var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://owncloud.gwdg.de/index.php/s/7K9TXTHIPAUbypf/download\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\",\"ssl\":false},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants\",\"volume\":\"82\",\"issn\":\"1436-736X\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8\",\"abstract\":\"Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84% reduction compared to untreated wood.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-24\",\"journal\":\"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurkowiak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katarzyna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"167–174\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/UKSIKZ9K/Wu et al. - 2024 - Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resi.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_combined_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants},\\n\\tvolume = {82},\\n\\tissn = {1436-736X},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},\\n\\tabstract = {Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84\\\\% reduction compared to untreated wood.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-24},\\n\\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {167--174},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/UKSIKZ9K/Wu et al. - 2024 - Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resi.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, M.\",\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Kurkowiak, K.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"wu_combined_2024\",\"id\":\"wu_combined_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-emmerich-kurkowiak-militz-combinedtreatmentofwoodwiththermosettingresinsandphosphorousflameretardants-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Retardant Decorated Plywood Based on the Intumescent Flame Retardant Adhesive\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1996-1944\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ma13030676\",\"abstract\":\"A novel type of flame-retardant decorated plywood (FDP) was designed and prepared based on one kind of intumescent flame-retardant adhesive. The flame-retardant adhesive was composed of the phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardant and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin. An adhesive was placed between the plywood substrate and the decorative veneer. The shear strength of the FDP satisfied the Class II (GB/T 9846) when the ratio of flame-retardant and MUF was less than 0.65. The thermal stability of the flame-retardant adhesive was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The intumescent behaviors of adhesives were systematically investigated. The morphological and chemical structures of the intumescent char of the flame-retardant adhesive were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), respectively. The fire performance of FDP was assessed by the cone calorimeter and the single burning item test. The FDP exhibited the most effective barrier when the optimized ratio of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in the adhesive is 3. The flame-retardant class of FDP could be up to class B1(B) according to GB/T 8624.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2022-11-11\",\"journal\":\"Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Song\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuzhang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Qu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wei\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pages\":\"676\",\"file\":\"Volltext:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/Z3JNH2AB/Wu et al. - 2020 - Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Reta.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_preparation_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Preparation and {Characterization} of the {Flame} {Retardant} {Decorated} {Plywood} {Based} on the {Intumescent} {Flame} {Retardant} {Adhesive}},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1996-1944},\\n\\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ma13030676},\\n\\tabstract = {A novel type of flame-retardant decorated plywood (FDP) was designed and prepared based on one kind of intumescent flame-retardant adhesive. The flame-retardant adhesive was composed of the phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardant and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin. An adhesive was placed between the plywood substrate and the decorative veneer. The shear strength of the FDP satisfied the Class II (GB/T 9846) when the ratio of flame-retardant and MUF was less than 0.65. The thermal stability of the flame-retardant adhesive was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The intumescent behaviors of adhesives were systematically investigated. The morphological and chemical structures of the intumescent char of the flame-retardant adhesive were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), respectively. The fire performance of FDP was assessed by the cone calorimeter and the single burning item test. The FDP exhibited the most effective barrier when the optimized ratio of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in the adhesive is 3. The flame-retardant class of FDP could be up to class B1(B) according to GB/T 8624.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2022-11-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Song, Wei and Wu, Yuzhang and Qu, Wei},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpages = {676},\\n\\tfile = {Volltext:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/Z3JNH2AB/Wu et al. - 2020 - Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Reta.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, M.\",\"Song, W.\",\"Wu, Y.\",\"Qu, W.\"],\"key\":\"wu_preparation_2020\",\"id\":\"wu_preparation_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-song-wu-qu-preparationandcharacterizationoftheflameretardantdecoratedplywoodbasedontheintumescentflameretardantadhesive-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system\",\"volume\":\"0\",\"issn\":\"0018-3830, 1437-434X\",\"url\":\"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html\",\"doi\":\"10.1515/hf-2022-0114\",\"abstract\":\"Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was modified with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) and a commercial phosphorus-based fireretardant (FR). The aim of this study was to assess whether the fire behavior can be improved when the SorCA solution is supplemented by an FR and if this effect is resistant to leaching. The fire behavior of modified wood was investigated by a Bunsen burner ignition test, mass loss calorimetry (MLC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated a significantly improved fireretardancy based on a decreased burning rate and a reduced mass loss in the Bunsen burner test. Also, the induced formation of a protective char barrier facilitated by the addition of a FR, reduced the heat release rate and delayed the ignition. The fire-retardant effect was still observed, to the less extent, after a cold-water (EN 84 2020) leaching of the specimens.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"0\",\"urldate\":\"2022-11-09\",\"journal\":\"Holzforschung\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kurkowiak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katarzyna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"file\":\"Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YH27PG3H/Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kurkowiak_fire-retardant_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system},\\n\\tvolume = {0},\\n\\tissn = {0018-3830, 1437-434X},\\n\\turl = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1515/hf-2022-0114},\\n\\tabstract = {Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was modified with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) and a commercial phosphorus-based fireretardant (FR). The aim of this study was to assess whether the fire behavior can be improved when the SorCA solution is supplemented by an FR and if this effect is resistant to leaching. The fire behavior of modified wood was investigated by a Bunsen burner ignition test, mass loss calorimetry (MLC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated a significantly improved fireretardancy based on a decreased burning rate and a reduced mass loss in the Bunsen burner test. Also, the induced formation of a protective char barrier facilitated by the addition of a FR, reduced the heat release rate and delayed the ignition. The fire-retardant effect was still observed, to the less extent, after a cold-water (EN 84 2020) leaching of the specimens.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {0},\\n\\turldate = {2022-11-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Holzforschung},\\n\\tauthor = {Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tfile = {Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YH27PG3H/Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kurkowiak, K.\",\"Wu, M.\",\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"kurkowiak_fire-retardant_2022\",\"id\":\"kurkowiak_fire-retardant_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kurkowiak-wu-emmerich-militz-fireretardantpropertiesofwoodmodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandaphosphorousbasedsystem-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood: Multifunctional enhancement using phenol-formaldehyde resin and monoguanidine phosphate salt\",\"volume\":\"235\",\"issn\":\"09266690\",\"shorttitle\":\"Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121825\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2025-09-01\",\"journal\":\"Industrial Crops and Products\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lucy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Flecknoe-Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\",\"Wilkens\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hesse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linnea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hötte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"121825\",\"file\":\"1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/8BKETXVS/1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_long-term_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood: {Multifunctional} enhancement using phenol-formaldehyde resin and monoguanidine phosphate salt},\\n\\tvolume = {235},\\n\\tissn = {09266690},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121825},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2025-09-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Industrial Crops and Products},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Karthäuser, Johannes and Martin, Lucy and Emmerich, Lukas and Flecknoe-Brown, Konrad Wilkens and Hesse, Linnea and Hötte, Christoph and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {121825},\\n\\tfile = {1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/8BKETXVS/1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, M.\",\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Martin, L.\",\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Flecknoe-Brown, K. W.\",\"Hesse, L.\",\"Hötte, C.