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1360-8746},\\n\\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},\\n\\tabstract = {© 2014 Taylor \\\\& Francis. This article analyses the attitudes of the political elite and voters in Greece and Portugal vis-à-vis the Troika bailouts, austerity policies and the attribution of responsibilities for the crisis. Using both elite and mass surveys with similar questions, the article explores to what extent the elites and voters share similar attitudes, what might explain possible differences between these two groups and between the two countries and what this information can tell us about the quality of political representation in Greece and Portugal. The differences between the countries are explained mainly by the severity of the crisis and austerity policies in each country, but also by the diversity of political conditions.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2017-03-17},\\n\\tjournal = {South European Society and Politics},\\n\\tauthor = {Teperoglou, Eftichia and Freire, André and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2014},\\n\\tkeywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},\\n\\tpages = {457--476},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Teperoglou, E.\",\"Freire, A.\",\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Leite Viegas, J. J. M.\"],\"key\":\"Teperoglou2014\",\"id\":\"Teperoglou2014\",\"bibbaseid\":\"teperoglou-freire-andreadis-leiteviegas-elitesandvotersattitudestowardsausteritypoliciesandtheirconsequencesingreeceandportugal-2014\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306\"},\"keyword\":[\"Austerity Policies\",\"Bailouts\",\"Economic Crisis\",\"Greece\",\"Political Representation\",\"Portugal\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Thessaloniki\",\"title\":\"Estimating the position of political parties: comparison between an expert survey and a candidate survey\",\"abstract\":\"Presented at the Workshop on using Expert Judgement, Malta: 7 - 9 October 2015 and at the NECE conference, Thessaloniki 22 - 24 October 2015\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"booktitle\":\"NECE conference\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{Andreadis2015j,\\n\\taddress = {Thessaloniki},\\n\\ttitle = {Estimating the position of political parties: comparison between an expert survey and a candidate survey},\\n\\tabstract = {Presented at the Workshop on using Expert Judgement, Malta: 7 - 9 October 2015 and at the NECE conference, Thessaloniki 22 - 24 October 2015},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tbooktitle = {{NECE} conference},\\n\\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Andreadis, I.\"],\"key\":\"Andreadis2015j\",\"id\":\"Andreadis2015j\",\"bibbaseid\":\"andreadis-estimatingthepositionofpoliticalpartiescomparisonbetweenanexpertsurveyandacandidatesurvey-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"London\",\"title\":\"Using Surveys to Measure the Populist Attitudes of Political Elites and Voters: A Greek Pilot Study of Supply and Demand\",\"url\":\"http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en\",\"urldate\":\"2018-12-13\",\"booktitle\":\"Team Populism Conference ‘Solving the Puzzles of Populism’\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stavrakakis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Katsambekis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Giorgos\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"keywords\":\"Political Science\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{andreadis_using_2015,\\n\\taddress = {London},\\n\\ttitle = {Using {Surveys} to {Measure} the {Populist} {Attitudes} of {Political} {Elites} and {Voters}: {A} {Greek} {Pilot} {Study} of {Supply} and {Demand}},\\n\\turl = {http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en},\\n\\turldate = {2018-12-13},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Team {Populism} {Conference} ‘{Solving} the {Puzzles} of {Populism}’},\\n\\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tkeywords = {Political Science},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Andreadis, I.\",\"Stavrakakis, Y.\",\"Katsambekis, G.\"],\"key\":\"andreadis_using_2015\",\"id\":\"andreadis_using_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"andreadis-stavrakakis-katsambekis-usingsurveystomeasurethepopulistattitudesofpoliticalelitesandvotersagreekpilotstudyofsupplyanddemand-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en\"},\"keyword\":[\"Political Science\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Candidate centred campaigning in a party centred context: The case of Belgium\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"Electoral Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"De\",\"Winter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baudewyns\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"295–305\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{de_winter_candidate_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Candidate centred campaigning in a party centred context: {The} case of {Belgium}},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {Electoral Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {De Winter, L and Baudewyns, P},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {295--305},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"De Winter, L\",\"Baudewyns, P\"],\"key\":\"de_winter_candidate_2015\",\"id\":\"de_winter_candidate_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dewinter-baudewyns-candidatecentredcampaigninginapartycentredcontextthecaseofbelgium-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Political Representation in Portugal: The Years of the Socialist Majority, 2005-2009\",\"url\":\"https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT26&dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&ots=svnyE5hWzM&sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"publisher\":\"Leya\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viegas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.M.L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{freire_political_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Political {Representation} in {Portugal}: {The} {Years} of the {Socialist} {Majority}, 2005-2009},\\n\\turl = {https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT26&dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&ots=svnyE5hWzM&sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tpublisher = {Leya},\\n\\tauthor = {Freire, A and Viegas, J.M.L.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Freire, A\",\"Viegas, J.\"],\"key\":\"freire_political_2015\",\"id\":\"freire_political_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freire-viegas-politicalrepresentationinportugaltheyearsofthesocialistmajority20052009-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT26&dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&ots=svnyE5hWzM&sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lone fighters: Intraparty competition, interparty competition, and candidates' vote seeking efforts in open-ballot PR elections\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"Electoral Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Selb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lutz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"329–337\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{selb_lone_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Lone fighters: {Intraparty} competition, interparty competition, and candidates' vote seeking efforts in open-ballot {PR} elections},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {Electoral Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Selb, P. and Lutz, G.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {329--337},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Selb, P.\",\"Lutz, G.\"],\"key\":\"selb_lone_2015\",\"id\":\"selb_lone_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"selb-lutz-lonefightersintrapartycompetitioninterpartycompetitionandcandidatesvoteseekingeffortsinopenballotprelections-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Candidates in 2013 Italian general election: evidence from the Italian Candidate Survey\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"0048-8402\",\"url\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/ipo.2015.15\",\"abstract\":\"Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-04\",\"journal\":\"Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Di\",\"Virgilio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aldo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Giannetti\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniela\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pedrazzani\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luca\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"317–342\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{DiVirgilio2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Candidates in 2013 {Italian} general election: evidence from the {Italian} {Candidate} {Survey}},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {0048-8402},\\n\\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1017/ipo.2015.15},\\n\\tabstract = {Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-04},\\n\\tjournal = {Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica},\\n\\tauthor = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Giannetti, Daniela and Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {317--342},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Di Virgilio, A.\",\"Giannetti, D.\",\"Pedrazzani, A.\",\"Pinto, L.\"],\"key\":\"DiVirgilio2015\",\"id\":\"DiVirgilio2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"divirgilio-giannetti-pedrazzani-pinto-candidatesin2013italiangeneralelectionevidencefromtheitaliancandidatesurvey-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"address\":\"Lisboa\",\"title\":\"Crise económica, políticas de austeridade e representação política\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"publisher\":\"Assembleia da República.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freire\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lisi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Viegas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.M.L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{freire_crise_2015,\\n\\taddress = {Lisboa},\\n\\ttitle = {Crise económica, políticas de austeridade e representação política},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tpublisher = {Assembleia da República.},\\n\\tauthor = {Freire, A. and Lisi, M. and Viegas, J.M.L.},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Freire, A.\",\"Lisi, M.\",\"Viegas, J.\"],\"key\":\"freire_crise_2015\",\"id\":\"freire_crise_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"freire-lisi-viegas-criseeconmicapolticasdeausteridadeerepresentaopoltica-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Thessaloniki\",\"title\":\"Increasing the response rate of the Comparative Candidate Survey\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"booktitle\":\"DSC22015\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kartsounidou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andreadis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ioannis\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{Kartsounidou2015,\\n\\taddress = {Thessaloniki},\\n\\ttitle = {Increasing the response rate of the {Comparative} {Candidate} {Survey}},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tbooktitle = {{DSC22015}},\\n\\tauthor = {Kartsounidou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kartsounidou, E\",\"Andreadis, I.\"],\"key\":\"Kartsounidou2015\",\"id\":\"Kartsounidou2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kartsounidou-andreadis-increasingtheresponserateofthecomparativecandidatesurvey-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Constituency candidates in comparative perspective–How personalized are constituency campaigns, why, and does it matter?\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456\",\"urldate\":\"2019-05-07\",\"journal\":\"Electoral Studies\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zittel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2015\",\"pages\":\"286–294\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{zittel_constituency_2015,\\n\\ttitle = {Constituency candidates in comparative perspective–{How} personalized are constituency campaigns, why, and does it matter?},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456},\\n\\turldate = {2019-05-07},\\n\\tjournal = {Electoral Studies},\\n\\tauthor = {Zittel, T},\\n\\tyear = {2015},\\n\\tpages = {286--294},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Zittel, T\"],\"key\":\"zittel_constituency_2015\",\"id\":\"zittel_constituency_2015\",\"bibbaseid\":\"zittel-constituencycandidatesincomparativeperspectivehowpersonalizedareconstituencycampaignswhyanddoesitmatter-2015\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script 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	title = {Validating and {Improving} {Voting} {Advice} {Applications}: {Estimating} {Party} {Positions} {Using} {Candidate} {Surveys}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2151-7509},
	url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml},
	doi = {10.1515/spp-2018-0012},
	abstract = {Locating political parties correctly regarding different policy issues is not just crucial for research on parties, party competition, and many similar fields but also for the electorate. For the latter, it has become more and more important as the relevance of voting advice applications (VAA) has increased and as their main usage is to compare citizens’ policy preferences to the offer of political parties. However, if party positions are not adequately assigned, citizens are provided with suboptimal information which decreases the citizens’ capacities to make rational electoral decision. VAA designers follow different approaches to determining party positions. In this paper, we look beyond most common sources like electoral manifestos and expert judgments by using surveys of electoral candidates to validate and improve VAAs. We argue that by using positions derived from candidate surveys we get the information by the source itself, but at the same time we overcome most of the disadvantages of the other methods. Using data for the 2014 European Parliament election both in Greece and Germany, we show that while positions taken from the VAAs and from the candidate surveys do match more often than not, we also find substantive differences and even opposing positions. Moreover, these occasional differences have already rather severe consequences looking at calculated overlaps between citizens and parties as well as representations of the political competition space and party system polarization. These differences seem to be more pronounced in Greece. We conclude that candidate surveys are indeed a valid additional source to validate and improve VAAs.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-03-12},
	journal = {Statistics, Politics and Policy},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Giebler, Heiko},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	pages = {135--160},
}





@article{schumacher_party_2018,
	title = {Party performance explains disagreement between politicians and their parties},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {17439655},
	doi = {10.1080/01402382.2017.1359013},
	abstract = {Are politicians more likely to disagree with their party after an electoral defeat or during a spell in opposition? If so, are they likely to advocate a more moderate or a more radical position than their party? In order to evaluate this, the article analyses the absolute distance between candidates for parliament and their parties on the left–right dimension. The sample used consists of 5614 politicians from 11 countries (Comparative Candidate Survey). Controlling for party system differences and individual characteristics, the results demonstrate that politicians take more moderate positions than their party after an electoral defeat. Also politicians of government parties are surprisingly more likely to disagree than politicians of opposition parties. These results overlap with predictions of party position shifts and inform the discussion on how intra-party dynamics bring about changes in party position. In addition, the article finds evidence of loss aversion, and differences in the responsiveness of elite and non-elite candidates.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {West European Politics},
	author = {Schumacher, Gijs and Elmelund-Præstekær, Christian},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Party positions, candidates, electoral performance, intra-party politics, intra-party unity},
	pages = {329--349},
}





@article{verge_gendered_2018,
	title = {Gendered political resources: {The} case of party office},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {14603683},
	doi = {10.1177/1354068816663040},
	abstract = {Party office is a crucial political resource for those seeking a political career. It provides advantageous access to the distribution of the patronage parties are entitled to in party government democracies. This article aims at measuring this comparative advantage while simultaneously investigating whether it benefits women and men equally in political recruitment processes. We concentrate on viable candidacy for parliamentary office, ministerial appointments, as well as post-ministerial offices in public and semi-public life that are also in the hands of political parties to distribute. Our cross-national analysis of advanced industrial democracies shows that men are much more likely than women to benefit from holding party office in their ascendant political careers, even when controlling for other political resources, sociodemographic factors and country-level variables. This suggests that party office is a gendered political resource and that gender power dynamics are deeply entrenched in political parties.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	author = {Verge, Tània and Claveria, Sílvia},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
	keywords = {gender power, party patronage, political parties, political recruitment, women’s representation},
	pages = {536--548},
}





@article{chiru_cheap_2018,
	title = {Cheap {Talk} or {Proper} {Signaling}? {Styles} of {Campaigning} and {Engagement} in {Constituency} {Service}},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {00384941},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404},
	doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12404},
	abstract = {Objectives Although a salient component of parliamentary delegation and accountability chains, the connection between individual campaigning and parliamentary behavior has not been measured systematically by empirical research. This study assesses the importance of campaign strategies and activities for constituency service. Methods We draw on an original data set combining the responses of 234 members of Parliament (MPs) participating at the 2010 Hungarian Candidate Study with their subsequent parliamentary questions. We content analyzed the questions and ran negative binomial regressions to evaluate if and how campaign activities influenced the MPs to introduce locally‐oriented questions. Results Our analyses show that a form of campaign socialization, the time devoted to meet local activists during campaigns, is a key predictor for the likelihood of introducing constituency questions, whereas campaign norms and messages matter less. Conclusions Ultimately, even though campaigns matter for constituency service, the MPs’ shadowing behavior, their socialization in local politics, and their partisan affiliation is likely to matter more.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-04},
	journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
	author = {Chiru, Mihail},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {283--295},
}





@article{pedrazzani_italian_2018,
	title = {Italian candidates under the {Rosato} law},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2420-8434},
	abstract = {Candidates for public office are part of the politically 'active minority' that serve as a fundamental link between voters and the ruling class. The selection of candidates can also define the traits of political personnel in the major political institutions and, more in general, the very nature of democratic representation. The study of candidates is particularly interesting in the case of the 2018 Italian elections as it allows us to understand the extent to which Italian citizens are willing to run for office despite a negative climate towards politics, and despite parties' choices under the new mixed electoral system-the so-called 'Rosato law'. This article investigates a number of key characteristics of the Italian candidates running for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 and compares them with those who stood for office in the past elections from 1976 onwards. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: the overall number of candidacies and party lists, the use of multiple candidacies by different parties, and some relevant traits of candidates such as their age, gender and past experience as candidates. Results highlight the impact of the new electoral institutions, as in 2018 the overall number of Italian candidates and lists has decreased if compared to the 2013 elections. However, the new rules have not substantially reduced the number of those who run for office without any reasonable possibility of obtaining a parliamentary seat. In addition, the population of Italian would-be deputies has become more balanced in terms of gender-though not any younger-and the turnover rate among Italian candidates seems to be somewhat lower than in 2013. Furthermore, moving from 2013 to 2018, the leaders of Italian parties have made more moderate use of multiple candidacies as a tool for controlling party members. In the last elections, multiple candidacies were employed mostly for safeguarding the election of some prominent politicians.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Italian Political Science},
	author = {Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca and Segatti, Paolo},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {19--35},
}





