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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Test-Retest Reliability of Two Computationally-Characterised Affective Bias Tasks.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pike, A. C.; Tan, K. H. T.; Tromblee, H.; Wing, M.; and Robinson, O. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Computational Psychiatry (Cambridge, Mass.), 8(1): 217–232. 2024.\n
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\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{pike_test-retest_2024,\n\ttitle = {Test-{Retest} {Reliability} of {Two} {Computationally}-{Characterised} {Affective} {Bias} {Tasks}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tcopyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY)},\n\tissn = {2379-6227},\n\tdoi = {10.5334/cpsy.92},\n\tabstract = {Affective biases are commonly seen in disorders such as depression and anxiety, where individuals may show attention towards and preferential processing of negative or threatening stimuli. Affective biases have been shown to change with effective intervention: randomized controlled trials into these biases and the mechanisms that underpin them may allow greater understanding of how interventions can be improved and their success be maximized. For such trials to be informative, we must have reliable ways of measuring affective bias over time, so we can detect how and whether they are altered by interventions: the test-retest reliability of our measures puts an upper bound on our ability to detect any changes. In this online study we therefore examined the test-retest reliability of two behavioural affective bias tasks (an 'Ambiguous Midpoint' and a 'Go-Nogo' task). 58 individuals recruited from the general population completed the tasks twice, with at least 14 days in between sessions. We analysed the reliability of both summary statistics and parameters from computational models using Pearson's correlations and intra-class correlations. Standard summary statistic measures from these affective bias tasks had reliabilities ranging from 0.18 (poor) to 0.49 (moderate). Parameters from computational modelling of these tasks were in many cases less reliable than summary statistics. However, embedding the covariance between sessions within the generative modelling framework resulted in higher estimates of stability. We conclude that measures from these affective bias tasks are moderately reliable, but further work to improve the reliability of these tasks would improve still further our ability to draw inferences in randomized trials.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Computational Psychiatry (Cambridge, Mass.)},\n\tauthor = {Pike, Alexandra C. and Tan, Katrina H. T. and Tromblee, Hoda and Wing, Michelle and Robinson, Oliver J.},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpmid = {39713087},\n\tpmcid = {PMC11661199},\n\tpages = {217--232},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Affective biases are commonly seen in disorders such as depression and anxiety, where individuals may show attention towards and preferential processing of negative or threatening stimuli. Affective biases have been shown to change with effective intervention: randomized controlled trials into these biases and the mechanisms that underpin them may allow greater understanding of how interventions can be improved and their success be maximized. For such trials to be informative, we must have reliable ways of measuring affective bias over time, so we can detect how and whether they are altered by interventions: the test-retest reliability of our measures puts an upper bound on our ability to detect any changes. In this online study we therefore examined the test-retest reliability of two behavioural affective bias tasks (an 'Ambiguous Midpoint' and a 'Go-Nogo' task). 58 individuals recruited from the general population completed the tasks twice, with at least 14 days in between sessions. We analysed the reliability of both summary statistics and parameters from computational models using Pearson's correlations and intra-class correlations. Standard summary statistic measures from these affective bias tasks had reliabilities ranging from 0.18 (poor) to 0.49 (moderate). Parameters from computational modelling of these tasks were in many cases less reliable than summary statistics. However, embedding the covariance between sessions within the generative modelling framework resulted in higher estimates of stability. We conclude that measures from these affective bias tasks are moderately reliable, but further work to improve the reliability of these tasks would improve still further our ability to draw inferences in randomized trials.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Participant Use of Artificial Intelligence in Online Focus Groups: An Experiential Account.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Stafford, L.; Preston, C.; and Pike, A. C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23: 16094069241286417. January 2024.\n
Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n
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\n\n \n \n ![\"Participant](\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t "\\"Paper\\"\n\t")
Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{stafford_participant_2024,\n\ttitle = {Participant {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} in {Online} {Focus} {Groups}: {An} {Experiential} {Account}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tcopyright = {All rights reserved},\n\tissn = {1609-4069},\n\tshorttitle = {Participant {Use} of {Artificial} {Intelligence} in {Online} {Focus} {Groups}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241286417},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/16094069241286417},\n\tabstract = {Large language models (LLMs), one application of artificial intelligence, experienced a surge in users between 2022–2023. During this time, we were conducting online focus groups in which participants insisted on responding using the chat box feature. Based on several chat box responses, we became concerned they were LLM generated. Out of the 42 participants who typed a chat box response during a focus group, we identify 9 as potentially providing LLM generated answers and present their responses with the highest similarity score to an LLM answer. Given the growth and improvement in LLMs, we believe that this issue is likely to increase in frequency. In response to this, in this article we reflect on (1) strategies to prevent participants from using LLMs, (2) indicators LLMs may be being used, (3) the fallibility of identifying LLM generated responses, (4) philosophical frameworks that may permit LLM responses to be incorporated into analyses, and (5) procedures researchers may follow to evaluate the influence of LLM responses on their results.