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\n  \n 2025\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sylvestris) treated with DMDHEU and flame retardants: from small scale to SBI tests.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, M.; Hötte, C.; Karthäuser, J.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Holzforschung, 0(0). April 2025.\n Publisher: De Gruyter Section: Holzforschung\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FirePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wu_fire_2025,\n\ttitle = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants: from small scale to {SBI} tests},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tcopyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},\n\tissn = {1437-434X},\n\tshorttitle = {Fire behavior of thermally modified pine ({Pinus} sylvestris) treated with {DMDHEU} and flame retardants},\n\turl = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2025-0021/html},\n\tdoi = {10.1515/hf-2025-0021},\n\tabstract = {In this study, thermally modified Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) monomers combined with a flame retardant (FR) based on monoguanidine phosphate salt. Fire performance was assessed using ignitability tests (ISO 11925-2, 2020), mass loss calorimetry test (ISO 13927, 2015), and single burning item (SBI) tests (EN 13823, 2020). Results showed enhanced flame retardancy, reaching Class B in the SBI test. Small-scale ignitability tests revealed minor differences in flame spread across samples, unlike the SBI results. Fire growth rate and ignition time from mass loss calorimetry strongly correlated with burning suppression in the SBI test.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {0},\n\turldate = {2025-04-25},\n\tjournal = {Holzforschung},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Hötte, Christoph and Karthäuser, Johannes and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tnote = {Publisher: De Gruyter\nSection: Holzforschung},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:/home/maicher/Zotero/storage/YQQDMZXV/Wu et al. - 2025 - Fire behavior of thermally modified pine (Pinus sy.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n In this study, thermally modified Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea) monomers combined with a flame retardant (FR) based on monoguanidine phosphate salt. Fire performance was assessed using ignitability tests (ISO 11925-2, 2020), mass loss calorimetry test (ISO 13927, 2015), and single burning item (SBI) tests (EN 13823, 2020). Results showed enhanced flame retardancy, reaching Class B in the SBI test. Small-scale ignitability tests revealed minor differences in flame spread across samples, unlike the SBI results. Fire growth rate and ignition time from mass loss calorimetry strongly correlated with burning suppression in the SBI test.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMDHEU resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 83(2): 56. April 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"EnhancingPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wu_enhancing_2025,\n\ttitle = {Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through {DMDHEU} resin and phosphate-nitrogen flame retardant synergies},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02207-1},\n\tabstract = {Wood modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been widely demonstrated to enhance the biological durability and dimension stability of wood, thus it serves a predestined technology to equip wooden products for outdoor applications. However, such technology hardly affects the fire performance of wood, a parameter which gains increasing relevance in the construction sector. Recently, the combination of curing resins with flame retardants has been proposed as a potential approach to enhance the fire performance of wood in a permanent way, hence providing a durable fire protection system. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with aqueous compositions of DMDHEU, a commercially available phosphate-nitrogen based fire retardant (adapted for wooden applications) and combinations thereof. The fixation of the flame retardant was assessed on the basis of a cold water leaching process according to EN 84 (2020). The fire performance of the treated wood was assessed through thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), a Bunsen burner ignition test and mass loss calorimeter. Both wood treated with pure flame retardant and combination of a flame retardant and DMDHEU, demonstrated improvements in thermal stability, reduced flammability and decreased heat release after treatment. Notably, the THR600s of wood treated with DMDHEU in combination with the flame retardant was reduced by 89.3\\% compared to wood treated solely with DMDHEU. However, after the leaching process, the flame retardant happened to leach out almost completely, which was assessed on the basis of a loss in its efficacy related to fire protection. On the contrary, DMDHEU seemed to partially fix the flame retardant inside the wood matrix, which was derived from a persistent enhancement in fire performance, even after wooden specimens passed a cold water leaching.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2025-02-13},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {56},\n\tfile = {Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:/home/maicher/Zotero/storage/KCLK8CGF/Wu et al. - 2025 - Enhancing fire resistance in pine wood through DMD.