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"wu_long-term_2025\",\"id\":\"wu_long-term_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-karthuser-martin-emmerich-flecknoebrown-hesse-htte-militz-longtermdurabilityandflameretardancyforoutdoorwoodmultifunctionalenhancementusingphenolformaldehyderesinandmonoguanidinephosphatesalt-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"chapter\":\"Holzforschung\",\"title\":\"Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sylvestris) treated with DMDHEU and flame retardants: from small scale to SBI tests\",\"volume\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.\",\"issn\":\"1437-434X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sylvestris) treated with DMDHEU and flame retardants\",\"url\":\"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html\",\"doi\":\"10.1515/hf-2025-0021\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, thermally modified Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) monomers combined with a flame retardant (FR) based on monoguanidine phosphate salt. Fire performance was assessed using ignitability tests (ISO 11925-2, 2020), mass loss calorimetry test (ISO 13927, 2015), and single burning item (SBI) tests (EN 13823, 2020). Results showed enhanced flame retardancy, reaching Class B in the SBI test. Small-scale ignitability tests revealed minor differences in flame spread across samples, unlike the SBI results. Fire growth rate and ignition time from mass loss calorimetry strongly correlated with burning suppression in the SBI test.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"0\",\"urldate\":\"2025-04-25\",\"journal\":\"Holzforschung\",\"publisher\":\"De Gruyter\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hötte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christoph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YDRCMTKK/Wu et al. - 2025 - Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sy.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_fire_2025,\\n\\tchapter = {Holzforschung},\\n\\ttitle = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants: from small scale to {SBI} tests},\\n\\tvolume = {0},\\n\\tcopyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},\\n\\tissn = {1437-434X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants},\\n\\turl = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1515/hf-2025-0021},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, thermally modified Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) monomers combined with a flame retardant (FR) based on monoguanidine phosphate salt. Fire performance was assessed using ignitability tests (ISO 11925-2, 2020), mass loss calorimetry test (ISO 13927, 2015), and single burning item (SBI) tests (EN 13823, 2020). Results showed enhanced flame retardancy, reaching Class B in the SBI test. Small-scale ignitability tests revealed minor differences in flame spread across samples, unlike the SBI results. Fire growth rate and ignition time from mass loss calorimetry strongly correlated with burning suppression in the SBI test.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {0},\\n\\turldate = {2025-04-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Holzforschung},\\n\\tpublisher = {De Gruyter},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Hötte, Christoph and Karthäuser, Johannes and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YDRCMTKK/Wu et al. - 2025 - Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sy.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, M.\",\"Hötte, C.\",\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"wu_fire_2025\",\"id\":\"wu_fire_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-htte-karthuser-militz-firebehaviorofthermallymodifiedpinepinussylvestristreatedwithdmdheuandflameretardantsfromsmallscaletosbitests-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMDHEU resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"0018-3768, 1436-736X\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1\",\"abstract\":\"Wood modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been widely demonstrated to enhance the biological durability and dimension stability of wood, thus it serves a predestined technology to equip wooden products for outdoor applications. However, such technology hardly affects the fire performance of wood, a parameter which gains increasing relevance in the construction sector. Recently, the combination of curing resins with flame retardants has been proposed as a potential approach to enhance the fire performance of wood in a permanent way, hence providing a durable fire protection system. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with aqueous compositions of DMDHEU, a commercially available phosphate-nitrogen based fire retardant (adapted for wooden applications) and combinations thereof. The fixation of the flame retardant was assessed on the basis of a cold water leaching process according to EN 84 (2020). The fire performance of the treated wood was assessed through thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), a Bunsen burner ignition test and mass loss calorimeter. Both wood treated with pure flame retardant and combination of a flame retardant and DMDHEU, demonstrated improvements in thermal stability, reduced flammability and decreased heat release after treatment. Notably, the THR600s of wood treated with DMDHEU in combination with the flame retardant was reduced by 89.3% compared to wood treated solely with DMDHEU. However, after the leaching process, the flame retardant happened to leach out almost completely, which was assessed on the basis of a loss in its efficacy related to fire protection. On the contrary, DMDHEU seemed to partially fix the flame retardant inside the wood matrix, which was derived from a persistent enhancement in fire performance, even after wooden specimens passed a cold water leaching.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2025-02-13\",\"journal\":\"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"56\",\"file\":\"Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/E6WC7MNM/Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wu_enhancing_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through {DMDHEU} resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},\\n\\tabstract = {Wood modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been widely demonstrated to enhance the biological durability and dimension stability of wood, thus it serves a predestined technology to equip wooden products for outdoor applications. However, such technology hardly affects the fire performance of wood, a parameter which gains increasing relevance in the construction sector. Recently, the combination of curing resins with flame retardants has been proposed as a potential approach to enhance the fire performance of wood in a permanent way, hence providing a durable fire protection system. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with aqueous compositions of DMDHEU, a commercially available phosphate-nitrogen based fire retardant (adapted for wooden applications) and combinations thereof. The fixation of the flame retardant was assessed on the basis of a cold water leaching process according to EN 84 (2020). The fire performance of the treated wood was assessed through thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), a Bunsen burner ignition test and mass loss calorimeter. Both wood treated with pure flame retardant and combination of a flame retardant and DMDHEU, demonstrated improvements in thermal stability, reduced flammability and decreased heat release after treatment. Notably, the THR600s of wood treated with DMDHEU in combination with the flame retardant was reduced by 89.3\\\\% compared to wood treated solely with DMDHEU. However, after the leaching process, the flame retardant happened to leach out almost completely, which was assessed on the basis of a loss in its efficacy related to fire protection. On the contrary, DMDHEU seemed to partially fix the flame retardant inside the wood matrix, which was derived from a persistent enhancement in fire performance, even after wooden specimens passed a cold water leaching.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2025-02-13},\\n\\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {56},\\n\\tfile = {Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/E6WC7MNM/Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, M.\",\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"wu_enhancing_2025\",\"id\":\"wu_enhancing_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-emmerich-militz-enhancingfireresistanceinpinewoodthroughdmdheuresinandphosphatenitrogenflameretardantsynergies-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fire resistance of Scots pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants\",\"volume\":\"83\",\"issn\":\"0018-3768, 1436-736X\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Sorbitol-citric acid (SorCA) modification is an eco-friendly wood treatment that demonstrates promising potential for enhancing dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood material. To improve the fire resistance property of SorCA (1:2; 30%) modified wood, fire retardants (FRs) such as diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and potassium carbonate (PC) were incorporated into the modification system at a rate of 10% and 15%, respectively. Scots pine wood modified with the combination of SorCA and FRs was subjected to mass loss calorimeter test to evaluate its flame retardancy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for determining the thermal behaviour of modified wood at elevated temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the chemical bonds in the modified wood. The FTIR spectrum indicated an intensity enhancement at 1716 cm − 1 , resulting from the bonding with the cell wall or between the reagents. TGA analysis showed that the addition of DAP and PC to the SorCA system enhanced the thermal stability, yielding higher residual mass compared to SorCA alone and the untreated reference. The mass loss calorimeter revealed that SorCA with DAP 15% significantly improved flame retardancy, lowering the peak heat release rate by 65% and total heat release within 600 s by 82% compared to untreated wood. The combination of SorCA with DAP and PC contributed to the char formation and showed potential flame retardancy for modified Scots pine wood.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2025-06-26\",\"journal\":\"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sivrikaya\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hüseyin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2025\",\"pages\":\"127\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sivrikaya_fire_2025,\\n\\ttitle = {Fire resistance of {Scots} pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants},\\n\\tvolume = {83},\\n\\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            \\n              Sorbitol-citric acid (SorCA) modification is an eco-friendly wood treatment that demonstrates promising potential for enhancing dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood material. To improve the fire resistance property of SorCA (1:2; 30\\\\%) modified wood, fire retardants (FRs) such as diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and potassium carbonate (PC) were incorporated into the modification system at a rate of 10\\\\% and 15\\\\%, respectively. Scots pine wood modified with the combination of SorCA and FRs was subjected to mass loss calorimeter test to evaluate its flame retardancy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for determining the thermal behaviour of modified wood at elevated temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the chemical bonds in the modified wood. The FTIR spectrum indicated an intensity enhancement at 1716 cm\\n              − 1\\n              , resulting from the bonding with the cell wall or between the reagents. TGA analysis showed that the addition of DAP and PC to the SorCA system enhanced the thermal stability, yielding higher residual mass compared to SorCA alone and the untreated reference. The mass loss calorimeter revealed that SorCA with DAP 15\\\\% significantly improved flame retardancy, lowering the peak heat release rate by 65\\\\% and total heat release within 600 s by 82\\\\% compared to untreated wood. The combination of SorCA with DAP and PC contributed to the char formation and showed potential flame retardancy for modified Scots pine wood.