@book{di_virgilio_rappresentanza_2016,
	address = {Bologna},
	title = {La rappresentanza politica in {Italia} : candidati ed elettori nelle elezioni politiche del 2013},
	isbn = {978-88-15-25807-6},
	url = {https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Il mulino},
	author = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Segatti, Paolo},
	year = {2016},
}





@book{freire_participacao_2016,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Participação e {Representação} {Políticas} na {Europa} em {Crise}},
	url = {https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&btnG=#d=gs_cit&u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento},
	author = {Freire, A and Lisi, M and Viegas, JM},
	year = {2016},
}





@book{Freire2016,
	title = {Political {Representation} in {Times} of {Bailout}},
	isbn = {978-1-315-67526-8},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268},
	abstract = {Since 2008 many European states have experienced significant challenges in adapting to austerity, and political actors within these states have made significant changes in their discourses and practices. This book explores the short-term impact of the sovereign debt crisis on aspects of political representation in Greece and Portugal, two of the countries that have been the most severely affected. It provides the most systematic examination to date of the attitudinal change of voters and elites regarding participation and representation, and of the legitimacy of the political system in two of the bailed-out Eurozone states. By examining the congruence between elites and voters, the shift in the patterns of competition, and the position of both citizens and representatives on the main issues, the studies contribute towards a reassessment of the validity of the responsible party model and of theories about democratic accountability. By relying on original mass and elite surveys conducted both before and after the bailouts, the volume helps us understand how the EU/IMF intervention has affected partisan alignments in Greece and Portugal, as well as the differences and similarities in the way political elites and civil society have adapted to severe austerity. This book was originally published as a special issue of South European Society \& Politics.},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	editor = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite, José Manuel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.4324/9781315675268},
}





@inproceedings{andreadis_conducting_2016,
	address = {University Donja Gorica, Podgorica, 1-2 July 2016},
	title = {Conducting a {Candidate} {Study} as a {Web}-{Survey}. {Advantages}, {Challenges} and {Best} {Practices}.},
	booktitle = {1st {BCES} {International} {Scientific} {Conference}},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Kartsounidou, Evangelia},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Issue: July},
	keywords = {candidate study, nonresponse, web survey design, web surveys},
	pages = {1--2},
}





@inproceedings{giannetti_mapping_2016,
	address = {Prague},
	title = {Mapping {European} parties’ policy positions by using data from the {Comparative} {Candidates} {Survey}.},
	booktitle = {X {ECPR} {General} {Conference}},
	author = {Giannetti, Daniela and Pinto, Luca.},
	year = {2016},
}





@article{Andreadis2017a,
	title = {European {Populist} {Parties} in {Government}: {How} {Well} are {Voters} {Represented}? {Evidence} from {Greece}},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {14247755},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255},
	doi = {10.1111/spsr.12255},
	abstract = {In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non-populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many' approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti-populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-06-07},
	journal = {Swiss Political Science Review},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Congruence, Greece, Populism, Representation, Voting behavior},
	pages = {485--508},
}





@article{lloren_gendered_2017,
	title = {Gendered policy preferences? {Candidates}’ views on political issues in a comparative perspective},
	volume = {15},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4},
	doi = {10.1057/cep.2015.4},
	abstract = {This article examines whether gender affects candidates’ position on the economic and cultural dimensions of political competition in nine West European countries. Using data from the Comparative Candidate Survey, we find that female candidates hold, on average, more liberal views than their male party colleagues. These gender differences vary according to the nature of issues. Female candidates are more liberal than their party colleagues on the cultural dimension, but we find no systematic differences in policy preferences on economic issues. Moreover, gender differences vary according to parties’ ideological position on the left–right scale with a more pronounced gender gap in right-wing parties. Our findings contribute to the literature on female candidates and on the impact of women in politics more broadly.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Comparative European Politics},
	author = {Lloren, Anouk and Rosset, Jan},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {944--968},
}









@article{Stavrakakis2017,
	title = {A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary {Greek} context},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {2374-5118},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},
	doi = {10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},
	abstract = {Interrogating available indexes from a discourse-theoretical point of view, this paper utilizes a reformulated populism index in order to identify populist parties. In particular, the index is applied in a candidate survey carried out in Greece in 2015. Findings indicate that this index allows for a clear differentiation between populist and non-populist parties. Based on candidate attitudes, SYRIZA and ANEL belong to the first group whereas New Democracy, PASOK and River to the second. The examination of additional survey items reveals a clear ideological division within the populist camp: right-wing populism is exclusionary, while left-wing populism more inclusive and pluralist.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-01-16},
	journal = {European Politics and Society},
	author = {Stavrakakis, Yannis and Andreadis, Ioannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Candidates, Greece, discourse, populism, surveys},
	pages = {446--464},
}





@article{chiru_choosing_2015,
	title = {Choosing your own {Boss}: {Variations} of {Representation} {Foci} in {Mixed} {Electoral} {Systems}},
	volume = {21},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},
	doi = {10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {The Journal of Legislative Studies},
	author = {Chiru, Mihail and Enyedi, Zsolt},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Hungary, Romania, electoral logic, mixed electoral systems, parliamentary logic, representation focus},
	pages = {495--514},
}





@article{wust_wahlverhalten_2006,
	title = {Wahlverhalten und politische {Repräsentation} von {Migranten}},
	volume = {56},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Der Bürger im Staat},
	author = {Wüst, A. M.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {228--234},
}





@article{Wust2006,
	title = {Candidates in the 2005 {Bundestag} election: {Mode} of candidacy, campaigning and issues},
	volume = {15},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576},
	doi = {10.1080/09644000601062576},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {German Politics},
	author = {Wüst, A. M. and Schmitt, H. and Gschwend, T. and Zittel, T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {420--438},
}









@incollection{zittel_comparative_2006,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Comparative {Legislative} {Behavior}},
	booktitle = {Oxford {Handbook} of {Political} {Institutions}},
	publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press.},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas},
	editor = {Rod A.W. Rhodes, Sara Binder, Bert Rockman},
	year = {2006},
}





@article{zittel_individualisierte_2007,
	title = {Individualisierte {Wahlkämpfe} im {Wahlkreis}. {Eine} {Analyse} am {Beispiel} des {Bundestagswahlkampfes} von 2005},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0032-3470},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Politische Vierteljahresschrift},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},
	month = jun,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {293--321},
}





@inproceedings{arter_when_2009,
	title = {When do individual candidates individualise their constituency campaigns? {Reflections} from the {Finnish} experience},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Arter, David},
	year = {2009},
}





@inproceedings{denver_is_2009,
	title = {Is there a way forward for the study of constituency campaigning in {Britain}?},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Denver, David},
	year = {2009},
}





@incollection{zittel_bundestagswahlkampf_2007,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Der {Bundestagswahlkampf} von 2005 und {Kollektive} {Repräsentation}: {Ein} kurzer {Auftakt} zum langen {Abschied}?},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	booktitle = {Die {Bundestagswahl} 2005},
	publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},
	year = {2007},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6},
	pages = {119--144},
}









@inproceedings{Andreadis2008,
	address = {Swansea, UK},
	title = {Characteristics of {Greek} {Parliament} candidates},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	booktitle = {58th {Political} {Studies} {Association} {Annual} {Conference} "{Democracy}, {Governance} and {Conflict}: {Dilemmas} of {Theory} and {Practice}"},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Chadjipadelis, Theodore},
	year = {2008},
}





@article{Zittel2008,
	title = {Individualised {Constituency} {Campaigns} in {Mixed}-{Member} {Electoral} {Systems}: {Candidates} in the 2005 {German} {Elections}},
	volume = {31},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402380802234656},
	doi = {10.1080/01402380802234656},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {West European Politics},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},
	month = sep,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {978--1003},
}





@inproceedings{cross_constituency_2009,
	title = {Constituency {Campaigning} in {Canada}},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Cross, William},
	year = {2009},
}





@inproceedings{de_winter_belgian_2009,
	title = {Belgian candidates in search of a constituency},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {De Winter, Lieven},
	year = {2009},
}





@inproceedings{eder_party_2009,
	title = {Party {Democracy} and {Individualized} {Constituency} {Campaigning}: {Candidates} {Strategies} and {Behavior} in the 2006 {Austrian} {Elections}},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Eder, Nikolaus and Marcello, Jenny and Müller, W. C.},
	year = {2009},
}





@book{freire_representacao_2009,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Representação {Política}. {O} {Caso} {Português} em {Perspectiva} {Comparada}},
	publisher = {Sextante.},
	author = {Freire, André and Leite Viegas, José Manuel},
	year = {2009},
}





@inproceedings{marsh_constituency_2009,
	title = {Constituency campaigning in {Ireland} under {STV}: {The} candidate's perspective},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},
	author = {Marsh, Michael},
	year = {2009},
}





@inproceedings{lutz_personal_2010,
	title = {Personal vote seeking and district magnitude in open list {PR} systems. {Evidence} from {Switzerland}},
	booktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}"},
	author = {Lutz, Georg and Selb, Peter},
	year = {2010},
}





@inproceedings{schmitt_determinants_2010,
	address = {Gothenburg},
	title = {Determinants of non-response to the open-ended question on the meaning of left and right: {A} comparison of political elites and the mass public in {Germany}.},
	booktitle = {{ISA} {Conference}},
	author = {Schmitt, Hermann and Scholz, Evi and Züll, Conny},
	year = {2010},
}





@article{teperoglou_cleavages_2010,
	title = {Cleavages of {Voters} and {Candidates} in the {National} and the {European} {Dimension}: {Convergences} and {Divergences}},
	volume = {25},
	journal = {Science and Society–Journal of Political and Moral Theory},
	author = {Teperoglou, E. and Chadjipadelis, T. and Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {37--63},
}





@book{freire_representacao_2009,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Representação {Política} em {Portugal}. {Inquéritos} e {Bases} de {Dados}},
	publisher = {Sextante},
	author = {Freire, André and Leite Viegas, José Manuel and {Filipa Seiceira}},
	year = {2009},
}





@article{wust_bundestagskandidaten_2009,
	title = {Bundestagskandidaten und {Einwanderungspolitik}: {Eine} {Analyse} zentraler {Policy}-{Aspekt}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/journal-article/bundestagskandidaten-und-einwanderungspolitik-eine-analyse-zentraler-policy-aspekte},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft},
	author = {Wüst, A. M.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {77--105},
}





@incollection{wust_zur_2009,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Zur {Sozialisation} von {Neuparlamentariern} im 15. {Deutschen} {Bundestag}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	booktitle = {Wahlen und {Wähler}},
	publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
	author = {Wüst, Andreas M.},
	year = {2009},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13},
	pages = {328--345},
}





@article{zittel_lost_2009,
	title = {Lost in {Technology}? {Political} {Parties} and the {Online} {Campaigns} of {Constituency} {Candidates} in {Germany}'s {Mixed} {Member} {Electoral} {System}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1933-1681},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680903048832},
	doi = {10.1080/19331680903048832},
	number = {3-4},
	urldate = {2019-05-09},
	journal = {Journal of Information Technology \& Politics},
	author = {Zittel, Thomas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {298--311},
}





@inproceedings{schmitt_national_2010,
	address = {Lawrence},
	title = {National parties or local candidates? {An} assessment of {German} voters' choice options in the {Bundestag} election of 2009},
	booktitle = {German {Bundestags} election 2009},
	author = {Schmitt, Hermann},
	year = {2010},
}





@incollection{gschwend_machen_2011,
	title = {Machen {Wahlkreiskandidaten} einen {Unterschied}? {Die} {Persönlichkeitswahl} als interaktiver {Prozess}},
	url = {http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845262178_378},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {Wählen in {Deutschland}},
	publisher = {Nomos},
	author = {Gschwend, Thomas and Zittel, Thomas},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.5771/9783845262178_378},
	pages = {378--399},
}





@article{karlsen_platform_2011,
	title = {A {Platform} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}? {Social} {Media} and {Parliamentary} {Candidates} in the 2009 {Norwegian} {Election} {Campaign}},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137},
	doi = {10.2202/1944-2866.1137},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Policy \& Internet},
	author = {Karlsen, Rune},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1--25},
}





@article{meirinho_candidatos_2011,
	title = {Candidatos, {Eleitores} e {Campanhas} {Eleitorais}: {As} {Eleições} {Legislativas} de 2009 em {Perspectiva}},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Revista de Ciências Sociais e Políticas/Journal of Social and Political Sciences},
	author = {Meirinho, Manuel and Freire, André and Teixeira, C. P. and Leite Viegas, J. M.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1--149},
}





@inproceedings{teperoglou_investigating_2012,
	address = {Mannheim},
	title = {Investigating consensus versus conflict between the {Greek} and {Portuguese} political elites during the economic crisis: a matter of ideology?},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},
	author = {Teperoglou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {27--29},
}





@incollection{schmitt_nationale_2013,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Nationale {Parteien} oder lokale {Kandidaten}? {Eine} {Analyse} ihrer elektoralen {Orientierungsleistungen} bei der {Bundestagswahl} 2009},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {Wahlen und {Wähler}},
	publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},
	author = {Schmitt, Hermann},
	year = {2013},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},
	pages = {514--529},
}





@article{Freire2014a,
	title = {Political {Representation} in {Bailed}-out {Southern} {Europe}: {Greece} and {Portugal} {Compared}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1360-8746},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},
	doi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},
	abstract = {The emergence of the economic and financial crisis has already shown important electoral and political consequences in southern Europe. Drawing on the experience of two bailed-out countries, Greece and Portugal, we use original data collected before and after 2008 to examine how patterns of political representation have changed during this period. We argue that austerity measures have significantly affected the way MPs represent their electorates, namely in terms of policy congruence. In addition, the economic crisis has also deepened the legitimacy crisis in both countries. Finally, we find that the short-term impact of the crisis has had a greater impact on voters' attitudes than on those of their representatives.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-03-17},
	journal = {South European Society and Politics},
	author = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},
	pages = {413--433},
}





@incollection{giebler_individuelle_2011,
	address = {Wiesbaden},
	title = {Individuelle {Wahlkämpfe} bei der {Europawahl} 2009: {Länderübergreifende} und ebenenspezifische {Befunde}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {Superwahljahr 2009},
	publisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},
	author = {Giebler, Heiko and Wüst, Andreas M.},
	year = {2011},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},
	pages = {121--152},
}









@inproceedings{andreadis_measuring_2012,
	address = {Mannheim},
	title = {Measuring satisfaction with democracy among candidates: {What} is the effect of the electoral outcome?},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {2nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {pp. 27--29},
}









@techreport{trumm_comparative_2014,
	title = {A {Comparative} {Study} of the {Effects} of {Electoral} {Institutions} on {Campaigns}},
	abstract = {A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna , and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.},
	author = {Trumm, Siim and Sudulich, Maria Laura},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2385892},
	note = {Publication Title: SSRN},
	keywords = {campaign means, campaign style, electoral institutions, party-candidate relations},
}