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n Wood modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been widely demonstrated to enhance the biological durability and dimension stability of wood, thus it serves a predestined technology to equip wooden products for outdoor applications. However, such technology hardly affects the fire performance of wood, a parameter which gains increasing relevance in the construction sector. Recently, the combination of curing resins with flame retardants has been proposed as a potential approach to enhance the fire performance of wood in a permanent way, hence providing a durable fire protection system. Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with aqueous compositions of DMDHEU, a commercially available phosphate-nitrogen based fire retardant (adapted for wooden applications) and combinations thereof. The fixation of the flame retardant was assessed on the basis of a cold water leaching process according to EN 84 (2020). The fire performance of the treated wood was assessed through thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), a Bunsen burner ignition test and mass loss calorimeter. Both wood treated with pure flame retardant and combination of a flame retardant and DMDHEU, demonstrated improvements in thermal stability, reduced flammability and decreased heat release after treatment. Notably, the THR600s of wood treated with DMDHEU in combination with the flame retardant was reduced by 89.3% compared to wood treated solely with DMDHEU. However, after the leaching process, the flame retardant happened to leach out almost completely, which was assessed on the basis of a loss in its efficacy related to fire protection. On the contrary, DMDHEU seemed to partially fix the flame retardant inside the wood matrix, which was derived from a persistent enhancement in fire performance, even after wooden specimens passed a cold water leaching.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Fire resistance of Scots pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sivrikaya, H.; Wu, M.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 83(3): 127. June 2025.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FirePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{sivrikaya_fire_2025,\n\ttitle = {Fire resistance of {Scots} pine modified with sorbitol, citric acid and fire retardants},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-025-02282-4},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            \n              Sorbitol-citric acid (SorCA) modification is an eco-friendly wood treatment that demonstrates promising potential for enhancing dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood material. To improve the fire resistance property of SorCA (1:2; 30\\%) modified wood, fire retardants (FRs) such as diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and potassium carbonate (PC) were incorporated into the modification system at a rate of 10\\% and 15\\%, respectively. Scots pine wood modified with the combination of SorCA and FRs was subjected to mass loss calorimeter test to evaluate its flame retardancy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for determining the thermal behaviour of modified wood at elevated temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the chemical bonds in the modified wood. The FTIR spectrum indicated an intensity enhancement at 1716 cm\n              − 1\n              , resulting from the bonding with the cell wall or between the reagents. TGA analysis showed that the addition of DAP and PC to the SorCA system enhanced the thermal stability, yielding higher residual mass compared to SorCA alone and the untreated reference. The mass loss calorimeter revealed that SorCA with DAP 15\\% significantly improved flame retardancy, lowering the peak heat release rate by 65\\% and total heat release within 600 s by 82\\% compared to untreated wood. The combination of SorCA with DAP and PC contributed to the char formation and showed potential flame retardancy for modified Scots pine wood.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2025-06-26},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\n\tauthor = {Sivrikaya, Hüseyin and Wu, Muting and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tpages = {127},\n}\n
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\n Abstract Sorbitol-citric acid (SorCA) modification is an eco-friendly wood treatment that demonstrates promising potential for enhancing dimensional stability and decay resistance of wood material. To improve the fire resistance property of SorCA (1:2; 30%) modified wood, fire retardants (FRs) such as diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and potassium carbonate (PC) were incorporated into the modification system at a rate of 10% and 15%, respectively. Scots pine wood modified with the combination of SorCA and FRs was subjected to mass loss calorimeter test to evaluate its flame retardancy. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for determining the thermal behaviour of modified wood at elevated temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the chemical bonds in the modified wood. The FTIR spectrum indicated an intensity enhancement at 1716 cm − 1 , resulting from the bonding with the cell wall or between the reagents. TGA analysis showed that the addition of DAP and PC to the SorCA system enhanced the thermal stability, yielding higher residual mass compared to SorCA alone and the untreated reference. The mass loss calorimeter revealed that SorCA with DAP 15% significantly improved flame retardancy, lowering the peak heat release rate by 65% and total heat release within 600 s by 82% compared to untreated wood. The combination of SorCA with DAP and PC contributed to the char formation and showed potential flame retardancy for modified Scots pine wood.\n
