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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Proceedings of the 18th Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE).\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Brischke, C.; and Buschalsky, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Göttingen, Germany, September 2022.\n
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@book{brischke_proceedings_2022,\n\taddress = {Göttingen, Germany},\n\ttitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {Meeting} of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE})},\n\tlanguage = {EN},\n\tauthor = {Brischke, C. and Buschalsky, A.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tfile = {Brischke und Buschalsky - 2022 - Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of the Nort.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\maicher\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\NWID8M5Q\\\\Brischke und Buschalsky - 2022 - Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of the Nort.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural characterisation of the variable impregnation of poplar wood.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buschalsky, A.; Löning, S.; Militz, H.; and Koddenberg, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In
Hardwood Conference Proceedings, pages 28–36, Sopron, Hungary, 2022. University of Sopron Press\n
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@inproceedings{buschalsky_structural_2022,\n\taddress = {Sopron, Hungary},\n\ttitle = {Structural characterisation of the variable impregnation of poplar wood},\n\tisbn = {978-963-334-446-0},\n\tlanguage = {EN},\n\tbooktitle = {Hardwood {Conference} {Proceedings}},\n\tpublisher = {University of Sopron Press},\n\tauthor = {Buschalsky, Andreas and Löning, Sophie and Militz, Holger and Koddenberg, Tim},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {28--36},\n}\n\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Biological Durability of Wood–Polymer Composites—The Role of Moisture and Aging.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buschalsky, A.; Brischke, C.; Klein, K. C.; Kilian, T.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Materials, 15(23): 8556. January 2022.\n
Number: 23 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n
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@article{buschalsky_biological_2022,\n\ttitle = {Biological {Durability} of {Wood}–{Polymer} {Composites}—{The} {Role} of {Moisture} and {Aging}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {1996-1944},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/23/8556},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ma15238556},\n\tabstract = {Knowledge about the resistance of wood–polymer composites (WPCs) to biological attack is of high importance for purpose-oriented use in outdoor applications. To gain this knowledge, uniform test methods are essential. EN 15534-1 (2018) provides a general framework, including the recommendation of applying a pre-weathering procedure before the biological laboratory tests. However, the procedure’s manner is not specified, and its necessity assumes that a durability test without such pre-weathering will not produce the structural changes that occur during outdoor use. To verify this assumption, this study examined the influence of natural, ground-level pre-weathering on the material properties of different WPC variants, which were tested at intervals of six months in four durability tests under laboratory conditions in accordance with EN 15534-1 (2018). Weathering factors were calculated from determined characteristic values such as mass loss, and loss in moduli of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR). The weathering factors based on mechanical properties tended to decrease with increasing weathering duration. The expected negative influence of pre-weathering on these material properties was thus not confirmed. The weathering factors based on mass loss were subject to high variation. No significant effect of pre-weathering on mass loss due to fungal attack became evident. Overall, the necessity of a pre-weathering step in biological durability tests shall be questioned based on the presented results.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\turldate = {2022-12-01},\n\tjournal = {Materials},\n\tauthor = {Buschalsky, Andreas and Brischke, Christian and Klein, Kim Christian and Kilian, Thomas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 23\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {durability test, WPC, soft rot, basidiomycetes, EN 15534-1, wood–moisture interaction, biological durability, wood–polymer composites},\n\tpages = {8556},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\maicher\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\7EYDSMN5\\\\Buschalsky et al. - 2022 - Biological Durability of Wood–Polymer Composites—T.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n Knowledge about the resistance of wood–polymer composites (WPCs) to biological attack is of high importance for purpose-oriented use in outdoor applications. To gain this knowledge, uniform test methods are essential. EN 15534-1 (2018) provides a general framework, including the recommendation of applying a pre-weathering procedure before the biological laboratory tests. However, the procedure’s manner is not specified, and its necessity assumes that a durability test without such pre-weathering will not produce the structural changes that occur during outdoor use. To verify this assumption, this study examined the influence of natural, ground-level pre-weathering on the material properties of different WPC variants, which were tested at intervals of six months in four durability tests under laboratory conditions in accordance with EN 15534-1 (2018). Weathering factors were calculated from determined characteristic values such as mass loss, and loss in moduli of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR). The weathering factors based on mechanical properties tended to decrease with increasing weathering duration. The expected negative influence of pre-weathering on these material properties was thus not confirmed. The weathering factors based on mass loss were subject to high variation. No significant effect of pre-weathering on mass loss due to fungal attack became evident. Overall, the necessity of a pre-weathering step in biological durability tests shall be questioned based on the presented results.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Biological Durability of Wood–Polymer Composites—The Role of Moisture and Aging.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buschalsky, A.; Brischke, C.; Klein, K. C.; Kilian, T.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,12. 2022.\n
