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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Nanocryotron ripple counter integrated with a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector for megapixel arrays.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Castellani, M.; Medeiros, O.; Foster, R. A; Buzzi, A.; Colangelo, M.; Bienfang, J. C; Restelli, A.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review applied, 22(2): 024020. 8 August 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Castellani2024-di,\n title = "{Nanocryotron ripple counter integrated with a superconducting\n nanowire single-photon detector for megapixel arrays}",\n author = "Castellani, Matteo and Medeiros, Owen and Foster, Reed A and\n Buzzi, Alessandro and Colangelo, Marco and Bienfang, Joshua C and\n Restelli, Alessandro and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Physical review applied",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 22,\n number = 2,\n pages = 024020,\n month = "8~" # aug,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevapplied.22.024020",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A superconducting full-wave bridge rectifier.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Castellani, M.; Medeiros, O.; Buzzi, A.; Foster, R. A; Colangelo, M.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [physics.app-ph]. 17 June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Castellani2024-ck,\n title = "{A superconducting full-wave bridge rectifier}",\n author = "Castellani, Matteo and Medeiros, Owen and Buzzi, Alessandro\n and Foster, Reed A and Colangelo, Marco and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "arXiv [physics.app-ph]",\n abstract = "Superconducting thin-film electronics are attractive for\n their low power consumption, fast operating speeds, and ease\n of interface with cryogenic systems such as single-photon\n detector arrays, and quantum computing devices. However, the\n lack of a reliable superconducting two-terminal asymmetric\n device, analogous to a semiconducting diode, limits the\n development of power-handling circuits, fundamental for\n scaling up these technologies. Existing efforts to date have\n been limited to single-diode proofs of principle and lacked\n integration of multiple controllable and reproducible devices\n to form complex circuits. Here, we demonstrate a robust\n superconducting diode with tunable polarity using the\n asymmetric Bean-Livingston surface barrier in niobium nitride\n micro-bridges, achieving a 43\\% rectification efficiency. We\n then realize and integrate several such diodes into a bridge\n rectifier circuit on a single microchip that performs\n continuous full-wave rectification up to 3 MHz and AC-to-DC\n conversion in burst mode at 50 MHz with an estimated peak\n power efficiency of 60\\%.",\n month = "17~" # jun,\n year = 2024,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "physics.app-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Superconducting thin-film electronics are attractive for their low power consumption, fast operating speeds, and ease of interface with cryogenic systems such as single-photon detector arrays, and quantum computing devices. However, the lack of a reliable superconducting two-terminal asymmetric device, analogous to a semiconducting diode, limits the development of power-handling circuits, fundamental for scaling up these technologies. Existing efforts to date have been limited to single-diode proofs of principle and lacked integration of multiple controllable and reproducible devices to form complex circuits. Here, we demonstrate a robust superconducting diode with tunable polarity using the asymmetric Bean-Livingston surface barrier in niobium nitride micro-bridges, achieving a 43% rectification efficiency. We then realize and integrate several such diodes into a bridge rectifier circuit on a single microchip that performs continuous full-wave rectification up to 3 MHz and AC-to-DC conversion in burst mode at 50 MHz with an estimated peak power efficiency of 60%.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Integrating superconducting single-photon detectors into active photonic circuits.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gyger, S.; Tao, M.; Colangelo, M.; Christen, I.; Larocque, H.; Zichi, J.; Schweickert, L.; Elshaari, A.; Steinhauer, S.; Covre da Silva, S.; Rastelli, A.; Sattari, H.; Chong, G.; Pétremand, Y.; Prieto, I.; Yu, Y.; Ghadimi, A.; Englund, D.; Jons, K.; Zwiller, V.; and Errando Herranz, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Hemmer, P. R; and Migdall, A. L, editor(s), Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation IV, volume 12911, pages 1291102, 13 March 2024. SPIE\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@INPROCEEDINGS{Gyger2024-kd,\n title = "{Integrating superconducting single-photon detectors into active\n photonic circuits}",\n author = "Gyger, Samuel and Tao, Max and Colangelo, Marco and Christen, Ian\n and Larocque, Hugo and Zichi, Julian and Schweickert, Lucas and\n Elshaari, Ali and Steinhauer, Stephan and Covre da Silva, Saimon\n and Rastelli, Armando and Sattari, Hamed and Chong, Gregory and\n P\\'{e}tremand, Yves and Prieto, Ivan and Yu, Yang and Ghadimi,\n Amir and Englund, Dirk and Jons, Klaus and Zwiller, Val and\n Errando Herranz, Carlos",\n editor = "Hemmer, Philip R and Migdall, Alan L",\n booktitle = "{Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation IV}",\n publisher = "SPIE",\n volume = 12911,\n pages = 1291102,\n month = "13~" # mar,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1117/12.3009736"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Integrated quantum photonics with single color centers in silicon.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prabhu, M.; Saggio, V.; De Santis, L.; Gyger, S.; Colangelo, M.; Christen, I.; Panuski, C.; Chen, C.; Raniwala, H.; Ornelas-Huerta, D.; Gerlach, C.; Englund, D. R; and Errando Herranz, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Reed, G. T; and Knights, A. P, editor(s), Silicon Photonics XIX, volume 12891, pages 38–40, 12 March 2024. SPIE\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@INPROCEEDINGS{Prabhu2024-ep,\n title = "{Integrated quantum photonics with single color centers in\n silicon}",\n author = "Prabhu, Mihika and Saggio, Valeria and De Santis, Lorenzo and\n Gyger, Samuel and Colangelo, Marco and Christen, Ian and Panuski,\n Christopher and Chen, Changchen and Raniwala, Hamza and\n Ornelas-Huerta, Dalia and Gerlach, Connor and Englund, Dirk R and\n Errando Herranz, Carlos",\n editor = "Reed, Graham T and Knights, Andrew P",\n booktitle = "{Silicon Photonics XIX}",\n publisher = "SPIE",\n volume = 12891,\n pages = "38--40",\n month = "12~" # mar,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1117/12.3002448"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Parameter extraction for a superconducting thermal switch (hTron) SPICE model.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Karam, V.; Medeiros, O.; Dandachi, T. E.; Castellani, M.; Foster, R.; Colangelo, M.; and Berggren, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [physics.app-ph]. 22 January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Karam2024-ea,\n title = "{Parameter extraction for a superconducting thermal switch\n (hTron) SPICE model}",\n author = "Karam, Valentin and Medeiros, Owen and Dandachi, Tareq El and\n Castellani, Matteo and Foster, Reed and Colangelo, Marco and\n Berggren, Karl",\n journal = "arXiv [physics.app-ph]",\n abstract = "Efficiently simulating large circuits is crucial for the\n broader use of superconducting nanowire-based electronics.\n However, current simulation tools for this technology are not\n adapted to the scaling of circuit size and complexity. We\n focus on the multilayered heater-nanocryotron (hTron), a\n promising superconducting nanowire-based switch used in\n applications such as superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detector (SNSPD) readout. Previously, the hTron was modeled\n using traditional finite-element methods (FEM), which fall\n short in simulating systems at a larger scale. An\n empirical-based method would be better adapted to this task,\n enhancing both simulation speed and agreement with\n experimental data. In this work, we perform switching current\n and activation delay measurements on 17 hTron devices. We\n then develop a method for extracting physical fitting\n parameters used to characterize the devices. We build a SPICE\n behavioral model that reproduces the static and transient\n device behavior using these parameters, and validate it by\n comparing its performance to the model developed in a prior\n work, showing an improvement in simulation time by several\n orders of magnitude. Our model provides circuit designers\n with a tool to help understand the hTron's behavior during\n all design stages, thus promoting broader use of the hTron\n across various new areas of application.",\n month = "22~" # jan,\n year = 2024,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "physics.app-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Efficiently simulating large circuits is crucial for the broader use of superconducting nanowire-based electronics. However, current simulation tools for this technology are not adapted to the scaling of circuit size and complexity. We focus on the multilayered heater-nanocryotron (hTron), a promising superconducting nanowire-based switch used in applications such as superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) readout. Previously, the hTron was modeled using traditional finite-element methods (FEM), which fall short in simulating systems at a larger scale. An empirical-based method would be better adapted to this task, enhancing both simulation speed and agreement with experimental data. In this work, we perform switching current and activation delay measurements on 17 hTron devices. We then develop a method for extracting physical fitting parameters used to characterize the devices. We build a SPICE behavioral model that reproduces the static and transient device behavior using these parameters, and validate it by comparing its performance to the model developed in a prior work, showing an improvement in simulation time by several orders of magnitude. Our model provides circuit designers with a tool to help understand the hTron's behavior during all design stages, thus promoting broader use of the hTron across various new areas of application.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Improvements of readout signal integrity in mid-infrared superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Patel, S. R; Colangelo, M; Beyer, A. D; Taylor, G. G; Allmaras, J; Bumble, B.; Wollman, E; Shaw, M. D; Berggren, K. K; and Korzh, B\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied physics letters, 124(16). 28 January 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Patel2024-bx,\n title = "{Improvements of readout signal integrity in mid-infrared\n superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors}",\n author = "Patel, Sahil R and Colangelo, M and Beyer, Andrew D and Taylor,\n Gregor G and Allmaras, J and Bumble, Bruce and Wollman, E and\n Shaw, Matthew D and Berggren, Karl K and Korzh, B",\n journal = "Applied physics letters",\n publisher = "Aip Publishing",\n volume = 124,\n number = 16,\n abstract = "Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) in the\n mid-infrared (MIR) have the potential to open up numerous\n opportunities in fields such as exoplanet searches, direct dark\n matter detection, physical chemistry, and remote sensing. One\n challenge in pushing SNSPD sensitivity to the MIR is a decrease\n in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the readout signal, as the\n critical currents become increasingly smaller. We overcome this\n trade-off with a device architecture that employs impedance\n matching tapers and superconducting nanowire avalanche\n photodetectors to demonstrate increased SNR while maintaining\n saturated internal detection efficiency at 7.4 $\\mu$m and\n approaching saturation at 10.6 $\\mu$m. This work provides a\n platform for pushing SNSPD sensitivity to longer wavelengths\n while enabling the scalability to large arrays.",\n month = "28~" # jan,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/5.0202626"\n}\n\n\n\n Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) in the mid-infrared (MIR) have the potential to open up numerous opportunities in fields such as exoplanet searches, direct dark matter detection, physical chemistry, and remote sensing. One challenge in pushing SNSPD sensitivity to the MIR is a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the readout signal, as the critical currents become increasingly smaller. We overcome this trade-off with a device architecture that employs impedance matching tapers and superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors to demonstrate increased SNR while maintaining saturated internal detection efficiency at 7.4 $μ$m and approaching saturation at 10.6 $μ$m. This work provides a platform for pushing SNSPD sensitivity to longer wavelengths while enabling the scalability to large arrays.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Scaled photonic interfaces for quantum networking with tin-vacancy color centers.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Christen, I.; Raniwala, H.; Chen, K.; Starling, D.; Harris, I.; Colangelo, M.; Wong, F. N C; Berggren, K.; Hamilton, S.; Benjamin Dixon, P; and Englund, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 5 March 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Christen2024-yt,\n title = "{Scaled photonic interfaces for quantum networking with\n tin-vacancy color centers}",\n author = "Christen, Ian and Raniwala, Hamza and Chen, Kevin and Starling,\n David and Harris, Isaac and Colangelo, Marco and Wong, Franco N C\n and Berggren, Karl and Hamilton, Scott and Benjamin Dixon, P and\n Englund, Dirk",\n journal = "Bulletin of the American Physical Society",\n publisher = "American Physical Society",\n abstract = "In the decade since the first entanglement experiments with\n qubits in diamond, challenges of qubit uniformity, scaled\n interface efficiency, and system cost have mitigated the\n implementation of large-scale diamond-based quantum networks.\n This work addresses these challenges in a threefold manner.(1)\n Automated and parallelized precharacterization facilitates the\n selection of ideal qubits for heterogenous integration into a\n larger system.(2) This system consists of scalable integrated\n photonic circuitry equipped with efficient interfaces for the\n microwave, optical, and strain degrees of freedom of each\n qubit.(3) The choice of tin-vacancy (SnV-) as a qubit increases\n the likelihood of finding suitable qubits for integration in\n emission-based entanglement protocols, along with natively\n enabling operation in 2 kelvin systems which can provide\n sufficient cooling power to sustain many qubits. Together, these\n advances support \\ldots{}",\n month = "5~" # mar,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n In the decade since the first entanglement experiments with qubits in diamond, challenges of qubit uniformity, scaled interface efficiency, and system cost have mitigated the implementation of large-scale diamond-based quantum networks. This work addresses these challenges in a threefold manner.(1) Automated and parallelized precharacterization facilitates the selection of ideal qubits for heterogenous integration into a larger system.(2) This system consists of scalable integrated photonic circuitry equipped with efficient interfaces for the microwave, optical, and strain degrees of freedom of each qubit.(3) The choice of tin-vacancy (SnV-) as a qubit increases the likelihood of finding suitable qubits for integration in emission-based entanglement protocols, along with natively enabling operation in 2 kelvin systems which can provide sufficient cooling power to sustain many qubits. Together, these advances support …\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Single-photon detectors on arbitrary photonic substrates.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tao, M.; Larocque, H.; Gyger, S.; Colangelo, M.; Medeiros, O.; Christen, I.; Sattari, H.; Choong, G.; Petremand, Y.; Prieto, I.; Yu, Y.; Steinhauer, S.; Leake, G. L; Coleman, D. J; Ghadimi, A. H; Fanto, M. L; Zwiller, V.; Englund, D.; and Errando-Herranz, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [quant-ph]. 12 September 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Tao2024-ok,\n title = "{Single-photon detectors on arbitrary photonic substrates}",\n author = "Tao, Max and Larocque, Hugo and Gyger, Samuel and Colangelo,\n Marco and Medeiros, Owen and Christen, Ian and Sattari, Hamed\n and Choong, Gregory and Petremand, Yves and Prieto, Ivan and\n Yu, Yang and Steinhauer, Stephan and Leake, Gerald L and\n Coleman, Daniel J and Ghadimi, Amir H and Fanto, Michael L\n and Zwiller, Val and Englund, Dirk and Errando-Herranz,\n Carlos",\n journal = "arXiv [quant-ph]",\n abstract = "Detecting non-classical light is a central requirement for\n photonics-based quantum technologies. Unrivaled high\n efficiencies and low dark counts have positioned\n superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) as\n the leading detector technology for fiber and integrated\n photonic applications. However, a central challenge lies in\n their integration within photonic integrated circuits\n regardless of material platform or surface topography. Here,\n we introduce a method based on transfer printing that\n overcomes these constraints and allows for the integration of\n SNSPDs onto arbitrary photonic substrates. We prove this by\n integrating SNSPDs and showing through-waveguide\n single-photon detection in commercially manufactured silicon\n and lithium niobate on insulator integrated photonic\n circuits. Our method eliminates bottlenecks to the\n integration of high-quality single-photon detectors, turning\n them into a versatile and accessible building block for\n scalable quantum information processing.",\n month = "12~" # sep,\n year = 2024,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "quant-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Detecting non-classical light is a central requirement for photonics-based quantum technologies. Unrivaled high efficiencies and low dark counts have positioned superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) as the leading detector technology for fiber and integrated photonic applications. However, a central challenge lies in their integration within photonic integrated circuits regardless of material platform or surface topography. Here, we introduce a method based on transfer printing that overcomes these constraints and allows for the integration of SNSPDs onto arbitrary photonic substrates. We prove this by integrating SNSPDs and showing through-waveguide single-photon detection in commercially manufactured silicon and lithium niobate on insulator integrated photonic circuits. Our method eliminates bottlenecks to the integration of high-quality single-photon detectors, turning them into a versatile and accessible building block for scalable quantum information processing.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Localized topological states beyond Fano resonances via counter-propagating wave mode conversion in piezoelectric microelectromechanical devices.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n De Ponti, J. M; Zhao, X.; Iorio, L.; Maggioli, T.; Colangelo, M.; Davaji, B.; Ardito, R.; Craster, R. V; and Cassella, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature communications, 15(1): 9617. 7 November 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{De-Ponti2024-at,\n title = "{Localized topological states beyond Fano resonances via\n counter-propagating wave mode conversion in piezoelectric\n microelectromechanical devices}",\n author = "De Ponti, Jacopo M and Zhao, Xuanyi and Iorio, Luca and Maggioli,\n Tommaso and Colangelo, Marco and Davaji, Benyamin and Ardito,\n Raffaele and Craster, Richard V and Cassella, Cristian",\n journal = "Nature communications",\n publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",\n volume = 15,\n number = 1,\n pages = 9617,\n abstract = "A variety of scientific fields like proteomics and spintronics\n have created a new demand for on-chip devices capable of sensing\n parameters localized within a few tens of micrometers. Nano and\n microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) are extensively\n employed for monitoring parameters that exert uniform forces over\n hundreds of micrometers or more, such as acceleration, pressure,\n and magnetic fields. However, they can show significantly\n degraded sensing performance when targeting more localized\n parameters, like the mass of a single cell. To address this\n challenge, we present a MEMS device that leverages the\n destructive interference of two topological radiofrequency (RF)\n counter-propagating wave modes along a piezoelectric Aluminum\n Scandium Nitride (AlScN) Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) interface.\n The reported MEMS device opens up opportunities for further\n purposes, including achieving more stable frequency sources for\n communication and timing applications.",\n month = "7~" # nov,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41467-024-53925-8",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n A variety of scientific fields like proteomics and spintronics have created a new demand for on-chip devices capable of sensing parameters localized within a few tens of micrometers. Nano and microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) are extensively employed for monitoring parameters that exert uniform forces over hundreds of micrometers or more, such as acceleration, pressure, and magnetic fields. However, they can show significantly degraded sensing performance when targeting more localized parameters, like the mass of a single cell. To address this challenge, we present a MEMS device that leverages the destructive interference of two topological radiofrequency (RF) counter-propagating wave modes along a piezoelectric Aluminum Scandium Nitride (AlScN) Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) interface. The reported MEMS device opens up opportunities for further purposes, including achieving more stable frequency sources for communication and timing applications.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cavity-enhanced single artificial atoms in silicon.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saggio, V.; Errando-Herranz, C.; Gyger, S.; Panuski, C.; Prabhu, M.; De Santis, L.; Christen, I.; Ornelas-Huerta, D.; Raniwala, H.; Gerlach, C.; Colangelo, M.; and Englund, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature communications, 15(1): 5296. 21 June 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Saggio2024-nw,\n title = "{Cavity-enhanced single artificial atoms in silicon}",\n author = "Saggio, Valeria and Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Gyger, Samuel and\n Panuski, Christopher and Prabhu, Mihika and De Santis, Lorenzo\n and Christen, Ian and Ornelas-Huerta, Dalia and Raniwala, Hamza\n and Gerlach, Connor and Colangelo, Marco and Englund, Dirk",\n journal = "Nature communications",\n publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",\n volume = 15,\n number = 1,\n pages = 5296,\n abstract = "Artificial atoms in solids are leading candidates for quantum\n networks, scalable quantum computing, and sensing, as they\n combine long-lived spins with mobile photonic qubits. Recently,\n silicon has emerged as a promising host material where artificial\n atoms with long spin coherence times and emission into the\n telecommunications band can be controllably fabricated. This\n field leverages the maturity of silicon photonics to embed\n artificial atoms into the world's most advanced microelectronics\n and photonics platform. However, a current bottleneck is the\n naturally weak emission rate of these atoms, which can be\n addressed by coupling to an optical cavity. Here, we demonstrate\n cavity-enhanced single artificial atoms in silicon (G-centers) at\n telecommunication wavelengths. Our results show enhancement of\n their zero phonon line intensities along with highly pure\n single-photon emission, while their lifetime remains\n statistically unchanged. We suggest the possibility of two\n different existing types of G-centers, shedding new light on the\n properties of silicon emitters.",\n month = "21~" # jun,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41467-024-49302-0",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Artificial atoms in solids are leading candidates for quantum networks, scalable quantum computing, and sensing, as they combine long-lived spins with mobile photonic qubits. Recently, silicon has emerged as a promising host material where artificial atoms with long spin coherence times and emission into the telecommunications band can be controllably fabricated. This field leverages the maturity of silicon photonics to embed artificial atoms into the world's most advanced microelectronics and photonics platform. However, a current bottleneck is the naturally weak emission rate of these atoms, which can be addressed by coupling to an optical cavity. Here, we demonstrate cavity-enhanced single artificial atoms in silicon (G-centers) at telecommunication wavelengths. Our results show enhancement of their zero phonon line intensities along with highly pure single-photon emission, while their lifetime remains statistically unchanged. We suggest the possibility of two different existing types of G-centers, shedding new light on the properties of silicon emitters.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Coherent Optical Driving of a Superconducting Qubit with an Electro-Optic Transducer.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Warner, H. K; Holzgrafe, J.; Yankelevich, B.; Barton, D.; Poletto, S.; Xin, C J; Sinclair, N.; Zhu, D.; Sete, E.; Langley, B.; Batson, E.; Colangelo, M.; Shams-Ansari, A.; Joe, G.; Berggren, K. K; Jiang, L.; Reagor, M.; and Lončar, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,ATh4G. 2. 5 May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Warner2024-nc,\n title = "{Coherent Optical Driving of a Superconducting Qubit with an\n Electro-Optic Transducer}",\n author = "Warner, Hana K and Holzgrafe, Jeffrey and Yankelevich, Beatriz\n and Barton, David and Poletto, Stefano and Xin, C J and Sinclair,\n Neil and Zhu, Di and Sete, Eyob and Langley, Brandon and Batson,\n Emma and Colangelo, Marco and Shams-Ansari, Amirhassan and Joe,\n Graham and Berggren, Karl K and Jiang, Liang and Reagor, Matthew\n and Lon\\v{c}ar, Marko",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "ATh4G. 2",\n abstract = "We describe coherent optical control of a superconducting qubit\n with an electro-optic transducer as a step towards enabling\n optical interconnects between superconducting processor nodes.",\n month = "5~" # may,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We describe coherent optical control of a superconducting qubit with an electro-optic transducer as a step towards enabling optical interconnects between superconducting processor nodes.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Single-photon detection using large-scale high-temperature MgB2 sensors at 20 K.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Charaev, I.; Batson, E. K; Cherednichenko, S.; Reidy, K.; Drakinskiy, V.; Yu, Y.; Lara-Avila, S.; Thomsen, J. D; Colangelo, M.; Incalza, F.; Ilin, K.; Schilling, A.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature communications, 15(1): 3973. 10 May 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Charaev2024-in,\n title = "{Single-photon detection using large-scale high-temperature MgB2\n sensors at 20 K}",\n author = "Charaev, Ilya and Batson, Emma K and Cherednichenko, Sergey and\n Reidy, Kate and Drakinskiy, Vladimir and Yu, Yang and Lara-Avila,\n Samuel and Thomsen, Joachim D and Colangelo, Marco and Incalza,\n Francesca and Ilin, Konstantin and Schilling, Andreas and\n Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Nature communications",\n publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",\n volume = 15,\n number = 1,\n pages = 3973,\n abstract = "Ultra-fast single-photon detectors with high current density and\n operating temperature can benefit space and ground applications,\n including quantum optical communication systems, lightweight\n cryogenics for space crafts, and medical use. Here we demonstrate\n magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin-film superconducting microwires\n capable of single-photon detection at 1.55 $\\mu$m optical\n wavelength. We used helium ions to alter the properties of MgB2,\n resulting in microwire-based detectors exhibiting single-photon\n sensitivity across a broad temperature range of up to 20 K, and\n detection efficiency saturation for 1 $\\mu$m wide microwires at\n 3.7 K. Linearity of detection rate vs incident power was\n preserved up to at least 100 Mcps. Despite the large active area\n of up to 400 \\texttimes{} 400 $\\mu$m2, the reset time was found\n to be as low as ~ 1 ns. Our research provides possibilities for\n breaking the operating temperature limit and maximum single-pixel\n count rate, expanding the detector area, and raises inquiries\n about the fundamental mechanisms of single-photon detection in\n high-critical-temperature superconductors.",\n month = "10~" # may,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41467-024-47353-x",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Ultra-fast single-photon detectors with high current density and operating temperature can benefit space and ground applications, including quantum optical communication systems, lightweight cryogenics for space crafts, and medical use. Here we demonstrate magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin-film superconducting microwires capable of single-photon detection at 1.55 $μ$m optical wavelength. We used helium ions to alter the properties of MgB2, resulting in microwire-based detectors exhibiting single-photon sensitivity across a broad temperature range of up to 20 K, and detection efficiency saturation for 1 $μ$m wide microwires at 3.7 K. Linearity of detection rate vs incident power was preserved up to at least 100 Mcps. Despite the large active area of up to 400 × 400 $μ$m2, the reset time was found to be as low as 1 ns. Our research provides possibilities for breaking the operating temperature limit and maximum single-pixel count rate, expanding the detector area, and raises inquiries about the fundamental mechanisms of single-photon detection in high-critical-temperature superconductors.