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\n  \n 2024\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Studies on the durability of the reaction to fire performance of melamine formaldehyde resin and phosphorus polyol treated wood. In: Conference Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Wood Modification, Florence, Italy.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n April 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@book{wu_studies_2024,\n\ttitle = {Studies on the durability of the reaction to fire performance of melamine formaldehyde resin and phosphorus polyol treated wood. {In}: {Conference} {Proceedings} of the 11th {European} {Conference} on {Wood} {Modification}, {Florence}, {Italy}.},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Improving the Fire Performance of Chemically Modified Pine (P. Sylvestris) Sapwood by an Integrated Modification Approach.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Makovická Osvaldová, L.; Hasburgh, L. E.; and Das, O., editor(s), Wood & Fire Safety 2024, pages 170–177, Cham, 2024. Springer Nature Switzerland\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@inproceedings{wu_improving_2024,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Improving the {Fire} {Performance} of {Chemically} {Modified} {Pine} ({P}. {Sylvestris}) {Sapwood} by an {Integrated} {Modification} {Approach}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-031-59177-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_20},\n\tabstract = {Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modification technologies with thermosetting resins like phenol-formaldehyde (PF) may compensate durability and swelling issues, the latter may not enhance fire resistance. To address this issue, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been impregnated with a formulation of a PF resin and a phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant. The reaction to fire of the treated material was assessed through thermogravimetry analysis, Bunsen burner test (Pries and Mai), small burner box (ISO 11925–2) and cone calorimeter measurements (ISO 5660–1). Results indicated that pure PF resin treatment slightly improved thermal stability and reduced flame spread. However, it led to a significant increase in heat release peak and smoke production. In contrast, incorporating the flame retardant with PF resin demonstrated notable improvements in fire resistance independent of the test method applied. Compared to pure PF-treated wood, thermogravimetry analysis revealed a 31\\% increase in final char residue. The Bunsen burner test exhibited great self-extinguishing properties and the small burner box test demonstrated a 56\\% reduction in flame height. Cone calorimeter tests confirmed a substantially inhibited heat release with no ignition during the test. Notably, the total smoke production was also significantly reduced, even lower than the untreated wood. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the combined PF resin and phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant treatment in enhancing the fire resistance of wood.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tbooktitle = {Wood \\& {Fire} {Safety} 2024},\n\tpublisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\teditor = {Makovická Osvaldová, Linda and Hasburgh, Laura E. and Das, Oisik},\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {170--177},\n}\n\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n Natural wood has been widely used for construction and building purposes. However, wood is susceptible to wood-destroying organisms moisture-induced dimensional changes and fire. Although chemical wood modification technologies with thermosetting resins like phenol-formaldehyde (PF) may compensate durability and swelling issues, the latter may not enhance fire resistance. To address this issue, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been impregnated with a formulation of a PF resin and a phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant. The reaction to fire of the treated material was assessed through thermogravimetry analysis, Bunsen burner test (Pries and Mai), small burner box (ISO 11925–2) and cone calorimeter measurements (ISO 5660–1). Results indicated that pure PF resin treatment slightly improved thermal stability and reduced flame spread. However, it led to a significant increase in heat release peak and smoke production. In contrast, incorporating the flame retardant with PF resin demonstrated notable improvements in fire resistance independent of the test method applied. Compared to pure PF-treated wood, thermogravimetry analysis revealed a 31% increase in final char residue. The Bunsen burner test exhibited great self-extinguishing properties and the small burner box test demonstrated a 56% reduction in flame height. Cone calorimeter tests confirmed a substantially inhibited heat release with no ignition during the test. Notably, the total smoke production was also significantly reduced, even lower than the untreated wood. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the combined PF resin and phosphate-nitrogen-based flame retardant treatment in enhancing the fire resistance of wood.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; Kurkowiak, K.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 82(1): 167–174. February 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"CombinedPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wu_combined_2024,\n\ttitle = {Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants},\n\tvolume = {82},\n\tissn = {1436-736X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8},\n\tabstract = {Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84\\% reduction compared to untreated wood.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2024-01-24},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2024},\n\tpages = {167--174},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:/home/maicher/Zotero/storage/7U9K4FL6/Wu et al. - 2024 - Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resi.