@article{chiru_multiple_2015,
	title = {Multiple {Candidacies} and the {Role} of the {Lowest} {Electoral} {Tier} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}},
	volume = {29},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761},
	doi = {10.1177/0888325415569761},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
	author = {Chiru, Mihail},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {892--914},
}





@article{freire_awakening_2014,
	title = {Awakening the {Sleeping} {Giant} in {Greece} and {Portugal}? {Elites}' and {Voters}' {Attitudes} towards {EU} {Integration} in {Difficult} {Economic} {Times}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1360-8746},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},
	doi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {South European Society and Politics},
	author = {Freire, André and Teperoglou, Eftichia and Moury, Catherine},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {477--499},
}





@article{Onnudottir2014,
	title = {Policy {Congruence} and {Style} of {Representation}: {Party} {Voters} and {Political} {Parties}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {17439655},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},
	doi = {10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},
	abstract = {This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties who are partisans, delegates or trustees. Policy congruence refers to how close on the left--right scale the mean position of a party as placed by its candidates is compared to that of party voters. The article concludes that where there are higher proportions of trustees within parties, there is a greater degree of policy congruence, whereas a higher proportion of partisans results in less policy congruence. The proportion of delegates has no significant impact on congruence after taking account of other party and country measures. This indicates that party constraints on representatives are applied at the cost of congruence with voters, and that when representatives enjoy more flexibility to follow their own opinions, the party displays greater congruence with its own voters.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-03-17},
	journal = {West European Politics},
	author = {Önnudóttir, Eva H.},
	month = may,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {538--563},
}





@article{Teperoglou2014,
	title = {Elites' and {Voters}' {Attitudes} towards {Austerity} {Policies} and their {Consequences} in {Greece} and {Portugal}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1360-8746},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},
	doi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},
	abstract = {© 2014 Taylor \& Francis. This article analyses the attitudes of the political elite and voters in Greece and Portugal vis-à-vis the Troika bailouts, austerity policies and the attribution of responsibilities for the crisis. Using both elite and mass surveys with similar questions, the article explores to what extent the elites and voters share similar attitudes, what might explain possible differences between these two groups and between the two countries and what this information can tell us about the quality of political representation in Greece and Portugal. The differences between the countries are explained mainly by the severity of the crisis and austerity policies in each country, but also by the diversity of political conditions.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2017-03-17},
	journal = {South European Society and Politics},
	author = {Teperoglou, Eftichia and Freire, André and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},
	pages = {457--476},
}









@inproceedings{Andreadis2015j,
	address = {Thessaloniki},
	title = {Estimating the position of political parties: comparison between an expert survey and a candidate survey},
	abstract = {Presented at the Workshop on using Expert Judgement, Malta: 7 - 9 October 2015 and at the NECE conference, Thessaloniki 22 - 24 October 2015},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {{NECE} conference},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2015},
}









@inproceedings{andreadis_using_2015,
	address = {London},
	title = {Using {Surveys} to {Measure} the {Populist} {Attitudes} of {Political} {Elites} and {Voters}: {A} {Greek} {Pilot} {Study} of {Supply} and {Demand}},
	url = {http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en},
	urldate = {2018-12-13},
	booktitle = {Team {Populism} {Conference} ‘{Solving} the {Puzzles} of {Populism}’},
	author = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Political Science},
}





@article{de_winter_candidate_2015,
	title = {Candidate centred campaigning in a party centred context: {The} case of {Belgium}},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {De Winter, L and Baudewyns, P},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {295--305},
}









@book{freire_political_2015,
	title = {Political {Representation} in {Portugal}: {The} {Years} of the {Socialist} {Majority}, 2005-2009},
	url = {https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT26&dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&ots=svnyE5hWzM&sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Leya},
	author = {Freire, A and Viegas, J.M.L.},
	year = {2015},
}









@article{selb_lone_2015,
	title = {Lone fighters: {Intraparty} competition, interparty competition, and candidates' vote seeking efforts in open-ballot {PR} elections},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {Selb, P. and Lutz, G.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {329--337},
}





@article{DiVirgilio2015,
	title = {Candidates in 2013 {Italian} general election: evidence from the {Italian} {Candidate} {Survey}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0048-8402},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/ipo.2015.15},
	abstract = {Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2019-05-04},
	journal = {Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica},
	author = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Giannetti, Daniela and Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {317--342},
}





@book{freire_crise_2015,
	address = {Lisboa},
	title = {Crise económica, políticas de austeridade e representação política},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	publisher = {Assembleia da República.},
	author = {Freire, A. and Lisi, M. and Viegas, J.M.L.},
	year = {2015},
}









@inproceedings{Kartsounidou2015,
	address = {Thessaloniki},
	title = {Increasing the response rate of the {Comparative} {Candidate} {Survey}},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	booktitle = {{DSC22015}},
	author = {Kartsounidou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},
	year = {2015},
}





@article{zittel_constituency_2015,
	title = {Constituency candidates in comparative perspective–{How} personalized are constituency campaigns, why, and does it matter?},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456},
	urldate = {2019-05-07},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	author = {Zittel, T},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {286--294},
}




