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Molybdenum silicide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors on lithium niobate waveguides.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Zhu, D.; Shao, L.; Holzgrafe, J.; Batson, E. K; Desiatov, B.; Medeiros, O.; Yeung, M.; Loncar, M.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ACS photonics, 11(2): 356–361. 21 February 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2024-fg,\n title = "{Molybdenum silicide superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detectors on lithium niobate waveguides}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Zhu, Di and Shao, Linbo and Holzgrafe,\n Jeffrey and Batson, Emma K and Desiatov, Boris and Medeiros, Owen\n and Yeung, Matthew and Loncar, Marko and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "ACS photonics",\n publisher = "American Chemical Society (ACS)",\n volume = 11,\n number = 2,\n pages = "356--361",\n month = "21~" # feb,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01628",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Effects of helium ion exposure on the single-photon sensitivity of MgB$_{$_2$}$ and NbN detectors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Batson, E.; Incalza, F.; Castellani, M.; Colangelo, M.; Charaev, I.; Schilling, A.; Cherednichenko, S.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity: a publication of the IEEE Superconductivity Committee, 34(7): 1–6. 1 October 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Batson2024-nn,\n title = "{Effects of helium ion exposure on the single-photon sensitivity\n of {MgB}$_{$\\_{2}$}$ and NbN detectors}",\n author = "Batson, Emma and Incalza, Francesca and Castellani, Matteo and\n Colangelo, Marco and Charaev, Ilya and Schilling, Andreas and\n Cherednichenko, Sergey and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity: a publication of\n the IEEE Superconductivity Committee",\n publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)",\n volume = 34,\n number = 7,\n pages = "1--6",\n abstract = "Improving the scalability, reproducibility, and operating\n temperature of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors\n (SNSPDs) has been a major research goal since the devices were\n first proposed. The recent innovation of helium-ion irradiation\n as a postprocessing technique for SNSPDs could enable high\n detection efficiencies to be more easily reproducible, but is\n still poorly understood. In addition, fabricating detectors at\n micron-wide scales from high-$T_{c}$ materials could improve\n scalability and operating temperature, respectively. At the same\n time, fabrication of successful devices in wide wires and from\n higher-$T_{c}$ materials like magnesium diboride has proven\n challenging. In this work, we compare helium ion irradiation in\n niobium nitride and magnesium diboride detectors with different\n material stacks in order to better understand the mechanics of\n irradiation and practical implications of encapsulating layers on\n effective dose. We examine the effects of experimental effective\n dose tests and compare these results to the damage per ion\n predicted by simulations in corresponding material stacks. In\n both materials, irradiation results in an increase in count rate,\n though for niobium nitride this increase has not fully saturated\n even at the highest tested dose of $2.6\\times 10^{17}$\n ions/cm$^{2}$, while for resist-encapsulated magnesium diboride\n even the lowest tested dose of $1\\times 10^{15}$ ions/cm$^{2}$\n appears higher than optimal. Our results demonstrate the general\n applicability of helium ion irradiation to vastly different\n devices and material stacks, albeit with differing optimal doses,\n and show the reproducibility and effectiveness of this\n postprocessing technique in significantly improving SNSPD\n efficiency.",\n month = "1~" # oct,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1109/tasc.2024.3425158"\n}\n\n\n\n Improving the scalability, reproducibility, and operating temperature of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) has been a major research goal since the devices were first proposed. The recent innovation of helium-ion irradiation as a postprocessing technique for SNSPDs could enable high detection efficiencies to be more easily reproducible, but is still poorly understood. In addition, fabricating detectors at micron-wide scales from high-$T_{c}$ materials could improve scalability and operating temperature, respectively. At the same time, fabrication of successful devices in wide wires and from higher-$T_{c}$ materials like magnesium diboride has proven challenging. In this work, we compare helium ion irradiation in niobium nitride and magnesium diboride detectors with different material stacks in order to better understand the mechanics of irradiation and practical implications of encapsulating layers on effective dose. We examine the effects of experimental effective dose tests and compare these results to the damage per ion predicted by simulations in corresponding material stacks. In both materials, irradiation results in an increase in count rate, though for niobium nitride this increase has not fully saturated even at the highest tested dose of $2.6× 10^{17}$ ions/cm$^{2}$, while for resist-encapsulated magnesium diboride even the lowest tested dose of $1× 10^{15}$ ions/cm$^{2}$ appears higher than optimal. Our results demonstrate the general applicability of helium ion irradiation to vastly different devices and material stacks, albeit with differing optimal doses, and show the reproducibility and effectiveness of this postprocessing technique in significantly improving SNSPD efficiency.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A scalable cavity-based spin-photon interface in a photonic integrated circuit.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chen, K. C; Christen, I.; Raniwala, H.; Colangelo, M.; De Santis, L.; Shtyrkova, K.; Starling, D.; Murphy, R.; Li, L.; Berggren, K.; Dixon, P B.; Trusheim, M.; and Englund, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [quant-ph], (2): 124–132. 28 February 2024.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Chen2024-sb,\n title = "{A scalable cavity-based spin-photon interface in a photonic\n integrated circuit}",\n author = "Chen, Kevin C and Christen, Ian and Raniwala, Hamza and\n Colangelo, Marco and De Santis, Lorenzo and Shtyrkova, Katia\n and Starling, David and Murphy, Ryan and Li, Linsen and\n Berggren, Karl and Dixon, P Benjamin and Trusheim, Matthew\n and Englund, Dirk",\n journal = "arXiv [quant-ph]",\n number = 2,\n pages = "124--132",\n abstract = "A central challenge in quantum networking is transferring\n quantum states between different physical modalities, such as\n between flying photonic qubits and stationary quantum\n memories. One implementation entails using spin-photon\n interfaces that combine solid-state spin qubits, such as\n color centers in diamond, with photonic nanostructures.\n However, while high-fidelity spin-photon interactions have\n been demonstrated on isolated devices, building practical\n quantum repeaters requires scaling to large numbers of\n interfaces yet to be realized. Here, we demonstrate\n integration of nanophotonic cavities containing tin-vacancy\n (SnV) centers in a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). Out of\n a six-channel quantum micro-chiplet (QMC), we find four\n coupled SnV-cavity devices with an average Purcell factor of\n ~7. Based on system analyses and numerical simulations, we\n find with near-term improvements this multiplexed\n architecture can enable high-fidelity quantum state transfer,\n paving the way towards building large-scale quantum\n repeaters.",\n month = "28~" # feb,\n year = 2024,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "quant-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n A central challenge in quantum networking is transferring quantum states between different physical modalities, such as between flying photonic qubits and stationary quantum memories. One implementation entails using spin-photon interfaces that combine solid-state spin qubits, such as color centers in diamond, with photonic nanostructures. However, while high-fidelity spin-photon interactions have been demonstrated on isolated devices, building practical quantum repeaters requires scaling to large numbers of interfaces yet to be realized. Here, we demonstrate integration of nanophotonic cavities containing tin-vacancy (SnV) centers in a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). Out of a six-channel quantum micro-chiplet (QMC), we find four coupled SnV-cavity devices with an average Purcell factor of 7. Based on system analyses and numerical simulations, we find with near-term improvements this multiplexed architecture can enable high-fidelity quantum state transfer, paving the way towards building large-scale quantum repeaters.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Current state of mid-infrared superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wollman, E. E; Taylor, G.; Patel, S.; Bumble, B.; Korzh, B.; Colangelo, M.; Paul, D. J.; van Berkel, S.; Walter, A.; Allmaras, J.; and Others\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In X-Ray, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy XI, pages PC1310306, 28 August 2024. SPIE\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@INPROCEEDINGS{Wollman2024-nm,\n title = "{Current state of mid-infrared superconducting nanowire\n single-photon detectors}",\n author = "Wollman, Emma E and Taylor, Gregor and Patel, Sahil and Bumble,\n Bruce and Korzh, Boris and Colangelo, Marco and Paul, Dip Joti\n and van Berkel, Sven and Walter, Alexander and Allmaras, Jason\n and {Others}",\n booktitle = "{X-Ray, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy XI}",\n publisher = "SPIE",\n institution = "SPIE",\n pages = "PC1310306",\n abstract = "Multiple space missions currently under study require\n high-performing detectors at mid-infrared wavelengths from 2 to\n 20 $\\mathrm{\\mu}$m. However, the future availability of the IBC\n detectors used for JWST is in doubt, and HgCdTe detectors have\n difficulties at longer wavelengths. Superconducting detectors\n are therefore being considered as a solution to fill this\n technology gap. Superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detectors (SNSPDs) are particularly advantageous, because they\n are true photon-counting detectors with digital-like output\n signals and low dark count rates. These features make them very\n stable for applications like exoplanet transit spectroscopy and\n able to operate in photon-starved environments for applications\n like nulling interferometry. We have recently demonstrated\n SNSPDs with high internal detection efficiency at wavelengths\n as long as 29 $\\mathrm{\\mu}$m. This talk will provide an\n overview of the current state of mid-IR SNSPDs and lay out the\n future steps needed to adapt them for exoplanet science\n missions.",\n month = "28~" # aug,\n year = 2024,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1117/12.3019299"\n}\n\n\n\n Multiple space missions currently under study require high-performing detectors at mid-infrared wavelengths from 2 to 20 $µ$m. However, the future availability of the IBC detectors used for JWST is in doubt, and HgCdTe detectors have difficulties at longer wavelengths. Superconducting detectors are therefore being considered as a solution to fill this technology gap. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are particularly advantageous, because they are true photon-counting detectors with digital-like output signals and low dark count rates. These features make them very stable for applications like exoplanet transit spectroscopy and able to operate in photon-starved environments for applications like nulling interferometry. We have recently demonstrated SNSPDs with high internal detection efficiency at wavelengths as long as 29 $µ$m. This talk will provide an overview of the current state of mid-IR SNSPDs and lay out the future steps needed to adapt them for exoplanet science missions.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A superconducting nanowire binary shift register.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Foster, R. A; Castellani, M.; Buzzi, A.; Medeiros, O; Colangelo, M; and Berggren, K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied physics letters, 122(15). 9 February 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Foster2023-bc,\n title = "{A superconducting nanowire binary shift register}",\n author = "Foster, Reed A and Castellani, Matteo and Buzzi, Alessandro and\n Medeiros, O and Colangelo, M and Berggren, K",\n journal = "Applied physics letters",\n publisher = "AIP Publishing",\n volume = 122,\n number = 15,\n abstract = "We present a design for a superconducting nanowire binary shift\n register, which stores digital states in the form of circulating\n supercurrents in high-kinetic-inductance loops. Adjacent\n superconducting loops are connected with nanocryotrons,\n three-terminal electrothermal switches, and fed with an\n alternating two-phase clock to synchronously transfer the digital\n state between the loops. A two-loop serial-input shift register\n was fabricated with thin-film NbN and a bit error rate of less\n than 10-4 was achieved, when operated at a maximum clock\n frequency of [Formula: see text] and in an out-of-plane magnetic\n field of up to [Formula: see text]. A shift register based on\n this technology offers an integrated solution for low-power\n readout of superconducting nanowire single photon detector arrays\n and is capable of interfacing directly with room-temperature\n electronics and operating unshielded in high magnetic field\n environments.",\n month = "9~" # feb,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/5.0144685"\n}\n\n\n\n We present a design for a superconducting nanowire binary shift register, which stores digital states in the form of circulating supercurrents in high-kinetic-inductance loops. Adjacent superconducting loops are connected with nanocryotrons, three-terminal electrothermal switches, and fed with an alternating two-phase clock to synchronously transfer the digital state between the loops. A two-loop serial-input shift register was fabricated with thin-film NbN and a bit error rate of less than 10-4 was achieved, when operated at a maximum clock frequency of [Formula: see text] and in an out-of-plane magnetic field of up to [Formula: see text]. A shift register based on this technology offers an integrated solution for low-power readout of superconducting nanowire single photon detector arrays and is capable of interfacing directly with room-temperature electronics and operating unshielded in high magnetic field environments.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Coherent control of a superconducting qubit using light.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Warner, H. K; Holzgrafe, J.; Yankelevich, B.; Barton, D.; Poletto, S.; Xin, C J; Sinclair, N.; Zhu, D.; Sete, E.; Langley, B.; Batson, E.; Colangelo, M.; Shams-Ansari, A.; Joe, G.; Berggren, K. K; Jiang, L.; Reagor, M.; and Loncar, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [quant-ph]. 24 October 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Warner2023-zy,\n title = "{Coherent control of a superconducting qubit using light}",\n author = "Warner, Hana K and Holzgrafe, Jeffrey and Yankelevich,\n Beatriz and Barton, David and Poletto, Stefano and Xin, C J\n and Sinclair, Neil and Zhu, Di and Sete, Eyob and Langley,\n Brandon and Batson, Emma and Colangelo, Marco and\n Shams-Ansari, Amirhassan and Joe, Graham and Berggren, Karl K\n and Jiang, Liang and Reagor, Matthew and Loncar, Marko",\n journal = "arXiv [quant-ph]",\n abstract = "Quantum science and technology promise the realization of a\n powerful computational resource that relies on a network of\n quantum processors connected with low loss and low noise\n communication channels capable of distributing entangled\n states [1,2]. While superconducting microwave qubits (3-8\n GHz) operating in cryogenic environments have emerged as\n promising candidates for quantum processor nodes due to their\n strong Josephson nonlinearity and low loss [3], the\n information between spatially separated processor nodes will\n likely be carried at room temperature via telecommunication\n photons (200 THz) propagating in low loss optical fibers.\n Transduction of quantum information [4-10] between these\n disparate frequencies is therefore critical to leverage the\n advantages of each platform by interfacing quantum resources.\n Here, we demonstrate coherent optical control of a\n superconducting qubit. We achieve this by developing a\n microwave-optical quantum transducer that operates with up to\n 1.18\\% conversion efficiency (1.16\\% cooperativity) and\n demonstrate optically-driven Rabi oscillations (2.27 MHz) in\n a superconducting qubit without impacting qubit coherence\n times (800 ns). Finally, we discuss outlooks towards using\n the transducer to network quantum processor nodes.",\n month = "24~" # oct,\n year = 2023,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "quant-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Quantum science and technology promise the realization of a powerful computational resource that relies on a network of quantum processors connected with low loss and low noise communication channels capable of distributing entangled states [1,2]. While superconducting microwave qubits (3-8 GHz) operating in cryogenic environments have emerged as promising candidates for quantum processor nodes due to their strong Josephson nonlinearity and low loss [3], the information between spatially separated processor nodes will likely be carried at room temperature via telecommunication photons (200 THz) propagating in low loss optical fibers. Transduction of quantum information [4-10] between these disparate frequencies is therefore critical to leverage the advantages of each platform by interfacing quantum resources. Here, we demonstrate coherent optical control of a superconducting qubit. We achieve this by developing a microwave-optical quantum transducer that operates with up to 1.18% conversion efficiency (1.16% cooperativity) and demonstrate optically-driven Rabi oscillations (2.27 MHz) in a superconducting qubit without impacting qubit coherence times (800 ns). Finally, we discuss outlooks towards using the transducer to network quantum processor nodes.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Transfer-Printed Single-Photon Detectors on Arbitrary Photonic Substrates.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Errando-Herranz, C.; Gyger, S.; Tao, M.; Colangelo, M.; Christen, I.; Larocque, H.; Sattari, H.; Choong, G.; Petremand, Y.; Prieto, I.; Yu, Y.; Steinhauer, S.; Ghadimi, A. H; Zwiller, V.; and Englund, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,1–2. 7 May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Errando-Herranz2023-uf,\n title = "{Transfer-Printed Single-Photon Detectors on Arbitrary Photonic\n Substrates}",\n author = "Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Gyger, Samuel and Tao, Max and\n Colangelo, Marco and Christen, Ian and Larocque, Hugo and\n Sattari, Hamed and Choong, Gregory and Petremand, Yves and\n Prieto, Ivan and Yu, Yang and Steinhauer, Stephan and Ghadimi,\n Amir H and Zwiller, Val and Englund, Dirk",\n publisher = "IEEE",\n pages = "1--2",\n abstract = "We demonstrate the integration of superconducting single-photon\n detectors onto arbitrary photonic substrates via transfer\n printing. Using this method, we show single-photon detection in a\n lithium niobate on insulator photonic circuit.",\n month = "7~" # may,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate the integration of superconducting single-photon detectors onto arbitrary photonic substrates via transfer printing. Using this method, we show single-photon detection in a lithium niobate on insulator photonic circuit.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Reduced ITO for transparent superconducting electronics.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Batson, E.; Colangelo, M.; Simonaitis, J.; Gebremeskel, E.; Medeiros, O.; Saravanapavanantham, M.; Bulovic, V.; Keathley, P D.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Superconductor science & technology, 36(5): 055009. 1 May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Batson2023-ww,\n title = "{Reduced ITO for transparent superconducting electronics}",\n author = "Batson, Emma and Colangelo, Marco and Simonaitis, John and\n Gebremeskel, Eyosias and Medeiros, Owen and Saravanapavanantham,\n Mayuran and Bulovic, Vladimir and Keathley, P Donald and\n Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Superconductor science \\& technology",\n publisher = "IOP Publishing",\n volume = 36,\n number = 5,\n pages = 055009,\n abstract = "Abstract Absorption of light in superconducting electronics is a\n major limitation on the quality of circuit architectures that\n integrate optical components with superconducting components. A\n 10 nm thick film of a typical superconducting material like\n niobium can absorb over half of any incident optical radiation.\n Instead, we propose using superconductors that are transparent to\n the wavelengths used elsewhere in the system. In this paper, we\n investigated reduced indium tin oxide (ITO) as a potential\n transparent superconductor for electronics. We fabricated and\n characterized superconducting wires of reduced ITO. We also\n showed that a 10 n m thick film of this material would only\n absorb about 1\\%--20\\% of light between 500 and 1700 nm.",\n month = "1~" # may,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1088/1361-6668/acc280"\n}\n\n\n\n Abstract Absorption of light in superconducting electronics is a major limitation on the quality of circuit architectures that integrate optical components with superconducting components. A 10 nm thick film of a typical superconducting material like niobium can absorb over half of any incident optical radiation. Instead, we propose using superconductors that are transparent to the wavelengths used elsewhere in the system. In this paper, we investigated reduced indium tin oxide (ITO) as a potential transparent superconductor for electronics. We fabricated and characterized superconducting wires of reduced ITO. We also showed that a 10 n m thick film of this material would only absorb about 1%–20% of light between 500 and 1700 nm.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Effect of temperature oscillations on kinetic inductance and depairing in thin and narrow superconducting nanowire resonators.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Allmaras, J. P; Kozorezov, A. G; Colangelo, M.; Korzh, B. A; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review. B, 107(10): 104520. 30 March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Allmaras2023-zy,\n title = "{Effect of temperature oscillations on kinetic inductance and\n depairing in thin and narrow superconducting nanowire resonators}",\n author = "Allmaras, Jason P and Kozorezov, Alexander G and Colangelo, Marco\n and Korzh, Boris A and Shaw, Matthew D and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Physical review. B",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 107,\n number = 10,\n pages = 104520,\n month = "30~" # mar,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevb.107.104520",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cavity-based Diamond Spin-Photon Interface in Photonic Integrated Circuits.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chen, K. C; Christen, I.; Raniwala, H.; Colangelo, M.; Berggren, K.; Englund, D.; Ben Dixon, P; Zhang, X.; Starling, D.; Shtyrkova, K.; Kharas, D.; Murphy, R.; and Hamilton, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . January 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Chen2023-ml,\n title = "{Cavity-based Diamond Spin-Photon Interface in Photonic\n Integrated Circuits}",\n author = "Chen, Kevin C and Christen, Ian and Raniwala, Hamza and\n Colangelo, Marco and Berggren, Karl and Englund, Dirk and Ben\n Dixon, P and Zhang, Xingyu and Starling, David and Shtyrkova,\n Katia and Kharas, David and Murphy, Ryan and Hamilton, Scott",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n abstract = "We demonstrate heterogeneous integration of solid-state\n nanophotonic cavities into a scalable photonic platform as an\n efficient optical interface for quantum memories based on diamond\n color centers.",\n month = jan,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate heterogeneous integration of solid-state nanophotonic cavities into a scalable photonic platform as an efficient optical interface for quantum memories based on diamond color centers.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Towards efficient electro-optic transduction in thin film lithium niobate.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Warner, H.; Holzgrafe, J.; Barton, D.; Xin, C.; Zhu, D.; Shams-Ansari, A.; Batson, E.; Colangelo, M.; Joe, G.; Sinclair, N.; Berggren, K.; Loncar, M.; John A. Paulson School of Engineering; Division of Physics, Mathematics; and Astronomy\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). Supplement, 2023: Z65.010. 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Warner2023-hh,\n title = "{Towards efficient electro-optic transduction in thin film lithium\n niobate}",\n author = "Warner, Hana and Holzgrafe, Jeffrey and Barton, David and Xin, Cj\n and Zhu, Di and Shams-Ansari, Amirhassan and Batson, Emma and\n Colangelo, Marco and Joe, Graham and Sinclair, Neil and Berggren,\n Karl and Loncar, Marko and {John A. Paulson School of Engineering}\n and {Division of Physics, Mathematics} and {Astronomy}",\n journal = "Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). Supplement",\n volume = 2023,\n pages = "Z65.010",\n abstract = "Promising qubit technologies couple to electromagnetic waves with\n frequencies that span five orders of magnitude. For example,\n superconducting microwave circuits and trapped atoms couple to\n microwave and optical transitions, respectively. Transduction of\n quantum information between these disparate frequencies is\n therefore critical to interface quantum resources and leverage\n advantages different platforms. Moreover, this allows\n cryogenically cooled superconducting qubits to be coupled to\n optical qubits which operate at room temperature and travel long\n distances by low-loss fibers. Cavity electro-optics is a promising\n approach for transduction between microwave and optical quanta due\n to a wide transduction bandwidth as well as potential for highly\n efficient and low noise operation. We present a cavity\n electro-optic transducer in thin film lithium niobate, a material\n platform that provides a strong nonlinearity and low optical loss.\n On-chip efficiencies over .7\\% and with a bandwidth larger than\n 100MHz is demonstrated. Finally, we describe how efficiencies\n exceeding 10\\% can be achieved and discuss the potential of our\n transducer to be interfaced with commercially available\n superconducting qubits. Air Force Research Laboratory (RCP06360);\n National Science Foundation (NSF) (DGE1745303.1541959,\n ECCS-1839197, ECCS-1541959); Office of Naval Research (ONR) MURI\n Award Number N00014-15-1-2761; Natural Sciences and Engineering\n Research Council of Canada (NSERC); AQT Intelligent Quantum\n Networks and Technologies (INQNET) research program; Harvard\n Quantum Initiative (HQI); Harvard Center for Nanoscale Systems\n (CNS); DOE/HEP QuantISED program Grant, QCCFP (Quantum\n Communication Channels for Fundamental Physics), Award Number\n DE-SC0019219; intelligence community postdoctoral fellowship.",\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Promising qubit technologies couple to electromagnetic waves with frequencies that span five orders of magnitude. For example, superconducting microwave circuits and trapped atoms couple to microwave and optical transitions, respectively. Transduction of quantum information between these disparate frequencies is therefore critical to interface quantum resources and leverage advantages different platforms. Moreover, this allows cryogenically cooled superconducting qubits to be coupled to optical qubits which operate at room temperature and travel long distances by low-loss fibers. Cavity electro-optics is a promising approach for transduction between microwave and optical quanta due to a wide transduction bandwidth as well as potential for highly efficient and low noise operation. We present a cavity electro-optic transducer in thin film lithium niobate, a material platform that provides a strong nonlinearity and low optical loss. On-chip efficiencies over .7% and with a bandwidth larger than 100MHz is demonstrated. Finally, we describe how efficiencies exceeding 10% can be achieved and discuss the potential of our transducer to be interfaced with commercially available superconducting qubits. Air Force Research Laboratory (RCP06360); National Science Foundation (NSF) (DGE1745303.1541959, ECCS-1839197, ECCS-1541959); Office of Naval Research (ONR) MURI Award Number N00014-15-1-2761; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); AQT Intelligent Quantum Networks and Technologies (INQNET) research program; Harvard Quantum Initiative (HQI); Harvard Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS); DOE/HEP QuantISED program Grant, QCCFP (Quantum Communication Channels for Fundamental Physics), Award Number DE-SC0019219; intelligence community postdoctoral fellowship.