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-11-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Qualitative Methods},\n\tauthor = {Stafford, Lucy and Preston, Catherine and Pike, Alexandra C.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tpages = {16094069241286417},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Large language models (LLMs), one application of artificial intelligence, experienced a surge in users between 2022–2023. During this time, we were conducting online focus groups in which participants insisted on responding using the chat box feature. Based on several chat box responses, we became concerned they were LLM generated. Out of the 42 participants who typed a chat box response during a focus group, we identify 9 as potentially providing LLM generated answers and present their responses with the highest similarity score to an LLM answer. Given the growth and improvement in LLMs, we believe that this issue is likely to increase in frequency. In response to this, in this article we reflect on (1) strategies to prevent participants from using LLMs, (2) indicators LLMs may be being used, (3) the fallibility of identifying LLM generated responses, (4) philosophical frameworks that may permit LLM responses to be incorporated into analyses, and (5) procedures researchers may follow to evaluate the influence of LLM responses on their results.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Independent replications reveal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex activation underlying state anxiety-attenuated face encoding.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buehler, S. K.; Lowther, M.; Lukow, P. B.; Kirk, P. A.; Pike, A. C.; Yamamori, Y.; Chavanne, A. V.; Gormley, S.; Goble, T.; Tuominen, E. W.; Aylward, J.; McCloud, T.; Rodriguez-Sanchez, J.; and Robinson, O. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Communications Psychology, 2(1): 1–10. August 2024.\n
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group\n\n
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\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{buehler_independent_2024,\n\ttitle = {Independent replications reveal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex activation underlying state anxiety-attenuated face encoding},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tcopyright = {2024 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2731-9121},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00128-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s44271-024-00128-y},\n\tabstract = {Anxiety involves the anticipation of aversive outcomes and can impair neurocognitive processes, such as the ability to recall faces encoded during the anxious state. It is important to precisely delineate and determine the replicability of these effects using causal state anxiety inductions in the general population. This study therefore aimed to replicate prior research on the distinct impacts of threat-of-shock-induced anxiety on the encoding and recognition stage of emotional face processing, in a large asymptomatic sample (n = 92). We successfully replicated previous results demonstrating impaired recognition of faces encoded under threat-of-shock. This was supported by a mega-analysis across three independent studies using the same paradigm (n = 211). Underlying this, a whole-brain fMRI analysis revealed enhanced activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), alongside previously seen activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) when combined in a mega-analysis with the fMRI findings we aimed to replicate. We further found replications of hippocampus activation when the retrieval and encoding states were congruent. Our results support the notion that state anxiety disrupts face recognition, potentially due to attentional demands of anxious arousal competing with affective stimuli processing during encoding and suggest that regions of the cingulate cortex play pivotal roles in this.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-11-01},\n\tjournal = {Communications Psychology},\n\tauthor = {Buehler, Sarah K. and Lowther, Millie and Lukow, Paulina B. and Kirk, Peter A. and Pike, Alexandra C. and Yamamori, Yumeya and Chavanne, Alice V. and Gormley, Siobhan and Goble, Talya and Tuominen, Ella W. and Aylward, Jessica and McCloud, Tayla and Rodriguez-Sanchez, Julia and Robinson, Oliver J.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Anxiety involves the anticipation of aversive outcomes and can impair neurocognitive processes, such as the ability to recall faces encoded during the anxious state. It is important to precisely delineate and determine the replicability of these effects using causal state anxiety inductions in the general population. This study therefore aimed to replicate prior research on the distinct impacts of threat-of-shock-induced anxiety on the encoding and recognition stage of emotional face processing, in a large asymptomatic sample (n = 92). We successfully replicated previous results demonstrating impaired recognition of faces encoded under threat-of-shock. This was supported by a mega-analysis across three independent studies using the same paradigm (n = 211). Underlying this, a whole-brain fMRI analysis revealed enhanced activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), alongside previously seen activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) when combined in a mega-analysis with the fMRI findings we aimed to replicate. We further found replications of hippocampus activation when the retrieval and encoding states were congruent. Our results support the notion that state anxiety disrupts face recognition, potentially due to attentional demands of anxious arousal competing with affective stimuli processing during encoding and suggest that regions of the cingulate cortex play pivotal roles in this.