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December 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: De Gruyter</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('andreadis-giebler-validatingandimprovingvotingadviceapplicationsestimatingpartypositionsusingcandidatesurveys-2018', 'http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Validating and Improving Voting Advice Applications: Estimating Party Positions Using Candidate Surveys [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1515/spp-2018-0012\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('andreadis-giebler-validatingandimprovingvotingadviceapplicationsestimatingpartypositionsusingcandidatesurveys-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1515/spp-2018-0012', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andreadis-giebler-validatingandimprovingvotingadviceapplicationsestimatingpartypositionsusingcandidatesurveys-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andreadis-giebler-validatingandimprovingvotingadviceapplicationsestimatingpartypositionsusingcandidatesurveys-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Andreadis2018a,\n\ttitle = {Validating and {Improving} {Voting} {Advice} {Applications}: {Estimating} {Party} {Positions} {Using} {Candidate} {Surveys}},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {2151-7509},\n\turl = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.ahead-of-print/spp-2018-0012/spp-2018-0012.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1515/spp-2018-0012},\n\tabstract = {Locating political parties correctly regarding different policy issues is not just crucial for research on parties, party competition, and many similar fields but also for the electorate. For the latter, it has become more and more important as the relevance of voting advice applications (VAA) has increased and as their main usage is to compare citizens’ policy preferences to the offer of political parties. However, if party positions are not adequately assigned, citizens are provided with suboptimal information which decreases the citizens’ capacities to make rational electoral decision. VAA designers follow different approaches to determining party positions. In this paper, we look beyond most common sources like electoral manifestos and expert judgments by using surveys of electoral candidates to validate and improve VAAs. We argue that by using positions derived from candidate surveys we get the information by the source itself, but at the same time we overcome most of the disadvantages of the other methods. Using data for the 2014 European Parliament election both in Greece and Germany, we show that while positions taken from the VAAs and from the candidate surveys do match more often than not, we also find substantive differences and even opposing positions. Moreover, these occasional differences have already rather severe consequences looking at calculated overlaps between citizens and parties as well as representations of the political competition space and party system polarization. These differences seem to be more pronounced in Greece. We conclude that candidate surveys are indeed a valid additional source to validate and improve VAAs.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2019-03-12},\n\tjournal = {Statistics, Politics and Policy},\n\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Giebler, Heiko},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Publisher: De Gruyter},\n\tpages = {135--160},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Locating political parties correctly regarding different policy issues is not just crucial for research on parties, party competition, and many similar fields but also for the electorate. For the latter, it has become more and more important as the relevance of voting advice applications (VAA) has increased and as their main usage is to compare citizens’ policy preferences to the offer of political parties. However, if party positions are not adequately assigned, citizens are provided with suboptimal information which decreases the citizens’ capacities to make rational electoral decision. VAA designers follow different approaches to determining party positions. In this paper, we look beyond most common sources like electoral manifestos and expert judgments by using surveys of electoral candidates to validate and improve VAAs. We argue that by using positions derived from candidate surveys we get the information by the source itself, but at the same time we overcome most of the disadvantages of the other methods. Using data for the 2014 European Parliament election both in Greece and Germany, we show that while positions taken from the VAAs and from the candidate surveys do match more often than not, we also find substantive differences and even opposing positions. Moreover, these occasional differences have already rather severe consequences looking at calculated overlaps between citizens and parties as well as representations of the political competition space and party system polarization. These differences seem to be more pronounced in Greece. We conclude that candidate surveys are indeed a valid additional source to validate and improve VAAs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schumacher-elmelundprstekr-partyperformanceexplainsdisagreementbetweenpoliticiansandtheirparties-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Party performance explains disagreement between politicians and their parties.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schumacher, G.;  and Elmelund-Præstekær, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>West European Politics</i>, 41(2): 329–349. March 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Routledge</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1359013\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schumacher-elmelundprstekr-partyperformanceexplainsdisagreementbetweenpoliticiansandtheirparties-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1359013', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schumacher-elmelundprstekr-partyperformanceexplainsdisagreementbetweenpoliticiansandtheirparties-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schumacher-elmelundprstekr-partyperformanceexplainsdisagreementbetweenpoliticiansandtheirparties-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schumacher_party_2018,\n\ttitle = {Party performance explains disagreement between politicians and their parties},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {17439655},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/01402382.2017.1359013},\n\tabstract = {Are politicians more likely to disagree with their party after an electoral defeat or during a spell in opposition? If so, are they likely to advocate a more moderate or a more radical position than their party? In order to evaluate this, the article analyses the absolute distance between candidates for parliament and their parties on the left–right dimension. The sample used consists of 5614 politicians from 11 countries (Comparative Candidate Survey). Controlling for party system differences and individual characteristics, the results demonstrate that politicians take more moderate positions than their party after an electoral defeat. Also politicians of government parties are surprisingly more likely to disagree than politicians of opposition parties. These results overlap with predictions of party position shifts and inform the discussion on how intra-party dynamics bring about changes in party position. In addition, the article finds evidence of loss aversion, and differences in the responsiveness of elite and non-elite candidates.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {West European Politics},\n\tauthor = {Schumacher, Gijs and Elmelund-Præstekær, Christian},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\n\tkeywords = {Party positions, candidates, electoral performance, intra-party politics, intra-party unity},\n\tpages = {329--349},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Are politicians more likely to disagree with their party after an electoral defeat or during a spell in opposition? If so, are they likely to advocate a more moderate or a more radical position than their party? In order to evaluate this, the article analyses the absolute distance between candidates for parliament and their parties on the left–right dimension. The sample used consists of 5614 politicians from 11 countries (Comparative Candidate Survey). Controlling for party system differences and individual characteristics, the results demonstrate that politicians take more moderate positions than their party after an electoral defeat. Also politicians of government parties are surprisingly more likely to disagree than politicians of opposition parties. These results overlap with predictions of party position shifts and inform the discussion on how intra-party dynamics bring about changes in party position. In addition, the article finds evidence of loss aversion, and differences in the responsiveness of elite and non-elite candidates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"verge-claveria-genderedpoliticalresourcesthecaseofpartyoffice-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Gendered political resources: The case of party office.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Verge, T.;  and Claveria, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Party Politics</i>, 24(5): 536–548. September 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1354068816663040\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('verge-claveria-genderedpoliticalresourcesthecaseofpartyoffice-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1354068816663040', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/verge-claveria-genderedpoliticalresourcesthecaseofpartyoffice-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('verge-claveria-genderedpoliticalresourcesthecaseofpartyoffice-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{verge_gendered_2018,\n\ttitle = {Gendered political resources: {The} case of party office},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tissn = {14603683},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1354068816663040},\n\tabstract = {Party office is a crucial political resource for those seeking a political career. It provides advantageous access to the distribution of the patronage parties are entitled to in party government democracies. This article aims at measuring this comparative advantage while simultaneously investigating whether it benefits women and men equally in political recruitment processes. We concentrate on viable candidacy for parliamentary office, ministerial appointments, as well as post-ministerial offices in public and semi-public life that are also in the hands of political parties to distribute. Our cross-national analysis of advanced industrial democracies shows that men are much more likely than women to benefit from holding party office in their ascendant political careers, even when controlling for other political resources, sociodemographic factors and country-level variables. This suggests that party office is a gendered political resource and that gender power dynamics are deeply entrenched in political parties.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Party Politics},\n\tauthor = {Verge, Tània and Claveria, Sílvia},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {gender power, party patronage, political parties, political recruitment, women’s representation},\n\tpages = {536--548},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Party office is a crucial political resource for those seeking a political career. It provides advantageous access to the distribution of the patronage parties are entitled to in party government democracies. This article aims at measuring this comparative advantage while simultaneously investigating whether it benefits women and men equally in political recruitment processes. We concentrate on viable candidacy for parliamentary office, ministerial appointments, as well as post-ministerial offices in public and semi-public life that are also in the hands of political parties to distribute. Our cross-national analysis of advanced industrial democracies shows that men are much more likely than women to benefit from holding party office in their ascendant political careers, even when controlling for other political resources, sociodemographic factors and country-level variables. This suggests that party office is a gendered political resource and that gender power dynamics are deeply entrenched in political parties.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chiru-cheaptalkorpropersignalingstylesofcampaigningandengagementinconstituencyservice-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chiru-cheaptalkorpropersignalingstylesofcampaigningandengagementinconstituencyservice-2018', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404', event);\">\n    Cheap Talk or Proper Signaling? Styles of Campaigning and Engagement in Constituency Service.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chiru, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Social Science Quarterly</i>, 99(1): 283–295. March 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiru-cheaptalkorpropersignalingstylesofcampaigningandengagementinconstituencyservice-2018', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cheap Talk or Proper Signaling? Styles of Campaigning and Engagement in Constituency Service [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12404\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiru-cheaptalkorpropersignalingstylesofcampaigningandengagementinconstituencyservice-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12404', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chiru-cheaptalkorpropersignalingstylesofcampaigningandengagementinconstituencyservice-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chiru-cheaptalkorpropersignalingstylesofcampaigningandengagementinconstituencyservice-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chiru_cheap_2018,\n\ttitle = {Cheap {Talk} or {Proper} {Signaling}? {Styles} of {Campaigning} and {Engagement} in {Constituency} {Service}},\n\tvolume = {99},\n\tissn = {00384941},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ssqu.12404},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ssqu.12404},\n\tabstract = {Objectives Although a salient component of parliamentary delegation and accountability chains, the connection between individual campaigning and parliamentary behavior has not been measured systematically by empirical research. This study assesses the importance of campaign strategies and activities for constituency service. Methods We draw on an original data set combining the responses of 234 members of Parliament (MPs) participating at the 2010 Hungarian Candidate Study with their subsequent parliamentary questions. We content analyzed the questions and ran negative binomial regressions to evaluate if and how campaign activities influenced the MPs to introduce locally‐oriented questions. Results Our analyses show that a form of campaign socialization, the time devoted to meet local activists during campaigns, is a key predictor for the likelihood of introducing constituency questions, whereas campaign norms and messages matter less. Conclusions Ultimately, even though campaigns matter for constituency service, the MPs’ shadowing behavior, their socialization in local politics, and their partisan affiliation is likely to matter more.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2019-05-04},\n\tjournal = {Social Science Quarterly},\n\tauthor = {Chiru, Mihail},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {283--295},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Objectives Although a salient component of parliamentary delegation and accountability chains, the connection between individual campaigning and parliamentary behavior has not been measured systematically by empirical research. This study assesses the importance of campaign strategies and activities for constituency service. Methods We draw on an original data set combining the responses of 234 members of Parliament (MPs) participating at the 2010 Hungarian Candidate Study with their subsequent parliamentary questions. We content analyzed the questions and ran negative binomial regressions to evaluate if and how campaign activities influenced the MPs to introduce locally‐oriented questions. Results Our analyses show that a form of campaign socialization, the time devoted to meet local activists during campaigns, is a key predictor for the likelihood of introducing constituency questions, whereas campaign norms and messages matter less. Conclusions Ultimately, even though campaigns matter for constituency service, the MPs’ shadowing behavior, their socialization in local politics, and their partisan affiliation is likely to matter more.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pedrazzani-pinto-segatti-italiancandidatesundertherosatolaw-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Italian candidates under the Rosato law.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pedrazzani, A.; Pinto, L.;  and Segatti, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Italian Political Science</i>, 13(1): 19–35.  2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pedrazzani-pinto-segatti-italiancandidatesundertherosatolaw-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pedrazzani-pinto-segatti-italiancandidatesundertherosatolaw-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pedrazzani_italian_2018,\n\ttitle = {Italian candidates under the {Rosato} law},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {2420-8434},\n\tabstract = {Candidates for public office are part of the politically &#x27;active minority&#x27; that serve as a fundamental link between voters and the ruling class. The selection of candidates can also define the traits of political personnel in the major political institutions and, more in general, the very nature of democratic representation. The study of candidates is particularly interesting in the case of the 2018 Italian elections as it allows us to understand the extent to which Italian citizens are willing to run for office despite a negative climate towards politics, and despite parties&#x27; choices under the new mixed electoral system-the so-called &#x27;Rosato law&#x27;. This article investigates a number of key characteristics of the Italian candidates running for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 and compares them with those who stood for office in the past elections from 1976 onwards. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: the overall number of candidacies and party lists, the use of multiple candidacies by different parties, and some relevant traits of candidates such as their age, gender and past experience as candidates. Results highlight the impact of the new electoral institutions, as in 2018 the overall number of Italian candidates and lists has decreased if compared to the 2013 elections. However, the new rules have not substantially reduced the number of those who run for office without any reasonable possibility of obtaining a parliamentary seat. In addition, the population of Italian would-be deputies has become more balanced in terms of gender-though not any younger-and the turnover rate among Italian candidates seems to be somewhat lower than in 2013. Furthermore, moving from 2013 to 2018, the leaders of Italian parties have made more moderate use of multiple candidacies as a tool for controlling party members. In the last elections, multiple candidacies were employed mostly for safeguarding the election of some prominent politicians.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Italian Political Science},\n\tauthor = {Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca and Segatti, Paolo},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {19--35},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Candidates for public office are part of the politically 'active minority' that serve as a fundamental link between voters and the ruling class. The selection of candidates can also define the traits of political personnel in the major political institutions and, more in general, the very nature of democratic representation. The study of candidates is particularly interesting in the case of the 2018 Italian elections as it allows us to understand the extent to which Italian citizens are willing to run for office despite a negative climate towards politics, and despite parties' choices under the new mixed electoral system-the so-called 'Rosato law'. This article investigates a number of key characteristics of the Italian candidates running for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 and compares them with those who stood for office in the past elections from 1976 onwards. In particular, we focus on the following aspects: the overall number of candidacies and party lists, the use of multiple candidacies by different parties, and some relevant traits of candidates such as their age, gender and past experience as candidates. Results highlight the impact of the new electoral institutions, as in 2018 the overall number of Italian candidates and lists has decreased if compared to the 2013 elections. However, the new rules have not substantially reduced the number of those who run for office without any reasonable possibility of obtaining a parliamentary seat. In addition, the population of Italian would-be deputies has become more balanced in terms of gender-though not any younger-and the turnover rate among Italian candidates seems to be somewhat lower than in 2013. Furthermore, moving from 2013 to 2018, the leaders of Italian parties have made more moderate use of multiple candidacies as a tool for controlling party members. In the last elections, multiple candidacies were employed mostly for safeguarding the election of some prominent politicians.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-lisi-andreadis-leite-politicalrepresentationintimesofbailout-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'freire-lisi-andreadis-leite-politicalrepresentationintimesofbailout-2017', 'https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268', event);\">\n    Political Representation in Times of Bailout.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A.; Lisi, M.; Andreadis, I.;  and Leite, J. M.,\n  editors.\n  \n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Routledge, October 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-lisi-andreadis-leite-politicalrepresentationintimesofbailout-2017', 'https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Political Representation in Times of Bailout [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315675268\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-lisi-andreadis-leite-politicalrepresentationintimesofbailout-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315675268', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-lisi-andreadis-leite-politicalrepresentationintimesofbailout-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-lisi-andreadis-leite-politicalrepresentationintimesofbailout-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{Freire2016,\n\ttitle = {Political {Representation} in {Times} of {Bailout}},\n\tisbn = {978-1-315-67526-8},\n\turl = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315675268},\n\tabstract = {Since 2008 many European states have experienced significant challenges in adapting to austerity, and political actors within these states have made significant changes in their discourses and practices. This book explores the short-term impact of the sovereign debt crisis on aspects of political representation in Greece and Portugal, two of the countries that have been the most severely affected. It provides the most systematic examination to date of the attitudinal change of voters and elites regarding participation and representation, and of the legitimacy of the political system in two of the bailed-out Eurozone states. By examining the congruence between elites and voters, the shift in the patterns of competition, and the position of both citizens and representatives on the main issues, the studies contribute towards a reassessment of the validity of the responsible party model and of theories about democratic accountability. By relying on original mass and elite surveys conducted both before and after the bailouts, the volume helps us understand how the EU/IMF intervention has affected partisan alignments in Greece and Portugal, as well as the differences and similarities in the way political elites and civil society have adapted to severe austerity. This book was originally published as a special issue of South European Society \\&amp; Politics.