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cavity-Enhanced Single-Photon Emission from Artificial Atoms in Silicon.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Saggio, V.; Errando-Herranz, C.; Gyger, S.; Gerlach, C.; Panuski, C.; Prabhu, M.; De Santis, L.; Ornelas-Huerta, D.; Christen, I.; Raniwala, H.; Colangelo, M.; and Englund, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,SM3P. 1. 7 May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Saggio2023-af,\n title = "{Cavity-Enhanced Single-Photon Emission from Artificial Atoms in\n Silicon}",\n author = "Saggio, Valeria and Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Gyger, Samuel and\n Gerlach, Connor and Panuski, Christopher and Prabhu, Mihika and\n De Santis, Lorenzo and Ornelas-Huerta, Dalia and Christen, Ian\n and Raniwala, Hamza and Colangelo, Marco and Englund, Dirk",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "SM3P. 1",\n abstract = "We show enhanced single-photon emission from artificial atoms in\n silicon by coupling them to cavities with high quality factors\n and small mode volumes, thus enabling enhanced light-matter\n interactions which are crucial for quantum technologies.",\n month = "7~" # may,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We show enhanced single-photon emission from artificial atoms in silicon by coupling them to cavities with high quality factors and small mode volumes, thus enabling enhanced light-matter interactions which are crucial for quantum technologies.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Integrated quantum memories at 1.3 k with tin-vacancy centers and photonic circuits.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Christen, I.; Raniwala, H.; Chen, K. C; Colangelo, M.; De Santis, L.; Errando-Herranz, C.; Harris, I.; Li, L.; Song, Y.; Medeiros, O.; Sutula, M.; Berggren, K.; Trusheim, M.; Englund, D.; Ben Dixon, P; Zhang, X.; Starling, D.; Shtyrkova, K.; Kharas, D.; Murphy, R.; Bersin, E.; and Hamilton, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,SM1K. 6. 7 May 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Christen2023-eg,\n title = "{Integrated quantum memories at 1.3 k with tin-vacancy centers\n and photonic circuits}",\n author = "Christen, Ian and Raniwala, Hamza and Chen, Kevin C and\n Colangelo, Marco and De Santis, Lorenzo and Errando-Herranz,\n Carlos and Harris, Isaac and Li, Linsen and Song, Yixuan and\n Medeiros, Owen and Sutula, Madison and Berggren, Karl and\n Trusheim, Matt and Englund, Dirk and Ben Dixon, P and Zhang,\n Xingyu and Starling, David and Shtyrkova, Katia and Kharas, David\n and Murphy, Ryan and Bersin, Eric and Hamilton, Scott",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "SM1K. 6",\n abstract = "We present an efficient microwave and optical interface for\n quantum memories at 1.3 K based on tin-vacancy color centers in\n diamond and scalable integrated photonics.",\n month = "7~" # may,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We present an efficient microwave and optical interface for quantum memories at 1.3 K based on tin-vacancy color centers in diamond and scalable integrated photonics.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Superconducting Nanowire Technology for Microwave and Photonics Applications.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2023-du,\n title = "{Superconducting Nanowire Technology for Microwave and Photonics\n Applications}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco",\n abstract = "Quantum computing and quantum communication are innovative\n technologies promising to revolutionize several aspects of our\n societal landscape. However, early cutting-edge experiments are\n rapidly approaching significant scalability roadblocks. As the\n qubit count increases, superconducting quantum processors require\n an increasing number of control and readout electronic devices,\n which are incompatible at scale with the performance of dilution\n refrigerators. Photonic-based platforms struggle with integration\n issues due to operational, design, and heterogeneous material\n compatibility.",\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Quantum computing and quantum communication are innovative technologies promising to revolutionize several aspects of our societal landscape. However, early cutting-edge experiments are rapidly approaching significant scalability roadblocks. As the qubit count increases, superconducting quantum processors require an increasing number of control and readout electronic devices, which are incompatible at scale with the performance of dilution refrigerators. Photonic-based platforms struggle with integration issues due to operational, design, and heterogeneous material compatibility.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Single-photon detection using high-temperature superconductors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Charaev, I; Bandurin, D A; Bollinger, A T; Phinney, I Y; Drozdov, I; Colangelo, M; Butters, B A; Taniguchi, T; Watanabe, K; He, X; Medeiros, O; Božović, I; Jarillo-Herrero, P; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature nanotechnology, 18(4): 343–349. 20 April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Charaev2023-an,\n title = "{Single-photon detection using high-temperature superconductors}",\n author = "Charaev, I and Bandurin, D A and Bollinger, A T and Phinney, I Y\n and Drozdov, I and Colangelo, M and Butters, B A and Taniguchi, T\n and Watanabe, K and He, X and Medeiros, O and Bo\\v{z}ovi\\'{c}, I\n and Jarillo-Herrero, P and Berggren, K K",\n journal = "Nature nanotechnology",\n publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",\n volume = 18,\n number = 4,\n pages = "343--349",\n abstract = "The detection of individual quanta of light is important for\n quantum communication, fluorescence lifetime imaging, remote\n sensing and more. Due to their high detection efficiency,\n exceptional signal-to-noise ratio and fast recovery times,\n superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have\n become a critical component in these applications. However, the\n operation of conventional SNSPDs requires costly cryocoolers.\n Here we report the fabrication of two types of high-temperature\n superconducting nanowires. We observe linear scaling of the\n photon count rate on the radiation power at the\n telecommunications wavelength of 1.5 $\\mu$m and thereby reveal\n single-photon operation. SNSPDs made from thin flakes of\n Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+$\\delta$ exhibit a single-photon response up to 25\n K, and for SNSPDs from La1.55Sr0.45CuO4/La2CuO4 bilayer films,\n this response is observed up to 8 K. While the underlying\n detection mechanism is not fully understood yet, our work expands\n the family of materials for SNSPD technology beyond the liquid\n helium temperature limit and suggests that even higher operation\n temperatures may be reached using other high-temperature\n superconductors.",\n month = "20~" # apr,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41565-023-01325-2",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n The detection of individual quanta of light is important for quantum communication, fluorescence lifetime imaging, remote sensing and more. Due to their high detection efficiency, exceptional signal-to-noise ratio and fast recovery times, superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have become a critical component in these applications. However, the operation of conventional SNSPDs requires costly cryocoolers. Here we report the fabrication of two types of high-temperature superconducting nanowires. We observe linear scaling of the photon count rate on the radiation power at the telecommunications wavelength of 1.5 $μ$m and thereby reveal single-photon operation. SNSPDs made from thin flakes of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+$δ$ exhibit a single-photon response up to 25 K, and for SNSPDs from La1.55Sr0.45CuO4/La2CuO4 bilayer films, this response is observed up to 8 K. While the underlying detection mechanism is not fully understood yet, our work expands the family of materials for SNSPD technology beyond the liquid helium temperature limit and suggests that even higher operation temperatures may be reached using other high-temperature superconductors.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Impedance-matched differential superconducting nanowire detectors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Korzh, B.; Allmaras, J. P; Beyer, A. D; Mueller, A. S; Briggs, R. M; Bumble, B.; Runyan, M.; Stevens, M. J; McCaughan, A. N; Zhu, D.; Smith, S.; Becker, W.; Narváez, L.; Bienfang, J. C; Frasca, S.; Velasco, A. E; Ramirez, E. E; Walter, A. B; Schmidt, E.; Wollman, E. E; Spiropulu, M.; Mirin, R.; Nam, S. W.; Berggren, K. K; and Shaw, M. D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review applied, 19(4): 044093. 28 April 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2023-vb,\n title = "{Impedance-matched differential superconducting nanowire\n detectors}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Korzh, Boris and Allmaras, Jason P and\n Beyer, Andrew D and Mueller, Andrew S and Briggs, Ryan M and\n Bumble, Bruce and Runyan, Marcus and Stevens, Martin J and\n McCaughan, Adam N and Zhu, Di and Smith, Stephen and Becker,\n Wolfgang and Narv\\'{a}ez, Lautaro and Bienfang, Joshua C and\n Frasca, Simone and Velasco, Angel E and Ramirez, Edward E and\n Walter, Alexander B and Schmidt, Ekkehart and Wollman, Emma E and\n Spiropulu, Maria and Mirin, Richard and Nam, Sae Woo and\n Berggren, Karl K and Shaw, Matthew D",\n journal = "Physical review applied",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 19,\n number = 4,\n pages = 044093,\n month = "28~" # apr,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevapplied.19.044093",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Large active-area superconducting microwire detector array with single-photon sensitivity in the near-infrared.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luskin, J. S; Schmidt, E; Korzh, B; Beyer, A; Bumble, B; Allmaras, J; Walter, A; Wollman, E; Narv'aez, L.; Verma, V; Nam, S; Charaev, I; Colangelo, M; Berggren, K; Peña, C; Spiropulu, M; Garcia-Sciveres, M; Derenzo, S; and Shaw, M\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied physics letters, 122(24). 19 March 2023.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Luskin2023-ok,\n title = "{Large active-area superconducting microwire detector array with\n single-photon sensitivity in the near-infrared}",\n author = "Luskin, Jamie S and Schmidt, E and Korzh, B and Beyer, A and\n Bumble, B and Allmaras, J and Walter, A and Wollman, E and\n Narv'aez, Lautaro and Verma, V and Nam, S and Charaev, I and\n Colangelo, M and Berggren, K and Pe\\~{n}a, C and Spiropulu, M and\n Garcia-Sciveres, M and Derenzo, S and Shaw, M",\n journal = "Applied physics letters",\n publisher = "AIP Publishing",\n volume = 122,\n number = 24,\n abstract = "Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) are the\n highest-performing technology for time-resolved single-photon\n counting from the UV to the near-infrared. The recent discovery\n of single-photon sensitivity in micrometer-scale superconducting\n wires is a promising pathway to explore for large active area\n devices with application to dark matter searches and fundamental\n physics experiments. We present 8-pixel 1 mm2 superconducting\n microwire single photon detectors (SMSPDs) with 1 $\\mu$m-wide\n wires fabricated from WSi and MoSi films of various\n stoichiometries using electron-beam and optical lithography.\n Devices made from all materials and fabrication techniques show\n saturated internal detection efficiency at 1064 nm in at least\n one pixel, and the best performing device made from silicon-rich\n WSi shows single-photon sensitivity in all eight pixels and\n saturated internal detection efficiency in 6/8 pixels. This\n detector is the largest reported active-area SMSPD or SNSPD with\n near-IR sensitivity, and it extends the SMSPD to an array format.\n By further optimizing the photolithography techniques presented\n in this work, a viable pathway exists to realize larger devices\n with cm2-scale active area and beyond.",\n month = "19~" # mar,\n year = 2023,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/5.0150282"\n}\n\n\n\n Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) are the highest-performing technology for time-resolved single-photon counting from the UV to the near-infrared. The recent discovery of single-photon sensitivity in micrometer-scale superconducting wires is a promising pathway to explore for large active area devices with application to dark matter searches and fundamental physics experiments. We present 8-pixel 1 mm2 superconducting microwire single photon detectors (SMSPDs) with 1 $μ$m-wide wires fabricated from WSi and MoSi films of various stoichiometries using electron-beam and optical lithography. Devices made from all materials and fabrication techniques show saturated internal detection efficiency at 1064 nm in at least one pixel, and the best performing device made from silicon-rich WSi shows single-photon sensitivity in all eight pixels and saturated internal detection efficiency in 6/8 pixels. This detector is the largest reported active-area SMSPD or SNSPD with near-IR sensitivity, and it extends the SMSPD to an array format. By further optimizing the photolithography techniques presented in this work, a viable pathway exists to realize larger devices with cm2-scale active area and beyond.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n New constraints on dark matter from superconducting nanowires.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hochberg, Y.; Lehmann, B. V; Charaev, I.; Chiles, J.; Colangelo, M.; Nam, S. W.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review. D. (2016), 106(11). 9 December 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Hochberg2022-sx,\n title = "{New constraints on dark matter from superconducting nanowires}",\n author = "Hochberg, Yonit and Lehmann, Benjamin V and Charaev, Ilya and\n Chiles, Jeff and Colangelo, Marco and Nam, Sae Woo and Berggren,\n Karl K",\n journal = "Physical review. D. (2016)",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 106,\n number = 11,\n month = "9~" # dec,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevd.106.112005",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Large-area SNSPDs for up to 7.4 $μ$m wavelengths.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Walter, A. B; Korzh, B.; Schmidt, E.; Bumble, B.; Lita, A. E; Beyer, A. D; Allmaras, J. P; Briggs, R. M; Kozorezov, A.; Wollman, E. E; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,1–2. 15 May 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2022-lw,\n title = "{Large-area SNSPDs for up to 7.4 $\\mu${m} wavelengths}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Walter, Alexander B and Korzh, Boris and\n Schmidt, Ekkehart and Bumble, Bruce and Lita, Adriana E and\n Beyer, Andrew D and Allmaras, Jason P and Briggs, Ryan M and\n Kozorezov, Alexander and Wollman, Emma E and Shaw, Matthew D and\n Berggren, Karl K",\n publisher = "IEEE",\n pages = "1--2",\n abstract = "We demonstrate large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detectors (SNSPDs) for operation in the mid-IR band, up to 7.4\n $\\mu$m.",\n month = "15~" # may,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) for operation in the mid-IR band, up to 7.4 $μ$m.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Electrical control of surface acoustic waves.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shao, L.; Zhu, D.; Colangelo, M.; Lee, D.; Sinclair, N.; Hu, Y.; Rakich, P. T; Lai, K.; Berggren, K. K; and Lončar, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature electronics, 5(6): 348–355. 6 June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Shao2022-it,\n title = "{Electrical control of surface acoustic waves}",\n author = "Shao, Linbo and Zhu, Di and Colangelo, Marco and Lee, Daehun and\n Sinclair, Neil and Hu, Yaowen and Rakich, Peter T and Lai, Keji\n and Berggren, Karl K and Lon\\v{c}ar, Marko",\n journal = "Nature electronics",\n publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",\n volume = 5,\n number = 6,\n pages = "348--355",\n abstract = "Acoustic waves at microwave frequencies are widely used in\n wireless communication and are potential information carriers in\n quantum applications. However, most acoustic devices are passive\n components, and the development of phononic integrated circuits\n is limited by the inability to control acoustic waves in a\n low-loss, scalable manner. Here we report the electrical control\n of gigahertz travelling acoustic waves at room temperature and\n millikelvin temperatures. We achieve phase modulation by tuning\n the elasticity of a lithium niobate acoustic waveguide via the\n electro-acoustic effect. This phase modulator is then used to\n build an acoustic frequency shifter based on serrodyne phase\n modulation, and phase modulators in a Mach--Zehnder\n interferometer configuration are used to create an\n electro-acoustic amplitude modulator. By tailoring the phase\n matching between acoustic and quasi-travelling electric fields,\n we achieve reconfigurable non-reciprocal modulation with a\n non-reciprocity of over 40 dB. To illustrate the potential of the\n approach in quantum applications, we show that our\n electro-acoustic modulator can provide coherent modulation of\n single-phonon-level acoustic waves at 50 mK. The electro-acoustic\n effect can be used to electrically control the phase velocity of\n travelling acoustic waves in a lithium niobate waveguide, and to\n construct devices that can modulate the phase, frequency and\n amplitude of acoustic waves, even at the limit of single phonons.",\n month = "6~" # jun,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41928-022-00773-3",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Acoustic waves at microwave frequencies are widely used in wireless communication and are potential information carriers in quantum applications. However, most acoustic devices are passive components, and the development of phononic integrated circuits is limited by the inability to control acoustic waves in a low-loss, scalable manner. Here we report the electrical control of gigahertz travelling acoustic waves at room temperature and millikelvin temperatures. We achieve phase modulation by tuning the elasticity of a lithium niobate acoustic waveguide via the electro-acoustic effect. This phase modulator is then used to build an acoustic frequency shifter based on serrodyne phase modulation, and phase modulators in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration are used to create an electro-acoustic amplitude modulator. By tailoring the phase matching between acoustic and quasi-travelling electric fields, we achieve reconfigurable non-reciprocal modulation with a non-reciprocity of over 40 dB. To illustrate the potential of the approach in quantum applications, we show that our electro-acoustic modulator can provide coherent modulation of single-phonon-level acoustic waves at 50 mK. The electro-acoustic effect can be used to electrically control the phase velocity of travelling acoustic waves in a lithium niobate waveguide, and to construct devices that can modulate the phase, frequency and amplitude of acoustic waves, even at the limit of single phonons.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Surface plasmon enhanced upconversion fluorescence in short-wave infrared for in vivo imaging of ovarian cancer.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lin, C.; Huang, S.; Colangelo, M.; Chen, C.; Wong, F. N C; He, Y.; Berggren, K. K; and Belcher, A. M\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ACS nano, 16(8): 12930–12940. 23 August 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Lin2022-iz,\n title = "{Surface plasmon enhanced upconversion fluorescence in short-wave\n infrared for in vivo imaging of ovarian cancer}",\n author = "Lin, Ching-Wei and Huang, Shengnan and Colangelo, Marco and Chen,\n Changchen and Wong, Franco N C and He, Yanpu and Berggren, Karl K\n and Belcher, Angela M",\n journal = "ACS nano",\n publisher = "American Chemical Society (ACS)",\n volume = 16,\n number = 8,\n pages = "12930--12940",\n abstract = "Short-wave infrared (SWIR; 850-1700 nm) upconversion fluorescence\n enables ``autofluorescence-free'' imaging with minimal tissue\n scattering, yet it is rarely explored due to the lack of strongly\n emissive SWIR upconversion fluorophores. In this work, we apply\n SWIR upconversion fluorescence for in vivo imaging with\n exceptional image contrast. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are used to\n enhance the SWIR upconversion emission of small organic dyes,\n forming a AuNR-dye nanocomposite (NC). A maximal enhancement\n factor of $\\sim{}$1320, contributed by both excitation and\n radiative decay rate enhancement, is achieved by varying the\n dye-to-AuNR ratio. In addition, the upconversion emission\n intensity of both free dyes and AuNR-dye NCs depends linearly on\n the excitation power, indicating that the upconversion emission\n mechanism remains unchanged upon enhancement, and it involves\n one-photon absorption. Moreover, the SWIR upconversion emission\n shows a significantly higher signal contrast than downconversion\n emission in the same emission window in a nonscattering medium.\n Finally, we apply the surface plasmon enhanced SWIR upconversion\n fluorescence for in vivo imaging of ovarian cancer, demonstrating\n high image contrast and low required dosage due to the suppressed\n autofluorescence.",\n month = "23~" # aug,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "cancer imaging; gold nanorod; short-wave infrared; surface\n plasmon enhanced fluorescence; upconversion\n emission;GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1021/acsnano.2c05301",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Short-wave infrared (SWIR; 850-1700 nm) upconversion fluorescence enables ``autofluorescence-free'' imaging with minimal tissue scattering, yet it is rarely explored due to the lack of strongly emissive SWIR upconversion fluorophores. In this work, we apply SWIR upconversion fluorescence for in vivo imaging with exceptional image contrast. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are used to enhance the SWIR upconversion emission of small organic dyes, forming a AuNR-dye nanocomposite (NC). A maximal enhancement factor of $∼{}$1320, contributed by both excitation and radiative decay rate enhancement, is achieved by varying the dye-to-AuNR ratio. In addition, the upconversion emission intensity of both free dyes and AuNR-dye NCs depends linearly on the excitation power, indicating that the upconversion emission mechanism remains unchanged upon enhancement, and it involves one-photon absorption. Moreover, the SWIR upconversion emission shows a significantly higher signal contrast than downconversion emission in the same emission window in a nonscattering medium. Finally, we apply the surface plasmon enhanced SWIR upconversion fluorescence for in vivo imaging of ovarian cancer, demonstrating high image contrast and low required dosage due to the suppressed autofluorescence.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Reversible tuning of superconductivity in ion-gated NbN ultrathin films by self-encapsulation with a high- $κ$ dielectric layer.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Piatti, E.; Colangelo, M.; Bartoli, M.; Medeiros, O.; Gonnelli, R. S; Berggren, K. K; and Daghero, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review applied, 18(5): 054023. 9 November 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Piatti2022-st,\n title = "{Reversible tuning of superconductivity in ion-gated NbN\n ultrathin films by self-encapsulation with a high- $\\kappa$\n dielectric layer}",\n author = "Piatti, Erik and Colangelo, Marco and Bartoli, Mattia and\n Medeiros, Owen and Gonnelli, Renato S and Berggren, Karl K and\n Daghero, Dario",\n journal = "Physical review applied",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 18,\n number = 5,\n pages = 054023,\n month = "9~" # nov,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevapplied.18.054023",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Improved heralded single-photon source with a photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire detector.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davis, S. I; Mueller, A.; Valivarthi, R.; Lauk, N.; Narvaez, L.; Korzh, B.; Beyer, A. D; Cerri, O.; Colangelo, M.; Berggren, K. K; Shaw, M. D; Xie, S.; Sinclair, N.; and Spiropulu, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review applied, 18(6): 064007. 2 December 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Davis2022-pe,\n title = "{Improved heralded single-photon source with a\n photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire detector}",\n author = "Davis, Samantha I and Mueller, Andrew and Valivarthi, Raju and\n Lauk, Nikolai and Narvaez, Lautaro and Korzh, Boris and Beyer,\n Andrew D and Cerri, Olmo and Colangelo, Marco and Berggren, Karl\n K and Shaw, Matthew D and Xie, Si and Sinclair, Neil and\n Spiropulu, Maria",\n journal = "Physical review applied",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 18,\n number = 6,\n pages = 064007,\n month = "2~" # dec,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevapplied.18.064007",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Self-heating hotspots in superconducting nanowires cooled by phonon black-body radiation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dane, A.; Allmaras, J.; Zhu, D.; Onen, M.; Colangelo, M.; Baghdadi, R.; Tambasco, J.; Morimoto, Y.; Forno, I. E.; Charaev, I.; Zhao, Q.; Skvortsov, M.; Kozorezov, A.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature communications, 13(1): 5429. 16 September 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Dane2022-wm,\n title = "{Self-heating hotspots in superconducting nanowires cooled by\n phonon black-body radiation}",\n author = "Dane, Andrew and Allmaras, Jason and Zhu, Di and Onen, Murat and\n Colangelo, Marco and Baghdadi, Reza and Tambasco, Jean-Luc and\n Morimoto, Yukimi and Forno, Ignacio Estay and Charaev, Ilya and\n Zhao, Qingyuan and Skvortsov, Mikhail and Kozorezov, Alexander\n and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Nature communications",\n publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",\n volume = 13,\n number = 1,\n pages = 5429,\n abstract = "Controlling thermal transport is important for a range of devices\n and technologies, from phase change memories to next-generation\n electronics. This is especially true in nano-scale devices where\n thermal transport is altered by the influence of surfaces and\n changes in dimensionality. In superconducting nanowire\n single-photon detectors, the thermal boundary conductance between\n the nanowire and the substrate it is fabricated on influences all\n of the performance metrics that make these detectors attractive\n for applications. This includes the maximum count rate, latency,\n jitter, and quantum efficiency. Despite its importance, the study\n of thermal boundary conductance in superconducting nanowire\n devices has not been done systematically, primarily due to the\n lack of a straightforward characterization method. Here, we show\n that simple electrical measurements can be used to estimate the\n thermal boundary conductance between nanowires and substrates and\n that these measurements agree with acoustic mismatch theory\n across a variety of substrates. Numerical simulations allow us to\n refine our understanding, however, open questions remain. This\n work should enable thermal engineering in superconducting\n nanowire electronics and cryogenic detectors for improved device\n performance.",\n month = "16~" # sep,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41467-022-32719-w",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Controlling thermal transport is important for a range of devices and technologies, from phase change memories to next-generation electronics. This is especially true in nano-scale devices where thermal transport is altered by the influence of surfaces and changes in dimensionality. In superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, the thermal boundary conductance between the nanowire and the substrate it is fabricated on influences all of the performance metrics that make these detectors attractive for applications. This includes the maximum count rate, latency, jitter, and quantum efficiency. Despite its importance, the study of thermal boundary conductance in superconducting nanowire devices has not been done systematically, primarily due to the lack of a straightforward characterization method. Here, we show that simple electrical measurements can be used to estimate the thermal boundary conductance between nanowires and substrates and that these measurements agree with acoustic mismatch theory across a variety of substrates. Numerical simulations allow us to refine our understanding, however, open questions remain. This work should enable thermal engineering in superconducting nanowire electronics and cryogenic detectors for improved device performance.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Scalable Photonic Integration of Long-Lived Tin-Vacancy Memories at 1.3 K.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Christen, I.; Raniwala, H.; Colangelo, M.; Chen, K.; De Santis Linsen Li, L.; Song, Y.; Errando-Herranz, C.; Harris, I.; Sutula, E. B. M.; Berggren, K.; Trusheim, M.; Englund, D.; Ben Dixon, P; Zhang, X.; Kharas, K. S. D.; Murphy, R.; and Hamilton, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,QM2A. 4. 