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Amygdala activity after subchronic escitalopram administration in healthy volunteers: A pharmaco-functional magnetic resonance imaging study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lukow, P. B; Lowther, M.; Pike, A. C; Yamamori, Y.; Chavanne, A. V; Gormley, S.; Aylward, J.; McCloud, T.; Goble, T.; Rodriguez-Sanchez, J.; Tuominen, E. W; Buehler, S. K; Kirk, P.; and Robinson, O. J\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Journal of Psychopharmacology, 38(12): 1071–1082. December 2024.\n
Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd STM\n\n
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\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{lukow_amygdala_2024,\n\ttitle = {Amygdala activity after subchronic escitalopram administration in healthy volunteers: {A} pharmaco-functional magnetic resonance imaging study},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tcopyright = {All rights reserved},\n\tissn = {0269-8811},\n\tshorttitle = {Amygdala activity after subchronic escitalopram administration in healthy volunteers},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241286773},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/02698811241286773},\n\tabstract = {Background:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used for the treatment of several conditions including anxiety disorders, but the basic neurobiology of serotonin function remains unclear. The amygdala and prefrontal cortex are strongly innervated by serotonergic projections and have been suggested to play an important role in anxiety expression. However, serotonergic function in behaviour and SSRI-mediated neurobiological changes remain incompletely understood.Aims:To investigate the neural correlates of subchronic antidepressant administration.Methods:We investigated whether the 2- to 3-week administration of a highly selective SSRI (escitalopram) would alter brain activation on a task robustly shown to recruit the bilateral amygdala and frontal cortices in a large healthy volunteer sample. Participants performed the task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition before (n = 96) and after subchronic escitalopram (n = 46, days of administration mean (SD) = 15.7 (2.70)) or placebo (n = 40 days of administration mean (SD) = 16.2 (2.90)) self-administration.Results:Compared to placebo, we found an elevation in right amygdala activation to the task after escitalopram administration without significant changes in mood. This effect was not seen in the left amygdala, the dorsomedial region of interest, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex or the right fusiform area. There were no significant changes in connectivity between the dorsomedial cortex and amygdala or the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex after escitalopram administration.Conclusions:To date, this most highly powered study of subchronic SSRI administration indicates that, contrary to effects often seen in patients with anxiety disorders, subchronic SSRI treatment may increase amygdala activation in healthy controls. This finding highlights important gaps in our understanding of the functional role of serotonin.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2024-11-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},\n\tauthor = {Lukow, Paulina B and Lowther, Millie and Pike, Alexandra C and Yamamori, Yumeya and Chavanne, Alice V and Gormley, Siobhan and Aylward, Jessica and McCloud, Tayla and Goble, Talya and Rodriguez-Sanchez, Julia and Tuominen, Ella W and Buehler, Sarah K and Kirk, Peter and Robinson, Oliver J},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd STM},\n\tpages = {1071--1082},\n}\n\n\n\n\n
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\n Background:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used for the treatment of several conditions including anxiety disorders, but the basic neurobiology of serotonin function remains unclear. The amygdala and prefrontal cortex are strongly innervated by serotonergic projections and have been suggested to play an important role in anxiety expression. However, serotonergic function in behaviour and SSRI-mediated neurobiological changes remain incompletely understood.Aims:To investigate the neural correlates of subchronic antidepressant administration.Methods:We investigated whether the 2- to 3-week administration of a highly selective SSRI (escitalopram) would alter brain activation on a task robustly shown to recruit the bilateral amygdala and frontal cortices in a large healthy volunteer sample. Participants performed the task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition before (n = 96) and after subchronic escitalopram (n = 46, days of administration mean (SD) = 15.7 (2.70)) or placebo (n = 40 days of administration mean (SD) = 16.2 (2.90)) self-administration.Results:Compared to placebo, we found an elevation in right amygdala activation to the task after escitalopram administration without significant changes in mood. This effect was not seen in the left amygdala, the dorsomedial region of interest, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex or the right fusiform area. There were no significant changes in connectivity between the dorsomedial cortex and amygdala or the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex after escitalopram administration.Conclusions:To date, this most highly powered study of subchronic SSRI administration indicates that, contrary to effects often seen in patients with anxiety disorders, subchronic SSRI treatment may increase amygdala activation in healthy controls. This finding highlights important gaps in our understanding of the functional role of serotonin.\n
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