},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tpublisher = {Routledge},\n\teditor = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite, José Manuel},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tdoi = {10.4324/9781315675268},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Since 2008 many European states have experienced significant challenges in adapting to austerity, and political actors within these states have made significant changes in their discourses and practices. This book explores the short-term impact of the sovereign debt crisis on aspects of political representation in Greece and Portugal, two of the countries that have been the most severely affected. It provides the most systematic examination to date of the attitudinal change of voters and elites regarding participation and representation, and of the legitimacy of the political system in two of the bailed-out Eurozone states. By examining the congruence between elites and voters, the shift in the patterns of competition, and the position of both citizens and representatives on the main issues, the studies contribute towards a reassessment of the validity of the responsible party model and of theories about democratic accountability. By relying on original mass and elite surveys conducted both before and after the bailouts, the volume helps us understand how the EU/IMF intervention has affected partisan alignments in Greece and Portugal, as well as the differences and similarities in the way political elites and civil society have adapted to severe austerity. This book was originally published as a special issue of South European Society & Politics.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"andreadis-stavrakakis-europeanpopulistpartiesingovernmenthowwellarevotersrepresentedevidencefromgreece-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'andreadis-stavrakakis-europeanpopulistpartiesingovernmenthowwellarevotersrepresentedevidencefromgreece-2017', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255', event);\">\n    European Populist Parties in Government: How Well are Voters Represented? Evidence from Greece.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Andreadis, I.;  and Stavrakakis, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Swiss Political Science Review</i>, 23(4): 485–508. June 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('andreadis-stavrakakis-europeanpopulistpartiesingovernmenthowwellarevotersrepresentedevidencefromgreece-2017', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"European Populist Parties in Government: How Well are Voters Represented? Evidence from Greece [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12255\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('andreadis-stavrakakis-europeanpopulistpartiesingovernmenthowwellarevotersrepresentedevidencefromgreece-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12255', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andreadis-stavrakakis-europeanpopulistpartiesingovernmenthowwellarevotersrepresentedevidencefromgreece-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andreadis-stavrakakis-europeanpopulistpartiesingovernmenthowwellarevotersrepresentedevidencefromgreece-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Andreadis2017a,\n\ttitle = {European {Populist} {Parties} in {Government}: {How} {Well} are {Voters} {Represented}? {Evidence} from {Greece}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {14247755},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/spsr.12255},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/spsr.12255},\n\tabstract = {In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non-populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many&#x27; approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti-populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2017-06-07},\n\tjournal = {Swiss Political Science Review},\n\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Congruence, Greece, Populism, Representation, Voting behavior},\n\tpages = {485--508},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non-populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many' approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti-populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lloren-rosset-genderedpolicypreferencescandidatesviewsonpoliticalissuesinacomparativeperspective-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lloren-rosset-genderedpolicypreferencescandidatesviewsonpoliticalissuesinacomparativeperspective-2017', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4', event);\">\n    Gendered policy preferences? Candidates’ views on political issues in a comparative perspective.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lloren, A.;  and Rosset, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Comparative European Politics</i>, 15(6): 944–968.  2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lloren-rosset-genderedpolicypreferencescandidatesviewsonpoliticalissuesinacomparativeperspective-2017', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Gendered policy preferences? Candidates’ views on political issues in a comparative perspective [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2015.4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lloren-rosset-genderedpolicypreferencescandidatesviewsonpoliticalissuesinacomparativeperspective-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2015.4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lloren-rosset-genderedpolicypreferencescandidatesviewsonpoliticalissuesinacomparativeperspective-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lloren-rosset-genderedpolicypreferencescandidatesviewsonpoliticalissuesinacomparativeperspective-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lloren_gendered_2017,\n\ttitle = {Gendered policy preferences? {Candidates}’ views on political issues in a comparative perspective},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/cep.2015.4},\n\tdoi = {10.1057/cep.2015.4},\n\tabstract = {This article examines whether gender affects candidates’ position on the economic and cultural dimensions of political competition in nine West European countries. Using data from the Comparative Candidate Survey, we find that female candidates hold, on average, more liberal views than their male party colleagues. These gender differences vary according to the nature of issues. Female candidates are more liberal than their party colleagues on the cultural dimension, but we find no systematic differences in policy preferences on economic issues. Moreover, gender differences vary according to parties’ ideological position on the left–right scale with a more pronounced gender gap in right-wing parties. Our findings contribute to the literature on female candidates and on the impact of women in politics more broadly.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {Comparative European Politics},\n\tauthor = {Lloren, Anouk and Rosset, Jan},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tpages = {944--968},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article examines whether gender affects candidates’ position on the economic and cultural dimensions of political competition in nine West European countries. Using data from the Comparative Candidate Survey, we find that female candidates hold, on average, more liberal views than their male party colleagues. These gender differences vary according to the nature of issues. Female candidates are more liberal than their party colleagues on the cultural dimension, but we find no systematic differences in policy preferences on economic issues. Moreover, gender differences vary according to parties’ ideological position on the left–right scale with a more pronounced gender gap in right-wing parties. Our findings contribute to the literature on female candidates and on the impact of women in politics more broadly.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stavrakakis-andreadis-katsambekis-anewpopulismindexatworkidentifyingpopulistcandidatesandpartiesinthecontemporarygreekcontext-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stavrakakis-andreadis-katsambekis-anewpopulismindexatworkidentifyingpopulistcandidatesandpartiesinthecontemporarygreekcontext-2017', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434', event);\">\n    A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary Greek context.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stavrakakis, Y.; Andreadis, I.;  and Katsambekis, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Politics and Society</i>, 18(4): 446–464. November 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Routledge</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stavrakakis-andreadis-katsambekis-anewpopulismindexatworkidentifyingpopulistcandidatesandpartiesinthecontemporarygreekcontext-2017', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary Greek context [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stavrakakis-andreadis-katsambekis-anewpopulismindexatworkidentifyingpopulistcandidatesandpartiesinthecontemporarygreekcontext-2017', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stavrakakis-andreadis-katsambekis-anewpopulismindexatworkidentifyingpopulistcandidatesandpartiesinthecontemporarygreekcontext-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stavrakakis-andreadis-katsambekis-anewpopulismindexatworkidentifyingpopulistcandidatesandpartiesinthecontemporarygreekcontext-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Stavrakakis2017,\n\ttitle = {A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary {Greek} context},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {2374-5118},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/23745118.2016.1261434},\n\tabstract = {Interrogating available indexes from a discourse-theoretical point of view, this paper utilizes a reformulated populism index in order to identify populist parties. In particular, the index is applied in a candidate survey carried out in Greece in 2015. Findings indicate that this index allows for a clear differentiation between populist and non-populist parties. Based on candidate attitudes, SYRIZA and ANEL belong to the first group whereas New Democracy, PASOK and River to the second. The examination of additional survey items reveals a clear ideological division within the populist camp: right-wing populism is exclusionary, while left-wing populism more inclusive and pluralist.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-01-16},\n\tjournal = {European Politics and Society},\n\tauthor = {Stavrakakis, Yannis and Andreadis, Ioannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\n\tkeywords = {Candidates, Greece, discourse, populism, surveys},\n\tpages = {446--464},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Interrogating available indexes from a discourse-theoretical point of view, this paper utilizes a reformulated populism index in order to identify populist parties. In particular, the index is applied in a candidate survey carried out in Greece in 2015. Findings indicate that this index allows for a clear differentiation between populist and non-populist parties. Based on candidate attitudes, SYRIZA and ANEL belong to the first group whereas New Democracy, PASOK and River to the second. The examination of additional survey items reveals a clear ideological division within the populist camp: right-wing populism is exclusionary, while left-wing populism more inclusive and pluralist.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"divirgilio-segatti-larappresentanzapoliticainitaliacandidatiedelettorinelleelezionipolitichedel2013-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'divirgilio-segatti-larappresentanzapoliticainitaliacandidatiedelettorinelleelezionipolitichedel2013-2016', 'https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ', event);\">\n    La rappresentanza politica in Italia : candidati ed elettori nelle elezioni politiche del 2013.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Di Virgilio, A.;  and Segatti, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Il mulino, Bologna,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('divirgilio-segatti-larappresentanzapoliticainitaliacandidatiedelettorinelleelezionipolitichedel2013-2016', 'https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"La rappresentanza politica in Italia : candidati ed elettori nelle elezioni politiche del 2013 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/divirgilio-segatti-larappresentanzapoliticainitaliacandidatiedelettorinelleelezionipolitichedel2013-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('divirgilio-segatti-larappresentanzapoliticainitaliacandidatiedelettorinelleelezionipolitichedel2013-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{di_virgilio_rappresentanza_2016,\n\taddress = {Bologna},\n\ttitle = {La rappresentanza politica in {Italia} : candidati ed elettori nelle elezioni politiche del 2013},\n\tisbn = {978-88-15-25807-6},\n\turl = {https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/425760#.XNGNVHX7TCJ},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tpublisher = {Il mulino},\n\tauthor = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Segatti, Paolo},\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-lisi-viegas-participaoerepresentaopolticasnaeuropaemcrise-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&amp;btnG=#d=gs_cit&amp;u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'freire-lisi-viegas-participaoerepresentaopolticasnaeuropaemcrise-2016', 'https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&amp;btnG=#d=gs_cit&amp;u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252', event);\">\n    Participação e Representação Políticas na Europa em Crise.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A; Lisi, M;  and Viegas, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento, Lisboa,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&amp;btnG=#d=gs_cit&amp;u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-lisi-viegas-participaoerepresentaopolticasnaeuropaemcrise-2016', 'https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&amp;btnG=#d=gs_cit&amp;u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Participação e Representação Políticas na Europa em Crise [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-lisi-viegas-participaoerepresentaopolticasnaeuropaemcrise-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-lisi-viegas-participaoerepresentaopolticasnaeuropaemcrise-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{freire_participacao_2016,\n\taddress = {Lisboa},\n\ttitle = {Participação e {Representação} {Políticas} na {Europa} em {Crise}},\n\turl = {https://scholar.google.gr/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Pol%C3%ADticas+na+Europa+em+Crise%2C+Lisboa&amp;btnG=#d=gs_cit&amp;u=%252Fscholar%253Fq%253Dinfo%253A1A9Zx59CTRUJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%2526output%253Dcite%2526scirp%253D0%252},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tpublisher = {Assembleia da República, Coleção Parlamento},\n\tauthor = {Freire, A and Lisi, M and Viegas, JM},\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"andreadis-kartsounidou-conductingacandidatestudyasawebsurveyadvantageschallengesandbestpractices-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Conducting a Candidate Study as a Web-Survey. Advantages, Challenges and Best Practices.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Andreadis, I.;  and Kartsounidou, E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>1st BCES International Scientific Conference</i>, pages 1–2, University Donja Gorica, Podgorica, 1-2 July 2016,  2016. \n  <span class=\"note\">Issue: July</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andreadis-kartsounidou-conductingacandidatestudyasawebsurveyadvantageschallengesandbestpractices-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andreadis-kartsounidou-conductingacandidatestudyasawebsurveyadvantageschallengesandbestpractices-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{andreadis_conducting_2016,\n\taddress = {University Donja Gorica, Podgorica, 1-2 July 2016},\n\ttitle = {Conducting a {Candidate} {Study} as a {Web}-{Survey}. {Advantages}, {Challenges} and {Best} {Practices}.},\n\tbooktitle = {1st {BCES} {International} {Scientific} {Conference}},\n\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Kartsounidou, Evangelia},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {Issue: July},\n\tkeywords = {candidate study, nonresponse, web survey design, web surveys},\n\tpages = {1--2},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"giannetti-pinto-mappingeuropeanpartiespolicypositionsbyusingdatafromthecomparativecandidatessurvey-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Mapping European parties’ policy positions by using data from the Comparative Candidates Survey.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Giannetti, D.;  and Pinto, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>X ECPR General Conference</i>, Prague,  2016. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/giannetti-pinto-mappingeuropeanpartiespolicypositionsbyusingdatafromthecomparativecandidatessurvey-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('giannetti-pinto-mappingeuropeanpartiespolicypositionsbyusingdatafromthecomparativecandidatessurvey-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{giannetti_mapping_2016,\n\taddress = {Prague},\n\ttitle = {Mapping {European} parties’ policy positions by using data from the {Comparative} {Candidates} {Survey}.},\n\tbooktitle = {X {ECPR} {General} {Conference}},\n\tauthor = {Giannetti, Daniela and Pinto, Luca.},\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2015\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2015')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2015</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (11)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chiru-enyedi-choosingyourownbossvariationsofrepresentationfociinmixedelectoralsystems-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chiru-enyedi-choosingyourownbossvariationsofrepresentationfociinmixedelectoralsystems-2015', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025', event);\">\n    Choosing your own Boss: Variations of Representation Foci in Mixed Electoral Systems.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chiru, M.;  and Enyedi, Z.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Legislative Studies</i>, 21(4): 495–514.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiru-enyedi-choosingyourownbossvariationsofrepresentationfociinmixedelectoralsystems-2015', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Choosing your own Boss: Variations of Representation Foci in Mixed Electoral Systems [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiru-enyedi-choosingyourownbossvariationsofrepresentationfociinmixedelectoralsystems-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chiru-enyedi-choosingyourownbossvariationsofrepresentationfociinmixedelectoralsystems-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chiru-enyedi-choosingyourownbossvariationsofrepresentationfociinmixedelectoralsystems-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chiru_choosing_2015,\n\ttitle = {Choosing your own {Boss}: {Variations} of {Representation} {Foci} in {Mixed} {Electoral} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/13572334.2015.1077025},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Legislative Studies},\n\tauthor = {Chiru, Mihail and Enyedi, Zsolt},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Hungary, Romania, electoral logic, mixed electoral systems, parliamentary logic, representation focus},\n\tpages = {495--514},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chiru-multiplecandidaciesandtheroleofthelowestelectoraltierforindividualizedcampaigning-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chiru-multiplecandidaciesandtheroleofthelowestelectoraltierforindividualizedcampaigning-2015', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761', event);\">\n    Multiple Candidacies and the Role of the Lowest Electoral Tier for Individualized Campaigning.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chiru, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>East European Politics and Societies</i>, 29(4): 892–914.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiru-multiplecandidaciesandtheroleofthelowestelectoraltierforindividualizedcampaigning-2015', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Multiple Candidacies and the Role of the Lowest Electoral Tier for Individualized Campaigning [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0888325415569761\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chiru-multiplecandidaciesandtheroleofthelowestelectoraltierforindividualizedcampaigning-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0888325415569761', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chiru-multiplecandidaciesandtheroleofthelowestelectoraltierforindividualizedcampaigning-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chiru-multiplecandidaciesandtheroleofthelowestelectoraltierforindividualizedcampaigning-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chiru_multiple_2015,\n\ttitle = {Multiple {Candidacies} and the {Role} of the {Lowest} {Electoral} {Tier} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325415569761},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0888325415569761},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {East European Politics and Societies},\n\tauthor = {Chiru, Mihail},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {892--914},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"andreadis-estimatingthepositionofpoliticalpartiescomparisonbetweenanexpertsurveyandacandidatesurvey-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Estimating the position of political parties: comparison between an expert survey and a candidate survey.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Andreadis, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>NECE conference</i>, Thessaloniki,  2015. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andreadis-estimatingthepositionofpoliticalpartiescomparisonbetweenanexpertsurveyandacandidatesurvey-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andreadis-estimatingthepositionofpoliticalpartiescomparisonbetweenanexpertsurveyandacandidatesurvey-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{Andreadis2015j,\n\taddress = {Thessaloniki},\n\ttitle = {Estimating the position of political parties: comparison between an expert survey and a candidate survey},\n\tabstract = {Presented at the Workshop on using Expert Judgement, Malta: 7 - 9 October 2015 and at the NECE conference, Thessaloniki 22 - 24 October 2015},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tbooktitle = {{NECE} conference},\n\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis},\n\tyear = {2015},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Presented at the Workshop on using Expert Judgement, Malta: 7 - 9 October 2015 and at the NECE conference, Thessaloniki 22 - 24 October 2015\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"andreadis-stavrakakis-katsambekis-usingsurveystomeasurethepopulistattitudesofpoliticalelitesandvotersagreekpilotstudyofsupplyanddemand-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'andreadis-stavrakakis-katsambekis-usingsurveystomeasurethepopulistattitudesofpoliticalelitesandvotersagreekpilotstudyofsupplyanddemand-2015', 'http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en', event);\">\n    Using Surveys to Measure the Populist Attitudes of Political Elites and Voters: A Greek Pilot Study of Supply and Demand.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Andreadis, I.; Stavrakakis, Y.;  and Katsambekis, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Team Populism Conference ‘Solving the Puzzles of Populism’</i>, London,  2015. