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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Strength grading and selected strength properties of European hardwoods.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schlotzhauer, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ph.D. Thesis, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 2019.\n
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@phdthesis{schlotzhauer_strength_2019,\n\taddress = {Göttingen},\n\ttype = {Dissertation},\n\ttitle = {Strength grading and selected strength properties of {European} hardwoods},\n\turl = {https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0003-C16E-8},\n\tabstract = {Since national standing stocks of hardwoods will be rising in central Europe in the future, it is the declared political will to introduce these resources to a higher extent into the building sector. That is why since the turn of the century more and more funds for hardwood research have been made available. This research together with efforts made by private companies has led to a number of European and German technical approvals for hardwood glulam (oak, beech, sweet chestnut, beech LVL). A further result was the inclusion of the hardwood species beech, oak, maple, ash and poplar into the European standard EN 1912, which allows the use of these hardwoods as solid wood product in construction. Nonetheless, a wide-spread use of these products cannot be witnessed at present. One goal of this dissertation was to identify reasons for this development. Next to market driven causes like a still sufficient availability of softwood and high prices of hardwood products, technological reasons (problems) regarding hardwood glulam and solid wood were identified. In the course of this dissertation, it was aimed to answer some of these technical questions, in order to work towards a more reliable and cost reduced (etc.) hardwood construction product. First, the market and standard situation was identified and put together. The subsequent research was designed to create answers to pressing questions connected to the work field of strength grading. Here, a raised improvement potential was seen. For the six European hardwood species oak, beech, ash, maple, lime and birch the distribution of sawn wood characteristics (of a typical, market available assortment) were determined and the timber availability examined, in order to evaluate the suitability of the species for a wider use in construction. For the species ash and maple, a yield analysis from round wood sections to sorted glulam lamellas was carried out, which pointed out the need for an improved sawing technique (incl. sawing pattern), a faster drying technology and optimized strength grading. When it comes to strength grading, the grain angle is highly correlated with the final tensile strength of the glulam lamella. According to experts on the field, it is not possible to determine the grain angle on hardwoods in a non-destructive way. In the course of this dissertation, it was proven that for five of the six above-mentioned hardwood species (except ash) it is possible to determine the grain angles by machine use. Also, in this field of work falls the topic “size effect”, which was examined for bending, tension and compression parallel to grain (for all six species). Mechanical properties in tension and compression testing perpendicular to grain were examined for ash, maple and beech construction timber. In addition, tension tests on glulam lamellas were carried out and the results correlated with the sorting results. These experiments revealed the unused potentials (in standard strength values) of some of the hardwoods, but also pointed out the difficulties in raising the final yield (i.e. lower production costs).},\n\tlanguage = {Englisch},\n\tschool = {Georg-August-Universität Göttingen},\n\tauthor = {Schlotzhauer, Philipp},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tfile = {Schlotzhauer - 2019 - Strength grading and selected strength properties .pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\T3RA245F\\\\Schlotzhauer - 2019 - Strength grading and selected strength properties .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n Since national standing stocks of hardwoods will be rising in central Europe in the future, it is the declared political will to introduce these resources to a higher extent into the building sector. That is why since the turn of the century more and more funds for hardwood research have been made available. This research together with efforts made by private companies has led to a number of European and German technical approvals for hardwood glulam (oak, beech, sweet chestnut, beech LVL). A further result was the inclusion of the hardwood species beech, oak, maple, ash and poplar into the European standard EN 1912, which allows the use of these hardwoods as solid wood product in construction. Nonetheless, a wide-spread use of these products cannot be witnessed at present. One goal of this dissertation was to identify reasons for this development. Next to market driven causes like a still sufficient availability of softwood and high prices of hardwood products, technological reasons (problems) regarding hardwood glulam and solid wood were identified. In the course of this dissertation, it was aimed to answer some of these technical questions, in order to work towards a more reliable and cost reduced (etc.) hardwood construction product. First, the market and standard situation was identified and put together. The subsequent research was designed to create answers to pressing questions connected to the work field of strength grading. Here, a raised improvement potential was seen. For the six European hardwood species oak, beech, ash, maple, lime and birch the distribution of sawn wood characteristics (of a typical, market available assortment) were determined and the timber availability examined, in order to evaluate the suitability of the species for a wider use in construction. For the species ash and maple, a yield analysis from round wood sections to sorted glulam lamellas was carried out, which pointed out the need for an improved sawing technique (incl. sawing pattern), a faster drying technology and optimized strength grading. When it comes to strength grading, the grain angle is highly correlated with the final tensile strength of the glulam lamella. According to experts on the field, it is not possible to determine the grain angle on hardwoods in a non-destructive way. In the course of this dissertation, it was proven that for five of the six above-mentioned hardwood species (except ash) it is possible to determine the grain angles by machine use. Also, in this field of work falls the topic “size effect”, which was examined for bending, tension and compression parallel to grain (for all six species). Mechanical properties in tension and compression testing perpendicular to grain were examined for ash, maple and beech construction timber. In addition, tension tests on glulam lamellas were carried out and the results correlated with the sorting results. These experiments revealed the unused potentials (in standard strength values) of some of the hardwoods, but also pointed out the difficulties in raising the final yield (i.e. lower production costs).