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2025-06-26},\\n\\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\\n\\tauthor = {Sivrikaya, Hüseyin and Wu, Muting and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2025},\\n\\tpages = {127},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sivrikaya, H.\",\"Wu, M.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"sivrikaya_fire_2025\",\"id\":\"sivrikaya_fire_2025\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sivrikaya-wu-militz-fireresistanceofscotspinemodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandfireretardants-2025\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"book\",\"type\":\"book\",\"title\":\"Studies on the durability of the reaction to fire performance of melamine formaldehyde resin and phosphorus polyol treated wood. In: Conference Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Wood Modification, Florence, Italy.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@book{wu_studies_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Studies on the durability of the reaction to fire performance of melamine formaldehyde resin and phosphorus polyol treated wood. {In}: {Conference} {Proceedings} of the 11th {European} {Conference} on {Wood} {Modification}, {Florence}, {Italy}.},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, M.\",\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"wu_studies_2024\",\"id\":\"wu_studies_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-emmerich-militz-studiesonthedurabilityofthereactiontofireperformanceofmelamineformaldehyderesinandphosphoruspolyoltreatedwoodinconferenceproceedingsofthe11theuropeanconferenceonwoodmodificationflorenceitaly-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Cham\",\"title\":\"Improving the Fire Performance of Chemically Modified Pine (P. Sylvestris) Sapwood by an Integrated Modification Approach\",\"isbn\":\"978-3-031-59177-8\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_20\",\"abstract\":\"Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modification technologies with thermosetting resins like phenol-formaldehyde (PF) may compensate durability and swelling issues, the latter may not enhance fire resistance. To address this issue, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been impregnated with a formulation of a PF resin and a phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant. The reaction to fire of the treated material was assessed through thermogravimetry analysis, Bunsen burner test (Pries and Mai), small burner box (ISO 11925–2) and cone calorimeter measurements (ISO 5660–1). Results indicated that pure PF resin treatment slightly improved thermal stability and reduced flame spread. However, it led to a significant increase in heat release peak and smoke production. In contrast, incorporating the flame retardant with PF resin demonstrated notable improvements in fire resistance independent of the test method applied. Compared to pure PF-treated wood, thermogravimetry analysis revealed a 31% increase in final char residue. The Bunsen burner test exhibited great self-extinguishing properties and the small burner box test demonstrated a 56% reduction in flame height. Cone calorimeter tests confirmed a substantially inhibited heat release with no ignition during the test. Notably, the total smoke production was also significantly reduced, even lower than the untreated wood. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the combined PF resin and phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant treatment in enhancing the fire resistance of wood.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"booktitle\":\"Wood & Fire Safety 2024\",\"publisher\":\"Springer Nature Switzerland\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Muting\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lukas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Makovická\",\"Osvaldová\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hasburgh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Das\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Oisik\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"170–177\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{wu_improving_2024,\\n\\taddress = {Cham},\\n\\ttitle = {Improving the {Fire} {Performance} of {Chemically} {Modified} {Pine} ({P}. {Sylvestris}) {Sapwood} by an {Integrated} {Modification} {Approach}},\\n\\tisbn = {978-3-031-59177-8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_20},\\n\\tabstract = {Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modification technologies with thermosetting resins like phenol-formaldehyde (PF) may compensate durability and swelling issues, the latter may not enhance fire resistance. To address this issue, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been impregnated with a formulation of a PF resin and a phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant. The reaction to fire of the treated material was assessed through thermogravimetry analysis, Bunsen burner test (Pries and Mai), small burner box (ISO 11925–2) and cone calorimeter measurements (ISO 5660–1). Results indicated that pure PF resin treatment slightly improved thermal stability and reduced flame spread. However, it led to a significant increase in heat release peak and smoke production. In contrast, incorporating the flame retardant with PF resin demonstrated notable improvements in fire resistance independent of the test method applied. Compared to pure PF-treated wood, thermogravimetry analysis revealed a 31\\\\% increase in final char residue. The Bunsen burner test exhibited great self-extinguishing properties and the small burner box test demonstrated a 56\\\\% reduction in flame height. Cone calorimeter tests confirmed a substantially inhibited heat release with no ignition during the test. Notably, the total smoke production was also significantly reduced, even lower than the untreated wood. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the combined PF resin and phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant treatment in enhancing the fire resistance of wood.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Wood \\\\& {Fire} {Safety} 2024},\\n\\tpublisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},\\n\\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\\n\\teditor = {Makovická Osvaldová, Linda and Hasburgh, Laura E. and Das, Oisik},\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {170--177},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wu, M.\",\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Makovická Osvaldová, L.\",\"Hasburgh, L. E.\",\"Das, O.\"],\"key\":\"wu_improving_2024\",\"id\":\"wu_improving_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wu-emmerich-militz-improvingthefireperformanceofchemicallymodifiedpinepsylvestrissapwoodbyanintegratedmodificationapproach-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica modification on the properties of ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites\",\"volume\":\"441\",\"issn\":\"09500618\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137554\",\"abstract\":\"This study investigates the effect of modifying ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded composites of coir fibre and wood particles with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 0.10 wt%) and colloidal nano-silica (CNS, 1.45 wt%). APTES-modified binders had lower workability (200.7 ± 11.5 mm spread diameter) than unmodified (255.3 ± 12.5 mm) and CNS (248.5 ± 8.9 mm) counterparts. Setting times were similar, with the APTES variant setting faster. CNS-modified binders showed the highest reactivity, reaching peak temperature at 39.5 min. Physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural analyses were conducted on the composites. CNS-modified composites had the highest internal bond strength (1.52 ± 0.11 N mm− 2), flexural modulus (5416.3 ± 222.8 N mm− 2), flexural strength (10.2 ± 0.7 N mm− 2), and work to maximum force (670.4 ± 23.3 Nmm). APTES-modified composites exhibited superior water resistance, with the lowest water absorption (18.1 ± 0.5 %) and thickness swelling (0.10 ± 0.03 %) after three 24 h-cycles of water soaking. The pH value remained at 11 over 28 days. Microstructural analysis revealed improved adhesion and reduced voids and cracks in modified composites, which increased performance and water resistance. Coir fibre-reinforced composites exhibited higher strength than those with wood particles. These findings highlight the feasibility of producing ambientcured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites for building applications.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2024-12-09\",\"journal\":\"Construction and Building Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Opara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emmanuel\",\"Uchechukwu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mayer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aaron\",\"Kilian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"137554\",\"file\":\"Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/5YH86H2L/Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{opara_impact_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica modification on the properties of ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites},\\n\\tvolume = {441},\\n\\tissn = {09500618},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137554},\\n\\tabstract = {This study investigates the effect of modifying ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded composites of coir fibre and wood particles with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 0.10 wt\\\\%) and colloidal nano-silica (CNS, 1.45 wt\\\\%). APTES-modified binders had lower workability (200.7 ± 11.5 mm spread diameter) than unmodified (255.3 ± 12.5 mm) and CNS (248.5 ± 8.9 mm) counterparts. Setting times were similar, with the APTES variant setting faster. CNS-modified binders showed the highest reactivity, reaching peak temperature at 39.5 min. Physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural analyses were conducted on the composites. CNS-modified composites had the highest internal bond strength (1.52 ± 0.11 N mm− 2), flexural modulus (5416.3 ± 222.8 N mm− 2), flexural strength (10.2 ± 0.7 N mm− 2), and work to maximum force (670.4 ± 23.3 Nmm). APTES-modified composites exhibited superior water resistance, with the lowest water absorption (18.1 ± 0.5 \\\\%) and thickness swelling (0.10 ± 0.03 \\\\%) after three 24 h-cycles of water soaking. The pH value remained at 11 over 28 days. Microstructural analysis revealed improved adhesion and reduced voids and cracks in modified composites, which increased performance and water resistance. Coir fibre-reinforced composites exhibited higher strength than those with wood particles. These findings highlight the feasibility of producing ambientcured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites for building applications.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2024-12-09},\\n\\tjournal = {Construction and Building Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Opara, Emmanuel Uchechukwu and Mayer, Aaron Kilian and Mai, Carsten},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n\\tpages = {137554},\\n\\tfile = {Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/5YH86H2L/Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Opara, E. U.\",\"Mayer, A. K.\",\"Mai, C.\"],\"key\":\"opara_impact_2024\",\"id\":\"opara_impact_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"opara-mayer-mai-impactofaminosilaneandcolloidalnanosilicamodificationonthepropertiesofambientcuredgeopolymerbondedlignocellulosiccomposites-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"download\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{wu_combined_2024,