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('andreadis-stavrakakis-katsambekis-usingsurveystomeasurethepopulistattitudesofpoliticalelitesandvotersagreekpilotstudyofsupplyanddemand-2015', 'http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Using Surveys to Measure the Populist Attitudes of Political Elites and Voters: A Greek Pilot Study of Supply and Demand [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andreadis-stavrakakis-katsambekis-usingsurveystomeasurethepopulistattitudesofpoliticalelitesandvotersagreekpilotstudyofsupplyanddemand-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andreadis-stavrakakis-katsambekis-usingsurveystomeasurethepopulistattitudesofpoliticalelitesandvotersagreekpilotstudyofsupplyanddemand-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{andreadis_using_2015,\n\taddress = {London},\n\ttitle = {Using {Surveys} to {Measure} the {Populist} {Attitudes} of {Political} {Elites} and {Voters}: {A} {Greek} {Pilot} {Study} of {Supply} and {Demand}},\n\turl = {http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/276263/?ln=en},\n\turldate = {2018-12-13},\n\tbooktitle = {Team {Populism} {Conference} ‘{Solving} the {Puzzles} of {Populism}’},\n\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Stavrakakis, Yannis and Katsambekis, Giorgos},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Political Science},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dewinter-baudewyns-candidatecentredcampaigninginapartycentredcontextthecaseofbelgium-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dewinter-baudewyns-candidatecentredcampaigninginapartycentredcontextthecaseofbelgium-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468', event);\">\n    Candidate centred campaigning in a party centred context: The case of Belgium.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  De Winter, L;  and Baudewyns, P\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Electoral Studies</i>, 39: 295–305.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dewinter-baudewyns-candidatecentredcampaigninginapartycentredcontextthecaseofbelgium-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Candidate centred campaigning in a party centred context: The case of Belgium [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dewinter-baudewyns-candidatecentredcampaigninginapartycentredcontextthecaseofbelgium-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dewinter-baudewyns-candidatecentredcampaigninginapartycentredcontextthecaseofbelgium-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{de_winter_candidate_2015,\n\ttitle = {Candidate centred campaigning in a party centred context: {The} case of {Belgium}},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000468},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {Electoral Studies},\n\tauthor = {De Winter, L and Baudewyns, P},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {295--305},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-viegas-politicalrepresentationinportugaltheyearsofthesocialistmajority20052009-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT26&amp;dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&amp;ots=svnyE5hWzM&amp;sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'freire-viegas-politicalrepresentationinportugaltheyearsofthesocialistmajority20052009-2015', 'https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT26&amp;dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&amp;ots=svnyE5hWzM&amp;sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w', event);\">\n    Political Representation in Portugal: The Years of the Socialist Majority, 2005-2009.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A;  and Viegas, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Leya,  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT26&amp;dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&amp;ots=svnyE5hWzM&amp;sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-viegas-politicalrepresentationinportugaltheyearsofthesocialistmajority20052009-2015', 'https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT26&amp;dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&amp;ots=svnyE5hWzM&amp;sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Political Representation in Portugal: The Years of the Socialist Majority, 2005-2009 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-viegas-politicalrepresentationinportugaltheyearsofthesocialistmajority20052009-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-viegas-politicalrepresentationinportugaltheyearsofthesocialistmajority20052009-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{freire_political_2015,\n\ttitle = {Political {Representation} in {Portugal}: {The} {Years} of the {Socialist} {Majority}, 2005-2009},\n\turl = {https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zi3_BwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT26&amp;dq=Political+Representation+in+Portugal:+The+Years+of+the+Socialist+Majority,+2005-2009&amp;ots=svnyE5hWzM&amp;sig=Jq_k1MyU2yxb5AV0LqwE7ukwH1w},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tpublisher = {Leya},\n\tauthor = {Freire, A and Viegas, J.M.L.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"selb-lutz-lonefightersintrapartycompetitioninterpartycompetitionandcandidatesvoteseekingeffortsinopenballotprelections-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'selb-lutz-lonefightersintrapartycompetitioninterpartycompetitionandcandidatesvoteseekingeffortsinopenballotprelections-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493', event);\">\n    Lone fighters: Intraparty competition, interparty competition, and candidates' vote seeking efforts in open-ballot PR elections.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Selb, P.;  and Lutz, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Electoral Studies</i>, 39: 329–337.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('selb-lutz-lonefightersintrapartycompetitioninterpartycompetitionandcandidatesvoteseekingeffortsinopenballotprelections-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lone fighters: Intraparty competition, interparty competition, and candidates&#x27; vote seeking efforts in open-ballot PR elections [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/selb-lutz-lonefightersintrapartycompetitioninterpartycompetitionandcandidatesvoteseekingeffortsinopenballotprelections-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('selb-lutz-lonefightersintrapartycompetitioninterpartycompetitionandcandidatesvoteseekingeffortsinopenballotprelections-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{selb_lone_2015,\n\ttitle = {Lone fighters: {Intraparty} competition, interparty competition, and candidates&#x27; vote seeking efforts in open-ballot {PR} elections},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000493},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {Electoral Studies},\n\tauthor = {Selb, P. and Lutz, G.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {329--337},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"divirgilio-giannetti-pedrazzani-pinto-candidatesin2013italiangeneralelectionevidencefromtheitaliancandidatesurvey-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'divirgilio-giannetti-pedrazzani-pinto-candidatesin2013italiangeneralelectionevidencefromtheitaliancandidatesurvey-2015', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article', event);\">\n    Candidates in 2013 Italian general election: evidence from the Italian Candidate Survey.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Di Virgilio, A.; Giannetti, D.; Pedrazzani, A.;  and Pinto, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica</i>, 45(3): 317–342. November 2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('divirgilio-giannetti-pedrazzani-pinto-candidatesin2013italiangeneralelectionevidencefromtheitaliancandidatesurvey-2015', 'https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Candidates in 2013 Italian general election: evidence from the Italian Candidate Survey [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2015.15\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('divirgilio-giannetti-pedrazzani-pinto-candidatesin2013italiangeneralelectionevidencefromtheitaliancandidatesurvey-2015', 'http://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2015.15', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/divirgilio-giannetti-pedrazzani-pinto-candidatesin2013italiangeneralelectionevidencefromtheitaliancandidatesurvey-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('divirgilio-giannetti-pedrazzani-pinto-candidatesin2013italiangeneralelectionevidencefromtheitaliancandidatesurvey-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{DiVirgilio2015,\n\ttitle = {Candidates in 2013 {Italian} general election: evidence from the {Italian} {Candidate} {Survey}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0048-8402},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0048840215000155/type/journal_article},\n\tdoi = {10.1017/ipo.2015.15},\n\tabstract = {Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2019-05-04},\n\tjournal = {Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica},\n\tauthor = {Di Virgilio, Aldo and Giannetti, Daniela and Pedrazzani, Andrea and Pinto, Luca},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {317--342},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-lisi-viegas-criseeconmicapolticasdeausteridadeerepresentaopoltica-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Crise económica, políticas de austeridade e representação política.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A.; Lisi, M.;  and Viegas, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Assembleia da República., Lisboa,  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-lisi-viegas-criseeconmicapolticasdeausteridadeerepresentaopoltica-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-lisi-viegas-criseeconmicapolticasdeausteridadeerepresentaopoltica-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{freire_crise_2015,\n\taddress = {Lisboa},\n\ttitle = {Crise económica, políticas de austeridade e representação política},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tpublisher = {Assembleia da República.},\n\tauthor = {Freire, A. and Lisi, M. and Viegas, J.M.L.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kartsounidou-andreadis-increasingtheresponserateofthecomparativecandidatesurvey-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Increasing the response rate of the Comparative Candidate Survey.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kartsounidou, E;  and Andreadis, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>DSC22015</i>, Thessaloniki,  2015. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kartsounidou-andreadis-increasingtheresponserateofthecomparativecandidatesurvey-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kartsounidou-andreadis-increasingtheresponserateofthecomparativecandidatesurvey-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{Kartsounidou2015,\n\taddress = {Thessaloniki},\n\ttitle = {Increasing the response rate of the {Comparative} {Candidate} {Survey}},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tbooktitle = {{DSC22015}},\n\tauthor = {Kartsounidou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},\n\tyear = {2015},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zittel-constituencycandidatesincomparativeperspectivehowpersonalizedareconstituencycampaignswhyanddoesitmatter-2015\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zittel-constituencycandidatesincomparativeperspectivehowpersonalizedareconstituencycampaignswhyanddoesitmatter-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456', event);\">\n    Constituency candidates in comparative perspective–How personalized are constituency campaigns, why, and does it matter?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zittel, T\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Electoral Studies</i>, 39: 286–294.  2015.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-constituencycandidatesincomparativeperspectivehowpersonalizedareconstituencycampaignswhyanddoesitmatter-2015', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Constituency candidates in comparative perspective–How personalized are constituency campaigns, why, and does it matter? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zittel-constituencycandidatesincomparativeperspectivehowpersonalizedareconstituencycampaignswhyanddoesitmatter-2015\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zittel-constituencycandidatesincomparativeperspectivehowpersonalizedareconstituencycampaignswhyanddoesitmatter-2015')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zittel_constituency_2015,\n\ttitle = {Constituency candidates in comparative perspective–{How} personalized are constituency campaigns, why, and does it matter?},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379414000456},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {Electoral Studies},\n\tauthor = {Zittel, T},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {286--294},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2014\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2014')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2014</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-lisi-andreadis-leiteviegas-politicalrepresentationinbailedoutsoutherneuropegreeceandportugalcompared-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'freire-lisi-andreadis-leiteviegas-politicalrepresentationinbailedoutsoutherneuropegreeceandportugalcompared-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381', event);\">\n    Political Representation in Bailed-out Southern Europe: Greece and Portugal Compared.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A.; Lisi, M.; Andreadis, I.;  and Leite Viegas, J. J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>South European Society and Politics</i>, 19(4): 413–433. October 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Routledge</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-lisi-andreadis-leiteviegas-politicalrepresentationinbailedoutsoutherneuropegreeceandportugalcompared-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Political Representation in Bailed-out Southern Europe: Greece and Portugal Compared [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-lisi-andreadis-leiteviegas-politicalrepresentationinbailedoutsoutherneuropegreeceandportugalcompared-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-lisi-andreadis-leiteviegas-politicalrepresentationinbailedoutsoutherneuropegreeceandportugalcompared-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-lisi-andreadis-leiteviegas-politicalrepresentationinbailedoutsoutherneuropegreeceandportugalcompared-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Freire2014a,\n\ttitle = {Political {Representation} in {Bailed}-out {Southern} {Europe}: {Greece} and {Portugal} {Compared}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1360-8746},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.984381},\n\tabstract = {The emergence of the economic and financial crisis has already shown important electoral and political consequences in southern Europe. Drawing on the experience of two bailed-out countries, Greece and Portugal, we use original data collected before and after 2008 to examine how patterns of political representation have changed during this period. We argue that austerity measures have significantly affected the way MPs represent their electorates, namely in terms of policy congruence. In addition, the economic crisis has also deepened the legitimacy crisis in both countries. Finally, we find that the short-term impact of the crisis has had a greater impact on voters&#x27; attitudes than on those of their representatives.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2017-03-17},\n\tjournal = {South European Society and Politics},\n\tauthor = {Freire, André and Lisi, Marco and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\n\tkeywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},\n\tpages = {413--433},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The emergence of the economic and financial crisis has already shown important electoral and political consequences in southern Europe. Drawing on the experience of two bailed-out countries, Greece and Portugal, we use original data collected before and after 2008 to examine how patterns of political representation have changed during this period. We argue that austerity measures have significantly affected the way MPs represent their electorates, namely in terms of policy congruence. In addition, the economic crisis has also deepened the legitimacy crisis in both countries. Finally, we find that the short-term impact of the crisis has had a greater impact on voters' attitudes than on those of their representatives.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"trumm-sudulich-acomparativestudyoftheeffectsofelectoralinstitutionsoncampaigns-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electoral Institutions on Campaigns.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Trumm, S.;  and Sudulich, M. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report  2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publication Title: SSRN</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2385892\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('trumm-sudulich-acomparativestudyoftheeffectsofelectoralinstitutionsoncampaigns-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2385892', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/trumm-sudulich-acomparativestudyoftheeffectsofelectoralinstitutionsoncampaigns-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('trumm-sudulich-acomparativestudyoftheeffectsofelectoralinstitutionsoncampaigns-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{trumm_comparative_2014,\n\ttitle = {A {Comparative} {Study} of the {Effects} of {Electoral} {Institutions} on {Campaigns}},\n\tabstract = {A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna , and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.},\n\tauthor = {Trumm, Siim and Sudulich, Maria Laura},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tdoi = {10.2139/ssrn.2385892},\n\tnote = {Publication Title: SSRN},\n\tkeywords = {campaign means, campaign style, electoral institutions, party-candidate relations},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna , and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-teperoglou-moury-awakeningthesleepinggiantingreeceandportugalelitesandvotersattitudestowardseuintegrationindifficulteconomictimes-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'freire-teperoglou-moury-awakeningthesleepinggiantingreeceandportugalelitesandvotersattitudestowardseuintegrationindifficulteconomictimes-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311', event);\">\n    Awakening the Sleeping Giant in Greece and Portugal? Elites' and Voters' Attitudes towards EU Integration in Difficult Economic Times.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A.; Teperoglou, E.;  and Moury, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>South European Society and Politics</i>, 19(4): 477–499. October 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Routledge</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-teperoglou-moury-awakeningthesleepinggiantingreeceandportugalelitesandvotersattitudestowardseuintegrationindifficulteconomictimes-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Awakening the Sleeping Giant in Greece and Portugal? Elites&#x27; and Voters&#x27; Attitudes towards EU Integration in Difficult Economic Times [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('freire-teperoglou-moury-awakeningthesleepinggiantingreeceandportugalelitesandvotersattitudestowardseuintegrationindifficulteconomictimes-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-teperoglou-moury-awakeningthesleepinggiantingreeceandportugalelitesandvotersattitudestowardseuintegrationindifficulteconomictimes-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-teperoglou-moury-awakeningthesleepinggiantingreeceandportugalelitesandvotersattitudestowardseuintegrationindifficulteconomictimes-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{freire_awakening_2014,\n\ttitle = {Awakening the {Sleeping} {Giant} in {Greece} and {Portugal}? {Elites}&#x27; and {Voters}&#x27; {Attitudes} towards {EU} {Integration} in {Difficult} {Economic} {Times}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1360-8746},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983311},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {South European Society and Politics},\n\tauthor = {Freire, André and Teperoglou, Eftichia and Moury, Catherine},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\n\tpages = {477--499},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nnudttir-policycongruenceandstyleofrepresentationpartyvotersandpoliticalparties-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nnudttir-policycongruenceandstyleofrepresentationpartyvotersandpoliticalparties-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057', event);\">\n    Policy Congruence and Style of Representation: Party Voters and Political Parties.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Önnudóttir, E. H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>West European Politics</i>, 37(3): 538–563. May 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Routledge</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nnudttir-policycongruenceandstyleofrepresentationpartyvotersandpoliticalparties-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Policy Congruence and Style of Representation: Party Voters and Political Parties [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nnudttir-policycongruenceandstyleofrepresentationpartyvotersandpoliticalparties-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nnudttir-policycongruenceandstyleofrepresentationpartyvotersandpoliticalparties-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nnudttir-policycongruenceandstyleofrepresentationpartyvotersandpoliticalparties-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Onnudottir2014,\n\ttitle = {Policy {Congruence} and {Style} of {Representation}: {Party} {Voters} and {Political} {Parties}},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {17439655},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/01402382.2013.841057},\n\tabstract = {This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties who are partisans, delegates or trustees. Policy congruence refers to how close on the left--right scale the mean position of a party as placed by its candidates is compared to that of party voters. The article concludes that where there are higher proportions of trustees within parties, there is a greater degree of policy congruence, whereas a higher proportion of partisans results in less policy congruence. The proportion of delegates has no significant impact on congruence after taking account of other party and country measures. This indicates that party constraints on representatives are applied at the cost of congruence with voters, and that when representatives enjoy more flexibility to follow their own opinions, the party displays greater congruence with its own voters.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2017-03-17},\n\tjournal = {West European Politics},\n\tauthor = {Önnudóttir, Eva H.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\n\tpages = {538--563},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This article focuses on whether styles of representation influence policy congruence. Style of representation is defined at the party level as the proportion of representatives within parties who are partisans, delegates or trustees. Policy congruence refers to how close on the left–right scale the mean position of a party as placed by its candidates is compared to that of party voters. The article concludes that where there are higher proportions of trustees within parties, there is a greater degree of policy congruence, whereas a higher proportion of partisans results in less policy congruence. The proportion of delegates has no significant impact on congruence after taking account of other party and country measures. This indicates that party constraints on representatives are applied at the cost of congruence with voters, and that when representatives enjoy more flexibility to follow their own opinions, the party displays greater congruence with its own voters.