13 June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Christen2022-kv,\n title = "{Scalable Photonic Integration of Long-Lived Tin-Vacancy Memories\n at 1.3 K}",\n author = "Christen, Ian and Raniwala, Hamza and Colangelo, Marco and Chen,\n Kevin and De Santis Linsen Li, Lorenzo and Song, Yixuan and\n Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Harris, Isaac and Sutula, Eric Bersin\n Madison and Berggren, Karl and Trusheim, Matt and Englund, Dirk\n and Ben Dixon, P and Zhang, Xingyu and Kharas, Katia Shtyrkova\n Dave and Murphy, Ryan and Hamilton, Scott",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "QM2A. 4",\n abstract = "We demonstrate a scalable integrated photonics platform operating\n at 1.3 K as an efficient microwave and optical interface for\n quantum memories based on tin-vacancy color centers in diamond.",\n month = "13~" # jun,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate a scalable integrated photonics platform operating at 1.3 K as an efficient microwave and optical interface for quantum memories based on tin-vacancy color centers in diamond.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Electrical Control of Gigahertz Frequency Phonons on Chip.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shao, L.; Zhu, D.; Colangelo, M.; Lee, D.; Sinclair, N.; Hu, Y.; Rakich, P. T; Lai, K.; Berggren, K. K; and Lončar, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,QTu2A. 14. 13 June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Shao2022-wr,\n title = "{Electrical Control of Gigahertz Frequency Phonons on Chip}",\n author = "Shao, Linbo and Zhu, Di and Colangelo, Marco and Lee, Daehun and\n Sinclair, Neil and Hu, Yaowen and Rakich, Peter T and Lai, Keji\n and Berggren, Karl K and Lon\\v{c}ar, Marko",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "QTu2A. 14",\n abstract = "Acoustic waves at microwave frequencies have been recently\n emerged as versatile information carriers in quantum\n applications. Here, we demonstrate electrical control of\n traveling acoustic waves on an integrated lithium niobate\n platform at millikelvin temperature.",\n month = "13~" # jun,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Acoustic waves at microwave frequencies have been recently emerged as versatile information carriers in quantum applications. Here, we demonstrate electrical control of traveling acoustic waves on an integrated lithium niobate platform at millikelvin temperature.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Heralding Single Photons from a Photon Pair Source using a Superconducting Nanowire Detector.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davis, S. I; Mueller, A.; Valivarthi, R.; Lauk, N.; Narvaez, L.; Korzh, B.; Beyer, A. D; Colangelo, M.; Berggren, K. K; Shaw, M. D; Sinclair, N.; and Spiropulu, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,QW3B. 3. 13 June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Davis2022-ya,\n title = "{Heralding Single Photons from a Photon Pair Source using a\n Superconducting Nanowire Detector}",\n author = "Davis, Samantha I and Mueller, Andrew and Valivarthi, Raju and\n Lauk, Nikolai and Narvaez, Lautaro and Korzh, Boris and Beyer,\n Andrew D and Colangelo, Marco and Berggren, Karl K and Shaw,\n Matthew D and Sinclair, Neil and Spiropulu, Maria",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "QW3B. 3",\n abstract = "We experimentally demonstrate an improved heralded single photon\n source using a photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire\n detector compared to that using a conventional bucket detector.\n This work delineates a path towards ideal single photon sources.",\n month = "13~" # jun,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n% The entry below contains non-ASCII chars that could not be converted\n% to a LaTeX equivalent.\n\n\n\n We experimentally demonstrate an improved heralded single photon source using a photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire detector compared to that using a conventional bucket detector. This work delineates a path towards ideal single photon sources.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n New constraints on dark photon dark matter with superconducting nanowire detectors in an optical haloscope.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chiles, J.; Charaev, I.; Lasenby, R.; Baryakhtar, M.; Huang, J.; Roshko, A.; Burton, G.; Colangelo, M.; Van Tilburg, K.; Arvanitaki, A.; Nam, S. W.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review letters, 128(23): 231802. 10 June 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Chiles2022-lj,\n title = "{New constraints on dark photon dark matter with superconducting\n nanowire detectors in an optical haloscope}",\n author = "Chiles, Jeff and Charaev, Ilya and Lasenby, Robert and\n Baryakhtar, Masha and Huang, Junwu and Roshko, Alexana and\n Burton, George and Colangelo, Marco and Van Tilburg, Ken and\n Arvanitaki, Asimina and Nam, Sae Woo and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Physical review letters",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 128,\n number = 23,\n pages = 231802,\n abstract = "Uncovering the nature of dark matter is one of the most important\n goals of particle physics. Light bosonic particles, such as the\n dark photon, are well-motivated candidates: they are generally\n long-lived, weakly interacting, and naturally produced in the\n early universe. In this work, we report on Light\n A\\textasciicircum{'} Multilayer Periodic Optical SNSPD Target, a\n proof-of-concept experiment searching for dark photon dark matter\n in the eV mass range, via coherent absorption in a multilayer\n dielectric haloscope. Using a superconducting nanowire\n single-photon detector (SNSPD), we achieve efficient photon\n detection with a dark count rate of\n $\\sim{}$6\\texttimes{}10\\textasciicircum{-6} counts/s. We find no\n evidence for dark photon dark matter in the mass range of\n $\\sim{}$0.7-0.8 eV with kinetic mixing\n $\\epsilon$≳10\\textasciicircum{-12}, improving existing limits in\n $\\epsilon$ by up to a factor of 2. With future improvements to\n SNSPDs, our architecture could probe significant new parameter\n space for dark photon and axion dark matter in the meV to 10 eV\n mass range.",\n month = "10~" # jun,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.231802",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Uncovering the nature of dark matter is one of the most important goals of particle physics. Light bosonic particles, such as the dark photon, are well-motivated candidates: they are generally long-lived, weakly interacting, and naturally produced in the early universe. In this work, we report on Light A\\textasciicircum' Multilayer Periodic Optical SNSPD Target, a proof-of-concept experiment searching for dark photon dark matter in the eV mass range, via coherent absorption in a multilayer dielectric haloscope. Using a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD), we achieve efficient photon detection with a dark count rate of $∼{}$6×10\\textasciicircum-6 counts/s. We find no evidence for dark photon dark matter in the mass range of $∼{}$0.7-0.8 eV with kinetic mixing $ε$≳10\\textasciicircum-12, improving existing limits in $ε$ by up to a factor of 2. With future improvements to SNSPDs, our architecture could probe significant new parameter space for dark photon and axion dark matter in the meV to 10 eV mass range.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Heralding single photons using photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowires.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Davis, S. I; Mueller, A.; Valivarthi, R.; Lauk, N.; Narvaez, L.; Korzh, B.; Beyer, A. D; Colangelo, M.; Berggren, K. K; Shaw, M. D; Sinclair, N.; and Spiropulu, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,FTh5O. 5. 15 May 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Davis2022-qm,\n title = "{Heralding single photons using photon-number-resolving\n superconducting nanowires}",\n author = "Davis, Samantha I and Mueller, Andrew and Valivarthi, Raju and\n Lauk, Nikolai and Narvaez, Lautaro and Korzh, Boris and Beyer,\n Andrew D and Colangelo, Marco and Berggren, Karl K and Shaw,\n Matthew D and Sinclair, Neil and Spiropulu, Maria",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "FTh5O. 5",\n abstract = "We improve a single photon source based on spontaneous parametric\n down-conversion by heralding one of the output modes using a\n photon number resolving superconducting nanowire detector. We\n measure a reduced magnitude of the second order cross correlation\n of one of the output modes conditioned on detection of a single\n photon in the other mode.",\n month = "15~" # may,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We improve a single photon source based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion by heralding one of the output modes using a photon number resolving superconducting nanowire detector. We measure a reduced magnitude of the second order cross correlation of one of the output modes conditioned on detection of a single photon in the other mode.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for operation at wavelengths up to 7.4 $μ$m.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Walter, A. B; Korzh, B. A; Schmidt, E.; Bumble, B.; Lita, A. E; Beyer, A. D; Allmaras, J. P; Briggs, R. M; Kozorezov, A. G; Wollman, E. E; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nano letters, 22(14): 5667–5673. 27 July 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2022-kf,\n title = "{Large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for\n operation at wavelengths up to 7.4 $\\mu${m}}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Walter, Alexander B and Korzh, Boris A and\n Schmidt, Ekkehart and Bumble, Bruce and Lita, Adriana E and\n Beyer, Andrew D and Allmaras, Jason P and Briggs, Ryan M and\n Kozorezov, Alexander G and Wollman, Emma E and Shaw, Matthew D\n and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Nano letters",\n publisher = "American Chemical Society (ACS)",\n volume = 22,\n number = 14,\n pages = "5667--5673",\n abstract = "The optimization of superconducting thin-films has pushed the\n sensitivity of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors\n (SNSPDs) to the mid-infrared (mid-IR). Earlier demonstrations\n have shown that straight tungsten silicide nanowires can achieve\n unity internal detection efficiency (IDE) up to $\\lambda$ = 10\n $\\mu$m. For a high system detection efficiency (SDE), the active\n area needs to be increased, but material nonuniformity and\n nanofabrication-induced constrictions make mid-IR large-area\n meanders challenging to yield. In this work, we improve the\n sensitivity of superconducting materials and optimize a\n high-resolution nanofabrication process to demonstrate large-area\n SNSPDs with unity IDE at 7.4 $\\mu$m. Our approach yields\n large-area meanders down to 50 nm width, with average line-width\n roughness below 10\\%, and with a lower impact from constrictions\n compared to previous demonstrations. Our methods pave the way to\n high-efficiency SNSPDs in the mid-IR band with potential impacts\n on astronomy, imaging, and physical chemistry.",\n month = "27~" # jul,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "SNSPD; mid-infrared; nanowires; single-photon detector;\n superconducting devices;GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c05012",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n The optimization of superconducting thin-films has pushed the sensitivity of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) to the mid-infrared (mid-IR). Earlier demonstrations have shown that straight tungsten silicide nanowires can achieve unity internal detection efficiency (IDE) up to $λ$ = 10 $μ$m. For a high system detection efficiency (SDE), the active area needs to be increased, but material nonuniformity and nanofabrication-induced constrictions make mid-IR large-area meanders challenging to yield. In this work, we improve the sensitivity of superconducting materials and optimize a high-resolution nanofabrication process to demonstrate large-area SNSPDs with unity IDE at 7.4 $μ$m. Our approach yields large-area meanders down to 50 nm width, with average line-width roughness below 10%, and with a lower impact from constrictions compared to previous demonstrations. Our methods pave the way to high-efficiency SNSPDs in the mid-IR band with potential impacts on astronomy, imaging, and physical chemistry.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A nanocryotron memory and logic family.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buzzi, A.; Castellani, M.; Foster, R. A; Medeiros, O; Colangelo, M; and Berggren, K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied physics letters, 122(14). 15 December 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Buzzi2022-gs,\n title = "{A nanocryotron memory and logic family}",\n author = "Buzzi, Alessandro and Castellani, Matteo and Foster, Reed A and\n Medeiros, O and Colangelo, M and Berggren, K",\n journal = "Applied physics letters",\n publisher = "AIP Publishing",\n volume = 122,\n number = 14,\n abstract = "The development of superconducting electronics based on\n nanocryotrons has been limited so far to few device circuits, in\n part due to the lack of standard and robust logic cells. Here, we\n introduce and experimentally demonstrate designs for a set of\n nanocryotron-based building blocks that can be configured and\n combined to implement memory and logic functions. The devices\n were fabricated by patterning a single superconducting layer of\n niobium nitride and measured in liquid helium on a wide range of\n operating points. The tests show [Formula: see text] bit error\n rates with above [Formula: see text] margins up to [Formula: see\n text] and the possibility of operating under the effect of an\n out-of-plane [Formula: see text] magnetic field, with [Formula:\n see text] margins at [Formula: see text]. Additionally, we\n designed and measured an equivalent delay-flip-flop made of two\n memory cells to show the possibility of combining multiple\n building blocks to make larger circuits. These blocks may\n constitute a solid foundation for the development of nanocryotron\n logic circuits and finite-state machines with potential\n applications in the integrated processing and control of\n superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.",\n month = "15~" # dec,\n year = 2022,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/5.0144686"\n}\n\n\n\n The development of superconducting electronics based on nanocryotrons has been limited so far to few device circuits, in part due to the lack of standard and robust logic cells. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate designs for a set of nanocryotron-based building blocks that can be configured and combined to implement memory and logic functions. The devices were fabricated by patterning a single superconducting layer of niobium nitride and measured in liquid helium on a wide range of operating points. The tests show [Formula: see text] bit error rates with above [Formula: see text] margins up to [Formula: see text] and the possibility of operating under the effect of an out-of-plane [Formula: see text] magnetic field, with [Formula: see text] margins at [Formula: see text]. Additionally, we designed and measured an equivalent delay-flip-flop made of two memory cells to show the possibility of combining multiple building blocks to make larger circuits. These blocks may constitute a solid foundation for the development of nanocryotron logic circuits and finite-state machines with potential applications in the integrated processing and control of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Impedance-matched differential SNSPDs for practical photon counting with sub-10 ps timing jitter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Beyer, A.; Korzh, B.; Allmaras, J. P; Mueller, A.; Briggs, R. M; Bumble, B.; Runyan, M.; Stevens, M. J; McCaughan, A.; Zhu, D.; Smith, S.; Becker, W.; Narváez, L.; Bienfang, J. C; Frasca, S.; Velasco, A. E; Ramirez, E.; Walter, A.; Schmidt, E.; Wollman, E. E; Peña, C.; Spiropulu, M.; Mirin, R. P; Nam, S. W.; Berggren, K. K; and Shaw, M. D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Washington, D.C., 2021. Optica Publishing Group\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@INPROCEEDINGS{Colangelo2021-ey,\n title = "{Impedance-matched differential SNSPDs for practical photon\n counting with sub-10 ps timing jitter}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Beyer, Andrew and Korzh, Boris and Allmaras,\n Jason P and Mueller, Andrew and Briggs, Ryan M and Bumble, Bruce\n and Runyan, Marcus and Stevens, Martin J and McCaughan, Adam and\n Zhu, Di and Smith, Steve and Becker, Wolfgang and Narv\\'{a}ez,\n Lautaro and Bienfang, Joshua C and Frasca, Simone and Velasco,\n Angel E and Ramirez, Edward and Walter, Alexander and Schmidt,\n Ekkehart and Wollman, Emma E and Pe\\~{n}a, Cristi\\'{a}n and\n Spiropulu, Maria and Mirin, Richard P and Nam, Sae Woo and\n Berggren, Karl K and Shaw, Matthew D",\n booktitle = "{Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n address = "Washington, D.C.",\n abstract = "We demonstrate large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detectors (SNSPDs) with simultaneous high system detection\n efficiency and low system jitter. We describe the device\n architecture and discuss optimal readout setup for practical\n applications.",\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1364/cleo\\_qels.2021.fw2p.1"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) with simultaneous high system detection efficiency and low system jitter. We describe the device architecture and discuss optimal readout setup for practical applications.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Compact and tunable forward coupler based on high-impedance superconducting nanowires.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Zhu, D.; Santavicca, D. F; Butters, B. A; Bienfang, J. C; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review applied, 15(2): 024064. 25 February 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2021-pz,\n title = "{Compact and tunable forward coupler based on high-impedance\n superconducting nanowires}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Zhu, Di and Santavicca, Daniel F and\n Butters, Brenden A and Bienfang, Joshua C and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Physical review applied",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 15,\n number = 2,\n pages = 024064,\n month = "25~" # feb,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024064",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for microwave-to-optical transduction.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holzgrafe, J.; Sinclair, N.; Zhu, D.; Shams-Ansari, A.; Colangelo, M.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, M.; Berggren, K.; and Loncar, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). Supplement, 2021: B31.008. 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Holzgrafe2021-xf,\n title = "{Cavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for\n microwave-to-optical transduction}",\n author = "Holzgrafe, Jeffrey and Sinclair, Neil and Zhu, Di and\n Shams-Ansari, Amirhassan and Colangelo, Marco and Hu, Yaowen and\n Zhang, Mian and Berggren, Karl and Loncar, Marko",\n journal = "Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). Supplement",\n volume = 2021,\n pages = "B31.008",\n abstract = "Cavity electro-optics is a promising approach to creating high\n efficiency, low noise, and wide bandwidth transduction between\n microwave and optical fields, which would enable large-scale\n optical networking of superconducting quantum processors. Here we\n present a cavity electro-optic transducer in a thin-film lithium\n niobate platform, which provides strong nonlinearity and low\n optical loss. We demonstrate on-chip photon transduction\n efficiency of more than 10-5 with a bandwidth larger than 10 Mhz\n and characterize the impact of optical absorption in the\n superconducting microwave resonator on the noise and efficiency of\n the transducer. Finally, we describe how further development of\n this platform can achieve near-unity transduction efficiency with\n low optical pump power. National Science Foundation (NSF)\n (1541959, ECCS-1839197, ECCS-1541959); Office of Naval Research\n (ONR) MURI Award Number N00014-15-1-2761; Natural Sciences and\n Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); AQT Intelligent\n Quantum Networks and Technologies (INQNET) research program;\n Harvard Quantum Initiative (HQI); Harvard Center for Nanoscale\n Systems (CNS); DOE/HEP QuantISED program Grant, QCCFP (Quantum\n Communication Channels for Fundamental Physics), Award Number\n DE-SC0019219.",\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Cavity electro-optics is a promising approach to creating high efficiency, low noise, and wide bandwidth transduction between microwave and optical fields, which would enable large-scale optical networking of superconducting quantum processors. Here we present a cavity electro-optic transducer in a thin-film lithium niobate platform, which provides strong nonlinearity and low optical loss. We demonstrate on-chip photon transduction efficiency of more than 10-5 with a bandwidth larger than 10 Mhz and characterize the impact of optical absorption in the superconducting microwave resonator on the noise and efficiency of the transducer. Finally, we describe how further development of this platform can achieve near-unity transduction efficiency with low optical pump power. National Science Foundation (NSF) (1541959, ECCS-1839197, ECCS-1541959); Office of Naval Research (ONR) MURI Award Number N00014-15-1-2761; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); AQT Intelligent Quantum Networks and Technologies (INQNET) research program; Harvard Quantum Initiative (HQI); Harvard Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS); DOE/HEP QuantISED program Grant, QCCFP (Quantum Communication Channels for Fundamental Physics), Award Number DE-SC0019219.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Realization of in-band full-duplex operation at 300 and 4.2 K using bilateral single-sideband frequency conversion.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yi, X.; Wang, J.; Colangelo, M.; Wang, C.; Kolodziej, K. E; and Han, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 56(5): 1387–1397. 15 May 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Yi2021-nc,\n title = "{Realization of in-band full-duplex operation at 300 and 4.2 K\n using bilateral single-sideband frequency conversion}",\n author = "Yi, Xiang and Wang, Jinchen and Colangelo, Marco and Wang, Cheng\n and Kolodziej, Kenneth E and Han, Ruonan",\n journal = "IEEE journal of solid-state circuits",\n publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)",\n volume = 56,\n number = 5,\n pages = "1387--1397",\n abstract = "CMOS-integrated in-band full-duplex (IBFD) operation in wireless\n links and cryogenic quantum platforms was previously enabled by\n magnetic-free circulators using the phase non-reciprocity from\n spatial-temporal modulation. In this article, we present an\n alternative and simple integrated circuit scheme, which not only\n realizes non-reciprocal signal flows required for IBFD operations\n but also improves the isolation performance by completely\n eliminating any chip-level transmit (TX)-to-receive (RX)\n coupling. The above functions are enabled by performing a\n direction/frequency-independent, single-sideband down-conversion\n to the counter-propagating TX and RX signals, which creates\n opposite deviations of on-chip TX and RX frequencies with respect\n to the antenna (ANT) frequency. Such a principle also broadens\n the isolation bandwidth and enables integrated receiver\n down-mixing function. As a proof-of-concept, a 3.4--4.6-GHz (30\\%\n fractional bandwidth) IBFD interface is implemented using a 65-nm\n bulk CMOS technology. The measured TX-to-RX isolation of the\n circuit is 32--51 dB at 300 K, and 14--29 dB at 4.2 K. The\n measured TX-to-ANT and ANT-to-RX insertion losses are 3.0 and 3.2\n dB at 300 K, and 1.9 and 2.0 dB at 4.2 K. At 300 K, the measured\n TX-to-ANT and ANT-to-RX IIP3 are 29.5 and 27.6 dBm, respectively.\n The IBFD core of the chip occupies an area of 0.27 mm2 and has a\n dc power (nominally consumed in an on-chip modulation clock\n generator) of 48 mW at 300 K and 42.6 mW at 4.2 K.",\n month = "15~" # may,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1109/jssc.2021.3062079"\n}\n\n\n\n CMOS-integrated in-band full-duplex (IBFD) operation in wireless links and cryogenic quantum platforms was previously enabled by magnetic-free circulators using the phase non-reciprocity from spatial-temporal modulation. In this article, we present an alternative and simple integrated circuit scheme, which not only realizes non-reciprocal signal flows required for IBFD operations but also improves the isolation performance by completely eliminating any chip-level transmit (TX)-to-receive (RX) coupling. The above functions are enabled by performing a direction/frequency-independent, single-sideband down-conversion to the counter-propagating TX and RX signals, which creates opposite deviations of on-chip TX and RX frequencies with respect to the antenna (ANT) frequency. Such a principle also broadens the isolation bandwidth and enables integrated receiver down-mixing function. As a proof-of-concept, a 3.4–4.6-GHz (30% fractional bandwidth) IBFD interface is implemented using a 65-nm bulk CMOS technology. The measured TX-to-RX isolation of the circuit is 32–51 dB at 300 K, and 14–29 dB at 4.2 K. The measured TX-to-ANT and ANT-to-RX insertion losses are 3.0 and 3.2 dB at 300 K, and 1.9 and 2.0 dB at 4.2 K. At 300 K, the measured TX-to-ANT and ANT-to-RX IIP3 are 29.5 and 27.6 dBm, respectively. The IBFD core of the chip occupies an area of 0.27 mm2 and has a dc power (nominally consumed in an on-chip modulation clock generator) of 48 mW at 300 K and 42.6 mW at 4.2 K.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n NbN-gated GaN transistor technology for applications in quantum computing systems.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xie, Q.; Chowdhury, N.; Zubair, A.; Lozano, M. S.; Lemettinen, J.; Colangelo, M.; Medeiros, O.; Charaev, I.; Berggren, K. K; Gumann, P.; Pfeiffer, D.; and Palacios, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,1–2. 13 June 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Xie2021-dk,\n title = "{NbN-gated GaN transistor technology for applications in quantum\n computing systems}",\n author = "Xie, Qingyun and Chowdhury, Nadim and Zubair, Ahmad and Lozano,\n Miguel S\\'{a}nchez and Lemettinen, Jori and Colangelo, Marco and\n Medeiros, Owen and Charaev, Ilya and Berggren, Karl K and Gumann,\n Pat and Pfeiffer, Dirk and Palacios, Tom\\'{a}s",\n publisher = "IEEE",\n pages = "1--2",\n abstract = "A NbN-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT)\n technology for applications in quantum computing systems is\n demonstrated for the first time. Transistors with gate lengths\n scaled to 250 nm were characterized at 4.2 K, with excellent gate\n modulation (I D,ON /I D,OFF ~ 10 8 ) and current saturation. The\n potential of these devices for low noise amplifiers was\n evaluated, revealing a low DC power dissipation of 25\n $\\mu$W/$\\mu$m when biased for expected minimum noise. The RF\n performance was also characterized at 4.2 K. This work highlights\n the potential of NbN-gated GaN transistor technology for\n applications in low-noise cryogenic amplifiers in future quantum\n computing systems.",\n month = "13~" # jun,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n A NbN-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology for applications in quantum computing systems is demonstrated for the first time. Transistors with gate lengths scaled to 250 nm were characterized at 4.2 K, with excellent gate modulation (I D,ON /I D,OFF 10 8 ) and current saturation. The potential of these devices for low noise amplifiers was evaluated, revealing a low DC power dissipation of 25 $μ$W/$μ$m when biased for expected minimum noise. The RF performance was also characterized at 4.2 K. This work highlights the potential of NbN-gated GaN transistor technology for applications in low-noise cryogenic amplifiers in future quantum computing systems.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n 50 ohm transmission lines with extreme wavelength compression based on superconducting nanowires on high-permittivity substrates.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Santavicca, D. F; Colangelo, M.; Eagle, C. R; Warusawithana, M. P; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [cond-mat.supr-con], (25). 1 November 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Santavicca2021-sd,\n title = "{50 ohm transmission lines with extreme wavelength\n compression based on superconducting nanowires on\n high-permittivity substrates}",\n author = "Santavicca, Daniel F and Colangelo, Marco and Eagle, Carleigh\n R and Warusawithana, Maitri P and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "arXiv [cond-mat.supr-con]",\n number = 25,\n abstract = "We demonstrate impedance-matched low-loss transmission lines\n with a signal wavelength more than 150 times smaller than the\n free space wavelength using superconducting nanowires on high\n permittivity substrates. A niobium nitride thin film is\n patterned in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line\n geometry on a bilayer substrate consisting of 100 nm of\n epitaxial strontium titanate on high-resitivity silicon. The\n use of strontium titanate on silicon enables wafer-scale\n fabrication and maximizes process compatibility. It also\n makes it possible to realize a $50$ $\\Omega$ characteristic\n impedance across a wide range of CPW widths, from the\n nanoscale to the macroscale. We fabricated and characterized\n an approximately $50$ $\\Omega$ CPW device with two half-wave\n stub resonators. Comparing the measured transmission\n coefficient to numerical simulations, we determine that the\n strontium titanate film has a dielectric constant of $1.1\n \\times 10^3$ and a loss tangent of not more than 0.009. To\n facilitate the design of distributed microwave devices based\n on this type of material system, we describe an analytical\n model of the CPW properties that gives good agreement with\n both measurements and simulations.",\n month = "1~" # nov,\n year = 2021,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "cond-mat.supr-con",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/5.0077008"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate impedance-matched low-loss transmission lines with a signal wavelength more than 150 times smaller than the free space wavelength using superconducting nanowires on high permittivity substrates. A niobium nitride thin film is patterned in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line geometry on a bilayer substrate consisting of 100 nm of epitaxial strontium titanate on high-resitivity silicon. The use of strontium titanate on silicon enables wafer-scale fabrication and maximizes process compatibility. It also makes it possible to realize a $50$ $Ω$ characteristic impedance across a wide range of CPW widths, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. We fabricated and characterized an approximately $50$ $Ω$ CPW device with two half-wave stub resonators. Comparing the measured transmission coefficient to numerical simulations, we determine that the strontium titanate film has a dielectric constant of $1.1 × 10^3$ and a loss tangent of not more than 0.009. To facilitate the design of distributed microwave devices based on this type of material system, we describe an analytical model of the CPW properties that gives good agreement with both measurements and simulations.