	title = {Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {1436-736X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},
	abstract = {Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84\% reduction compared to untreated wood.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-24},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Militz, Holger},
	month = feb,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {167--174},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/UKSIKZ9K/Wu et al. - 2024 - Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resi.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{wu_preparation_2020,
	title = {Preparation and {Characterization} of the {Flame} {Retardant} {Decorated} {Plywood} {Based} on the {Intumescent} {Flame} {Retardant} {Adhesive}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1996-1944},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676},
	doi = {10.3390/ma13030676},
	abstract = {A novel type of flame-retardant decorated plywood (FDP) was designed and prepared based on one kind of intumescent flame-retardant adhesive. The flame-retardant adhesive was composed of the phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardant and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin. An adhesive was placed between the plywood substrate and the decorative veneer. The shear strength of the FDP satisfied the Class II (GB/T 9846) when the ratio of flame-retardant and MUF was less than 0.65. The thermal stability of the flame-retardant adhesive was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The intumescent behaviors of adhesives were systematically investigated. The morphological and chemical structures of the intumescent char of the flame-retardant adhesive were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), respectively. The fire performance of FDP was assessed by the cone calorimeter and the single burning item test. The FDP exhibited the most effective barrier when the optimized ratio of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in the adhesive is 3. The flame-retardant class of FDP could be up to class B1(B) according to GB/T 8624.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-11-11},
	journal = {Materials},
	author = {Wu, Muting and Song, Wei and Wu, Yuzhang and Qu, Wei},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {676},
	file = {Volltext:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/Z3JNH2AB/Wu et al. - 2020 - Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Reta.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{kurkowiak_fire-retardant_2022,
	title = {Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0018-3830, 1437-434X},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html},
	doi = {10.1515/hf-2022-0114},
	abstract = {Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was modiﬁed with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) and a commercial phosphorus-based ﬁreretardant (FR). The aim of this study was to assess whether the ﬁre behavior can be improved when the SorCA solution is supplemented by an FR and if this effect is resistant to leaching. The ﬁre behavior of modiﬁed wood was investigated by a Bunsen burner ignition test, mass loss calorimetry (MLC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated a signiﬁcantly improved ﬁreretardancy based on a decreased burning rate and a reduced mass loss in the Bunsen burner test. Also, the induced formation of a protective char barrier facilitated by the addition of a FR, reduced the heat release rate and delayed the ignition. The ﬁre-retardant effect was still observed, to the less extent, after a cold-water (EN 84 2020) leaching of the specimens.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2022-11-09},
	journal = {Holzforschung},
	author = {Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	file = {Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YH27PG3H/Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{wu_long-term_2025,
	title = {Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood: {Multifunctional} enhancement using phenol-formaldehyde resin and monoguanidine phosphate salt},
	volume = {235},
	issn = {09266690},
	shorttitle = {Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718},
	doi = {10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121825},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-09-01},
	journal = {Industrial Crops and Products},
	author = {Wu, Muting and Karthäuser, Johannes and Martin, Lucy and Emmerich, Lukas and Flecknoe-Brown, Konrad Wilkens and Hesse, Linnea and Hötte, Christoph and Militz, Holger},
	month = nov,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {121825},
	file = {1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/8BKETXVS/1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{wu_fire_2025,
	chapter = {Holzforschung},
	title = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants: from small scale to {SBI} tests},
	volume = {0},
	copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	issn = {1437-434X},
	shorttitle = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants},
	url = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html},
	doi = {10.1515/hf-2025-0021},
	abstract = {In this study, thermally modified Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) monomers combined with a flame retardant (FR) based on monoguanidine phosphate salt. Fire performance was assessed using ignitability tests (ISO 11925-2, 2020), mass loss calorimetry test (ISO 13927, 2015), and single burning item (SBI) tests (EN 13823, 2020). Results showed enhanced flame retardancy, reaching Class B in the SBI test. Small-scale ignitability tests revealed minor differences in flame spread across samples, unlike the SBI results. Fire growth rate and ignition time from mass loss calorimetry strongly correlated with burning suppression in the SBI test.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2025-04-25},
	journal = {Holzforschung},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Wu, Muting and Hötte, Christoph and Karthäuser, Johannes and Militz, Holger},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YDRCMTKK/Wu et al. - 2025 - Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sy.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{wu_enhancing_2025,
	title = {Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through {DMDHEU} resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},
	abstract = {Wood modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been widely demonstrated to enhance the biological durability and dimension stability of wood, thus it serves a predestined technology to equip wooden products for outdoor applications. However, such technology hardly affects the fire performance of wood, a parameter which gains increasing relevance in the construction sector. Recently, the combination of curing resins with flame retardants has been proposed as a potential approach to enhance the fire performance of wood in a permanent way, hence providing a durable fire protection system. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with aqueous compositions of DMDHEU, a commercially available phosphate-nitrogen based fire retardant (adapted for wooden applications) and combinations thereof. The fixation of the flame retardant was assessed on the basis of a cold water leaching process according to EN 84 (2020). The fire performance of the treated wood was assessed through thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), a Bunsen burner ignition test and mass loss calorimeter. Both wood treated with pure flame retardant and combination of a flame retardant and DMDHEU, demonstrated improvements in thermal stability, reduced flammability and decreased heat release after treatment. Notably, the THR600s of wood treated with DMDHEU in combination with the flame retardant was reduced by 89.3\% compared to wood treated solely with DMDHEU. However, after the leaching process, the flame retardant happened to leach out almost completely, which was assessed on the basis of a loss in its efficacy related to fire protection. On the contrary, DMDHEU seemed to partially fix the flame retardant inside the wood matrix, which was derived from a persistent enhancement in fire performance, even after wooden specimens passed a cold water leaching.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2025-02-13},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {56},
	file = {Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/E6WC7MNM/Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{sivrikaya_fire_2025,
	title = {Fire resistance of {Scots} pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Sorbitol-citric acid (SorCA) modification is an eco-friendly wood treatment that demonstrates promising potential for enhancing dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood material. To improve the fire resistance property of SorCA (1:2; 30\%) modified wood, fire retardants (FRs) such as diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and potassium carbonate (PC) were incorporated into the modification system at a rate of 10\% and 15\%, respectively. Scots pine wood modified with the combination of SorCA and FRs was subjected to mass loss calorimeter test to evaluate its flame retardancy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for determining the thermal behaviour of modified wood at elevated temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the chemical bonds in the modified wood. The FTIR spectrum indicated an intensity enhancement at 1716 cm
              − 1
              , resulting from the bonding with the cell wall or between the reagents. TGA analysis showed that the addition of DAP and PC to the SorCA system enhanced the thermal stability, yielding higher residual mass compared to SorCA alone and the untreated reference. The mass loss calorimeter revealed that SorCA with DAP 15\% significantly improved flame retardancy, lowering the peak heat release rate by 65\% and total heat release within 600 s by 82\% compared to untreated wood. The combination of SorCA with DAP and PC contributed to the char formation and showed potential flame retardancy for modified Scots pine wood.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2025-06-26},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Sivrikaya, Hüseyin and Wu, Muting and Militz, Holger},