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"teperoglou-freire-andreadis-leiteviegas-elitesandvotersattitudestowardsausteritypoliciesandtheirconsequencesingreeceandportugal-2014\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'teperoglou-freire-andreadis-leiteviegas-elitesandvotersattitudestowardsausteritypoliciesandtheirconsequencesingreeceandportugal-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306', event);\">\n    Elites' and Voters' Attitudes towards Austerity Policies and their Consequences in Greece and Portugal.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Teperoglou, E.; Freire, A.; Andreadis, I.;  and Leite Viegas, J. J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>South European Society and Politics</i>, 19(4): 457–476. October 2014.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('teperoglou-freire-andreadis-leiteviegas-elitesandvotersattitudestowardsausteritypoliciesandtheirconsequencesingreeceandportugal-2014', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Elites&#x27; and Voters&#x27; Attitudes towards Austerity Policies and their Consequences in Greece and Portugal [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('teperoglou-freire-andreadis-leiteviegas-elitesandvotersattitudestowardsausteritypoliciesandtheirconsequencesingreeceandportugal-2014', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/teperoglou-freire-andreadis-leiteviegas-elitesandvotersattitudestowardsausteritypoliciesandtheirconsequencesingreeceandportugal-2014\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('teperoglou-freire-andreadis-leiteviegas-elitesandvotersattitudestowardsausteritypoliciesandtheirconsequencesingreeceandportugal-2014')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Teperoglou2014,\n\ttitle = {Elites&#x27; and {Voters}&#x27; {Attitudes} towards {Austerity} {Policies} and their {Consequences} in {Greece} and {Portugal}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1360-8746},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/13608746.2014.983306},\n\tabstract = {© 2014 Taylor \\&amp; Francis. This article analyses the attitudes of the political elite and voters in Greece and Portugal vis-à-vis the Troika bailouts, austerity policies and the attribution of responsibilities for the crisis. Using both elite and mass surveys with similar questions, the article explores to what extent the elites and voters share similar attitudes, what might explain possible differences between these two groups and between the two countries and what this information can tell us about the quality of political representation in Greece and Portugal. The differences between the countries are explained mainly by the severity of the crisis and austerity policies in each country, but also by the diversity of political conditions.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2017-03-17},\n\tjournal = {South European Society and Politics},\n\tauthor = {Teperoglou, Eftichia and Freire, André and Andreadis, Ioannis and Leite Viegas, J.M. José Manuel},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Austerity Policies, Bailouts, Economic Crisis, Greece, Political Representation, Portugal},\n\tpages = {457--476},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  © 2014 Taylor & Francis. This article analyses the attitudes of the political elite and voters in Greece and Portugal vis-à-vis the Troika bailouts, austerity policies and the attribution of responsibilities for the crisis. Using both elite and mass surveys with similar questions, the article explores to what extent the elites and voters share similar attitudes, what might explain possible differences between these two groups and between the two countries and what this information can tell us about the quality of political representation in Greece and Portugal. The differences between the countries are explained mainly by the severity of the crisis and austerity policies in each country, but also by the diversity of political conditions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2013\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2013')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2013</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schmitt-nationaleparteienoderlokalekandidateneineanalyseihrerelektoralenorientierungsleistungenbeiderbundestagswahl2009-2013\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schmitt-nationaleparteienoderlokalekandidateneineanalyseihrerelektoralenorientierungsleistungenbeiderbundestagswahl2009-2013', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23', event);\">\n    Nationale Parteien oder lokale Kandidaten? Eine Analyse ihrer elektoralen Orientierungsleistungen bei der Bundestagswahl 2009.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schmitt, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Wahlen und Wähler</i>, pages 514–529. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden,  2013.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schmitt-nationaleparteienoderlokalekandidateneineanalyseihrerelektoralenorientierungsleistungenbeiderbundestagswahl2009-2013', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Nationale Parteien oder lokale Kandidaten? Eine Analyse ihrer elektoralen Orientierungsleistungen bei der Bundestagswahl 2009 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schmitt-nationaleparteienoderlokalekandidateneineanalyseihrerelektoralenorientierungsleistungenbeiderbundestagswahl2009-2013', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schmitt-nationaleparteienoderlokalekandidateneineanalyseihrerelektoralenorientierungsleistungenbeiderbundestagswahl2009-2013\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schmitt-nationaleparteienoderlokalekandidateneineanalyseihrerelektoralenorientierungsleistungenbeiderbundestagswahl2009-2013')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{schmitt_nationale_2013,\n\taddress = {Wiesbaden},\n\ttitle = {Nationale {Parteien} oder lokale {Kandidaten}? {Eine} {Analyse} ihrer elektoralen {Orientierungsleistungen} bei der {Bundestagswahl} 2009},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tbooktitle = {Wahlen und {Wähler}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},\n\tauthor = {Schmitt, Hermann},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-658-01328-8_23},\n\tpages = {514--529},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2012\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2012')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2012</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"teperoglou-andreadis-investigatingconsensusversusconflictbetweenthegreekandportuguesepoliticalelitesduringtheeconomiccrisisamatterofideology-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Investigating consensus versus conflict between the Greek and Portuguese political elites during the economic crisis: a matter of ideology?.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Teperoglou, E;  and Andreadis, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>nd Plenary Conference of the CCS, MZES</i>, pages 27–29, Mannheim,  2012. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/teperoglou-andreadis-investigatingconsensusversusconflictbetweenthegreekandportuguesepoliticalelitesduringtheeconomiccrisisamatterofideology-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('teperoglou-andreadis-investigatingconsensusversusconflictbetweenthegreekandportuguesepoliticalelitesduringtheeconomiccrisisamatterofideology-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{teperoglou_investigating_2012,\n\taddress = {Mannheim},\n\ttitle = {Investigating consensus versus conflict between the {Greek} and {Portuguese} political elites during the economic crisis: a matter of ideology?},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tbooktitle = {nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},\n\tauthor = {Teperoglou, E and Andreadis, Ioannis},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {27--29},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"andreadis-measuringsatisfactionwithdemocracyamongcandidateswhatistheeffectoftheelectoraloutcome-2012\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Measuring satisfaction with democracy among candidates: What is the effect of the electoral outcome?.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Andreadis, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>2nd Plenary Conference of the CCS, MZES</i>, pages pp. 27–29, Mannheim,  2012. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andreadis-measuringsatisfactionwithdemocracyamongcandidateswhatistheeffectoftheelectoraloutcome-2012\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andreadis-measuringsatisfactionwithdemocracyamongcandidateswhatistheeffectoftheelectoraloutcome-2012')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{andreadis_measuring_2012,\n\taddress = {Mannheim},\n\ttitle = {Measuring satisfaction with democracy among candidates: {What} is the effect of the electoral outcome?},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tbooktitle = {2nd {Plenary} {Conference} of the {CCS}, {MZES}},\n\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {pp. 27--29},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2011\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2011')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2011</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"gschwend-zittel-machenwahlkreiskandidateneinenunterschieddiepersnlichkeitswahlalsinteraktiverprozess-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845262178_378\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'gschwend-zittel-machenwahlkreiskandidateneinenunterschieddiepersnlichkeitswahlalsinteraktiverprozess-2011', 'http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845262178_378', event);\">\n    Machen Wahlkreiskandidaten einen Unterschied? Die Persönlichkeitswahl als interaktiver Prozess.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Gschwend, T.;  and Zittel, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Wählen in Deutschland</i>, pages 378–399. Nomos,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845262178_378\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gschwend-zittel-machenwahlkreiskandidateneinenunterschieddiepersnlichkeitswahlalsinteraktiverprozess-2011', 'http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845262178_378', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Machen Wahlkreiskandidaten einen Unterschied? Die Persönlichkeitswahl als interaktiver Prozess [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.5771/9783845262178_378\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('gschwend-zittel-machenwahlkreiskandidateneinenunterschieddiepersnlichkeitswahlalsinteraktiverprozess-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.5771/9783845262178_378', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/gschwend-zittel-machenwahlkreiskandidateneinenunterschieddiepersnlichkeitswahlalsinteraktiverprozess-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('gschwend-zittel-machenwahlkreiskandidateneinenunterschieddiepersnlichkeitswahlalsinteraktiverprozess-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{gschwend_machen_2011,\n\ttitle = {Machen {Wahlkreiskandidaten} einen {Unterschied}? {Die} {Persönlichkeitswahl} als interaktiver {Prozess}},\n\turl = {http://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783845262178_378},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tbooktitle = {Wählen in {Deutschland}},\n\tpublisher = {Nomos},\n\tauthor = {Gschwend, Thomas and Zittel, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tdoi = {10.5771/9783845262178_378},\n\tpages = {378--399},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karlsen-aplatformforindividualizedcampaigningsocialmediaandparliamentarycandidatesinthe2009norwegianelectioncampaign-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karlsen-aplatformforindividualizedcampaigningsocialmediaandparliamentarycandidatesinthe2009norwegianelectioncampaign-2011', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137', event);\">\n    A Platform for Individualized Campaigning? Social Media and Parliamentary Candidates in the 2009 Norwegian Election Campaign.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karlsen, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Policy & Internet</i>, 3(4): 1–25.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karlsen-aplatformforindividualizedcampaigningsocialmediaandparliamentarycandidatesinthe2009norwegianelectioncampaign-2011', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Platform for Individualized Campaigning? Social Media and Parliamentary Candidates in the 2009 Norwegian Election Campaign [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1137\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karlsen-aplatformforindividualizedcampaigningsocialmediaandparliamentarycandidatesinthe2009norwegianelectioncampaign-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1137', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karlsen-aplatformforindividualizedcampaigningsocialmediaandparliamentarycandidatesinthe2009norwegianelectioncampaign-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karlsen-aplatformforindividualizedcampaigningsocialmediaandparliamentarycandidatesinthe2009norwegianelectioncampaign-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karlsen_platform_2011,\n\ttitle = {A {Platform} for {Individualized} {Campaigning}? {Social} {Media} and {Parliamentary} {Candidates} in the 2009 {Norwegian} {Election} {Campaign}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.2202/1944-2866.1137},\n\tdoi = {10.2202/1944-2866.1137},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tjournal = {Policy \\&amp; Internet},\n\tauthor = {Karlsen, Rune},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {1--25},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"meirinho-freire-teixeira-leiteviegas-candidatoseleitoresecampanhaseleitoraisaseleieslegislativasde2009emperspectiva-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Candidatos, Eleitores e Campanhas Eleitorais: As Eleições Legislativas de 2009 em Perspectiva.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Meirinho, M.; Freire, A.; Teixeira, C. P.;  and Leite Viegas, J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Revista de Ciências Sociais e Políticas/Journal of Social and Political Sciences</i>, 2: 1–149.  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/meirinho-freire-teixeira-leiteviegas-candidatoseleitoresecampanhaseleitoraisaseleieslegislativasde2009emperspectiva-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('meirinho-freire-teixeira-leiteviegas-candidatoseleitoresecampanhaseleitoraisaseleieslegislativasde2009emperspectiva-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{meirinho_candidatos_2011,\n\ttitle = {Candidatos, {Eleitores} e {Campanhas} {Eleitorais}: {As} {Eleições} {Legislativas} de 2009 em {Perspectiva}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tjournal = {Revista de Ciências Sociais e Políticas/Journal of Social and Political Sciences},\n\tauthor = {Meirinho, Manuel and Freire, André and Teixeira, C. P. and Leite Viegas, J. M.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpages = {1--149},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"giebler-wst-individuellewahlkmpfebeidereuropawahl2009lnderbergreifendeundebenenspezifischebefunde-2011\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'giebler-wst-individuellewahlkmpfebeidereuropawahl2009lnderbergreifendeundebenenspezifischebefunde-2011', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5', event);\">\n    Individuelle Wahlkämpfe bei der Europawahl 2009: Länderübergreifende und ebenenspezifische Befunde.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Giebler, H.;  and Wüst, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Superwahljahr 2009</i>, pages 121–152. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden,  2011.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('giebler-wst-individuellewahlkmpfebeidereuropawahl2009lnderbergreifendeundebenenspezifischebefunde-2011', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Individuelle Wahlkämpfe bei der Europawahl 2009: Länderübergreifende und ebenenspezifische Befunde [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('giebler-wst-individuellewahlkmpfebeidereuropawahl2009lnderbergreifendeundebenenspezifischebefunde-2011', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/giebler-wst-individuellewahlkmpfebeidereuropawahl2009lnderbergreifendeundebenenspezifischebefunde-2011\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('giebler-wst-individuellewahlkmpfebeidereuropawahl2009lnderbergreifendeundebenenspezifischebefunde-2011')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{giebler_individuelle_2011,\n\taddress = {Wiesbaden},\n\ttitle = {Individuelle {Wahlkämpfe} bei der {Europawahl} 2009: {Länderübergreifende} und ebenenspezifische {Befunde}},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},\n\turldate = {2019-05-07},\n\tbooktitle = {Superwahljahr 2009},\n\tpublisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},\n\tauthor = {Giebler, Heiko and Wüst, Andreas M.},\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-531-93220-0_5},\n\tpages = {121--152},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2010\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2010')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2010</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lutz-selb-personalvoteseekinganddistrictmagnitudeinopenlistprsystemsevidencefromswitzerland-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Personal vote seeking and district magnitude in open list PR systems. Evidence from Switzerland.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lutz, G.;  and Selb, P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective\"</i>,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lutz-selb-personalvoteseekinganddistrictmagnitudeinopenlistprsystemsevidencefromswitzerland-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lutz-selb-personalvoteseekinganddistrictmagnitudeinopenlistprsystemsevidencefromswitzerland-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{lutz_personal_2010,\n\ttitle = {Personal vote seeking and district magnitude in open list {PR} systems. {Evidence} from {Switzerland}},\n\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}&quot;},\n\tauthor = {Lutz, Georg and Selb, Peter},\n\tyear = {2010},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schmitt-scholz-zll-determinantsofnonresponsetotheopenendedquestiononthemeaningofleftandrightacomparisonofpoliticalelitesandthemasspublicingermany-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Determinants of non-response to the open-ended question on the meaning of left and right: A comparison of political elites and the mass public in Germany.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schmitt, H.; Scholz, E.;  and Züll, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>ISA Conference</i>, Gothenburg,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schmitt-scholz-zll-determinantsofnonresponsetotheopenendedquestiononthemeaningofleftandrightacomparisonofpoliticalelitesandthemasspublicingermany-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schmitt-scholz-zll-determinantsofnonresponsetotheopenendedquestiononthemeaningofleftandrightacomparisonofpoliticalelitesandthemasspublicingermany-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{schmitt_determinants_2010,\n\taddress = {Gothenburg},\n\ttitle = {Determinants of non-response to the open-ended question on the meaning of left and right: {A} comparison of political elites and the mass public in {Germany}.},\n\tbooktitle = {{ISA} {Conference}},\n\tauthor = {Schmitt, Hermann and Scholz, Evi and Züll, Conny},\n\tyear = {2010},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"teperoglou-chadjipadelis-andreadis-cleavagesofvotersandcandidatesinthenationalandtheeuropeandimensionconvergencesanddivergences-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Cleavages of Voters and Candidates in the National and the European Dimension: Convergences and Divergences.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Teperoglou, E.; Chadjipadelis, T.;  and Andreadis, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Science and Society–Journal of Political and Moral Theory</i>, 25: 37–63.  2010.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/teperoglou-chadjipadelis-andreadis-cleavagesofvotersandcandidatesinthenationalandtheeuropeandimensionconvergencesanddivergences-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('teperoglou-chadjipadelis-andreadis-cleavagesofvotersandcandidatesinthenationalandtheeuropeandimensionconvergencesanddivergences-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{teperoglou_cleavages_2010,\n\ttitle = {Cleavages of {Voters} and {Candidates} in the {National} and the {European} {Dimension}: {Convergences} and {Divergences}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tjournal = {Science and Society–Journal of Political and Moral Theory},\n\tauthor = {Teperoglou, E. and Chadjipadelis, T. and Andreadis, Ioannis},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tpages = {37--63},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schmitt-nationalpartiesorlocalcandidatesanassessmentofgermanvoterschoiceoptionsinthebundestagelectionof2009-2010\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  National parties or local candidates? An assessment of German voters' choice options in the Bundestag election of 2009.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schmitt, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>German Bundestags election 2009</i>, Lawrence,  2010. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schmitt-nationalpartiesorlocalcandidatesanassessmentofgermanvoterschoiceoptionsinthebundestagelectionof2009-2010\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schmitt-nationalpartiesorlocalcandidatesanassessmentofgermanvoterschoiceoptionsinthebundestagelectionof2009-2010')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{schmitt_national_2010,\n\taddress = {Lawrence},\n\ttitle = {National parties or local candidates? {An} assessment of {German} voters&#x27; choice options in the {Bundestag} election of 2009},\n\tbooktitle = {German {Bundestags} election 2009},\n\tauthor = {Schmitt, Hermann},\n\tyear = {2010},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2009\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2009')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2009</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (11)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"arter-whendoindividualcandidatesindividualisetheirconstituencycampaignsreflectionsfromthefinnishexperience-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  When do individual candidates individualise their constituency campaigns? Reflections from the Finnish experience.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Arter, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective</i>,  2009. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/arter-whendoindividualcandidatesindividualisetheirconstituencycampaignsreflectionsfromthefinnishexperience-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('arter-whendoindividualcandidatesindividualisetheirconstituencycampaignsreflectionsfromthefinnishexperience-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{arter_when_2009,\n\ttitle = {When do individual candidates individualise their constituency campaigns? {Reflections} from the {Finnish} experience},\n\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\n\tauthor = {Arter, David},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"denver-isthereawayforwardforthestudyofconstituencycampaigninginbritain-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Is there a way forward for the study of constituency campaigning in Britain?.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Denver, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective</i>,  2009. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/denver-isthereawayforwardforthestudyofconstituencycampaigninginbritain-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('denver-isthereawayforwardforthestudyofconstituencycampaigninginbritain-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{denver_is_2009,\n\ttitle = {Is there a way forward for the study of constituency campaigning in {Britain}?},\n\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\n\tauthor = {Denver, David},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cross-constituencycampaigningincanada-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Constituency Campaigning in Canada.