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84% reduction compared to untreated wood.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Fire resistance of pine wood treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin and phosphate-based flame retardant.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; Kurkowiak, K.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Wood Material Science & Engineering,1–7. May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"FirePaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wu_fire_2023,\n\ttitle = {Fire resistance of pine wood treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin and phosphate-based flame retardant},\n\tissn = {1748-0272, 1748-0280},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480272.2023.2205379},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/17480272.2023.2205379},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Wood Material Science \\& Engineering},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1--7},\n}\n\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kurkowiak, K.; Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Holzforschung, 77(1): 38–44. January 2023.\n Publisher: De Gruyter\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n \"Fire-retardantPaper\n  \n \n\n \n \n doi\n  \n \n\n \n link\n  \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n  \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
\n 
@article{kurkowiak_fire-retardant_2023,\n\ttitle = {Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with sorbitol, citric acid and a phosphorous-based system},\n\tvolume = {77},\n\tissn = {1437-434X},\n\turl = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2022-0114/html?lang=de},\n\tdoi = {10.1515/hf-2022-0114},\n\tabstract = {Scots pine sapwood ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was modified with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) and a commercial phosphorus-based fire-retardant (FR). The aim of this study was to assess whether the fire behavior can be improved when the SorCA solution is supplemented by an FR and if this effect is resistant to leaching. The fire behavior of modified wood was investigated by a Bunsen burner ignition test, mass loss calorimetry (MLC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated a significantly improved fire-retardancy based on a decreased burning rate and a reduced mass loss in the Bunsen burner test. Also, the induced formation of a protective char barrier facilitated by the addition of a FR, reduced the heat release rate and delayed the ignition. The fire-retardant effect was still observed, to the less extent, after a cold-water (EN 84 2020) leaching of the specimens.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-04-11},\n\tjournal = {Holzforschung},\n\tauthor = {Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Publisher: De Gruyter},\n\tkeywords = {citric acid, sorbitol, wood modification, fire behaviour, phosphorous compound, polyesterification},\n\tpages = {38--44},\n\tfile = {Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:/home/maicher/Zotero/storage/FMPFSSIX/Kurkowiak et al. - 2022 - Fire-retardant properties of wood modified with so.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n Scots pine sapwood ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was modified with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) and a commercial phosphorus-based fire-retardant (FR). The aim of this study was to assess whether the fire behavior can be improved when the SorCA solution is supplemented by an FR and if this effect is resistant to leaching. The fire behavior of modified wood was investigated by a Bunsen burner ignition test, mass loss calorimetry (MLC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated a significantly improved fire-retardancy based on a decreased burning rate and a reduced mass loss in the Bunsen burner test. Also, the induced formation of a protective char barrier facilitated by the addition of a FR, reduced the heat release rate and delayed the ignition. The fire-retardant effect was still observed, to the less extent, after a cold-water (EN 84 2020) leaching of the specimens.\n
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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Fire resistance of pine wood treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin and phosphate-based flame retardant.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, M.; Emmerich, L.; Kurkowiak, K.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Wood Material Science & Engineering, 18(6): 1933–1939. November 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{wu_fire_2023-1,\n\ttitle = {Fire resistance of pine wood treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin and phosphate-based flame retardant},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1748-0272, 1748-0280},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480272.2023.2205379},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/17480272.2023.2205379},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2023-12-18},\n\tjournal = {Wood Material Science \\& Engineering},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Muting and Emmerich, Lukas and Kurkowiak, Katarzyna and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1933--1939},\n\tfile = {Wu et al. - 2023 - Fire resistance of pine wood treated with phenol-f.pdf:/home/maicher/Zotero/storage/NJ6NHIB5/Wu et al. - 2023 - Fire resistance of pine wood treated with phenol-f.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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