	month = jun,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {127},
}



@book{wu_studies_2024,
	title = {Studies on the durability of the reaction to fire performance of melamine formaldehyde resin and phosphorus polyol treated wood. {In}: {Conference} {Proceedings} of the 11th {European} {Conference} on {Wood} {Modification}, {Florence}, {Italy}.},
	author = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
}



@inproceedings{wu_improving_2024,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Improving the {Fire} {Performance} of {Chemically} {Modified} {Pine} ({P}. {Sylvestris}) {Sapwood} by an {Integrated} {Modification} {Approach}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-59177-8},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_20},
	abstract = {Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modification technologies with thermosetting resins like phenol-formaldehyde (PF) may compensate durability and swelling issues, the latter may not enhance fire resistance. To address this issue, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been impregnated with a formulation of a PF resin and a phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant. The reaction to fire of the treated material was assessed through thermogravimetry analysis, Bunsen burner test (Pries and Mai), small burner box (ISO 11925–2) and cone calorimeter measurements (ISO 5660–1). Results indicated that pure PF resin treatment slightly improved thermal stability and reduced flame spread. However, it led to a significant increase in heat release peak and smoke production. In contrast, incorporating the flame retardant with PF resin demonstrated notable improvements in fire resistance independent of the test method applied. Compared to pure PF-treated wood, thermogravimetry analysis revealed a 31\% increase in final char residue. The Bunsen burner test exhibited great self-extinguishing properties and the small burner box test demonstrated a 56\% reduction in flame height. Cone calorimeter tests confirmed a substantially inhibited heat release with no ignition during the test. Notably, the total smoke production was also significantly reduced, even lower than the untreated wood. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the combined PF resin and phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant treatment in enhancing the fire resistance of wood.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Wood \& {Fire} {Safety} 2024},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
	author = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},
	editor = {Makovická Osvaldová, Linda and Hasburgh, Laura E. and Das, Oisik},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {170--177},
}



@article{opara_impact_2024,
	title = {Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica modification on the properties of ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites},
	volume = {441},
	issn = {09500618},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965},
	doi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137554},
	abstract = {This study investigates the effect of modifying ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded composites of coir fibre and wood particles with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 0.10 wt\%) and colloidal nano-silica (CNS, 1.45 wt\%). APTES-modified binders had lower workability (200.7 ± 11.5 mm spread diameter) than unmodified (255.3 ± 12.5 mm) and CNS (248.5 ± 8.9 mm) counterparts. Setting times were similar, with the APTES variant setting faster. CNS-modified binders showed the highest reactivity, reaching peak temperature at 39.5 min. Physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural analyses were conducted on the composites. CNS-modified composites had the highest internal bond strength (1.52 ± 0.11 N mm− 2), flexural modulus (5416.3 ± 222.8 N mm− 2), flexural strength (10.2 ± 0.7 N mm− 2), and work to maximum force (670.4 ± 23.3 Nmm). APTES-modified composites exhibited superior water resistance, with the lowest water absorption (18.1 ± 0.5 \%) and thickness swelling (0.10 ± 0.03 \%) after three 24 h-cycles of water soaking. The pH value remained at 11 over 28 days. Microstructural analysis revealed improved adhesion and reduced voids and cracks in modified composites, which increased performance and water resistance. Coir fibre-reinforced composites exhibited higher strength than those with wood particles. These findings highlight the feasibility of producing ambientcured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites for building applications.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-12-09},
	journal = {Construction and Building Materials},
	author = {Opara, Emmanuel Uchechukwu and Mayer, Aaron Kilian and Mai, Carsten},
	month = aug,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {137554},
	file = {Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/5YH86H2L/Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:application/pdf},
}
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In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2025\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2025')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2025')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2025</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-karthuser-martin-emmerich-flecknoebrown-hesse-htte-militz-longtermdurabilityandflameretardancyforoutdoorwoodmultifunctionalenhancementusingphenolformaldehyderesinandmonoguanidinephosphatesalt-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-karthuser-martin-emmerich-flecknoebrown-hesse-htte-militz-longtermdurabilityandflameretardancyforoutdoorwoodmultifunctionalenhancementusingphenolformaldehyderesinandmonoguanidinephosphatesalt-2025', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718', event);\">\n    Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood: Multifunctional enhancement using phenol-formaldehyde resin and monoguanidine phosphate salt.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, M.; Karthäuser, J.; Martin, L.; Emmerich, L.; Flecknoe-Brown, K. W.; Hesse, L.; Hötte, C.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Industrial Crops and Products</i>, 235: 121825. November 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-karthuser-martin-emmerich-flecknoebrown-hesse-htte-militz-longtermdurabilityandflameretardancyforoutdoorwoodmultifunctionalenhancementusingphenolformaldehyderesinandmonoguanidinephosphatesalt-2025', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood: Multifunctional enhancement using phenol-formaldehyde resin and monoguanidine phosphate salt [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121825\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-karthuser-martin-emmerich-flecknoebrown-hesse-htte-militz-longtermdurabilityandflameretardancyforoutdoorwoodmultifunctionalenhancementusingphenolformaldehyderesinandmonoguanidinephosphatesalt-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121825', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-karthuser-martin-emmerich-flecknoebrown-hesse-htte-militz-longtermdurabilityandflameretardancyforoutdoorwoodmultifunctionalenhancementusingphenolformaldehyderesinandmonoguanidinephosphatesalt-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-karthuser-martin-emmerich-flecknoebrown-hesse-htte-militz-longtermdurabilityandflameretardancyforoutdoorwoodmultifunctionalenhancementusingphenolformaldehyderesinandmonoguanidinephosphatesalt-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_long-term_2025,\n\ttitle = {Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood: {Multifunctional} enhancement using phenol-formaldehyde resin and monoguanidine phosphate salt},\n\tvolume = {235},\n\tissn = {09266690},\n\tshorttitle = {Long-term durability and flame retardancy for outdoor wood},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669025013718},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121825},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2025-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Industrial Crops and Products},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Karthäuser, Johannes and Martin, Lucy and Emmerich, Lukas and Flecknoe-Brown, Konrad Wilkens and Hesse, Linnea and Hötte, Christoph and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {121825},\n\tfile = {1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/8BKETXVS/1-s2.0-S0926669025013718-main-2.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-htte-karthuser-militz-firebehaviorofthermallymodifiedpinepinussylvestristreatedwithdmdheuandflameretardantsfromsmallscaletosbitests-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-htte-karthuser-militz-firebehaviorofthermallymodifiedpinepinussylvestristreatedwithdmdheuandflameretardantsfromsmallscaletosbitests-2025', 'https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html', event);\">\n    Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sylvestris) treated with DMDHEU and flame retardants: from small scale to SBI tests.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, M.; Hötte, C.; Karthäuser, J.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Holzforschung</i>, 0(0). April 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-htte-karthuser-militz-firebehaviorofthermallymodifiedpinepinussylvestristreatedwithdmdheuandflameretardantsfromsmallscaletosbitests-2025', 'https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sylvestris) treated with DMDHEU and flame retardants: from small scale to SBI tests [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2025-0021\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-htte-karthuser-militz-firebehaviorofthermallymodifiedpinepinussylvestristreatedwithdmdheuandflameretardantsfromsmallscaletosbitests-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2025-0021', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-htte-karthuser-militz-firebehaviorofthermallymodifiedpinepinussylvestristreatedwithdmdheuandflameretardantsfromsmallscaletosbitests-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-htte-karthuser-militz-firebehaviorofthermallymodifiedpinepinussylvestristreatedwithdmdheuandflameretardantsfromsmallscaletosbitests-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_fire_2025,\n\tchapter = {Holzforschung},\n\ttitle = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants: from small scale to {SBI} tests},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tcopyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},\n\tissn = {1437-434X},\n\tshorttitle = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants},\n\turl = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html},\n\tdoi = {10.1515/hf-2025-0021},\n\tabstract = {In this study, thermally modified Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) monomers combined with a flame retardant (FR) based on monoguanidine phosphate salt. Fire performance was assessed using ignitability tests (ISO 11925-2, 2020), mass loss calorimetry test (ISO 13927, 2015), and single burning item (SBI) tests (EN 13823, 2020). Results showed enhanced flame retardancy, reaching Class B in the SBI test. Small-scale ignitability tests revealed minor differences in flame spread across samples, unlike the SBI results. Fire growth rate and ignition time from mass loss calorimetry strongly correlated with burning suppression in the SBI test.