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cross, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective</i>,  2009. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cross-constituencycampaigningincanada-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cross-constituencycampaigningincanada-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{cross_constituency_2009,\n\ttitle = {Constituency {Campaigning} in {Canada}},\n\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\n\tauthor = {Cross, William},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dewinter-belgiancandidatesinsearchofaconstituency-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Belgian candidates in search of a constituency.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  De Winter, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective</i>,  2009. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dewinter-belgiancandidatesinsearchofaconstituency-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dewinter-belgiancandidatesinsearchofaconstituency-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{de_winter_belgian_2009,\n\ttitle = {Belgian candidates in search of a constituency},\n\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\n\tauthor = {De Winter, Lieven},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"eder-marcello-mller-partydemocracyandindividualizedconstituencycampaigningcandidatesstrategiesandbehaviorinthe2006austrianelections-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Party Democracy and Individualized Constituency Campaigning: Candidates Strategies and Behavior in the 2006 Austrian Elections.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Eder, N.; Marcello, J.;  and Müller, W. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective</i>,  2009. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/eder-marcello-mller-partydemocracyandindividualizedconstituencycampaigningcandidatesstrategiesandbehaviorinthe2006austrianelections-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('eder-marcello-mller-partydemocracyandindividualizedconstituencycampaigningcandidatesstrategiesandbehaviorinthe2006austrianelections-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{eder_party_2009,\n\ttitle = {Party {Democracy} and {Individualized} {Constituency} {Campaigning}: {Candidates} {Strategies} and {Behavior} in the 2006 {Austrian} {Elections}},\n\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\n\tauthor = {Eder, Nikolaus and Marcello, Jenny and Müller, W. C.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-leiteviegas-representaopolticaocasoportugusemperspectivacomparada-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Representação Política. O Caso Português em Perspectiva Comparada.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A.;  and Leite Viegas, J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Sextante., Lisboa,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-leiteviegas-representaopolticaocasoportugusemperspectivacomparada-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-leiteviegas-representaopolticaocasoportugusemperspectivacomparada-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{freire_representacao_2009,\n\taddress = {Lisboa},\n\ttitle = {Representação {Política}. {O} {Caso} {Português} em {Perspectiva} {Comparada}},\n\tpublisher = {Sextante.},\n\tauthor = {Freire, André and Leite Viegas, José Manuel},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"marsh-constituencycampaigninginirelandunderstvthecandidatesperspective-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Constituency campaigning in Ireland under STV: The candidate's perspective.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Marsh, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Candidates in Constituency Campaigns from a Comparative Perspective</i>,  2009. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/marsh-constituencycampaigninginirelandunderstvthecandidatesperspective-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('marsh-constituencycampaigninginirelandunderstvthecandidatesperspective-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{marsh_constituency_2009,\n\ttitle = {Constituency campaigning in {Ireland} under {STV}: {The} candidate&#x27;s perspective},\n\tbooktitle = {Candidates in {Constituency} {Campaigns} from a {Comparative} {Perspective}},\n\tauthor = {Marsh, Michael},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"freire-leiteviegas-filipaseiceira-representaopolticaemportugalinquritosebasesdedados-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Representação Política em Portugal. Inquéritos e Bases de Dados.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Freire, A.; Leite Viegas, J. M.;  and Filipa Seiceira\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Sextante, Lisboa,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/freire-leiteviegas-filipaseiceira-representaopolticaemportugalinquritosebasesdedados-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('freire-leiteviegas-filipaseiceira-representaopolticaemportugalinquritosebasesdedados-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{freire_representacao_2009,\n\taddress = {Lisboa},\n\ttitle = {Representação {Política} em {Portugal}. {Inquéritos} e {Bases} de {Dados}},\n\tpublisher = {Sextante},\n\tauthor = {Freire, André and Leite Viegas, José Manuel and {Filipa Seiceira}},\n\tyear = {2009},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wst-bundestagskandidatenundeinwanderungspolitikeineanalysezentralerpolicyaspekt-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/journal-article/bundestagskandidaten-und-einwanderungspolitik-eine-analyse-zentraler-policy-aspekte\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wst-bundestagskandidatenundeinwanderungspolitikeineanalysezentralerpolicyaspekt-2009', 'https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/journal-article/bundestagskandidaten-und-einwanderungspolitik-eine-analyse-zentraler-policy-aspekte', event);\">\n    Bundestagskandidaten und Einwanderungspolitik: Eine Analyse zentraler Policy-Aspekt.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wüst, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft</i>, 19(1): 77–105.  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/journal-article/bundestagskandidaten-und-einwanderungspolitik-eine-analyse-zentraler-policy-aspekte\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wst-bundestagskandidatenundeinwanderungspolitikeineanalysezentralerpolicyaspekt-2009', 'https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/journal-article/bundestagskandidaten-und-einwanderungspolitik-eine-analyse-zentraler-policy-aspekte', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Bundestagskandidaten und Einwanderungspolitik: Eine Analyse zentraler Policy-Aspekt [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wst-bundestagskandidatenundeinwanderungspolitikeineanalysezentralerpolicyaspekt-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wst-bundestagskandidatenundeinwanderungspolitikeineanalysezentralerpolicyaspekt-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wust_bundestagskandidaten_2009,\n\ttitle = {Bundestagskandidaten und {Einwanderungspolitik}: {Eine} {Analyse} zentraler {Policy}-{Aspekt}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\turl = {https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/d7/de/publications/journal-article/bundestagskandidaten-und-einwanderungspolitik-eine-analyse-zentraler-policy-aspekte},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tjournal = {Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft},\n\tauthor = {Wüst, A. M.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {77--105},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wst-zursozialisationvonneuparlamentariernim15deutschenbundestag-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wst-zursozialisationvonneuparlamentariernim15deutschenbundestag-2009', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13', event);\">\n    Zur Sozialisation von Neuparlamentariern im 15. Deutschen Bundestag.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wüst, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Wahlen und Wähler</i>, pages 328–345. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden,  2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wst-zursozialisationvonneuparlamentariernim15deutschenbundestag-2009', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Zur Sozialisation von Neuparlamentariern im 15. Deutschen Bundestag [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wst-zursozialisationvonneuparlamentariernim15deutschenbundestag-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wst-zursozialisationvonneuparlamentariernim15deutschenbundestag-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wst-zursozialisationvonneuparlamentariernim15deutschenbundestag-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{wust_zur_2009,\n\taddress = {Wiesbaden},\n\ttitle = {Zur {Sozialisation} von {Neuparlamentariern} im 15. {Deutschen} {Bundestag}},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Wahlen und {Wähler}},\n\tpublisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},\n\tauthor = {Wüst, Andreas M.},\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-531-91666-8_13},\n\tpages = {328--345},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zittel-lostintechnologypoliticalpartiesandtheonlinecampaignsofconstituencycandidatesingermanysmixedmemberelectoralsystem-2009\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680903048832\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zittel-lostintechnologypoliticalpartiesandtheonlinecampaignsofconstituencycandidatesingermanysmixedmemberelectoralsystem-2009', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680903048832', event);\">\n    Lost in Technology? Political Parties and the Online Campaigns of Constituency Candidates in Germany's Mixed Member Electoral System.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zittel, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Information Technology & Politics</i>, 6(3-4): 298–311. July 2009.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680903048832\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-lostintechnologypoliticalpartiesandtheonlinecampaignsofconstituencycandidatesingermanysmixedmemberelectoralsystem-2009', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680903048832', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lost in Technology? Political Parties and the Online Campaigns of Constituency Candidates in Germany&#x27;s Mixed Member Electoral System [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/19331680903048832\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-lostintechnologypoliticalpartiesandtheonlinecampaignsofconstituencycandidatesingermanysmixedmemberelectoralsystem-2009', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/19331680903048832', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zittel-lostintechnologypoliticalpartiesandtheonlinecampaignsofconstituencycandidatesingermanysmixedmemberelectoralsystem-2009\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zittel-lostintechnologypoliticalpartiesandtheonlinecampaignsofconstituencycandidatesingermanysmixedmemberelectoralsystem-2009')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zittel_lost_2009,\n\ttitle = {Lost in {Technology}? {Political} {Parties} and the {Online} {Campaigns} of {Constituency} {Candidates} in {Germany}&#x27;s {Mixed} {Member} {Electoral} {System}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1933-1681},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680903048832},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/19331680903048832},\n\tnumber = {3-4},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Information Technology \\&amp; Politics},\n\tauthor = {Zittel, Thomas},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tpages = {298--311},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2008\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2008')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2008</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"andreadis-chadjipadelis-characteristicsofgreekparliamentcandidates-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Characteristics of Greek Parliament candidates.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Andreadis, I.;  and Chadjipadelis, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>58th Political Studies Association Annual Conference \"Democracy, Governance and Conflict: Dilemmas of Theory and Practice\"</i>, Swansea, UK,  2008. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/andreadis-chadjipadelis-characteristicsofgreekparliamentcandidates-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('andreadis-chadjipadelis-characteristicsofgreekparliamentcandidates-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{Andreadis2008,\n\taddress = {Swansea, UK},\n\ttitle = {Characteristics of {Greek} {Parliament} candidates},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tbooktitle = {58th {Political} {Studies} {Association} {Annual} {Conference} &quot;{Democracy}, {Governance} and {Conflict}: {Dilemmas} of {Theory} and {Practice}&quot;},\n\tauthor = {Andreadis, Ioannis and Chadjipadelis, Theodore},\n\tyear = {2008},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zittel-gschwend-individualisedconstituencycampaignsinmixedmemberelectoralsystemscandidatesinthe2005germanelections-2008\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402380802234656\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zittel-gschwend-individualisedconstituencycampaignsinmixedmemberelectoralsystemscandidatesinthe2005germanelections-2008', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402380802234656', event);\">\n    Individualised Constituency Campaigns in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Candidates in the 2005 German Elections.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zittel, T.;  and Gschwend, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>West European Politics</i>, 31(5): 978–1003. September 2008.\n  <span class=\"note\">Publisher: Routledge</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402380802234656\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-gschwend-individualisedconstituencycampaignsinmixedmemberelectoralsystemscandidatesinthe2005germanelections-2008', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402380802234656', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Individualised Constituency Campaigns in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Candidates in the 2005 German Elections [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/01402380802234656\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-gschwend-individualisedconstituencycampaignsinmixedmemberelectoralsystemscandidatesinthe2005germanelections-2008', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/01402380802234656', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zittel-gschwend-individualisedconstituencycampaignsinmixedmemberelectoralsystemscandidatesinthe2005germanelections-2008\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zittel-gschwend-individualisedconstituencycampaignsinmixedmemberelectoralsystemscandidatesinthe2005germanelections-2008')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Zittel2008,\n\ttitle = {Individualised {Constituency} {Campaigns} in {Mixed}-{Member} {Electoral} {Systems}: {Candidates} in the 2005 {German} {Elections}},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402380802234656},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/01402380802234656},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tjournal = {West European Politics},\n\tauthor = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge},\n\tpages = {978--1003},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2007\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2007')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2007</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zittel-gschwend-individualisiertewahlkmpfeimwahlkreiseineanalyseambeispieldesbundestagswahlkampfesvon2005-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zittel-gschwend-individualisiertewahlkmpfeimwahlkreiseineanalyseambeispieldesbundestagswahlkampfesvon2005-2007', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z', event);\">\n    Individualisierte Wahlkämpfe im Wahlkreis. Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Bundestagswahlkampfes von 2005.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zittel, T.;  and Gschwend, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Politische Vierteljahresschrift</i>, 48(2): 293–321. June 2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-gschwend-individualisiertewahlkmpfeimwahlkreiseineanalyseambeispieldesbundestagswahlkampfesvon2005-2007', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Individualisierte Wahlkämpfe im Wahlkreis. Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Bundestagswahlkampfes von 2005 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-gschwend-individualisiertewahlkmpfeimwahlkreiseineanalyseambeispieldesbundestagswahlkampfesvon2005-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zittel-gschwend-individualisiertewahlkmpfeimwahlkreiseineanalyseambeispieldesbundestagswahlkampfesvon2005-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zittel-gschwend-individualisiertewahlkmpfeimwahlkreiseineanalyseambeispieldesbundestagswahlkampfesvon2005-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{zittel_individualisierte_2007,\n\ttitle = {Individualisierte {Wahlkämpfe} im {Wahlkreis}. {Eine} {Analyse} am {Beispiel} des {Bundestagswahlkampfes} von 2005},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {0032-3470},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11615-007-0048-z},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tjournal = {Politische Vierteljahresschrift},\n\tauthor = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tpages = {293--321},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zittel-gschwend-derbundestagswahlkampfvon2005undkollektivereprsentationeinkurzerauftaktzumlangenabschied-2007\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'zittel-gschwend-derbundestagswahlkampfvon2005undkollektivereprsentationeinkurzerauftaktzumlangenabschied-2007', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6', event);\">\n    Der Bundestagswahlkampf von 2005 und Kollektive Repräsentation: Ein kurzer Auftakt zum langen Abschied?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zittel, T.;  and Gschwend, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Die Bundestagswahl 2005</i>, pages 119–144. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden,  2007.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-gschwend-derbundestagswahlkampfvon2005undkollektivereprsentationeinkurzerauftaktzumlangenabschied-2007', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Der Bundestagswahlkampf von 2005 und Kollektive Repräsentation: Ein kurzer Auftakt zum langen Abschied? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('zittel-gschwend-derbundestagswahlkampfvon2005undkollektivereprsentationeinkurzerauftaktzumlangenabschied-2007', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zittel-gschwend-derbundestagswahlkampfvon2005undkollektivereprsentationeinkurzerauftaktzumlangenabschied-2007\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zittel-gschwend-derbundestagswahlkampfvon2005undkollektivereprsentationeinkurzerauftaktzumlangenabschied-2007')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{zittel_bundestagswahlkampf_2007,\n\taddress = {Wiesbaden},\n\ttitle = {Der {Bundestagswahlkampf} von 2005 und {Kollektive} {Repräsentation}: {Ein} kurzer {Auftakt} zum langen {Abschied}?},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tbooktitle = {Die {Bundestagswahl} 2005},\n\tpublisher = {VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften},\n\tauthor = {Zittel, Thomas and Gschwend, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2007},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-531-90536-5_6},\n\tpages = {119--144},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2006\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2006</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wst-wahlverhaltenundpolitischereprsentationvonmigranten-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Wahlverhalten und politische Repräsentation von Migranten.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wüst, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Der Bürger im Staat</i>, 56(4): 228–234.  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wst-wahlverhaltenundpolitischereprsentationvonmigranten-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wst-wahlverhaltenundpolitischereprsentationvonmigranten-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wust_wahlverhalten_2006,\n\ttitle = {Wahlverhalten und politische {Repräsentation} von {Migranten}},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tjournal = {Der Bürger im Staat},\n\tauthor = {Wüst, A. M.},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {228--234},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wst-schmitt-gschwend-zittel-candidatesinthe2005bundestagelectionmodeofcandidacycampaigningandissues-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wst-schmitt-gschwend-zittel-candidatesinthe2005bundestagelectionmodeofcandidacycampaigningandissues-2006', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576', event);\">\n    Candidates in the 2005 Bundestag election: Mode of candidacy, campaigning and issues.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wüst, A. M.; Schmitt, H.; Gschwend, T.;  and Zittel, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>German Politics</i>, 15(4): 420–438. December 2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wst-schmitt-gschwend-zittel-candidatesinthe2005bundestagelectionmodeofcandidacycampaigningandissues-2006', 'http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Candidates in the 2005 Bundestag election: Mode of candidacy, campaigning and issues [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/09644000601062576\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wst-schmitt-gschwend-zittel-candidatesinthe2005bundestagelectionmodeofcandidacycampaigningandissues-2006', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/09644000601062576', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wst-schmitt-gschwend-zittel-candidatesinthe2005bundestagelectionmodeofcandidacycampaigningandissues-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wst-schmitt-gschwend-zittel-candidatesinthe2005bundestagelectionmodeofcandidacycampaigningandissues-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{Wust2006,\n\ttitle = {Candidates in the 2005 {Bundestag} election: {Mode} of candidacy, campaigning and issues},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\turl = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644000601062576},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09644000601062576},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2019-05-09},\n\tjournal = {German Politics},\n\tauthor = {Wüst, A. M. and Schmitt, H. and Gschwend, T. and Zittel, T.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {420--438},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"zittel-comparativelegislativebehavior-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Comparative Legislative Behavior.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Zittel, T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Rod A.W. Rhodes, S. B., editor(s), <i>Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press., Oxford,  2006.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/zittel-comparativelegislativebehavior-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('zittel-comparativelegislativebehavior-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@incollection{zittel_comparative_2006,\n\taddress = {Oxford},\n\ttitle = {Comparative {Legislative} {Behavior}},\n\tbooktitle = {Oxford {Handbook} of {Political} {Institutions}},\n\tpublisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press.},\n\tauthor = {Zittel, Thomas},\n\teditor = {Rod A.W. Rhodes, Sara Binder, Bert Rockman},\n\tyear = {2006},\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);