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n On-Chip Optical Filters for Microwave-Optical Quantum Transduction in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holzgrafe, J.; Warner, H.; Zhu, D.; Sinclair, N.; Colangelo, M.; Batson, E.; Shams-Ansari, A.; Hu, Y.; Berggren, K. K; and Loncar, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,FTu1N. 4. 9 May 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Holzgrafe2021-jk,\n title = "{On-Chip Optical Filters for Microwave-Optical Quantum\n Transduction in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate}",\n author = "Holzgrafe, Jeffrey and Warner, Hana and Zhu, Di and Sinclair,\n Neil and Colangelo, Marco and Batson, Emma and Shams-Ansari,\n Amirhassan and Hu, Yaowen and Berggren, Karl K and Loncar, Marko",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "FTu1N. 4",\n abstract = "We describe a low-loss on-chip optical filter network designed to\n separate pump and signal photons in a cavity electro-optic\n microwave-optical transducer for enhanced transduction\n performance.",\n month = "9~" # may,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We describe a low-loss on-chip optical filter network designed to separate pump and signal photons in a cavity electro-optic microwave-optical transducer for enhanced transduction performance.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Superconducting MoN thin films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering for nanowire single-photon detectors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hallett, L.; Charaev, I.; Agarwal, A.; Dane, A.; Colangelo, M.; Zhu, D.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Superconductor science & technology, 34(3): 035012. 1 March 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Hallett2021-rg,\n title = "{Superconducting MoN thin films prepared by DC reactive magnetron\n sputtering for nanowire single-photon detectors}",\n author = "Hallett, Lily and Charaev, Ilya and Agarwal, Akshay and Dane,\n Andrew and Colangelo, Marco and Zhu, Di and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Superconductor science \\& technology",\n publisher = "IOP Publishing",\n volume = 34,\n number = 3,\n pages = 035012,\n abstract = "Abstract We present a comprehensive study of molybdenum nitride\n (MoN) thin film deposition using direct current reactive\n magnetron sputtering. We have investigated the effect of various\n deposition conditions on the superconducting and electrical\n properties of the films. Furthermore, we have shown that\n meander-shaped single-photon detectors made from 5 nm MoN films\n have saturated quantum detection efficiency at the telecom\n wavelength of 1550 nm. Our results indicate that MoN may be a\n material of interest for practical applications of\n low-temperature superconductors, including single-photon\n detectors and transition-edge sensors.",\n month = "1~" # mar,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1088/1361-6668/abda5f"\n}\n\n\n\n Abstract We present a comprehensive study of molybdenum nitride (MoN) thin film deposition using direct current reactive magnetron sputtering. We have investigated the effect of various deposition conditions on the superconducting and electrical properties of the films. Furthermore, we have shown that meander-shaped single-photon detectors made from 5 nm MoN films have saturated quantum detection efficiency at the telecom wavelength of 1550 nm. Our results indicate that MoN may be a material of interest for practical applications of low-temperature superconductors, including single-photon detectors and transition-edge sensors.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Initial design of a W-band superconducting kinetic inductance qubit.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Faramarzi, F.; Day, P.; Glasby, J.; Sypkens, S.; Colangelo, M.; Chamberlin, R.; Mirhosseini, M.; Schmidt, K.; Berggren, K. K; and Mauskopf, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity: a publication of the IEEE Superconductivity Committee, 31(5): 1–5. August 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Faramarzi2021-eg,\n title = "{Initial design of a W-band superconducting kinetic inductance\n qubit}",\n author = "Faramarzi, Farzad and Day, Peter and Glasby, Jacob and Sypkens,\n Sasha and Colangelo, Marco and Chamberlin, Ralph and Mirhosseini,\n Mohammad and Schmidt, Kevin and Berggren, Karl K and Mauskopf,\n Philip",\n journal = "IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity: a publication of\n the IEEE Superconductivity Committee",\n publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)",\n volume = 31,\n number = 5,\n pages = "1--5",\n abstract = "Superconducting qubits are widely used in quantum computing\n research and industry. We describe a superconducting kinetic\n inductance qubit (and introduce the term Kineticon to describe\n it) operating at W-band frequencies with a nonlinear nanowire\n section that provides the anharmonicity required for two distinct\n quantum energy states. Operating the qubits at higher frequencies\n may relax the dilution refrigerator temperature requirements for\n these devices and paves the path for multiplexing a large number\n of qubits. Millimeter-wave operation requires superconductors\n with relatively high T c , which implies high gap frequency,\n 2$\\Delta$/h, beyond which photons break Cooper pairs. For\n example, NbTiN with T c = 15 K has a gap frequency near 1.4 THz,\n which is much higher than that of aluminum (90 GHz), allowing for\n operation throughout the millimeter-wave band. Here we describe a\n design and simulation of a W-band Kineticon qubit embedded in a\n 3-D cavity. We perform classical electromagnetic calculations of\n the resulting field distributions.",\n month = aug,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1109/tasc.2021.3065304"\n}\n\n\n\n Superconducting qubits are widely used in quantum computing research and industry. We describe a superconducting kinetic inductance qubit (and introduce the term Kineticon to describe it) operating at W-band frequencies with a nonlinear nanowire section that provides the anharmonicity required for two distinct quantum energy states. Operating the qubits at higher frequencies may relax the dilution refrigerator temperature requirements for these devices and paves the path for multiplexing a large number of qubits. Millimeter-wave operation requires superconductors with relatively high T c , which implies high gap frequency, 2$Δ$/h, beyond which photons break Cooper pairs. For example, NbTiN with T c = 15 K has a gap frequency near 1.4 THz, which is much higher than that of aluminum (90 GHz), allowing for operation throughout the millimeter-wave band. Here we describe a design and simulation of a W-band Kineticon qubit embedded in a 3-D cavity. We perform classical electromagnetic calculations of the resulting field distributions.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Enhancing the performance of superconducting nanowire-based detectors with high-filling factor by using variable thickness.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Baghdadi, R.; Schmidt, E.; Jahani, S.; Charaev, I.; Müller, M. G W; Colangelo, M.; Zhu, D.; Ilin, K.; Semenov, A. D; Jacob, Z.; Siegel, M.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Superconductor science & technology, 34(3): 035010. 1 March 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Baghdadi2021-vu,\n title = "{Enhancing the performance of superconducting nanowire-based\n detectors with high-filling factor by using variable thickness}",\n author = "Baghdadi, Reza and Schmidt, Ekkehart and Jahani, Saman and\n Charaev, Ilya and M{\\"{u}}ller, Michael G W and Colangelo, Marco\n and Zhu, Di and Ilin, Konstantin and Semenov, Alexej D and Jacob,\n Zubin and Siegel, Michael and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Superconductor science \\& technology",\n publisher = "IOP Publishing",\n volume = 34,\n number = 3,\n pages = 035010,\n abstract = "Abstract Current crowding at bends of superconducting nanowire\n single-photon detector (SNSPD) is one of the main factors\n limiting the performance of meander-style detectors with large\n filling factors. In this paper, we propose a new concept to\n reduce the influence of the current crowding effect, a so-called\n variable thickness SNSPD, which is composed of two regions with\n different thicknesses. A larger thickness of bends in comparison\n to the thickness of straight nanowire sections locally reduces\n the current density and reduces the suppression of the critical\n current caused by current crowding. This allows variable\n thickness SNSPD to have a higher critical current, an improved\n detection efficiency, and decreased dark count rate in comparison\n with a standard uniform thickness SNSPD with an identical\n geometry and film quality.",\n month = "1~" # mar,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1088/1361-6668/abdba6"\n}\n\n\n\n Abstract Current crowding at bends of superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is one of the main factors limiting the performance of meander-style detectors with large filling factors. In this paper, we propose a new concept to reduce the influence of the current crowding effect, a so-called variable thickness SNSPD, which is composed of two regions with different thicknesses. A larger thickness of bends in comparison to the thickness of straight nanowire sections locally reduces the current density and reduces the suppression of the critical current caused by current crowding. This allows variable thickness SNSPD to have a higher critical current, an improved detection efficiency, and decreased dark count rate in comparison with a standard uniform thickness SNSPD with an identical geometry and film quality.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Development of an array of kinetic inductance magnetometers (KIMs).\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sypkens, S.; Faramarzi, F.; Colangelo, M.; Sinclair, A.; Stephenson, R.; Glasby, J.; Day, P.; Berggren, K.; and Mauskopf, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity: a publication of the IEEE Superconductivity Committee, 31(5): 1–4. August 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Sypkens2021-ky,\n title = "{Development of an array of kinetic inductance magnetometers\n (KIMs)}",\n author = "Sypkens, Sasha and Faramarzi, Farzad and Colangelo, Marco and\n Sinclair, Adrian and Stephenson, Ryan and Glasby, Jacob and Day,\n Peter and Berggren, Karl and Mauskopf, Philip",\n journal = "IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity: a publication of\n the IEEE Superconductivity Committee",\n publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)",\n volume = 31,\n number = 5,\n pages = "1--4",\n abstract = "We describe optimization of a cryogenic magnetometer that uses\n nonlinear kinetic inductance in superconducting nanowires as the\n sensitive element instead of a superconducting quantum\n interference device (SQUID). The circuit design consists of a\n loop geometry with two nanowires in parallel, serving as the\n inductive section of a lumped LC resonator similar to a kinetic\n inductance detector (KID). This device takes advantage of the\n multiplexing capability of the KID, allowing for a natural\n frequency multiplexed readout. The Kinetic Inductance\n Magnetometer (KIM) is biased with a DC magnetic flux through the\n inductive loop. A perturbing signal will cause a flux change\n through the loop, and thus a change in the induced current, which\n alters the kinetic inductance of the nanowires, causing the\n resonant frequency of the KIM to shift. This technology has\n applications in astrophysics, material science, and the medical\n field for readout of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters (MMCs), axion\n detection, and magnetoencephalography (MEG).",\n month = aug,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1109/tasc.2021.3056322"\n}\n\n\n\n We describe optimization of a cryogenic magnetometer that uses nonlinear kinetic inductance in superconducting nanowires as the sensitive element instead of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The circuit design consists of a loop geometry with two nanowires in parallel, serving as the inductive section of a lumped LC resonator similar to a kinetic inductance detector (KID). This device takes advantage of the multiplexing capability of the KID, allowing for a natural frequency multiplexed readout. The Kinetic Inductance Magnetometer (KIM) is biased with a DC magnetic flux through the inductive loop. A perturbing signal will cause a flux change through the loop, and thus a change in the induced current, which alters the kinetic inductance of the nanowires, causing the resonant frequency of the KIM to shift. This technology has applications in astrophysics, material science, and the medical field for readout of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters (MMCs), axion detection, and magnetoencephalography (MEG).\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Impedance-matched differential SNSPDs for practical photon counting with sub-10 ps timing jitter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Beyer, A.; Korzh, B.; Allmaras, J. P; Mueller, A.; Briggs, R. M; Bumble, B.; Runyan, M.; Stevens, M. J; McCaughan, A.; Zhu, D.; Smith, S.; Becker, W.; Narváez, L.; Bienfang, J. C; Frasca, S.; Velasco, A. E; Ramirez, E.; Walter, A.; Schmidt, E.; Wollman, E. E; Peña, C.; Spiropulu, M.; Mirin, R. P; Nam, S. W.; Berggren, K. K; and Shaw, M. D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,1–2. 9 May 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2021-ah,\n title = "{Impedance-matched differential SNSPDs for practical photon\n counting with sub-10 ps timing jitter}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Beyer, Andrew and Korzh, Boris and Allmaras,\n Jason P and Mueller, Andrew and Briggs, Ryan M and Bumble, Bruce\n and Runyan, Marcus and Stevens, Martin J and McCaughan, Adam and\n Zhu, Di and Smith, Steve and Becker, Wolfgang and Narv\\'{a}ez,\n Lautaro and Bienfang, Joshua C and Frasca, Simone and Velasco,\n Angel E and Ramirez, Edward and Walter, Alexander and Schmidt,\n Ekkehart and Wollman, Emma E and Pe\\~{n}a, Cristi\\'{a}n and\n Spiropulu, Maria and Mirin, Richard P and Nam, Sae Woo and\n Berggren, Karl K and Shaw, Matthew D",\n publisher = "IEEE",\n pages = "1--2",\n abstract = "We demonstrate large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detectors (SNSPDs) with simultaneous high system detection\n efficiency and low system jitter. We describe the device\n architecture and discuss optimal readout setup for practical\n applications.",\n month = "9~" # may,\n year = 2021,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate large-area superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) with simultaneous high system detection efficiency and low system jitter. We describe the device architecture and discuss optimal readout setup for practical applications.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Initial design of a W-band superconducting kinetic inductance qubit (Kineticon).\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Faramarzi, F. B; Day, P. K; Glasby, J.; Sypkens, S.; Colangelo, M.; Chamberlin, R.; Mirhosseini, M.; Schmidt, K.; and Mauskopf, K. K B. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [quant-ph]. 15 December 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Faramarzi2020-uo,\n title = "{Initial design of a W-band superconducting kinetic\n inductance qubit (Kineticon)}",\n author = "Faramarzi, Farzad B and Day, Peter K and Glasby, Jacob and\n Sypkens, Sasha and Colangelo, Marco and Chamberlin, Ralph and\n Mirhosseini, Mohammad and Schmidt, Kevin and Mauskopf, Karl K\n Berggren Philip",\n journal = "arXiv [quant-ph]",\n abstract = "Superconducting qubits are widely used in quantum computing\n research and industry. We describe a superconducting kinetic\n inductance qubit (and introduce the term Kineticon to\n describe it) operating at W-band frequencies with a nonlinear\n nanowire section that provides the anharmonicity required for\n two distinct quantum energy states. Operating the qubits at\n higher frequencies may relax the dilution refrigerator\n temperature requirements for these devices and paves the path\n for multiplexing a large number of qubits. Millimeter-wave\n operation requires superconductors with relatively high\n $T_c$, which implies high gap frequency, 2$\\Delta/h$, beyond\n which photons break Cooper pairs. For example, NbTiN with\n $T_c =15\\,\\text{K}$ has a gap frequency near 1.4 THz, which\n is much higher than that of aluminum (90 GHz), allowing for\n operation throughout the millimeter-wave band. Here we\n describe a design and simulation of a W-band Kineticon qubit\n embedded in a 3-D cavity. We perform classical\n electromagnetic calculations of the resulting field\n distributions.",\n month = "15~" # dec,\n year = 2020,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "quant-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Superconducting qubits are widely used in quantum computing research and industry. We describe a superconducting kinetic inductance qubit (and introduce the term Kineticon to describe it) operating at W-band frequencies with a nonlinear nanowire section that provides the anharmonicity required for two distinct quantum energy states. Operating the qubits at higher frequencies may relax the dilution refrigerator temperature requirements for these devices and paves the path for multiplexing a large number of qubits. Millimeter-wave operation requires superconductors with relatively high $T_c$, which implies high gap frequency, 2$Δ/h$, beyond which photons break Cooper pairs. For example, NbTiN with $T_c =15\\,\\text{K}$ has a gap frequency near 1.4 THz, which is much higher than that of aluminum (90 GHz), allowing for operation throughout the millimeter-wave band. Here we describe a design and simulation of a W-band Kineticon qubit embedded in a 3-D cavity. We perform classical electromagnetic calculations of the resulting field distributions.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Superconducting nanowire spiking element for neural networks.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Toomey, E; Segall, K; Castellani, M; Colangelo, M; Lynch, N; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nano letters, 20(11): 8059–8066. 11 November 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Toomey2020-sn,\n title = "{Superconducting nanowire spiking element for neural networks}",\n author = "Toomey, E and Segall, K and Castellani, M and Colangelo, M and\n Lynch, N and Berggren, K K",\n journal = "Nano letters",\n publisher = "American Chemical Society (ACS)",\n volume = 20,\n number = 11,\n pages = "8059--8066",\n abstract = "As the limits of traditional von Neumann computing come into\n view, the brain's ability to communicate vast quantities of\n information using low-power spikes has become an increasing\n source of inspiration for alternative architectures. Key to the\n success of these largescale neural networks is a power-efficient\n spiking element that is scalable and easily interfaced with\n traditional control electronics. In this work, we present a\n spiking element fabricated from superconducting nanowires that\n has pulse energies on the order of $\\sim{}$10 aJ. We demonstrate\n that the device reproduces essential characteristics of\n biological neurons, such as a refractory period and a firing\n threshold. Through simulations using experimentally measured\n device parameters, we show how nanowire-based networks may be\n used for inference in image recognition and that the\n probabilistic nature of nanowire switching may be exploited for\n modeling biological processes and for applications that rely on\n stochasticity.",\n month = "11~" # nov,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "neuromorphic computing; spiking hardware; spiking neural networks\n (SNNs); superconducting nanowire;GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03057",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n As the limits of traditional von Neumann computing come into view, the brain's ability to communicate vast quantities of information using low-power spikes has become an increasing source of inspiration for alternative architectures. Key to the success of these largescale neural networks is a power-efficient spiking element that is scalable and easily interfaced with traditional control electronics. In this work, we present a spiking element fabricated from superconducting nanowires that has pulse energies on the order of $∼{}$10 aJ. We demonstrate that the device reproduces essential characteristics of biological neurons, such as a refractory period and a firing threshold. Through simulations using experimentally measured device parameters, we show how nanowire-based networks may be used for inference in image recognition and that the probabilistic nature of nanowire switching may be exploited for modeling biological processes and for applications that rely on stochasticity.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Properties of a nanowire kinetic inductance detector array.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Glasby, J S; Sinclair, A K; Mauskopf, P D; Mani, H; Zhu, D; Colangelo, M; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of low temperature physics, 199(3-4): 631–638. May 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Glasby2020-at,\n title = "{Properties of a nanowire kinetic inductance detector array}",\n author = "Glasby, J S and Sinclair, A K and Mauskopf, P D and Mani, H and\n Zhu, D and Colangelo, M and Berggren, K K",\n journal = "Journal of low temperature physics",\n publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",\n volume = 199,\n number = "3-4",\n pages = "631--638",\n month = may,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1007/s10909-019-02288-2",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Control of bulk superconductivity via surface-bound electric fields in ion-gated niobium nitride thin films.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Piatti, E; Daghero, D; Ummarino, G A; Colangelo, M; Romanin, D; Medeiros, O; Galanti, F; Laviano, F; Nair, J R; Sola, A; Portesi, C; Cristiano, R; Casaburi, A; Yu Sklyadneva, I; Chulkov, E V; Heid, R; Berggren, K K; and Gonnelli, R S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n , 1: 67–69. 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Piatti2020-cg,\n title = "{Control of bulk superconductivity via surface-bound electric\n fields in ion-gated niobium nitride thin films}",\n author = "Piatti, E and Daghero, D and Ummarino, G A and Colangelo, M and\n Romanin, D and Medeiros, O and Galanti, F and Laviano, F and\n Nair, J R and Sola, A and Portesi, C and Cristiano, R and\n Casaburi, A and Yu Sklyadneva, I and Chulkov, E V and Heid, R and\n Berggren, K K and Gonnelli, R S",\n publisher = "Comenius University",\n volume = 1,\n pages = "67--69",\n abstract = "Ionic gating is a very popular tool to investigate and control\n the electric transport and electronic ground state in a wide\n variety of different materials. This is due to its capability to\n induce large modulations of the surface charge density by means\n of the electric-double-layer field-effect transistor (EDL-FET)\n architecture, often reaching values comparable to those occurring\n in metallic systems. Despite finding large success in tuning the\n phase diagram of low-carrier density systems, including cuprates\n and iron-based superconductors, its applicability to conventional\n metallic superconductors has received significantly less\n attention. In my talk, I will present the work which has been\n carried out in my research group over several years to\n investigate how ionic gating can tune the properties of metallic\n superconductor, using niobium nitride (NbN) as an emblematic\n case. By fabricating EDL-FETs on NbN thin films with thickness\n ranging between 10 and 40 nm, we observed that small positive and\n negative shifts in the critical temperature Tc could be induced\n by changing the gate-voltage polarity, and that the magnitude of\n these shifts increased upon decreasing the film thickness. These\n findings indicated that, despite the gate-induced electric field\n being confined in a thin layer at the surface by electrostatic\n screening, the perturbation to the superconducting state extends\n in a region much larger than a single unit cell. Indeed, the\n dependence of Tc on the gate voltage and thickness could be\n reconciled with the Eliashberg theory of superconductivity only\n if this thin surface layer is coupled to the underlying,\n unperturbed bulk via proximity effect. We also determined\n \\ldots{}",\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Ionic gating is a very popular tool to investigate and control the electric transport and electronic ground state in a wide variety of different materials. This is due to its capability to induce large modulations of the surface charge density by means of the electric-double-layer field-effect transistor (EDL-FET) architecture, often reaching values comparable to those occurring in metallic systems. Despite finding large success in tuning the phase diagram of low-carrier density systems, including cuprates and iron-based superconductors, its applicability to conventional metallic superconductors has received significantly less attention. In my talk, I will present the work which has been carried out in my research group over several years to investigate how ionic gating can tune the properties of metallic superconductor, using niobium nitride (NbN) as an emblematic case. By fabricating EDL-FETs on NbN thin films with thickness ranging between 10 and 40 nm, we observed that small positive and negative shifts in the critical temperature Tc could be induced by changing the gate-voltage polarity, and that the magnitude of these shifts increased upon decreasing the film thickness. These findings indicated that, despite the gate-induced electric field being confined in a thin layer at the surface by electrostatic screening, the perturbation to the superconducting state extends in a region much larger than a single unit cell. Indeed, the dependence of Tc on the gate voltage and thickness could be reconciled with the Eliashberg theory of superconductivity only if this thin surface layer is coupled to the underlying, unperturbed bulk via proximity effect. We also determined …\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n DYNAMIC FACADE SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING SHADING.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mariani, S; Tavanti, M; Boldini, A; Pilla, A; and Colangelo, M\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Mariani2020-lu,\n title = "{DYNAMIC FACADE SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING {SHADING}}",\n author = "Mariani, S and Tavanti, M and Boldini, A and Pilla, A and\n Colangelo, M",\n abstract = "A dynamic facade system for controlling shading, characterized in\n that said facade system comprises a block (30) composed of an\n outer glass panel (31), an intermediate framework (32) inside\n which a series of steel cables (33) are fixed, and an inner\n framework (34) that incorporates an inner glass panel (35); said\n outer glass panel (31), said intermediate framework (32) and said\n inner framework (34) being joined to one another: said system\n comprises modules (10) fixed on said cables (33); said modules\n (10) comprise a first outer structure (12); said first outer\n structure (12) comprises a frame-shaped square base (15) and at\n least one first wing (16); said at least one first wing (16) is\n movably connected to said frame-shaped square base (15) by means\n of a first hinge (20); characterized in that said first hinge (20)\n is made with a shape memory element with passive configuration.",\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n A dynamic facade system for controlling shading, characterized in that said facade system comprises a block (30) composed of an outer glass panel (31), an intermediate framework (32) inside which a series of steel cables (33) are fixed, and an inner framework (34) that incorporates an inner glass panel (35); said outer glass panel (31), said intermediate framework (32) and said inner framework (34) being joined to one another: said system comprises modules (10) fixed on said cables (33); said modules (10) comprise a first outer structure (12); said first outer structure (12) comprises a frame-shaped square base (15) and at least one first wing (16); said at least one first wing (16) is movably connected to said frame-shaped square base (15) by means of a first hinge (20); characterized in that said first hinge (20) is made with a shape memory element with passive configuration.