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@article{buschalsky_biological_2022-1,\n\ttitle = {Biological {Durability} of {Wood}–{Polymer} {Composites}—{The} {Role} of {Moisture} and {Aging}},\n\tabstract = {Knowledge about the resistance of wood–polymer composites (WPCs) to biological attack is of high importance for purpose-oriented use in outdoor applications. To gain this knowledge, uniform test methods are essential. EN 15534-1 (2018) provides a general framework, including the recommendation of applying a pre-weathering procedure before the biological laboratory tests. However, the procedure’s manner is not specified, and its necessity assumes that a durability test without such pre-weathering will not produce the structural changes that occur during outdoor use. To verify this assumption, this study examined the influence of natural, ground-level pre-weathering on the material properties of different WPC variants, which were tested at intervals of six months in four durability tests under laboratory conditions in accordance with EN 15534-1 (2018). Weathering factors were calculated from determined characteristic values such as mass loss, and loss in moduli of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR). The weathering factors based on mechanical properties tended to decrease with increasing weathering duration. The expected negative influence of pre-weathering on these material properties was thus not confirmed. The weathering factors based on mass loss were subject to high variation. No significant effect of pre-weathering on mass loss due to fungal attack became evident. Overall, the necessity of a pre-weathering step in biological durability tests shall be questioned based on the presented results.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tauthor = {Buschalsky, Andreas and Brischke, Christian and Klein, Kim Christian and Kilian, Thomas and Militz, Holger},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {12},\n\tfile = {Buschalsky et al. - 2022 - Biological Durability of Wood–Polymer Composites—T.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\maicher\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\QAEGVNW2\\\\Buschalsky et al. - 2022 - Biological Durability of Wood–Polymer Composites—T.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n Knowledge about the resistance of wood–polymer composites (WPCs) to biological attack is of high importance for purpose-oriented use in outdoor applications. To gain this knowledge, uniform test methods are essential. EN 15534-1 (2018) provides a general framework, including the recommendation of applying a pre-weathering procedure before the biological laboratory tests. However, the procedure’s manner is not specified, and its necessity assumes that a durability test without such pre-weathering will not produce the structural changes that occur during outdoor use. To verify this assumption, this study examined the influence of natural, ground-level pre-weathering on the material properties of different WPC variants, which were tested at intervals of six months in four durability tests under laboratory conditions in accordance with EN 15534-1 (2018). Weathering factors were calculated from determined characteristic values such as mass loss, and loss in moduli of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR). The weathering factors based on mechanical properties tended to decrease with increasing weathering duration. The expected negative influence of pre-weathering on these material properties was thus not confirmed. The weathering factors based on mass loss were subject to high variation. No significant effect of pre-weathering on mass loss due to fungal attack became evident. Overall, the necessity of a pre-weathering step in biological durability tests shall be questioned based on the presented results.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown Gmelina arborea Roxb. Wood.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Olaniran, S. O.; Löning, S.; Buschalsky, A.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Forests, 13(12): 2036. December 2022.\n
Number: 12 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n
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@article{olaniran_impregnation_2022,\n\ttitle = {Impregnation {Properties} of {Nigerian}-{Grown} {Gmelina} arborea {Roxb}. {Wood}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {1999-4907},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/12/2036},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/f13122036},\n\tabstract = {The success of any wood treatment process and the measure of protection conferred on treated wood are determined by the uptake and penetration of the treatment chemicals, in addition to the efficacy of the chemicals used for the treatment. Hence, the level of treatability of wood species should be pre-determined prior to the wood treatment to ensure the overall protection of the treated wood. Gmelina arborea wood, due to its low durability, requires impregnation with chemicals for preservation or chemical modification to enhance its durability. However, more details are required to establish the influence of its anatomy on impregnation to recommend appropriate treatment methods. Therefore, gmelina wood samples were treated under pressure to determine the solution uptake and penetration, while anatomical studies were carried out with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. Variations in stem heights, stem diameters, and samples from other tree stands were considered. The outcome of the study showed that the liquid uptake was generally low for gmelina wood among the selected stands (16–23\\%) and there was no significant difference in stem diameters; meanwhile, penetration was less than 4 mm in the axial direction, and very low in the lateral (radial and tangential) direction. Vessels of gmelina wood have abundant tyloses, while crystalline structures with needlelike shapes are present in a large proportion of the ray parenchyma cells, and are confirmed with SEM-EDX to be made up of calcium oxalate. The low liquid uptake and penetration in gmelina wood suggest that the impregnation of chemicals into its microstructure is next to impossible. Hence, alternative treatment methods other than those involving impregnation with chemicals should be sought to enhance its durability.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2022-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Forests},\n\tauthor = {Olaniran, Samuel Oluyinka and Löning, Sophie and Buschalsky, Andreas and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 12\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {light microscopy, impregnation, anatomy, uptake, Gmelina wood, Nigerian-grown, SEM-EDX},\n\tpages = {2036},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\maicher\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\7NPM3GVN\\\\Olaniran et al. - 2022 - Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown Gmelina .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n
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\n The success of any wood treatment process and the measure of protection conferred on treated wood are determined by the uptake and penetration of the treatment chemicals, in addition to the efficacy of the chemicals used for the treatment. Hence, the level of treatability of wood species should be pre-determined prior to the wood treatment to ensure the overall protection of the treated wood. Gmelina arborea wood, due to its low durability, requires impregnation with chemicals for preservation or chemical modification to enhance its durability. However, more details are required to establish the influence of its anatomy on impregnation to recommend appropriate treatment methods. Therefore, gmelina wood samples were treated under pressure to determine the solution uptake and penetration, while anatomical studies were carried out with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. Variations in stem heights, stem diameters, and samples from other tree stands were considered. The outcome of the study showed that the liquid uptake was generally low for gmelina wood among the selected stands (16–23%) and there was no significant difference in stem diameters; meanwhile, penetration was less than 4 mm in the axial direction, and very low in the lateral (radial and tangential) direction. Vessels of gmelina wood have abundant tyloses, while crystalline structures with needlelike shapes are present in a large proportion of the ray parenchyma cells, and are confirmed with SEM-EDX to be made up of calcium oxalate. The low liquid uptake and penetration in gmelina wood suggest that the impregnation of chemicals into its microstructure is next to impossible. Hence, alternative treatment methods other than those involving impregnation with chemicals should be sought to enhance its durability.\n
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