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {0},\n\turldate = {2025-04-25},\n\tjournal = {Holzforschung},\n\tpublisher = {De Gruyter},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Hötte, Christoph and Karthäuser, Johannes and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YDRCMTKK/Wu et al. - 2025 - Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sy.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, thermally modified Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) monomers combined with a flame retardant (FR) based on monoguanidine phosphate salt. Fire performance was assessed using ignitability tests (ISO 11925-2, 2020), mass loss calorimetry test (ISO 13927, 2015), and single burning item (SBI) tests (EN 13823, 2020). Results showed enhanced flame retardancy, reaching Class B in the SBI test. Small-scale ignitability tests revealed minor differences in flame spread across samples, unlike the SBI results. Fire growth rate and ignition time from mass loss calorimetry strongly correlated with burning suppression in the SBI test.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-emmerich-militz-enhancingfireresistanceinpinewoodthroughdmdheuresinandphosphatenitrogenflameretardantsynergies-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-emmerich-militz-enhancingfireresistanceinpinewoodthroughdmdheuresinandphosphatenitrogenflameretardantsynergies-2025', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1', event);\">\n    Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMDHEU resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</i>, 83(2): 56. April 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-emmerich-militz-enhancingfireresistanceinpinewoodthroughdmdheuresinandphosphatenitrogenflameretardantsynergies-2025', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMDHEU resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-emmerich-militz-enhancingfireresistanceinpinewoodthroughdmdheuresinandphosphatenitrogenflameretardantsynergies-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-emmerich-militz-enhancingfireresistanceinpinewoodthroughdmdheuresinandphosphatenitrogenflameretardantsynergies-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-emmerich-militz-enhancingfireresistanceinpinewoodthroughdmdheuresinandphosphatenitrogenflameretardantsynergies-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_enhancing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through {DMDHEU} resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},\n\tabstract = {Wood modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been widely demonstrated to enhance the biological durability and dimension stability of wood, thus it serves a predestined technology to equip wooden products for outdoor applications. However, such technology hardly affects the fire performance of wood, a parameter which gains increasing relevance in the construction sector. Recently, the combination of curing resins with flame retardants has been proposed as a potential approach to enhance the fire performance of wood in a permanent way, hence providing a durable fire protection system. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with aqueous compositions of DMDHEU, a commercially available phosphate-nitrogen based fire retardant (adapted for wooden applications) and combinations thereof. The fixation of the flame retardant was assessed on the basis of a cold water leaching process according to EN 84 (2020). The fire performance of the treated wood was assessed through thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), a Bunsen burner ignition test and mass loss calorimeter. Both wood treated with pure flame retardant and combination of a flame retardant and DMDHEU, demonstrated improvements in thermal stability, reduced flammability and decreased heat release after treatment. Notably, the THR600s of wood treated with DMDHEU in combination with the flame retardant was reduced by 89.3\\% compared to wood treated solely with DMDHEU. However, after the leaching process, the flame retardant happened to leach out almost completely, which was assessed on the basis of a loss in its efficacy related to fire protection. On the contrary, DMDHEU seemed to partially fix the flame retardant inside the wood matrix, which was derived from a persistent enhancement in fire performance, even after wooden specimens passed a cold water leaching.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2025-02-13},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {56},\n\tfile = {Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/E6WC7MNM/Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Wood modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been widely demonstrated to enhance the biological durability and dimension stability of wood, thus it serves a predestined technology to equip wooden products for outdoor applications. However, such technology hardly affects the fire performance of wood, a parameter which gains increasing relevance in the construction sector. Recently, the combination of curing resins with flame retardants has been proposed as a potential approach to enhance the fire performance of wood in a permanent way, hence providing a durable fire protection system. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with aqueous compositions of DMDHEU, a commercially available phosphate-nitrogen based fire retardant (adapted for wooden applications) and combinations thereof. The fixation of the flame retardant was assessed on the basis of a cold water leaching process according to EN 84 (2020). The fire performance of the treated wood was assessed through thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), a Bunsen burner ignition test and mass loss calorimeter. Both wood treated with pure flame retardant and combination of a flame retardant and DMDHEU, demonstrated improvements in thermal stability, reduced flammability and decreased heat release after treatment. Notably, the THR600s of wood treated with DMDHEU in combination with the flame retardant was reduced by 89.3% compared to wood treated solely with DMDHEU. However, after the leaching process, the flame retardant happened to leach out almost completely, which was assessed on the basis of a loss in its efficacy related to fire protection. On the contrary, DMDHEU seemed to partially fix the flame retardant inside the wood matrix, which was derived from a persistent enhancement in fire performance, even after wooden specimens passed a cold water leaching.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sivrikaya-wu-militz-fireresistanceofscotspinemodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandfireretardants-2025\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sivrikaya-wu-militz-fireresistanceofscotspinemodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandfireretardants-2025', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4', event);\">\n    Fire resistance of Scots pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sivrikaya, H.; Wu, M.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</i>, 83(3): 127. June 2025.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sivrikaya-wu-militz-fireresistanceofscotspinemodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandfireretardants-2025', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire resistance of Scots pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sivrikaya-wu-militz-fireresistanceofscotspinemodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandfireretardants-2025', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sivrikaya-wu-militz-fireresistanceofscotspinemodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandfireretardants-2025\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sivrikaya-wu-militz-fireresistanceofscotspinemodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandfireretardants-2025')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sivrikaya_fire_2025,\n\ttitle = {Fire resistance of {Scots} pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              Sorbitol-citric acid (SorCA) modification is an eco-friendly wood treatment that demonstrates promising potential for enhancing dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood material. To improve the fire resistance property of SorCA (1:2; 30\\%) modified wood, fire retardants (FRs) such as diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and potassium carbonate (PC) were incorporated into the modification system at a rate of 10\\% and 15\\%, respectively. Scots pine wood modified with the combination of SorCA and FRs was subjected to mass loss calorimeter test to evaluate its flame retardancy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for determining the thermal behaviour of modified wood at elevated temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the chemical bonds in the modified wood. The FTIR spectrum indicated an intensity enhancement at 1716 cm\n              − 1\n              , resulting from the bonding with the cell wall or between the reagents. TGA analysis showed that the addition of DAP and PC to the SorCA system enhanced the thermal stability, yielding higher residual mass compared to SorCA alone and the untreated reference. The mass loss calorimeter revealed that SorCA with DAP 15\\% significantly improved flame retardancy, lowering the peak heat release rate by 65\\% and total heat release within 600 s by 82\\% compared to untreated wood. The combination of SorCA with DAP and PC contributed to the char formation and showed potential flame retardancy for modified Scots pine wood.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2025-06-26},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\n\tauthor = {Sivrikaya, Hüseyin and Wu, Muting and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {127},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Sorbitol-citric acid (SorCA) modification is an eco-friendly wood treatment that demonstrates promising potential for enhancing dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood material. To improve the fire resistance property of SorCA (1:2; 30%) modified wood, fire retardants (FRs) such as diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and potassium carbonate (PC) were incorporated into the modification system at a rate of 10% and 15%, respectively. Scots pine wood modified with the combination of SorCA and FRs was subjected to mass loss calorimeter test to evaluate its flame retardancy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for determining the thermal behaviour of modified wood at elevated temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the chemical bonds in the modified wood. The FTIR spectrum indicated an intensity enhancement at 1716 cm − 1 , resulting from the bonding with the cell wall or between the reagents. TGA analysis showed that the addition of DAP and PC to the SorCA system enhanced the thermal stability, yielding higher residual mass compared to SorCA alone and the untreated reference. The mass loss calorimeter revealed that SorCA with DAP 15% significantly improved flame retardancy, lowering the peak heat release rate by 65% and total heat release within 600 s by 82% compared to untreated wood. The combination of SorCA with DAP and PC contributed to the char formation and showed potential flame retardancy for modified Scots pine wood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (4)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-emmerich-kurkowiak-militz-combinedtreatmentofwoodwiththermosettingresinsandphosphorousflameretardants-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-emmerich-kurkowiak-militz-combinedtreatmentofwoodwiththermosettingresinsandphosphorousflameretardants-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8', event);\">\n    Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; Kurkowiak, K.