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Single-photon detection in the mid-infrared up to 10 micron wavelength using tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire detectors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Verma, V B; Korzh, B; Walter, A B; Lita, A E; Briggs, R M; Colangelo, M; Zhai, Y; Wollman, E E; Beyer, A D; Allmaras, J P; Vora, H; Zhu, D; Schmidt, E; Kozorezov, A G; Berggren, K K; Mirin, R P; Nam, S W; and Shaw, M D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [physics.ins-det], (5): 056101. 17 December 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Verma2020-mi,\n title = "{Single-photon detection in the mid-infrared up to 10 micron\n wavelength using tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire\n detectors}",\n author = "Verma, V B and Korzh, B and Walter, A B and Lita, A E and\n Briggs, R M and Colangelo, M and Zhai, Y and Wollman, E E and\n Beyer, A D and Allmaras, J P and Vora, H and Zhu, D and\n Schmidt, E and Kozorezov, A G and Berggren, K K and Mirin, R\n P and Nam, S W and Shaw, M D",\n journal = "arXiv [physics.ins-det]",\n number = 5,\n pages = 056101,\n abstract = "We developed superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors\n (SNSPDs) based on tungsten silicide (WSi) that show saturated\n internal detection efficiency up to a wavelength of 10 um.\n These detectors are promising for applications in the\n mid-infrared requiring ultra-high gain stability, low dark\n counts, and high efficiency such as chemical sensing, LIDAR,\n dark matter searches and exoplanet spectroscopy.",\n month = "17~" # dec,\n year = 2020,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "physics.ins-det",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/5.0048049",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n We developed superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) based on tungsten silicide (WSi) that show saturated internal detection efficiency up to a wavelength of 10 um. These detectors are promising for applications in the mid-infrared requiring ultra-high gain stability, low dark counts, and high efficiency such as chemical sensing, LIDAR, dark matter searches and exoplanet spectroscopy.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A compact and tunable forward coupler based on high-impedance superconducting nanowires.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M.; Zhu, D.; Santavicca, D. F; Butters, B. A; Bienfang, J. C; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [physics.app-ph]. 23 November 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2020-fz,\n title = "{A compact and tunable forward coupler based on\n high-impedance superconducting nanowires}",\n author = "Colangelo, Marco and Zhu, Di and Santavicca, Daniel F and\n Butters, Brenden A and Bienfang, Joshua C and Berggren, Karl\n K",\n journal = "arXiv [physics.app-ph]",\n abstract = "Developing compact, low-dissipation, cryogenic-compatible\n microwave electronics is essential for scaling up\n low-temperature quantum computing systems. In this paper, we\n demonstrate an ultra-compact microwave directional forward\n coupler based on high-impedance slow-wave\n superconducting-nanowire transmission lines. The coupling\n section of the fabricated device has a footprint of\n $416\\,\\mathrm{\\mu m^2}$. At 4.753 GHz, the input signal\n couples equally to the through port and forward-coupling port\n (50:50) at $-6.7\\,\\mathrm{dB}$ with $-13.5\\,\\mathrm{dB}$\n isolation. The coupling ratio can be controlled with DC bias\n current or temperature by exploiting the dependence of the\n kinetic inductance on these quantities. The material and\n fabrication-process are suitable for direct integration with\n superconducting circuits, providing a practical solution to\n the signal distribution bottlenecks in developing large-scale\n quantum computers.",\n month = "23~" # nov,\n year = 2020,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "physics.app-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Developing compact, low-dissipation, cryogenic-compatible microwave electronics is essential for scaling up low-temperature quantum computing systems. In this paper, we demonstrate an ultra-compact microwave directional forward coupler based on high-impedance slow-wave superconducting-nanowire transmission lines. The coupling section of the fabricated device has a footprint of $416\\,\\mathrm{μ m^2}$. At 4.753 GHz, the input signal couples equally to the through port and forward-coupling port (50:50) at $-6.7\\,\\mathrm{dB}$ with $-13.5\\,\\mathrm{dB}$ isolation. The coupling ratio can be controlled with DC bias current or temperature by exploiting the dependence of the kinetic inductance on these quantities. The material and fabrication-process are suitable for direct integration with superconducting circuits, providing a practical solution to the signal distribution bottlenecks in developing large-scale quantum computers.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cryogenic memory architecture integrating spin Hall effect based magnetic memory and superconductive cryotron devices.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, M.; Ribeill, G. J; Gustafsson, M. V; Shi, S.; Aradhya, S. V; Wagner, A. P; Ranzani, L. M; Zhu, L.; Baghdadi, R.; Butters, B.; Toomey, E.; Colangelo, M.; Truitt, P. A; Jafari-Salim, A.; McAllister, D.; Yohannes, D.; Cheng, S. R; Lazarus, R.; Mukhanov, O.; Berggren, K. K; Buhrman, R. A; Rowlands, G. E; and Ohki, T. A\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Scientific reports, 10(1): 248. 14 January 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Nguyen2020-fn,\n title = "{Cryogenic memory architecture integrating spin Hall effect based\n magnetic memory and superconductive cryotron devices}",\n author = "Nguyen, Minh-Hai and Ribeill, Guilhem J and Gustafsson, Martin V\n and Shi, Shengjie and Aradhya, Sriharsha V and Wagner, Andrew P\n and Ranzani, Leonardo M and Zhu, Lijun and Baghdadi, Reza and\n Butters, Brenden and Toomey, Emily and Colangelo, Marco and\n Truitt, Patrick A and Jafari-Salim, Amir and McAllister, David\n and Yohannes, Daniel and Cheng, Sean R and Lazarus, Rich and\n Mukhanov, Oleg and Berggren, Karl K and Buhrman, Robert A and\n Rowlands, Graham E and Ohki, Thomas A",\n journal = "Scientific reports",\n publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",\n volume = 10,\n number = 1,\n pages = 248,\n abstract = "One of the most challenging obstacles to realizing exascale\n computing is minimizing the energy consumption of L2 cache, main\n memory, and interconnects to that memory. For promising cryogenic\n computing schemes utilizing Josephson junction superconducting\n logic, this obstacle is exacerbated by the cryogenic system\n requirements that expose the technology's lack of high-density,\n high-speed and power-efficient memory. Here we demonstrate an\n array of cryogenic memory cells consisting of a non-volatile\n three-terminal magnetic tunnel junction element driven by the\n spin Hall effect, combined with a superconducting heater-cryotron\n bit-select element. The write energy of these memory elements is\n roughly 8 pJ with a bit-select element, designed to achieve a\n minimum overhead power consumption of about 30\\%. Individual\n magnetic memory cells measured at 4 K show reliable switching\n with write error rates below 10-6, and a 4 \\texttimes{} 4 array\n can be fully addressed with bit select error rates of 10-6. This\n demonstration is a first step towards a full cryogenic memory\n architecture targeting energy and performance specifications\n appropriate for applications in superconducting high performance\n and quantum computing control systems, which require significant\n memory resources operating at 4 K.",\n month = "14~" # jan,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-57137-9",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n One of the most challenging obstacles to realizing exascale computing is minimizing the energy consumption of L2 cache, main memory, and interconnects to that memory. For promising cryogenic computing schemes utilizing Josephson junction superconducting logic, this obstacle is exacerbated by the cryogenic system requirements that expose the technology's lack of high-density, high-speed and power-efficient memory. Here we demonstrate an array of cryogenic memory cells consisting of a non-volatile three-terminal magnetic tunnel junction element driven by the spin Hall effect, combined with a superconducting heater-cryotron bit-select element. The write energy of these memory elements is roughly 8 pJ with a bit-select element, designed to achieve a minimum overhead power consumption of about 30%. Individual magnetic memory cells measured at 4 K show reliable switching with write error rates below 10-6, and a 4 × 4 array can be fully addressed with bit select error rates of 10-6. This demonstration is a first step towards a full cryogenic memory architecture targeting energy and performance specifications appropriate for applications in superconducting high performance and quantum computing control systems, which require significant memory resources operating at 4 K.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Demonstration of sub-3 ps temporal resolution with a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korzh, B.; Zhao, Q.; Allmaras, J. P; Frasca, S.; Autry, T. M; Bersin, E. A; Beyer, A. D; Briggs, R. M; Bumble, B.; Colangelo, M.; Crouch, G. M; Dane, A. E; Gerrits, T.; Lita, A. E; Marsili, F.; Moody, G.; Peña, C.; Ramirez, E.; Rezac, J. D; Sinclair, N.; Stevens, M. J; Velasco, A. E; Verma, V. B; Wollman, E. E; Xie, S.; Zhu, D.; Hale, P. D; Spiropulu, M.; Silverman, K. L; Mirin, R. P; Nam, S. W.; Kozorezov, A. G; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature photonics, 14(4): 250–255. 2 April 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Korzh2020-cb,\n title = "{Demonstration of sub-3 ps temporal resolution with a\n superconducting nanowire single-photon detector}",\n author = "Korzh, Boris and Zhao, Qing-Yuan and Allmaras, Jason P and\n Frasca, Simone and Autry, Travis M and Bersin, Eric A and Beyer,\n Andrew D and Briggs, Ryan M and Bumble, Bruce and Colangelo,\n Marco and Crouch, Garrison M and Dane, Andrew E and Gerrits,\n Thomas and Lita, Adriana E and Marsili, Francesco and Moody,\n Galan and Pe\\~{n}a, Cristi\\'{a}n and Ramirez, Edward and Rezac,\n Jake D and Sinclair, Neil and Stevens, Martin J and Velasco,\n Angel E and Verma, Varun B and Wollman, Emma E and Xie, Si and\n Zhu, Di and Hale, Paul D and Spiropulu, Maria and Silverman,\n Kevin L and Mirin, Richard P and Nam, Sae Woo and Kozorezov,\n Alexander G and Shaw, Matthew D and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Nature photonics",\n publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",\n volume = 14,\n number = 4,\n pages = "250--255",\n abstract = "Improvements in temporal resolution of single-photon detectors\n enable increased data rates and transmission distances for both\n classical and quantum optical communication systems, higher\n spatial resolution in laser ranging, and observation of\n shorter-lived fluorophores in biomedical imaging. In recent\n years, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs)\n have emerged as the most efficient time-resolving\n single-photon-counting detectors available in the near-infrared,\n but understanding of the fundamental limits of timing resolution\n in these devices has been limited due to a lack of investigations\n into the timescales involved in the detection process. We\n introduce an experimental technique to probe the detection\n latency in SNSPDs and show that the key to achieving low timing\n jitter is the use of materials with low latency. By using a\n specialized niobium nitride SNSPD we demonstrate that the system\n temporal resolution can be as good as 2.6 $\\pm{}$ 0.2 ps for\n visible wavelengths and 4.3 $\\pm{}$ 0.2 ps at 1,550 nm. Knowledge\n about detection latency provides a guideline to reduce the timing\n jitter of niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detectors. A timing jitter of 2.6 ps at visible wavelength and\n 4.3 ps at 1,550 nm is achieved.",\n month = "2~" # apr,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "biblio\\_single\\_pixel.bib;GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1038/s41566-020-0589-x",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Improvements in temporal resolution of single-photon detectors enable increased data rates and transmission distances for both classical and quantum optical communication systems, higher spatial resolution in laser ranging, and observation of shorter-lived fluorophores in biomedical imaging. In recent years, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as the most efficient time-resolving single-photon-counting detectors available in the near-infrared, but understanding of the fundamental limits of timing resolution in these devices has been limited due to a lack of investigations into the timescales involved in the detection process. We introduce an experimental technique to probe the detection latency in SNSPDs and show that the key to achieving low timing jitter is the use of materials with low latency. By using a specialized niobium nitride SNSPD we demonstrate that the system temporal resolution can be as good as 2.6 $±{}$ 0.2 ps for visible wavelengths and 4.3 $±{}$ 0.2 ps at 1,550 nm. Knowledge about detection latency provides a guideline to reduce the timing jitter of niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. A timing jitter of 2.6 ps at visible wavelength and 4.3 ps at 1,550 nm is achieved.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Resolving photon numbers using a superconducting nanowire with impedance-matching taper.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhu, D.; Colangelo, M.; Chen, C.; Korzh, B. A; Wong, F. N C; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nano letters, 20(5): 3858–3863. 13 May 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Zhu2020-jd,\n title = "{Resolving photon numbers using a superconducting nanowire with\n impedance-matching taper}",\n author = "Zhu, Di and Colangelo, Marco and Chen, Changchen and Korzh, Boris\n A and Wong, Franco N C and Shaw, Matthew D and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Nano letters",\n publisher = "American Chemical Society (ACS)",\n volume = 20,\n number = 5,\n pages = "3858--3863",\n abstract = "Time- and number-resolved photon detection is crucial for quantum\n information processing. Existing photon-number-resolving (PNR)\n detectors usually suffer from limited timing and dark-count\n performance or require complex fabrication and operation. Here,\n we demonstrate a PNR detector at telecommunication wavelengths\n based on a single superconducting nanowire with an integrated\n impedance-matching taper. The taper provides a k$\\Omega$ load\n impedance to the nanowire, making the detector's output amplitude\n sensitive to the number of photon-induced hotspots. The\n prototyping device was able to resolve up to four absorbed\n photons with 16.1 ps timing jitter and <2 c.p.s. device dark\n count rate. Its exceptional distinction between single- and\n two-photon responses is ideal for high-fidelity coincidence\n counting and allowed us to directly observe bunching of photon\n pairs from a single output port of a Hong-Ou-Mandel\n interferometer. This detector architecture may provide a\n practical solution to applications that require high timing\n resolution and few-photon discrimination.",\n month = "13~" # may,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "Hong-Ou-Mandel interference; SNSPD; Superconducting nanowire;\n impedance taper; photon-number resolution; single-photon\n detector;biblio\\_single\\_pixel.bib;GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00985",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Time- and number-resolved photon detection is crucial for quantum information processing. Existing photon-number-resolving (PNR) detectors usually suffer from limited timing and dark-count performance or require complex fabrication and operation. Here, we demonstrate a PNR detector at telecommunication wavelengths based on a single superconducting nanowire with an integrated impedance-matching taper. The taper provides a k$Ω$ load impedance to the nanowire, making the detector's output amplitude sensitive to the number of photon-induced hotspots. The prototyping device was able to resolve up to four absorbed photons with 16.1 ps timing jitter and <2 c.p.s. device dark count rate. Its exceptional distinction between single- and two-photon responses is ideal for high-fidelity coincidence counting and allowed us to directly observe bunching of photon pairs from a single output port of a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer. This detector architecture may provide a practical solution to applications that require high timing resolution and few-photon discrimination.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Design of a W-band superconducting kinetic inductance qubit (Kineticon).\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Faramarzi, F; Day, P; Colangelo, M; Glasby, J; Sypkens, S; Chamberlin, R; O'Brian, K; Mirhosseini, M; Schmidt, K; Berggren, K; and Mauskopf, P\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv: Quantum Physics,arXiv: 2012.08654. 15 December 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Faramarzi2020-vr,\n title = "{Design of a W-band superconducting kinetic inductance qubit\n (Kineticon)}",\n author = "Faramarzi, F and Day, P and Colangelo, M and Glasby, J and\n Sypkens, S and Chamberlin, R and O'Brian, K and Mirhosseini, M and\n Schmidt, K and Berggren, K and Mauskopf, P",\n journal = "arXiv: Quantum Physics",\n pages = "arXiv: 2012.08654",\n abstract = "Superconducting qubits are widely used in quantum computing\n research and industry. We describe a superconducting kinetic\n inductance qubit (Kineticon) operating at W-band frequencies with\n a nonlinear nanowire section that provides the anharmonicity\n required for two distinct quantum energy states. Operating the\n qubits at higher frequencies relaxes the dilution refrigerator\n temperature requirements for these devices and paves the path for\n multiplexing a large number of qubits. Millimeter-wave operation\n requires superconductors with relatively high Tc, which implies\n high gap frequency, 2$\\Delta$/h, beyond which photons break Cooper\n pairs. For example, NbTiN with Tc=16K has a gap frequency near 1.4\n THz, which is much higher than that of aluminum (90 GHz), allowing\n for operation throughout the millimeter-wave band. Here we\n describe a design and simulation of a W-band Kineticon qubit\n embedded in a 3-D cavity.",\n month = "15~" # dec,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Superconducting qubits are widely used in quantum computing research and industry. We describe a superconducting kinetic inductance qubit (Kineticon) operating at W-band frequencies with a nonlinear nanowire section that provides the anharmonicity required for two distinct quantum energy states. Operating the qubits at higher frequencies relaxes the dilution refrigerator temperature requirements for these devices and paves the path for multiplexing a large number of qubits. Millimeter-wave operation requires superconductors with relatively high Tc, which implies high gap frequency, 2$Δ$/h, beyond which photons break Cooper pairs. For example, NbTiN with Tc=16K has a gap frequency near 1.4 THz, which is much higher than that of aluminum (90 GHz), allowing for operation throughout the millimeter-wave band. Here we describe a design and simulation of a W-band Kineticon qubit embedded in a 3-D cavity.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Photon-Number Resolution using Superconducting Tapered Nanowire Detector.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhu, D.; Colangelo, M.; Chen, C.; Korzh, B. A; Wong, F. N C; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,1–2. 10 May 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Zhu2020-na,\n title = "{Photon-Number Resolution using Superconducting Tapered Nanowire\n Detector}",\n author = "Zhu, Di and Colangelo, Marco and Chen, Changchen and Korzh, Boris\n A and Wong, Franco N C and Shaw, Matthew D and Berggren, Karl K",\n publisher = "IEEE",\n pages = "1--2",\n abstract = "We show that a superconducting nanowire with an integrated\n impedance-matching taper can resolve photon numbers. The taper\n increases the nanowire detector's output amplitude and makes it\n sensitive to the number of single-photon-induced hotspots.",\n month = "10~" # may,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We show that a superconducting nanowire with an integrated impedance-matching taper can resolve photon numbers. The taper increases the nanowire detector's output amplitude and makes it sensitive to the number of single-photon-induced hotspots.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector on thin-film lithium niobate photonic waveguide.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Colangelo, M; Desiatov, B; Zhu, D; Holzgrafe, J; Medeiros, O; Loncar, M; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,SM4O. 4. 10 May 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Colangelo2020-ij,\n title = "{Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector on thin-film\n lithium niobate photonic waveguide}",\n author = "Colangelo, M and Desiatov, B and Zhu, D and Holzgrafe, J and\n Medeiros, O and Loncar, M and Berggren, K K",\n publisher = "Optica Publishing Group",\n pages = "SM4O. 4",\n abstract = "We integrate niobium nitride superconducting nanowire\n single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) on thin-film lithium niobate\n (LN) photonic waveguides. Further development of this technology\n may push towards more complex circuits and functionalities on\n this already promising platform.",\n month = "10~" # may,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We integrate niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) on thin-film lithium niobate (LN) photonic waveguides. Further development of this technology may push towards more complex circuits and functionalities on this already promising platform.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Oscilloscopic capture of greater-than-100 GHz, ultra-low power optical waveforms enabled by integrated electrooptic devices.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wang, X.; Dane, A. E; Berggren, K. K; Shaw, M. D; Mookherjea, S.; Korzh, B. A; Weigel, P. O; Nemchick, D. J; Drouin, B. J; Becker, W.; Zhao, Q.; Zhu, D.; and Colangelo, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n a joint IEEE [Journal of lightwave technology], 38(1): 166–173. 1 January 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Wang2020-ou,\n title = "{Oscilloscopic capture of greater-than-100 GHz, ultra-low power\n optical waveforms enabled by integrated electrooptic devices}",\n author = "Wang, Xiaoxi and Dane, Andrew E and Berggren, Karl K and Shaw,\n Matthew D and Mookherjea, Shayan and Korzh, Boris A and Weigel,\n Peter O and Nemchick, Deacon J and Drouin, Brian J and Becker,\n Wolfgang and Zhao, Qing-Yuan and Zhu, Di and Colangelo, Marco",\n journal = "a joint IEEE [Journal of lightwave technology]",\n publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)",\n volume = 38,\n number = 1,\n pages = "166--173",\n abstract = "\\textcopyright{} 2019 IEEE. Direct time-domain sampling\n oscilloscopic capture of ultra-high bandwidth (32-102 GHz)\n modulated optical waveforms at 1550 nm is demonstrated at optical\n power levels below-100 dBm. To detect fast optical waveforms\n directly at power levels far below what traditional optical\n oscilloscope methods can measure, we use a time-correlated\n single-photon counting (TCSPC) sampling acquisition method,\n recently developed integrated electro-optic devices with >100 GHz\n electro-optic bandwidth, and single photon detectors with < 5 ps\n jitter. We show the reconstruction of the time domain signals by\n collecting histograms of time-binned single photons captured\n using TCSPC and characterize the spectral components in the\n frequency domain. The ability to acquire ultra-weak eye diagrams\n and identify high-frequency spectral components from a relatively\n small ensemble of single-photon measurements may lead to\n significant advances in optical waveform capture technology.",\n month = "1~" # jan,\n year = 2020,\n keywords = "Electro-optic modulators; optical receivers; oscilloscopes;\n photon counting; single-photon detectors; ultrafast\n measurements;Mendeley Import (Oct 30);GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1109/jlt.2019.2954295"\n}\n\n\n\n © 2019 IEEE. Direct time-domain sampling oscilloscopic capture of ultra-high bandwidth (32-102 GHz) modulated optical waveforms at 1550 nm is demonstrated at optical power levels below-100 dBm. To detect fast optical waveforms directly at power levels far below what traditional optical oscilloscope methods can measure, we use a time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) sampling acquisition method, recently developed integrated electro-optic devices with >100 GHz electro-optic bandwidth, and single photon detectors with < 5 ps jitter. We show the reconstruction of the time domain signals by collecting histograms of time-binned single photons captured using TCSPC and characterize the spectral components in the frequency domain. The ability to acquire ultra-weak eye diagrams and identify high-frequency spectral components from a relatively small ensemble of single-photon measurements may lead to significant advances in optical waveform capture technology.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Investigation of ma-N 2400 series photoresist as an electron-beam resist for superconducting nanoscale devices.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Toomey, E.; Colangelo, M.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of vacuum science and technology. B, Nanotechnology & microelectronics: materials, processing, measurement, & phenomena: JVST B, 37(5): 051207. 25 September 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Toomey2019-xi,\n title = "{Investigation of ma-N 2400 series photoresist as an\n electron-beam resist for superconducting nanoscale devices}",\n author = "Toomey, Emily and Colangelo, Marco and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Journal of vacuum science and technology. B, Nanotechnology \\&\n microelectronics: materials, processing, measurement, \\&\n phenomena: JVST B",\n publisher = "American Vacuum Society",\n volume = 37,\n number = 5,\n pages = 051207,\n abstract = "Superconducting nanowire-based devices are increasingly being\n used in complex circuits for applications such as photon\n detection and amplification. To keep up with the growing circuit\n complexity, nanowire processing is moving from single layer\n fabrication to heterogeneous multilayer processes. Hydrogen\n silsesquioxane (HSQ) is the most common choice of negative-tone\n electron-beam resist for patterning superconducting nanowires.\n However, HSQ has several limitations, including an inability to\n be removed without a strong reagent that damages the\n superconducting film, making it unsuitable for multilayer\n fabrication. As a result, it is vital to consider alternative\n resists that can be removed through less harmful solvents. Here,\n the authors explore the use of ma-N 2400 series deep ultraviolet\n photoresist as an electron-beam resist for fabricating\n superconducting nanowire devices. They demonstrate that ma-N can\n be used to pattern dense lines as narrow as 30 nm and isolated\n features below 20 nm in width. They also examine the\n reproducibility of 36 identical superconducting devices by\n comparing their minimum dimensions and switching currents.\n Through this analysis, they conclude that ma-N 2400 is a suitable\n electron-beam resist for fabricating nanoscale devices and has\n the potential to expand the use of nanowire-based technologies\n into more advanced applications.Superconducting nanowire-based\n devices are increasingly being used in complex circuits for\n applications such as photon detection and amplification. To keep\n up with the growing circuit complexity, nanowire processing is\n moving from single layer fabrication to heterogeneous multilayer\n processes. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is the most common\n choice of negative-tone electron-beam resist for patterning\n superconducting nanowires. However, HSQ has several limitations,\n including an inability to be removed without a strong reagent\n that damages the superconducting film, making it unsuitable for\n multilayer fabrication. As a result, it is vital to consider\n alternative resists that can be removed through less harmful\n solvents. Here, the authors explore the use of ma-N 2400 series\n deep ultraviolet photoresist as an electron-beam resist for\n fabricating superconducting nanowire devices. They demonstrate\n that ma-N can be used to pattern dense lines as narrow as 30 nm\n and isolated features below 20 nm in width. They als...",\n month = "25~" # sep,\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1116/1.5119516",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Superconducting nanowire-based devices are increasingly being used in complex circuits for applications such as photon detection and amplification. To keep up with the growing circuit complexity, nanowire processing is moving from single layer fabrication to heterogeneous multilayer processes. