\n

\n \n Access\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Faith-based Recovery: Its Historical Roots.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n White, W. L, & Whiters, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Counselor, 6(5): 58–62. 2005.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Faith-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{white_faith-based_2005,\n\ttitle = {Faith-based {Recovery}: {Its} {Historical} {Roots}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://williamwhitepapers.com},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Counselor},\n\tauthor = {White, William L and Whiters, David},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Alcohol Use Disorder, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {58--62},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery.\n},\n\tfile = {2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:files/256/2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:application/pdf;White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:files/218/White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Addiction\n \n \n (23)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Examining Geographic Variation of Opioid Use Disorder Encounters in the USA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liu, Y., Sahil, S., Farr, S. L., & Hagle, H. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Therapy. September 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Examining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{liu_examining_2022,\n\ttitle = {Examining {Geographic} {Variation} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Encounters} in the {USA}},\n\tissn = {1865-8652},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tabstract = {The objectives were (1) to characterize patient encounters of opioid use disorder (OUD) using Health Facts® database; and (2) to identify geographic variation, patient characteristics, and facility characteristics impacting patients’ reduced OUD encounters over time.},\n\tjournal = {Advances in Therapy},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Yifei and Sahil, Suman and Farr, Stacy L. and Hagle, Holly N.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singer, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill, 2008.\n OCLC: ocn156822207\n\n

Annotation

Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{singer_drugging_2008,\n\taddress = {Long Grove, Ill},\n\ttitle = {Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57766-494-9},\n\tshorttitle = {Drugging the poor},\n\tpublisher = {Waveland Press},\n\tauthor = {Singer, Merrill},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn156822207},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Addiction, Policy, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Addicted to Christ: remaking men in Puerto Rican Pentecostal Drug Ministries.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Oakland, California, April 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Addicted$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{hansen_addicted_2018,\n\taddress = {Oakland, California},\n\ttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}: remaking men in {Puerto} {Rican} {Pentecostal} {Drug} {Ministries}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-29803-3 978-0-520-29804-0},\n\tshorttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}},\n\turl = {https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520298040/addicted-to-christ},\n\tabstract = {"How are spiritual power and self-transformation cultivated in street ministries? In Addicted to Christ, Helena Hansen provides an in-depth analysis of Pentecostal ministries in Puerto Rico that were founded and managed by self-identified 'ex-addicts.' Richly ethnographic, the book melds Hansen's dual expertise in public anthropology and psychology. Through her interviewees' stories, she examines key elements of the Pentecostal system: mysticism, ascetic practice, and the idea other-worldliness. She then shares the strategies of Pentecostal ministries, which, according to street ministries, are the core elements of spiritual victory over addiction: transformation techniques to build spiritual strength and authority through pain and discipline; cultivation of alternative masculinities based on male converts' reclamation of domestic space; and radical rupture from a post-industrial 'culture of disposability.' By contrasting the ministries' logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery while discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine, revealing the true sway of street corner ministries"--Provided by publisher},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Hispanic, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Addiction, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains how people who self-identified as "ex-addicts" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ATTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"ATTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_attc_2022,\n\ttitle = {{ATTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/global-attc/clas-resources},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Addiction, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Addiction Medicine\n \n \n (14)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n African American\n \n \n (45)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Alcohol Use Disorder\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Faith-based Recovery: Its Historical Roots.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n White, W. L, & Whiters, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Counselor, 6(5): 58–62. 2005.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Faith-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{white_faith-based_2005,\n\ttitle = {Faith-based {Recovery}: {Its} {Historical} {Roots}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://williamwhitepapers.com},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Counselor},\n\tauthor = {White, William L and Whiters, David},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Alcohol Use Disorder, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {58--62},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery.\n},\n\tfile = {2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:files/256/2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:application/pdf;White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:files/218/White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Antiracist\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Black\n \n \n (48)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Addicted to Christ: remaking men in Puerto Rican Pentecostal Drug Ministries.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Oakland, California, April 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Addicted$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{hansen_addicted_2018,\n\taddress = {Oakland, California},\n\ttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}: remaking men in {Puerto} {Rican} {Pentecostal} {Drug} {Ministries}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-29803-3 978-0-520-29804-0},\n\tshorttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}},\n\turl = {https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520298040/addicted-to-christ},\n\tabstract = {"How are spiritual power and self-transformation cultivated in street ministries? In Addicted to Christ, Helena Hansen provides an in-depth analysis of Pentecostal ministries in Puerto Rico that were founded and managed by self-identified 'ex-addicts.' Richly ethnographic, the book melds Hansen's dual expertise in public anthropology and psychology. Through her interviewees' stories, she examines key elements of the Pentecostal system: mysticism, ascetic practice, and the idea other-worldliness. She then shares the strategies of Pentecostal ministries, which, according to street ministries, are the core elements of spiritual victory over addiction: transformation techniques to build spiritual strength and authority through pain and discipline; cultivation of alternative masculinities based on male converts' reclamation of domestic space; and radical rupture from a post-industrial 'culture of disposability.' By contrasting the ministries' logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery while discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine, revealing the true sway of street corner ministries"--Provided by publisher},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Hispanic, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Addiction, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains how people who self-identified as "ex-addicts" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