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</i>, 82(1): 167–174. February 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-emmerich-kurkowiak-militz-combinedtreatmentofwoodwiththermosettingresinsandphosphorousflameretardants-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-emmerich-kurkowiak-militz-combinedtreatmentofwoodwiththermosettingresinsandphosphorousflameretardants-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-emmerich-kurkowiak-militz-combinedtreatmentofwoodwiththermosettingresinsandphosphorousflameretardants-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-emmerich-kurkowiak-militz-combinedtreatmentofwoodwiththermosettingresinsandphosphorousflameretardants-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_combined_2024,\n\ttitle = {Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {1436-736X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},\n\tabstract = {Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84\\% reduction compared to untreated wood.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-24},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {167--174},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/UKSIKZ9K/Wu et al. - 2024 - Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resi.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84% reduction compared to untreated wood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-emmerich-militz-studiesonthedurabilityofthereactiontofireperformanceofmelamineformaldehyderesinandphosphoruspolyoltreatedwoodinconferenceproceedingsofthe11theuropeanconferenceonwoodmodificationflorenceitaly-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Studies on the durability of the reaction to fire performance of melamine formaldehyde resin and phosphorus polyol treated wood. In: Conference Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Wood Modification, Florence, Italy.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  April 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-emmerich-militz-studiesonthedurabilityofthereactiontofireperformanceofmelamineformaldehyderesinandphosphoruspolyoltreatedwoodinconferenceproceedingsofthe11theuropeanconferenceonwoodmodificationflorenceitaly-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-emmerich-militz-studiesonthedurabilityofthereactiontofireperformanceofmelamineformaldehyderesinandphosphoruspolyoltreatedwoodinconferenceproceedingsofthe11theuropeanconferenceonwoodmodificationflorenceitaly-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@book{wu_studies_2024,\n\ttitle = {Studies on the durability of the reaction to fire performance of melamine formaldehyde resin and phosphorus polyol treated wood. {In}: {Conference} {Proceedings} of the 11th {European} {Conference} on {Wood} {Modification}, {Florence}, {Italy}.},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-emmerich-militz-improvingthefireperformanceofchemicallymodifiedpinepsylvestrissapwoodbyanintegratedmodificationapproach-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Improving the Fire Performance of Chemically Modified Pine (P. Sylvestris) Sapwood by an Integrated Modification Approach.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In Makovická Osvaldová, L.; Hasburgh, L. E.;  and Das, O., editor(s), <i>Wood & Fire Safety 2024</i>, pages 170–177, Cham,  2024. Springer Nature Switzerland\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_20\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-emmerich-militz-improvingthefireperformanceofchemicallymodifiedpinepsylvestrissapwoodbyanintegratedmodificationapproach-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_20', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-emmerich-militz-improvingthefireperformanceofchemicallymodifiedpinepsylvestrissapwoodbyanintegratedmodificationapproach-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-emmerich-militz-improvingthefireperformanceofchemicallymodifiedpinepsylvestrissapwoodbyanintegratedmodificationapproach-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{wu_improving_2024,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Improving the {Fire} {Performance} of {Chemically} {Modified} {Pine} ({P}. {Sylvestris}) {Sapwood} by an {Integrated} {Modification} {Approach}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-031-59177-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_20},\n\tabstract = {Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modification technologies with thermosetting resins like phenol-formaldehyde (PF) may compensate durability and swelling issues, the latter may not enhance fire resistance. To address this issue, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been impregnated with a formulation of a PF resin and a phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant. The reaction to fire of the treated material was assessed through thermogravimetry analysis, Bunsen burner test (Pries and Mai), small burner box (ISO 11925–2) and cone calorimeter measurements (ISO 5660–1). Results indicated that pure PF resin treatment slightly improved thermal stability and reduced flame spread. However, it led to a significant increase in heat release peak and smoke production. In contrast, incorporating the flame retardant with PF resin demonstrated notable improvements in fire resistance independent of the test method applied. Compared to pure PF-treated wood, thermogravimetry analysis revealed a 31\\% increase in final char residue. The Bunsen burner test exhibited great self-extinguishing properties and the small burner box test demonstrated a 56\\% reduction in flame height. Cone calorimeter tests confirmed a substantially inhibited heat release with no ignition during the test. Notably, the total smoke production was also significantly reduced, even lower than the untreated wood. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the combined PF resin and phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant treatment in enhancing the fire resistance of wood.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tbooktitle = {Wood \\&amp; {Fire} {Safety} 2024},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\teditor = {Makovická Osvaldová, Linda and Hasburgh, Laura E. and Das, Oisik},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {170--177},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modification technologies with thermosetting resins like phenol-formaldehyde (PF) may compensate durability and swelling issues, the latter may not enhance fire resistance. To address this issue, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been impregnated with a formulation of a PF resin and a phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant. The reaction to fire of the treated material was assessed through thermogravimetry analysis, Bunsen burner test (Pries and Mai), small burner box (ISO 11925–2) and cone calorimeter measurements (ISO 5660–1). Results indicated that pure PF resin treatment slightly improved thermal stability and reduced flame spread. However, it led to a significant increase in heat release peak and smoke production. In contrast, incorporating the flame retardant with PF resin demonstrated notable improvements in fire resistance independent of the test method applied. Compared to pure PF-treated wood, thermogravimetry analysis revealed a 31% increase in final char residue. The Bunsen burner test exhibited great self-extinguishing properties and the small burner box test demonstrated a 56% reduction in flame height. Cone calorimeter tests confirmed a substantially inhibited heat release with no ignition during the test. Notably, the total smoke production was also significantly reduced, even lower than the untreated wood. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the combined PF resin and phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant treatment in enhancing the fire resistance of wood.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"opara-mayer-mai-impactofaminosilaneandcolloidalnanosilicamodificationonthepropertiesofambientcuredgeopolymerbondedlignocellulosiccomposites-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'opara-mayer-mai-impactofaminosilaneandcolloidalnanosilicamodificationonthepropertiesofambientcuredgeopolymerbondedlignocellulosiccomposites-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965', event);\">\n    Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica modification on the properties of ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Opara, E. U.; Mayer, A. K.;  and Mai, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Construction and Building Materials</i>, 441: 137554. August 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('opara-mayer-mai-impactofaminosilaneandcolloidalnanosilicamodificationonthepropertiesofambientcuredgeopolymerbondedlignocellulosiccomposites-2024', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica modification on the properties of ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137554\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('opara-mayer-mai-impactofaminosilaneandcolloidalnanosilicamodificationonthepropertiesofambientcuredgeopolymerbondedlignocellulosiccomposites-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137554', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/opara-mayer-mai-impactofaminosilaneandcolloidalnanosilicamodificationonthepropertiesofambientcuredgeopolymerbondedlignocellulosiccomposites-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('opara-mayer-mai-impactofaminosilaneandcolloidalnanosilicamodificationonthepropertiesofambientcuredgeopolymerbondedlignocellulosiccomposites-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{opara_impact_2024,\n\ttitle = {Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica modification on the properties of ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites},\n\tvolume = {441},\n\tissn = {09500618},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061824026965},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137554},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates the effect of modifying ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded composites of coir fibre and wood particles with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 0.10 wt\\%) and colloidal nano-silica (CNS, 1.45 wt\\%). APTES-modified binders had lower workability (200.7 ± 11.5 mm spread diameter) than unmodified (255.3 ± 12.5 mm) and CNS (248.5 ± 8.9 mm) counterparts. Setting times were similar, with the APTES variant setting faster. CNS-modified binders showed the highest reactivity, reaching peak temperature at 39.5 min. Physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural analyses were conducted on the composites. CNS-modified composites had the highest internal bond strength (1.52 ± 0.11 N mm− 2), flexural modulus (5416.3 ± 222.8 N mm− 2), flexural strength (10.2 ± 0.7 N mm− 2), and work to maximum force (670.4 ± 23.3 Nmm). APTES-modified composites exhibited superior water resistance, with the lowest water absorption (18.1 ± 0.5 \\%) and thickness swelling (0.10 ± 0.03 \\%) after three 24 h-cycles of water soaking. The pH value remained at 11 over 28 days. Microstructural analysis revealed improved adhesion and reduced voids and cracks in modified composites, which increased performance and water resistance. Coir fibre-reinforced composites exhibited higher strength than those with wood particles. These findings highlight the feasibility of producing ambientcured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites for building applications.