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is the most common choice of negative-tone electron-beam resist for patterning superconducting nanowires. However, HSQ has several limitations, including an inability to be removed without a strong reagent that damages the superconducting film, making it unsuitable for multilayer fabrication. As a result, it is vital to consider alternative resists that can be removed through less harmful solvents. Here, the authors explore the use of ma-N 2400 series deep ultraviolet photoresist as an electron-beam resist for fabricating superconducting nanowire devices. They demonstrate that ma-N can be used to pattern dense lines as narrow as 30 nm and isolated features below 20 nm in width. They also examine the reproducibility of 36 identical superconducting devices by comparing their minimum dimensions and switching currents. Through this analysis, they conclude that ma-N 2400 is a suitable electron-beam resist for fabricating nanoscale devices and has the potential to expand the use of nanowire-based technologies into more advanced applications.Superconducting nanowire-based devices are increasingly being used in complex circuits for applications such as photon detection and amplification. To keep up with the growing circuit complexity, nanowire processing is moving from single layer fabrication to heterogeneous multilayer processes. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is the most common choice of negative-tone electron-beam resist for patterning superconducting nanowires. However, HSQ has several limitations, including an inability to be removed without a strong reagent that damages the superconducting film, making it unsuitable for multilayer fabrication. As a result, it is vital to consider alternative resists that can be removed through less harmful solvents. Here, the authors explore the use of ma-N 2400 series deep ultraviolet photoresist as an electron-beam resist for fabricating superconducting nanowire devices. They demonstrate that ma-N can be used to pattern dense lines as narrow as 30 nm and isolated features below 20 nm in width. They als...\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Detecting sub-GeV dark matter with superconducting nanowires.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hochberg, Y.; Charaev, I.; Nam, S.; Verma, V.; Colangelo, M.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review letters, 123(15): 151802. 11 October 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Hochberg2019-qb,\n title = "{Detecting sub-GeV dark matter with superconducting nanowires}",\n author = "Hochberg, Yonit and Charaev, Ilya and Nam, Sae-Woo and Verma,\n Varun and Colangelo, Marco and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Physical review letters",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 123,\n number = 15,\n pages = 151802,\n abstract = "We propose the use of superconducting nanowires as both target\n and sensor for direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter. With\n excellent sensitivity to small energy deposits on electrons and\n demonstrated low dark counts, such devices could be used to probe\n electron recoils from dark matter scattering and absorption\n processes. We demonstrate the feasibility of this idea using\n measurements of an existing fabricated tungsten-silicide nanowire\n prototype with 0.8-eV energy threshold and 4.3 ng with 10 000 s\n of exposure, which showed no dark counts. The results from this\n device already place meaningful bounds on dark matter-electron\n interactions, including the strongest terrestrial bounds on\n sub-eV dark photon absorption to date. Future expected\n fabrication on larger scales and with lower thresholds should\n enable probing of new territory in the direct detection\n landscape, establishing the complementarity of this approach to\n other existing proposals.",\n month = "11~" # oct,\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.151802",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n We propose the use of superconducting nanowires as both target and sensor for direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter. With excellent sensitivity to small energy deposits on electrons and demonstrated low dark counts, such devices could be used to probe electron recoils from dark matter scattering and absorption processes. We demonstrate the feasibility of this idea using measurements of an existing fabricated tungsten-silicide nanowire prototype with 0.8-eV energy threshold and 4.3 ng with 10 000 s of exposure, which showed no dark counts. The results from this device already place meaningful bounds on dark matter-electron interactions, including the strongest terrestrial bounds on sub-eV dark photon absorption to date. Future expected fabrication on larger scales and with lower thresholds should enable probing of new territory in the direct detection landscape, establishing the complementarity of this approach to other existing proposals.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bridging the gap between nanowires and Josephson junctions: A superconducting device based on controlled fluxon transfer.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Toomey, E; Onen, M; Colangelo, M; Butters, B A; McCaughan, A N; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review applied, 11(3): 034006. 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Toomey2019-it,\n title = "{Bridging the gap between nanowires and Josephson junctions: A\n superconducting device based on controlled fluxon transfer}",\n author = "Toomey, E and Onen, M and Colangelo, M and Butters, B A and\n McCaughan, A N and Berggren, K K",\n journal = "Physical review applied",\n publisher = "American Physical Society (APS)",\n volume = 11,\n number = 3,\n pages = 034006,\n abstract = "The basis for superconducting electronics can broadly be divided\n between two technologies: the Josephson junction and the\n superconducting nanowire. While the Josephson junction (JJ)\n remains the dominant technology due to its high speed and low\n power dissipation, recently proposed nanowire devices offer\n improvements such as gain, high fanout, and compatibility with\n CMOS circuits. Despite these benefits, nanowire-based electronics\n have largely been limited to binary operations, with devices\n switching between the superconducting state and a high-impedance\n resistive state dominated by uncontrolled hotspot dynamics.\n Unlike the JJ, they cannot increment an output through successive\n switching and their operation speeds are limited by their slow\n thermal-reset times. Thus, there is a need for an intermediate\n device with the interfacing capabilities of a nanowire but a\n faster, moderated response allowing for modulation of the output.\n We present a nanowire device based on controlled fluxon\n transport. We show that the device is capable of responding\n proportionally to the strength of its input, unlike other\n nanowire technologies. The device can be operated to produce a\n multilevel output with distinguishable states, the number of\n which can be tuned by circuit parameters. Agreement between\n experimental results and electrothermal circuit simulations\n demonstrates that the device is classical and may be readily\n engineered for applications including use as a multilevel memory.",\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/physrevapplied.11.034006",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n The basis for superconducting electronics can broadly be divided between two technologies: the Josephson junction and the superconducting nanowire. While the Josephson junction (JJ) remains the dominant technology due to its high speed and low power dissipation, recently proposed nanowire devices offer improvements such as gain, high fanout, and compatibility with CMOS circuits. Despite these benefits, nanowire-based electronics have largely been limited to binary operations, with devices switching between the superconducting state and a high-impedance resistive state dominated by uncontrolled hotspot dynamics. Unlike the JJ, they cannot increment an output through successive switching and their operation speeds are limited by their slow thermal-reset times. Thus, there is a need for an intermediate device with the interfacing capabilities of a nanowire but a faster, moderated response allowing for modulation of the output. We present a nanowire device based on controlled fluxon transport. We show that the device is capable of responding proportionally to the strength of its input, unlike other nanowire technologies. The device can be operated to produce a multilevel output with distinguishable states, the number of which can be tuned by circuit parameters. Agreement between experimental results and electrothermal circuit simulations demonstrates that the device is classical and may be readily engineered for applications including use as a multilevel memory.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n SISTEMA DI FACCIATA DINAMICA PER IL CONTROLLO DELL'OMBREGGIAMENTO.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mariani, S; Colangelo, M; Tavanti, M; Boldini, A; and Pilla, A\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Mariani2019-fi,\n title = "{SISTEMA DI FACCIATA DINAMICA PER IL CONTROLLO\n DELL'{OMBREGGIAMENTO}}",\n author = "Mariani, S and Colangelo, M and Tavanti, M and Boldini, A and\n Pilla, A",\n abstract = "SISTEMA DI FACCIATA DINAMICA PER IL CONTROLLO DELL'OMBREGGIAMENTO\n IRIS IRIS Home Sfoglia Macrotipologie \\& tipologie Autore Titolo\n Riviste Tipologia Data di pubblicazione IT Italiano Italiano\n English English LOGIN 1.IRIS 2.Catalogo Pubblicazioni POLIMI 3.05\n BREVETTO 4.05.1 Brevetto SISTEMA DI FACCIATA DINAMICA PER IL\n CONTROLLO DELL'OMBREGGIAMENTO S. Mariani; M. Tavanti;A. Boldini;A.\n Pilla 2019-01-01 Scheda breve Scheda completa Scheda completa (DC)\n Anno di deposito/estensione 2019 Appare nelle tipologie: 05.1\n Brevetto File in questo prodotto: Non ci sono file associati a\n questo prodotto. I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e\n tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.\n Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a\n questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1131296 Citazioni\n ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND Scopus ND ???jsp.\\ldots{}",\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n SISTEMA DI FACCIATA DINAMICA PER IL CONTROLLO DELL'OMBREGGIAMENTO IRIS IRIS Home Sfoglia Macrotipologie & tipologie Autore Titolo Riviste Tipologia Data di pubblicazione IT Italiano Italiano English English LOGIN 1.IRIS 2.Catalogo Pubblicazioni POLIMI 3.05 BREVETTO 4.05.1 Brevetto SISTEMA DI FACCIATA DINAMICA PER IL CONTROLLO DELL'OMBREGGIAMENTO S. Mariani; M. Tavanti;A. Boldini;A. Pilla 2019-01-01 Scheda breve Scheda completa Scheda completa (DC) Anno di deposito/estensione 2019 Appare nelle tipologie: 05.1 Brevetto File in questo prodotto: Non ci sono file associati a questo prodotto. I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione. Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1131296 Citazioni ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND Scopus ND ???jsp.…\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: ``Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector with integrated impedance-matching taper'' [Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 042601 (2019)].\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhu, D.; Colangelo, M.; Korzh, B. A; Zhao, Q.; Frasca, S.; Dane, A. E; Velasco, A. E; Beyer, A. D; Allmaras, J. P; Ramirez, E.; Strickland, W. J; Santavicca, D. F; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied physics letters, 114(22): 229901. 3 June 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Zhu2019-lx,\n title = "{Erratum: ``Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector with\n integrated impedance-matching taper'' [Appl. Phys. Lett. 114,\n 042601 (2019)]}",\n author = "Zhu, Di and Colangelo, Marco and Korzh, Boris A and Zhao,\n Qing-Yuan and Frasca, Simone and Dane, Andrew E and Velasco,\n Angel E and Beyer, Andrew D and Allmaras, Jason P and Ramirez,\n Edward and Strickland, William J and Santavicca, Daniel F and\n Shaw, Matthew D and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Applied physics letters",\n publisher = "AIP Publishing",\n volume = 114,\n number = 22,\n pages = 229901,\n abstract = "\\textcopyright{} 2019 Author(s). The original manuscript was\n published with a missing trace (IDH) in in Fig. 2(c). The correct\n figure is shown below. This error does not affect the observation\n and the conclusion reported in the manuscript. (Figure\n presented).",\n month = "3~" # jun,\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "Mendeley Import (Oct 30);GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/1.5110497",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n © 2019 Author(s). The original manuscript was published with a missing trace (IDH) in in Fig. 2(c). The correct figure is shown below. This error does not affect the observation and the conclusion reported in the manuscript. (Figure presented).\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Oscilloscopic capture of 100 GHz modulated optical waveforms at femtowatt power levels.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wang, X.; Korzh, B; Weigel, P. O; Nemchick, D. J; Drouin, B; Fung, A; Becker, W; Zhao, Q.; Zhu, D.; Colangelo, M; Dane, A; Berggren, K; Shaw, M; and Mookherjea, S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, Part F160-: 1–3. 3 March 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Wang2019-ov,\n title = "{Oscilloscopic capture of 100 GHz modulated optical waveforms at\n femtowatt power levels}",\n author = "Wang, Xiaoxi and Korzh, B and Weigel, Peter O and Nemchick,\n Deacon J and Drouin, B and Fung, A and Becker, W and Zhao,\n Qing-Yuan and Zhu, Di and Colangelo, M and Dane, A and Berggren,\n K and Shaw, M and Mookherjea, S",\n journal = "Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition",\n publisher = "osapublishing.org",\n volume = "Part F160-",\n pages = "1--3",\n abstract = "Time-domain sampling oscilloscopic capture of ultra-high\n bandwidth modulated optical waveforms at 1550 nm is demonstrated\n at ultra-low power levels below -100dBm, with eye SNR varying\n from 13dB at 30 GHz to 6dB at 100 GHz.",\n month = "3~" # mar,\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "Mendeley Import (Oct 30);GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1364/OFC.2019.TH4C.1"\n}\n\n\n\n Time-domain sampling oscilloscopic capture of ultra-high bandwidth modulated optical waveforms at 1550 nm is demonstrated at ultra-low power levels below -100dBm, with eye SNR varying from 13dB at 30 GHz to 6dB at 100 GHz.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector with integrated impedance-matching taper.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zhu, D.; Colangelo, M.; Korzh, B. A; Zhao, Q.; Frasca, S.; Dane, A. E; Velasco, A. E; Beyer, A. D; Allmaras, J. P; Ramirez, E.; Strickland, W. J; Santavicca, D. F; Shaw, M. D; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Applied physics letters, 114(4): 042601. 28 January 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Zhu2019-rr,\n title = "{Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector with integrated\n impedance-matching taper}",\n author = "Zhu, Di and Colangelo, Marco and Korzh, Boris A and Zhao,\n Qing-Yuan and Frasca, Simone and Dane, Andrew E and Velasco,\n Angel E and Beyer, Andrew D and Allmaras, Jason P and Ramirez,\n Edward and Strickland, William J and Santavicca, Daniel F and\n Shaw, Matthew D and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Applied physics letters",\n publisher = "AIP Publishing",\n volume = 114,\n number = 4,\n pages = 042601,\n abstract = "Conventional readout of a superconducting nanowire single-photon\n detector (SNSPD) sets an upper bound on the output voltage to be\n the product of the bias current and the load impedance, IB\n \\texttimes{} Zload, where Zload is limited to 50 $\\Omega$ in\n standard r.f. electronics. Here, we break this limit by\n interfacing the 50 $\\Omega$ load and the SNSPD using an\n integrated superconducting transmission line taper. The taper is\n a transformer that effectively loads the SNSPD with high\n impedance without latching. At the expense of reduced maximum\n counting rate, it increases the amplitude of the detector output\n while preserving the fast rising edge. Using a taper with a\n starting width of 500 nm, we experimentally observed a\n 3.6\\texttimes{} higher pulse amplitude, 3.7\\texttimes{} faster\n slew rate, and 25.1 ps smaller timing jitter. The results match\n our numerical simulation, which incorporates both the hotspot\n dynamics in the SNSPD and the distributed nature in the\n transmission line taper. The taper studied here may become a\n useful tool to interface high-impedance superconducting nanowire\n devices to conventional low-impedance circuits.",\n month = "28~" # jan,\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "biblio\\_single\\_pixel.bib;GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1063/1.5080721",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Conventional readout of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) sets an upper bound on the output voltage to be the product of the bias current and the load impedance, IB × Zload, where Zload is limited to 50 $Ω$ in standard r.f. electronics. Here, we break this limit by interfacing the 50 $Ω$ load and the SNSPD using an integrated superconducting transmission line taper. The taper is a transformer that effectively loads the SNSPD with high impedance without latching. At the expense of reduced maximum counting rate, it increases the amplitude of the detector output while preserving the fast rising edge. Using a taper with a starting width of 500 nm, we experimentally observed a 3.6× higher pulse amplitude, 3.7× faster slew rate, and 25.1 ps smaller timing jitter. The results match our numerical simulation, which incorporates both the hotspot dynamics in the SNSPD and the distributed nature in the transmission line taper. The taper studied here may become a useful tool to interface high-impedance superconducting nanowire devices to conventional low-impedance circuits.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Determining the depairing current in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Frasca, S; Korzh, B; Colangelo, M; Zhu, D; Lita, A E; Allmaras, J P; Wollman, E E; Verma, V B; Dane, A E; Ramirez, E; Beyer, A D; Nam, S W; Kozorezov, A G; Shaw, M D; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Physical review. B, Condensed matter, 100(5): 054520. 30 August 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Frasca2019-ts,\n title = "{{{Determining the depairing current in superconducting nanowire\n single-photon detector}s}}",\n author = "Frasca, S and Korzh, B and Colangelo, M and Zhu, D and Lita, A E\n and Allmaras, J P and Wollman, E E and Verma, V B and Dane, A E\n and Ramirez, E and Beyer, A D and Nam, S W and Kozorezov, A G and\n Shaw, M D and Berggren, K K",\n journal = "Physical review. B, Condensed matter",\n publisher = "American Physical Society",\n volume = 100,\n number = 5,\n pages = 054520,\n abstract = "We estimate the depairing current of superconducting nanowire\n single photon detectors (SNSPDs) by studying the dependence of\n the nanowires kinetic inductance on their bias current. The\n kinetic inductance is determined by measuring the resonance\n frequency of resonator style nanowire coplanar waveguides both in\n transmission and reflection configurations. Bias current\n dependent shifts in the measured resonant frequency correspond to\n the change in the kinetic inductance, which can be compared with\n theoretical predictions. We demonstrate that the fast relaxation\n model described in the literature accurately matches our\n experimental data and provides a valuable tool for direct\n determination of the depairing current. Accurate and direct\n measurement of the depairing current is critical for nanowire\n quality analysis, as well as modeling efforts aimed at\n understanding the detection mechanism in SNSPDs.",\n month = "30~" # aug,\n year = 2019,\n keywords = "biblio\\_single\\_pixel.bib;GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1103/PhysRevB.100.054520"\n}\n\n\n We estimate the depairing current of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) by studying the dependence of the nanowires kinetic inductance on their bias current. The kinetic inductance is determined by measuring the resonance frequency of resonator style nanowire coplanar waveguides both in transmission and reflection configurations. Bias current dependent shifts in the measured resonant frequency correspond to the change in the kinetic inductance, which can be compared with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate that the fast relaxation model described in the literature accurately matches our experimental data and provides a valuable tool for direct determination of the depairing current. Accurate and direct measurement of the depairing current is critical for nanowire quality analysis, as well as modeling efforts aimed at understanding the detection mechanism in SNSPDs.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bridging the gap between nanowires and Josephson junctions: a superconducting device based on controlled fluxon transfer across nanowires.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Toomey, E.; Onen, M.; Colangelo, M.; Butters, B. A; McCaughan, A. N; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv [physics.app-ph]. 22 October 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Toomey2018-dj,\n title = "{Bridging the gap between nanowires and Josephson junctions:\n a superconducting device based on controlled fluxon transfer\n across nanowires}",\n author = "Toomey, Emily and Onen, Murat and Colangelo, Marco and\n Butters, Brenden A and McCaughan, Adam N and Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "arXiv [physics.app-ph]",\n abstract = "The basis for superconducting electronics can broadly be\n divided between two technologies: the Josephson junction and\n the superconducting nanowire. While the Josephson junction\n (JJ) remains the dominant technology due to its high speed\n and low power dissipation, recently proposed nanowire devices\n offer improvements such as gain, high fanout, and\n compatibility with CMOS circuits. Despite these benefits,\n nanowire-based electronics have largely been limited to\n binary operations, with devices switching between the\n superconducting state and a high-impedance resistive state\n dominated by uncontrolled hotspot dynamics. Unlike the JJ,\n they cannot increment an output through successive switching,\n and their operation speeds are limited by their slow thermal\n reset times. Thus, there is a need for an intermediate device\n with the interfacing capabilities of a nanowire but a faster,\n moderated response allowing for modulation of the output.\n Here, we present a nanowire device based on controlled fluxon\n transport. We show that the device is capable of responding\n proportionally to the strength of its input, unlike other\n nanowire technologies. The device can be operated to produce\n a multilevel output with distinguishable states, which can be\n tuned by circuit parameters. Agreement between experimental\n results and electrothermal circuit simulations demonstrates\n that the device is classical and may be readily engineered\n for applications including use as a multilevel memory.",\n month = "22~" # oct,\n year = 2018,\n archivePrefix = "arXiv",\n primaryClass = "physics.app-ph",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n The basis for superconducting electronics can broadly be divided between two technologies: the Josephson junction and the superconducting nanowire. While the Josephson junction (JJ) remains the dominant technology due to its high speed and low power dissipation, recently proposed nanowire devices offer improvements such as gain, high fanout, and compatibility with CMOS circuits. Despite these benefits, nanowire-based electronics have largely been limited to binary operations, with devices switching between the superconducting state and a high-impedance resistive state dominated by uncontrolled hotspot dynamics. Unlike the JJ, they cannot increment an output through successive switching, and their operation speeds are limited by their slow thermal reset times. Thus, there is a need for an intermediate device with the interfacing capabilities of a nanowire but a faster, moderated response allowing for modulation of the output. Here, we present a nanowire device based on controlled fluxon transport. We show that the device is capable of responding proportionally to the strength of its input, unlike other nanowire technologies. The device can be operated to produce a multilevel output with distinguishable states, which can be tuned by circuit parameters. Agreement between experimental results and electrothermal circuit simulations demonstrates that the device is classical and may be readily engineered for applications including use as a multilevel memory.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Experimental Methods for Studies of Intrinsic Jitter and Latency in SNSPDs.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Berggren, K K; Shaw, M D; Kozorezov, A G; Nam, S W; Spiropulu, M; Mirin, R P; Silverman, K L; Hale, P D; Zhu, D; Wollman, E E; Stevens, M J; Rezac, J D; Ramirez, E; Moody, G; Marsili, F; Gerrits, T; Dane, A E; Crouch, G M; Xie, S; Sinclair, N; Pena, C; Colangelo, M; Bersin, E A; Autry, T M; Allmaras, J P; Frasca, S; Zhao, Q Y; and Korzh, B A\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 12 November 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Berggren2018-ns,\n title = "{Experimental Methods for Studies of Intrinsic Jitter and Latency\n in {SNSPDs}}",\n author = "Berggren, K K and Shaw, M D and Kozorezov, A G and Nam, S W and\n Spiropulu, M and Mirin, R P and Silverman, K L and Hale, P D and\n Zhu, D and Wollman, E E and Stevens, M J and Rezac, J D and\n Ramirez, E and Moody, G and Marsili, F and Gerrits, T and Dane, A\n E and Crouch, G M and Xie, S and Sinclair, N and Pena, C and\n Colangelo, M and Bersin, E A and Autry, T M and Allmaras, J P and\n Frasca, S and Zhao, Q Y and Korzh, B A",\n publisher = "Pasadena, CA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and\n Space Administration, 2018",\n month = "12~" # nov,\n year = 2018,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Modeling Intrinsic Detection Latency and Timing Jitter in SNSPDs.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kozorezov, A G; Berggren, K K; Shaw, M D; Marsili, F; Wollman, E E; Dane, A E; Zhu, D; Colangelo, M; Bersin, E; Ramirez, E; Frasca, S; Zhao, Q Y; Korzh, B A; and Allmaras, J P\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 12 November 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Kozorezov2018-ev,\n title = "{Modeling Intrinsic Detection Latency and Timing Jitter in\n {SNSPDs}}",\n author = "Kozorezov, A G and Berggren, K K and Shaw, M D and Marsili, F and\n Wollman, E E and Dane, A E and Zhu, D and Colangelo, M and\n Bersin, E and Ramirez, E and Frasca, S and Zhao, Q Y and Korzh, B\n A and Allmaras, J P",\n publisher = "Pasadena, CA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and\n Space Administration, 2018",\n month = "12~" # nov,\n year = 2018,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Influence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide on niobium nitride thin films.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Toomey, E.; Colangelo, M.; Abedzadeh, N.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of vacuum science and technology. B, Nanotechnology & microelectronics: materials, processing, measurement, & phenomena: JVST B, 36(6): 06JC01. 1 November 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Toomey2018-uy,\n title = "{Influence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide on niobium nitride\n thin films}",\n author = "Toomey, Emily and Colangelo, Marco and Abedzadeh, Navid and\n Berggren, Karl K",\n journal = "Journal of vacuum science and technology. B, Nanotechnology \\&\n microelectronics: materials, processing, measurement, \\&\n phenomena: JVST B",\n publisher = "American Vacuum Society",\n volume = 36,\n number = 6,\n pages = "06JC01",\n abstract = "Functionality of superconducting thin-film devices such as\n superconducting nanowire single photon detectors stems from the\n geometric effects that take place at the nanoscale. The\n engineering of these technologies requires high-resolution\n patterning, often achieved with electron beam lithography. Common\n lithography processes using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) as the\n electron beam resist rely on tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)\n as both a developer and a resist adhesion promoter. Despite the\n strong role played by TMAH in the fabrication of superconducting\n devices, its potential influence on the superconducting films\n themselves has not yet been reported. In this work, the authors\n demonstrate that a 25\\% TMAH developer damages niobium nitride\n (NbN) thin films by modifying the surface chemistry and creating\n an etch contaminant that slows reactive ion etching in CF4. They\n also show how the identity of the contaminant may be revealed\n through characterization including measurement of the\n superconducting film properties and Fourier transform infrared\n spectroscopy. Although workarounds may be available, the results\n reveal that processes using 25\\% TMAH as an adhesion promoter are\n not preferred for NbN films and that changes to the typical HSQ\n fabrication procedure will need to be made in order to prevent\n damage of NbN nanoscale devices.",\n month = "1~" # nov,\n year = 2018,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1116/1.5047427",\n language = "en"\n}\n\n\n\n Functionality of superconducting thin-film devices such as superconducting nanowire single photon detectors stems from the geometric effects that take place at the nanoscale. The engineering of these technologies requires high-resolution patterning, often achieved with electron beam lithography. Common lithography processes using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) as the electron beam resist rely on tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as both a developer and a resist adhesion promoter. Despite the strong role played by TMAH in the fabrication of superconducting devices, its potential influence on the superconducting films themselves has not yet been reported. In this work, the authors demonstrate that a 25% TMAH developer damages niobium nitride (NbN) thin films by modifying the surface chemistry and creating an etch contaminant that slows reactive ion etching in CF4. They also show how the identity of the contaminant may be revealed through characterization including measurement of the superconducting film properties and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Although workarounds may be available, the results reveal that processes using 25% TMAH as an adhesion promoter are not preferred for NbN films and that changes to the typical HSQ fabrication procedure will need to be made in order to prevent damage of NbN nanoscale devices.