\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Visual and machine strength grading of European ash and maple for glulam application.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kovryga, A.; Schlotzhauer, P.; Stapel, P.; Militz, H.; and van de Kuilen, J. G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Holzforschung, 73(8): 773–787. July 2019.\n
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@article{kovryga_visual_2019,\n\ttitle = {Visual and machine strength grading of {European} ash and maple for glulam application},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {1437-434X, 0018-3830},\n\turl = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/hfsg.ahead-of-print/hf-2018-0142/hf-2018-0142.xml},\n\tdoi = {10.1515/hf-2018-0142},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2019-03-25},\n\tjournal = {Holzforschung},\n\tauthor = {Kovryga, Andriy and Schlotzhauer, Philipp and Stapel, Peter and Militz, Holger and van de Kuilen, Jan-Willem G.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpages = {773--787},\n\tfile = {Kovryga et al. - 2019 - Visual and machine strength grading of European as.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\C9S7IPDD\\\\Kovryga et al. - 2019 - Visual and machine strength grading of European as.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Analysis of Economic Feasibility of Ash and Maple Lamella Production for Glued Laminated Timber.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Schlotzhauer, P.; Kovryga, A.; Emmerich, L.; Bollmus, S.; Van de Kuilen, J.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Forests, 10(7): 529. July 2019.\n
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@article{schlotzhauer_analysis_2019,\n\ttitle = {Analysis of {Economic} {Feasibility} of {Ash} and {Maple} {Lamella} {Production} for {Glued} {Laminated} {Timber}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/7/529},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/f10070529},\n\tabstract = {Background and Objectives: In the near future, in Europe a raised availability of hardwoods is expected. One possible sales market is the building sector, where medium dense European hardwoods could be used as load bearing elements. For the hardwood species beech, oak, and sweet chestnut technical building approvals already allow the production of hardwood glulam. For the species maple and ash this is not possible yet. This paper aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of glulam production from low dimension ash and maple timber from thinnings. Therefore, round wood qualities and the resulting lumber qualities are assessed and final as well as intermediate yields are calculated. Materials and Methods: 81 maple logs and 79 ash logs cut from trees from thinning operations in mixed (beech) forest stands were visually graded, cant sawn, and turned into strength-graded glulam lamellas. The volume yield of each production step was calculated. Results: The highest volume yield losses occur during milling of round wood (around 50\\%) and \\“presorting and planning\\” the dried lumber (56\\–60\\%). Strength grading is another key process in the production process. When grading according to DIN 4074-5 (2008), another 40\\–50\\% volume loss is reported, while combined visual and machine grading only produces 7\\–15\\% rejects. Conclusions: Yield raise potentials were identified especially in the production steps milling, presorting and planning and strength grading.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2019-06-26},\n\tjournal = {Forests},\n\tauthor = {Schlotzhauer, Philipp and Kovryga, Andriy and Emmerich, Lukas and Bollmus, Susanne and Van de Kuilen, Jan-Willem and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {European hardwoods, glulam, low quality round wood, strength grading, volume yield},\n\tpages = {529},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\A4HRNTQP\\\\Schlotzhauer et al. - 2019 - Analysis of Economic Feasibility of Ash and Maple .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\VH2KH8NV\\\\529.html:text/html},\n}\n\n
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\n Background and Objectives: In the near future, in Europe a raised availability of hardwoods is expected. One possible sales market is the building sector, where medium dense European hardwoods could be used as load bearing elements. For the hardwood species beech, oak, and sweet chestnut technical building approvals already allow the production of hardwood glulam. For the species maple and ash this is not possible yet. This paper aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of glulam production from low dimension ash and maple timber from thinnings. Therefore, round wood qualities and the resulting lumber qualities are assessed and final as well as intermediate yields are calculated. Materials and Methods: 81 maple logs and 79 ash logs cut from trees from thinning operations in mixed (beech) forest stands were visually graded, cant sawn, and turned into strength-graded glulam lamellas. The volume yield of each production step was calculated. Results: The highest volume yield losses occur during milling of round wood (around 50%) and “presorting and planning” the dried lumber (56–60%). Strength grading is another key process in the production process. When grading according to DIN 4074-5 (2008), another 40–50% volume loss is reported, while combined visual and machine grading only produces 7–15% rejects. Conclusions: Yield raise potentials were identified especially in the production steps milling, presorting and planning and strength grading.\n
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