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2024-12-09},\n\tjournal = {Construction and Building Materials},\n\tauthor = {Opara, Emmanuel Uchechukwu and Mayer, Aaron Kilian and Mai, Carsten},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {137554},\n\tfile = {Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/5YH86H2L/Opara et al. - 2024 - Impact of aminosilane and colloidal nano-silica mo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This study investigates the effect of modifying ambient-cured geopolymer-bonded composites of coir fibre and wood particles with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES, 0.10 wt%) and colloidal nano-silica (CNS, 1.45 wt%). APTES-modified binders had lower workability (200.7 ± 11.5 mm spread diameter) than unmodified (255.3 ± 12.5 mm) and CNS (248.5 ± 8.9 mm) counterparts. Setting times were similar, with the APTES variant setting faster. CNS-modified binders showed the highest reactivity, reaching peak temperature at 39.5 min. Physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructural analyses were conducted on the composites. CNS-modified composites had the highest internal bond strength (1.52 ± 0.11 N mm− 2), flexural modulus (5416.3 ± 222.8 N mm− 2), flexural strength (10.2 ± 0.7 N mm− 2), and work to maximum force (670.4 ± 23.3 Nmm). APTES-modified composites exhibited superior water resistance, with the lowest water absorption (18.1 ± 0.5 %) and thickness swelling (0.10 ± 0.03 %) after three 24 h-cycles of water soaking. The pH value remained at 11 over 28 days. Microstructural analysis revealed improved adhesion and reduced voids and cracks in modified composites, which increased performance and water resistance. Coir fibre-reinforced composites exhibited higher strength than those with wood particles. These findings highlight the feasibility of producing ambientcured geopolymer-bonded lignocellulosic composites for building applications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kurkowiak-wu-emmerich-militz-fireretardantpropertiesofwoodmodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandaphosphorousbasedsystem-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kurkowiak-wu-emmerich-militz-fireretardantpropertiesofwoodmodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandaphosphorousbasedsystem-2022', 'https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html', event);\">\n    Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kurkowiak, K.; Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Holzforschung</i>, 0(0). November 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kurkowiak-wu-emmerich-militz-fireretardantpropertiesofwoodmodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandaphosphorousbasedsystem-2022', 'https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2022-0114\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kurkowiak-wu-emmerich-militz-fireretardantpropertiesofwoodmodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandaphosphorousbasedsystem-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2022-0114', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kurkowiak-wu-emmerich-militz-fireretardantpropertiesofwoodmodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandaphosphorousbasedsystem-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kurkowiak-wu-emmerich-militz-fireretardantpropertiesofwoodmodifiedwithsorbitolcitricacidandaphosphorousbasedsystem-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kurkowiak_fire-retardant_2022,\n\ttitle = {Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tissn = {0018-3830, 1437-434X},\n\turl = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html},\n\tdoi = {10.1515/hf-2022-0114},\n\tabstract = {Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was modified with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) and a commercial phosphorus-based fireretardant (FR). The aim of this study was to assess whether the fire behavior can be improved when the SorCA solution is supplemented by an FR and if this effect is resistant to leaching. The fire behavior of modified wood was investigated by a Bunsen burner ignition test, mass loss calorimetry (MLC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated a significantly improved fireretardancy based on a decreased burning rate and a reduced mass loss in the Bunsen burner test. Also, the induced formation of a protective char barrier facilitated by the addition of a FR, reduced the heat release rate and delayed the ignition. The fire-retardant effect was still observed, to the less extent, after a cold-water (EN 84 2020) leaching of the specimens.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {0},\n\turldate = {2022-11-09},\n\tjournal = {Holzforschung},\n\tauthor = {Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tfile = {Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/YH27PG3H/Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was modified with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) and a commercial phosphorus-based fireretardant (FR). The aim of this study was to assess whether the fire behavior can be improved when the SorCA solution is supplemented by an FR and if this effect is resistant to leaching. The fire behavior of modified wood was investigated by a Bunsen burner ignition test, mass loss calorimetry (MLC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated a significantly improved fireretardancy based on a decreased burning rate and a reduced mass loss in the Bunsen burner test. Also, the induced formation of a protective char barrier facilitated by the addition of a FR, reduced the heat release rate and delayed the ignition. The fire-retardant effect was still observed, to the less extent, after a cold-water (EN 84 2020) leaching of the specimens.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wu-song-wu-qu-preparationandcharacterizationoftheflameretardantdecoratedplywoodbasedontheintumescentflameretardantadhesive-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wu-song-wu-qu-preparationandcharacterizationoftheflameretardantdecoratedplywoodbasedontheintumescentflameretardantadhesive-2020', 'https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676', event);\">\n    Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Retardant Decorated Plywood Based on the Intumescent Flame Retardant Adhesive.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wu, M.; Song, W.; Wu, Y.;  and Qu, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Materials</i>, 13(3): 676. February 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-song-wu-qu-preparationandcharacterizationoftheflameretardantdecoratedplywoodbasedontheintumescentflameretardantadhesive-2020', 'https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Retardant Decorated Plywood Based on the Intumescent Flame Retardant Adhesive [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030676\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wu-song-wu-qu-preparationandcharacterizationoftheflameretardantdecoratedplywoodbasedontheintumescentflameretardantadhesive-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030676', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wu-song-wu-qu-preparationandcharacterizationoftheflameretardantdecoratedplywoodbasedontheintumescentflameretardantadhesive-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wu-song-wu-qu-preparationandcharacterizationoftheflameretardantdecoratedplywoodbasedontheintumescentflameretardantadhesive-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wu_preparation_2020,\n\ttitle = {Preparation and {Characterization} of the {Flame} {Retardant} {Decorated} {Plywood} {Based} on the {Intumescent} {Flame} {Retardant} {Adhesive}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1996-1944},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/3/676},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ma13030676},\n\tabstract = {A novel type of flame-retardant decorated plywood (FDP) was designed and prepared based on one kind of intumescent flame-retardant adhesive. The flame-retardant adhesive was composed of the phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardant and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin. An adhesive was placed between the plywood substrate and the decorative veneer. The shear strength of the FDP satisfied the Class II (GB/T 9846) when the ratio of flame-retardant and MUF was less than 0.65. The thermal stability of the flame-retardant adhesive was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The intumescent behaviors of adhesives were systematically investigated. The morphological and chemical structures of the intumescent char of the flame-retardant adhesive were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), respectively. The fire performance of FDP was assessed by the cone calorimeter and the single burning item test. The FDP exhibited the most effective barrier when the optimized ratio of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in the adhesive is 3. The flame-retardant class of FDP could be up to class B1(B) according to GB/T 8624.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-11-11},\n\tjournal = {Materials},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Song, Wei and Wu, Yuzhang and Qu, Wei},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {676},\n\tfile = {Volltext:/home/becker/Zotero/storage/Z3JNH2AB/Wu et al. - 2020 - Preparation and Characterization of the Flame Reta.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  A novel type of flame-retardant decorated plywood (FDP) was designed and prepared based on one kind of intumescent flame-retardant adhesive. The flame-retardant adhesive was composed of the phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardant and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin. An adhesive was placed between the plywood substrate and the decorative veneer. The shear strength of the FDP satisfied the Class II (GB/T 9846) when the ratio of flame-retardant and MUF was less than 0.65. The thermal stability of the flame-retardant adhesive was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The intumescent behaviors of adhesives were systematically investigated. The morphological and chemical structures of the intumescent char of the flame-retardant adhesive were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), respectively. The fire performance of FDP was assessed by the cone calorimeter and the single burning item test. The FDP exhibited the most effective barrier when the optimized ratio of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in the adhesive is 3. The flame-retardant class of FDP could be up to class B1(B) according to GB/T 8624.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);