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n WSi superconducting nanowire single photon detector with a temporal resolution below 5 ps.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Korzh, B; Zhao, Q.; Frasca, S; Zhu, D; Ramirez, E; Bersin, E; Colangelo, M; Dane, A E; Beyer, A D; Allmaras, J; Wollman, E E; Berggren, K K; Shaw, M D; and Shaw, M D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, pages FW3F.3, Washington, D.C., 13 May 2018. OSA\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@INPROCEEDINGS{Korzh2018-td,\n title = "{WSi superconducting nanowire single photon detector with a\n temporal resolution below 5 ps}",\n author = "Korzh, B and Zhao, Q-Y and Frasca, S and Zhu, D and Ramirez, E\n and Bersin, E and Colangelo, M and Dane, A E and Beyer, A D and\n Allmaras, J and Wollman, E E and Berggren, K K and Shaw, M D and\n Shaw, M D",\n booktitle = "{Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}",\n publisher = "OSA",\n address = "Washington, D.C.",\n pages = "FW3F.3",\n abstract = "\\textcopyright{} 2018 OSA. Through the use of an impedance\n matched taper, be we demonstrate a reduction of the noise jitter\n in WSi SNSPDs to a level below the intrinsic effects, resulting\n in full-width at half-maximum values of 4.8 ps for 532 nm and\n 10.3 ps for 1550 nm single photons.",\n month = "13~" # may,\n year = 2018,\n keywords = "Biological imaging; Detectors; Laser ranging; Photons; Single\n photon detectors; Temporal resolution;Mendeley Import (Oct\n 30);GoogleScholar;Jitter",\n doi = "10.1364/cleo\\_qels.2018.fw3f.3"\n}\n\n\n\n © 2018 OSA. Through the use of an impedance matched taper, be we demonstrate a reduction of the noise jitter in WSi SNSPDs to a level below the intrinsic effects, resulting in full-width at half-maximum values of 4.8 ps for 532 nm and 10.3 ps for 1550 nm single photons.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n New dynamic silicon photonic components enabled by MEMS technology.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Stemme, G.; Edinger, P.; Colangelo, M.; Björk, J.; Ahmed, S.; Gylfason, K. B; Niklaus, F.; and Errando-Herranz, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Reed, G. T; and Knights, A. P, editor(s), Silicon Photonics XIII, volume 10537, pages 96–102, 22 February 2018. SPIE\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@INPROCEEDINGS{Stemme2018-qv,\n title = "{New dynamic silicon photonic components enabled by MEMS\n technology}",\n author = "Stemme, G{\\"{o}}ran and Edinger, Pierre and Colangelo, Marco and\n Bj{\\"{o}}rk, Joel and Ahmed, Samy and Gylfason, Kristinn B and\n Niklaus, Frank and Errando-Herranz, Carlos",\n editor = "Reed, Graham T and Knights, Andrew P",\n booktitle = "{Silicon Photonics XIII}",\n publisher = "SPIE",\n volume = 10537,\n pages = "96--102",\n abstract = "Silicon photonics is the study and application of integrated\n optical systems which use silicon as an optical medium, usually\n by confining light in optical waveguides etched into the surface\n of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. The term\n microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) refers to the technology of\n mechanics on the microscale actuated by electrostatic actuators.\n Due to the low power requirements of electrostatic actuation,\n MEMS components are very power efficient, making them well suited\n for dense integration and mobile operation. MEMS components are\n conventionally also implemented in silicon, and MEMS sensors such\n as accelerometers, gyros, and microphones are now standard in\n every smartphone. By combining these two successful technologies,\n new active photonic components with extremely low power\n consumption can be made. We discuss our recent experimental work\n on tunable filters, tunable fiber-to-chip couplers, and dynamic\n waveguide dispersion tuning, enabled by the marriage of silicon\n MEMS and silicon photonics.",\n month = "22~" # feb,\n year = 2018,\n keywords = "MEMS; ring resonator; silicon photonics; surface grating coupler;\n tuning; waveguide dispersion;Mendeley Import (Oct\n 30);GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1117/12.2297588"\n}\n\n\n\n Silicon photonics is the study and application of integrated optical systems which use silicon as an optical medium, usually by confining light in optical waveguides etched into the surface of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. The term microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) refers to the technology of mechanics on the microscale actuated by electrostatic actuators. Due to the low power requirements of electrostatic actuation, MEMS components are very power efficient, making them well suited for dense integration and mobile operation. MEMS components are conventionally also implemented in silicon, and MEMS sensors such as accelerometers, gyros, and microphones are now standard in every smartphone. By combining these two successful technologies, new active photonic components with extremely low power consumption can be made. We discuss our recent experimental work on tunable filters, tunable fiber-to-chip couplers, and dynamic waveguide dispersion tuning, enabled by the marriage of silicon MEMS and silicon photonics.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Measuring thickness in thin NbN films for superconducting devices.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Medeiros, O; Colangelo, M; Charaev, I; and Berggren, K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Journal of vacuum science and technology, 37(4). 13 December 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Medeiros2018-je,\n title = "{Measuring thickness in thin NbN films for superconducting\n devices}",\n author = "Medeiros, O and Colangelo, M and Charaev, I and Berggren, K",\n journal = "The Journal of vacuum science and technology",\n publisher = "AIP Publishing",\n volume = 37,\n number = 4,\n abstract = "We present the use of a commercially available fixed-angle\n multi-wavelength ellipsometer for quickly measuring the thickness\n of NbN thin films for the fabrication and performance improvement\n of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The process\n can determine the optical constants of absorbing thin films,\n removing the need for inaccurate approximations. The tool can be\n used to observe oxidation growth and allows thickness\n measurements to be integrated into the characterization of\n various fabrication processes.",\n month = "13~" # dec,\n year = 2018,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar",\n doi = "10.1116/1.5088061"\n}\n\n\n\n We present the use of a commercially available fixed-angle multi-wavelength ellipsometer for quickly measuring the thickness of NbN thin films for the fabrication and performance improvement of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The process can determine the optical constants of absorbing thin films, removing the need for inaccurate approximations. The tool can be used to observe oxidation growth and allows thickness measurements to be integrated into the characterization of various fabrication processes.\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Exploitation of shape memory materials in sun adaptive user-controllable building façades.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Boldini, A.; Colangelo, M; Pilla, A; Tavanti, M; and Mariani, S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,72–73. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Boldini2017-pz,\n title = "{Exploitation of shape memory materials in sun adaptive\n user-controllable building fa\\c{c}ades}",\n author = "Boldini, Alain and Colangelo, M and Pilla, A and Tavanti, M and\n Mariani, S",\n publisher = "TU Delft",\n pages = "72--73",\n abstract = "Smart morphing materials are increasingly studied and are also\n expected to soon become economically available for architects and\n engineers, being potentially suitable for a great number of\n applications. In particular, shape memory materials possess the\n unique feature of memorizing shapes that can be continuously\n recovered through the application of external stimuli. This\n research proves the potentialities of an adaptive shading module\n actuated by smart materials, which enable the facade shape to\n change in response to the incoming solar radiation. The final\n goal is to design a building skin that is attuned to climatic\n changes and which creates occupants' awareness of environmental\n variation. In particular, the exploitation of the physical\n properties of shape memory materials would guarantee the internal\n daylight comfort with (almost) zero-energy actuation and reduced\n system complexity; this would be in contrast with kinetic\n envelopes which, in order to preserve interior conditions in\n response to external variations, rely on sensors, motors, and\n computational feedback loops. Inspired by nature and mimicking\n petals' movement dynamics, the proposed facade module has been\n designed starting from a geometrical schematization of flower's\n shape: four triangular petals on a square basis dynamically adapt\n their degree of openness based on the incoming solar radiation.\n The petal-like wings, actuated by strips of a two-way shape\n memory polymer, allow a completely autonomous passive control of\n building interiors' conditions and zero-energy actuation. The\n actuator is located on each petal side directly exposed to solar\n irradiation, triggering the \\ldots{}",\n year = 2017,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Smart morphing materials are increasingly studied and are also expected to soon become economically available for architects and engineers, being potentially suitable for a great number of applications. In particular, shape memory materials possess the unique feature of memorizing shapes that can be continuously recovered through the application of external stimuli. This research proves the potentialities of an adaptive shading module actuated by smart materials, which enable the facade shape to change in response to the incoming solar radiation. The final goal is to design a building skin that is attuned to climatic changes and which creates occupants' awareness of environmental variation. In particular, the exploitation of the physical properties of shape memory materials would guarantee the internal daylight comfort with (almost) zero-energy actuation and reduced system complexity; this would be in contrast with kinetic envelopes which, in order to preserve interior conditions in response to external variations, rely on sensors, motors, and computational feedback loops. Inspired by nature and mimicking petals' movement dynamics, the proposed facade module has been designed starting from a geometrical schematization of flower's shape: four triangular petals on a square basis dynamically adapt their degree of openness based on the incoming solar radiation. The petal-like wings, actuated by strips of a two-way shape memory polymer, allow a completely autonomous passive control of building interiors' conditions and zero-energy actuation. The actuator is located on each petal side directly exposed to solar irradiation, triggering the …\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A fast uncooled infrared nanobolometer featuring a hybrid-plasmonic cavity for enhanced optical responsivity.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Briano, F. O.; Colangelo, M.; Errando-Herranz, C.; Sohlström, H.; and Gylfason, K. B\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,932–935. 22 January 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Briano2017-uh,\n title = "{A fast uncooled infrared nanobolometer featuring a\n hybrid-plasmonic cavity for enhanced optical responsivity}",\n author = "Briano, Floria Ottonello and Colangelo, Marco and\n Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Sohlstr{\\"{o}}m, Hans and Gylfason,\n Kristinn B",\n publisher = "IEEE",\n pages = "932--935",\n abstract = "We demonstrate the first uncooled single-nanowire-based infrared\n bolometer to detect sub-mW optical signals up to MHz frequencies.\n The bolometer consists of a Pt nanowire on a suspended silicon\n hybrid-plasmonic cavity, and exhibits enhanced optical\n responsivity compared to nanowires on unstructured and\n non-suspended substrates. Low-cost monolithically integrated\n infrared detectors are needed for the rapidly growing field of\n silicon photonic sensors. The high speed of our nanobolometer\n enables advanced modulation schemes for noise reduction and\n avoidance of low-frequency thermal cross-talk, as well as power\n saving by pulsed operation. Furthermore, its simple integration\n and small footprint make it a cost effective detector for sensing\n applications.",\n month = "22~" # jan,\n year = 2017,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We demonstrate the first uncooled single-nanowire-based infrared bolometer to detect sub-mW optical signals up to MHz frequencies. The bolometer consists of a Pt nanowire on a suspended silicon hybrid-plasmonic cavity, and exhibits enhanced optical responsivity compared to nanowires on unstructured and non-suspended substrates. Low-cost monolithically integrated infrared detectors are needed for the rapidly growing field of silicon photonic sensors. The high speed of our nanobolometer enables advanced modulation schemes for noise reduction and avoidance of low-frequency thermal cross-talk, as well as power saving by pulsed operation. Furthermore, its simple integration and small footprint make it a cost effective detector for sensing applications.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n MEMS tunable silicon photonic grating coupler for post-assembly optimization of fiber-to-chip coupling.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Errando-Herranz, C.; Colangelo, M.; Ahmed, S.; Björk, J.; and Gylfason, K. B\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,293–296. 22 January 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Errando-Herranz2017-hm,\n title = "{MEMS tunable silicon photonic grating coupler for post-assembly\n optimization of fiber-to-chip coupling}",\n author = "Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Colangelo, Marco and Ahmed, Samy and\n Bj{\\"{o}}rk, Joel and Gylfason, Kristinn B",\n publisher = "IEEE",\n pages = "293--296",\n abstract = "We experimentally demonstrate the first MEMS tunable photonic\n fiber-to-waveguide grating coupler, and apply it to\n electrostatically optimize the light coupling between an optical\n fiber and an on-chip silicon photonic waveguide. Efficient and\n stable fiber-to-chip coupling is vital for combining the high\n optical quality of silica fibers with the integration density of\n silicon photonics. Our device has the potential to lower assembly\n cost and extend device lifetime, by enabling electrical\n post-assembly adjustments.",\n month = "22~" # jan,\n year = 2017,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n We experimentally demonstrate the first MEMS tunable photonic fiber-to-waveguide grating coupler, and apply it to electrostatically optimize the light coupling between an optical fiber and an on-chip silicon photonic waveguide. Efficient and stable fiber-to-chip coupling is vital for combining the high optical quality of silica fibers with the integration density of silicon photonics. Our device has the potential to lower assembly cost and extend device lifetime, by enabling electrical post-assembly adjustments.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Metereosensitive user-controllable skin for dynamic façades.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Boldini, A; Colangelo, M; Pilla, A; Tavanti, M; and Mariani, S\n\n\n \n\n\n\n ,729–738. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Boldini2017-ax,\n title = "{Metereosensitive user-controllable skin for dynamic fa\\c{c}ades}",\n author = "Boldini, A and Colangelo, M and Pilla, A and Tavanti, M and\n Mariani, S",\n publisher = "Advanced Building Skins GmbH",\n pages = "729--738",\n abstract = "Smart adaptive, or dynamic skin fa\\c{c}ades have been considered\n a promising and efficient strategy to enhance the internal\n lighting and thermal comfort in modern buildings, especially with\n the target of nearly zero-energy impact. However, they can be\n hardly combined with user controllability that is instead an\n essential characteristic to allow an actual implementation. The\n design of an innovative solar shading system, configured as a\n dynamic modular fa\\c{c}ade employing shape-memory morphing\n structures, is therefore proposed here. Each module is composed\n by two matched systems: the outer structure, made of a\n shape-memory polymer (SMP), will react to different levels of\n solar irradiation, opening and closing accordingly in an\n autonomous way; the inner structure, driven instead by a\n shape-memory alloy (SMA) actuator, may be electrically controlled\n by the user in order to modify the effects produced by external\n layer, without any interference with it when not actuated. The\n SMP layer allows a completely autonomous passive control of the\n internal conditions and zero-energy actuation, and it looks like\n a suitable solution from an environmental point of view. The\n integration of the SMA-actuated module grants the possible\n implementation of the resulting structure in real buildings,\n conciliating comfort, well-being and performances (adaptive\n comfort) towards a personalized control of living and working\n environments.",\n year = 2017,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Smart adaptive, or dynamic skin façades have been considered a promising and efficient strategy to enhance the internal lighting and thermal comfort in modern buildings, especially with the target of nearly zero-energy impact. However, they can be hardly combined with user controllability that is instead an essential characteristic to allow an actual implementation. The design of an innovative solar shading system, configured as a dynamic modular façade employing shape-memory morphing structures, is therefore proposed here. Each module is composed by two matched systems: the outer structure, made of a shape-memory polymer (SMP), will react to different levels of solar irradiation, opening and closing accordingly in an autonomous way; the inner structure, driven instead by a shape-memory alloy (SMA) actuator, may be electrically controlled by the user in order to modify the effects produced by external layer, without any interference with it when not actuated. The SMP layer allows a completely autonomous passive control of the internal conditions and zero-energy actuation, and it looks like a suitable solution from an environmental point of view. The integration of the SMA-actuated module grants the possible implementation of the resulting structure in real buildings, conciliating comfort, well-being and performances (adaptive comfort) towards a personalized control of living and working environments.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Single photon detection with a system temporal resolution below 10 ps.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Shaw, M.; Berggren, K. K; Day, P.; Dane, A. E; Colangelo, M.; Wollman, E.; Frasca, S.; Zhao, Q.; and Korzh, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . 31 July 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{Shaw2017-gt,\n title = "{Single photon detection with a system temporal resolution below\n 10 ps}",\n author = "Shaw, Matthew and Berggren, Karl K and Day, Peter and Dane,\n Andrew E and Colangelo, Marco and Wollman, Emma and Frasca,\n Simone and Zhao, Qing-Yuan and Korzh, Boris",\n publisher = "Pasadena, CA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and\n Space Administration, 2017",\n month = "31~" # jul,\n year = 2017,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n
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\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Supplementary Information for Large active-area superconducting microwire detector array with single-photon sensitivity in the near-infrared.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Luskin, J. S; Schmidt, E.; Korzh, B.; Beyer, A. D; Bumble, B.; Allmaras, J. P; Walter, A. B; Wollman, E. E; Narváez, L.; Verma, V. B; Nam, S. W.; Charaev, I.; Colangelo, M.; Berggren, K. K; Peña, C.; Spiropulu, M.; Garcia-Sciveres, M.; Derenzo, S.; and Shaw, M. D\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . .\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{LuskinUnknown-hu,\n title = "{Supplementary Information for Large active-area superconducting\n microwire detector array with single-photon sensitivity in the\n near-infrared}",\n author = "Luskin, Jamie S and Schmidt, Ekkehart and Korzh, Boris and Beyer,\n Andrew D and Bumble, Bruce and Allmaras, Jason P and Walter,\n Alexander B and Wollman, Emma E and Narv\\'{a}ez, Lautaro and\n Verma, Varun B and Nam, Sae Woo and Charaev, Ilya and Colangelo,\n Marco and Berggren, Karl K and Pe\\~{n}a, Cristi\\'{a}n and\n Spiropulu, Maria and Garcia-Sciveres, Maurice and Derenzo, Stephen\n and Shaw, Matthew D",\n abstract = "1 meter (PM 1) was connected to one output of a 90: 10 fiber beam\n splitter (BS) to monitor power fluctuations in the laser. Light\n from the signal output of the beamsplitter was collimated and\n directed through three attenuator wheels consisting of various\n neutral density (ND) filters, and then coupled into a single fiber\n patch cable via a collimator. The attenuation factor corresponding\n to each ND filter was measured at $\\lambda$= 1064 nm using a\n calibrated power meter (PM 2). Linearity was verified with\n combinations of different ND filters at high power measured by PM\n 2, shown in figure S3.",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n 1 meter (PM 1) was connected to one output of a 90: 10 fiber beam splitter (BS) to monitor power fluctuations in the laser. Light from the signal output of the beamsplitter was collimated and directed through three attenuator wheels consisting of various neutral density (ND) filters, and then coupled into a single fiber patch cable via a collimator. The attenuation factor corresponding to each ND filter was measured at $λ$= 1064 nm using a calibrated power meter (PM 2). Linearity was verified with combinations of different ND filters at high power measured by PM 2, shown in figure S3.\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Influence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) on niobium nitride thin films.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Toomey, E.; Colangelo, M.; Abedzadeh, N.; and Berggren, K. K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . .\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{ToomeyUnknown-ah,\n title = "{Influence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) on niobium\n nitride thin films}",\n author = "Toomey, Emily and Colangelo, Marco and Abedzadeh, Navid and\n Berggren, Karl K",\n abstract = "Functionality of superconducting thin-film devices such as\n superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) stems\n from the geometric effects that take place at the nanoscale. The\n engineering of these technologies requires high resolution\n patterning, often achieved with electron-beam lithography. Common\n lithography processes using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) as the\n electron-beam resist rely on tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)\n as both a developer and resist adhesion promoter. Despite the\n strong role played by TMAH in the fabrication of superconducting\n devices, its potential influence on the superconducting films\n themselves have not yet been reported. In this work, we\n demonstrate that a 25\\% TMAH developer damages niobium nitride\n (NbN) thin films by modifying the surface chemistry and creating\n an etch contaminant that slows reactive ion etching in CF4. We\n also show how the \\ldots{}",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Functionality of superconducting thin-film devices such as superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) stems from the geometric effects that take place at the nanoscale. The engineering of these technologies requires high resolution patterning, often achieved with electron-beam lithography. Common lithography processes using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) as the electron-beam resist rely on tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as both a developer and resist adhesion promoter. Despite the strong role played by TMAH in the fabrication of superconducting devices, its potential influence on the superconducting films themselves have not yet been reported. In this work, we demonstrate that a 25% TMAH developer damages niobium nitride (NbN) thin films by modifying the surface chemistry and creating an etch contaminant that slows reactive ion etching in CF4. We also show how the …\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Cavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for efficient microwave-to-optical transduction: supplementary material.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Holzgrafe, J.; Sinclair, N.; Zhu, D I; Shams-Ansari, A.; Colangelo, M.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, M.; Berggren, K. K; and Lon, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . .\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{HolzgrafeUnknown-hw,\n title = "{Cavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for efficient\n microwave-to-optical transduction: supplementary material}",\n author = "Holzgrafe, Jeffrey and Sinclair, Neil and Zhu, D I and\n Shams-Ansari, Amirhassan and Colangelo, Marco and Hu, Yaowen and\n Zhang, Mian and Berggren, Karl K and Lon, Marko",\n abstract = "These optical system eigenmodes at frequency $\\omega$$\\pm{}$will\n be used to calculate the interaction Hamiltonian. The loss rates1\n of the photonic molecule modes change with the hybridization\n parameter \\texttheta{}. In the resolved sideband approximation\n (2$\\mathrm{\\mu}$$\\gg{}$ $\\kappa$, where $\\kappa$ is the typical\n optical mode loss rate), Eq. S2 also diagonalizes the open system,\n and the internal (i) and external (e) loss rates for the hybrid\n modes, $\\kappa$$\\pm{}$,{i, e}, are given by $\\kappa$+,{i, e}= v2\n $\\kappa$2,{i, e}+ u2 $\\kappa$1,{i, e}, $\\kappa$-,{i, e}= u2\n $\\kappa$2,{i, e}+ v2 $\\kappa$1,{i, e},(S4)",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n These optical system eigenmodes at frequency $ω$$±{}$will be used to calculate the interaction Hamiltonian. The loss rates1 of the photonic molecule modes change with the hybridization parameter θ. In the resolved sideband approximation (2$µ$$≫{}$ $κ$, where $κ$ is the typical optical mode loss rate), Eq. S2 also diagonalizes the open system, and the internal (i) and external (e) loss rates for the hybrid modes, $κ$$±{}$,i, e, are given by $κ$+,i, e= v2 $κ$2,i, e+ u2 $κ$1,i, e, $κ$-,i, e= u2 $κ$2,i, e+ v2 $κ$1,i, e,(S4)\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Determination of depairing current of superconducting thin films by means of superconducting nanowire resonators.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Frasca, S; Korzh, B A; Colangelo, M; Zhu, D; Lita, A E; Allmaras, J P; Wollman, E E; Verma, V B; Ramirez, E; Beyer, A D; Nam, S W; Kozorezov, A G; Charbon, E; Shaw, M D; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n . .\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n@ARTICLE{FrascaUnknown-ai,\n title = "{Determination of depairing current of superconducting thin films\n by means of superconducting nanowire resonators}",\n author = "Frasca, S and Korzh, B A and Colangelo, M and Zhu, D and Lita, A E\n and Allmaras, J P and Wollman, E E and Verma, V B and Ramirez, E\n and Beyer, A D and Nam, S W and Kozorezov, A G and Charbon, E and\n Shaw, M D and Berggren, K K",\n abstract = "Results18th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors\n (LTD-18) 22-26 July 2019, Milano, Italy",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n Results18th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD-18) 22-26 July 2019, Milano, Italy\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n New constraints on dark matter from superconducting nanowires,(2021).\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hochberg, Y; Lehmann, B V; Charaev, I; Chiles, J; Colangelo, M; Nam, S W; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.01586. .\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{HochbergUnknown-vg,\n title = "{New constraints on dark matter from superconducting\n nanowires,(2021)}",\n author = "Hochberg, Y and Lehmann, B V and Charaev, I and Chiles, J and\n Colangelo, M and Nam, S W and Berggren, K K",\n journal = "arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.01586",\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Influence of TMAH development on niobium nitride thin films.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Toomey, E; Colangelo, M; Abedzadeh, N; and Berggren, K K\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nanotechnology, Nanostructures, Nanomaterials,22. .\n \n\n\n\n
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\n\n\n\n@ARTICLE{ToomeyUnknown-eu,\n title = "{Influence of TMAH development on niobium nitride thin films}",\n author = "Toomey, E and Colangelo, M and Abedzadeh, N and Berggren, K K",\n journal = "Nanotechnology, Nanostructures, Nanomaterials",\n pages = 22,\n keywords = "GoogleScholar"\n}\n\n\n