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\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Buprenorphine\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n Cultural Humility\n \n \n (22)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Faith-based Recovery: Its Historical Roots.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n White, W. L, & Whiters, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Counselor, 6(5): 58–62. 2005.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Faith-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{white_faith-based_2005,\n\ttitle = {Faith-based {Recovery}: {Its} {Historical} {Roots}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://williamwhitepapers.com},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Counselor},\n\tauthor = {White, William L and Whiters, David},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Alcohol Use Disorder, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {58--62},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery.\n},\n\tfile = {2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:files/256/2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:application/pdf;White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:files/218/White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Addicted to Christ: remaking men in Puerto Rican Pentecostal Drug Ministries.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Oakland, California, April 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Addicted$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{hansen_addicted_2018,\n\taddress = {Oakland, California},\n\ttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}: remaking men in {Puerto} {Rican} {Pentecostal} {Drug} {Ministries}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-29803-3 978-0-520-29804-0},\n\tshorttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}},\n\turl = {https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520298040/addicted-to-christ},\n\tabstract = {"How are spiritual power and self-transformation cultivated in street ministries? In Addicted to Christ, Helena Hansen provides an in-depth analysis of Pentecostal ministries in Puerto Rico that were founded and managed by self-identified 'ex-addicts.' Richly ethnographic, the book melds Hansen's dual expertise in public anthropology and psychology. Through her interviewees' stories, she examines key elements of the Pentecostal system: mysticism, ascetic practice, and the idea other-worldliness. She then shares the strategies of Pentecostal ministries, which, according to street ministries, are the core elements of spiritual victory over addiction: transformation techniques to build spiritual strength and authority through pain and discipline; cultivation of alternative masculinities based on male converts' reclamation of domestic space; and radical rupture from a post-industrial 'culture of disposability.' By contrasting the ministries' logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery while discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine, revealing the true sway of street corner ministries"--Provided by publisher},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Hispanic, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Addiction, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains how people who self-identified as "ex-addicts" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ATTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"ATTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_attc_2022,\n\ttitle = {{ATTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/global-attc/clas-resources},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Addiction, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PTTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n PTTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PTTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pttc_network_pttc_2021,\n\ttitle = {{PTTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://pttcnetwork.org/centers/global-pttc/cultural-responsiveness},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {PTTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{PTTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Prevention, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n

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\n \n Discrimination in Medical Care\n \n \n (9)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Disparities\n \n \n (51)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Examining Geographic Variation of Opioid Use Disorder Encounters in the USA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liu, Y., Sahil, S., Farr, S. L., & Hagle, H. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Therapy. September 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Examining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{liu_examining_2022,\n\ttitle = {Examining {Geographic} {Variation} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Encounters} in the {USA}},\n\tissn = {1865-8652},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tabstract = {The objectives were (1) to characterize patient encounters of opioid use disorder (OUD) using Health Facts® database; and (2) to identify geographic variation, patient characteristics, and facility characteristics impacting patients’ reduced OUD encounters over time.},\n\tjournal = {Advances in Therapy},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Yifei and Sahil, Suman and Farr, Stacy L. and Hagle, Holly N.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singer, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill, 2008.\n OCLC: ocn156822207\n\n

Annotation

Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{singer_drugging_2008,\n\taddress = {Long Grove, Ill},\n\ttitle = {Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57766-494-9},\n\tshorttitle = {Drugging the poor},\n\tpublisher = {Waveland Press},\n\tauthor = {Singer, Merrill},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn156822207},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Addiction, Policy, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n About the Prison Policy Initiative.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prison Policy Initiative\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"About$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{prison_policy_initiative_about_nodate,\n\ttitle = {About the {Prison} {Policy} {Initiative}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Prison Policy Initiative},\n\turl = {https://www.prisonpolicy.org/about.html},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tauthor = {{Prison Policy Initiative}},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Health Policy, Restorative Justice, Policy, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/259/about.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political determinants of health.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dawes, D. E., & Williams, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{dawes_political_2020,\n\taddress = {Baltimore},\n\ttitle = {The political determinants of health},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4214-3789-7},\n\tabstract = {"This book examines the ways that policy and politics influence health--both the policies we think of as health policy, formally, and those that we don't. The author introduces the concept of the political determinants of health (modeled on the term social determinants of health) and describes the history of health legislation and explains how readers can use this knowledge to take social action"--},\n\tpublisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},\n\tauthor = {Dawes, Daniel E. and Williams, David R.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Drug Control\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buxton, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan, Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York, 2006.\n OCLC: ocm67361573\n\n

Annotation

Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{buxton_political_2006,\n\taddress = {Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York},\n\ttitle = {The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets},\n\tisbn = {978-1-84277-446-5 978-1-84277-447-2 978-1-55266-198-7},\n\tshorttitle = {The political economy of narcotics},\n\tpublisher = {Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan},\n\tauthor = {Buxton, Julia},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocm67361573},\n\tkeywords = {Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political determinants of health.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dawes, D. E., & Williams, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{dawes_political_2020,\n\taddress = {Baltimore},\n\ttitle = {The political determinants of health},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4214-3789-7},\n\tabstract = {"This book examines the ways that policy and politics influence health--both the policies we think of as health policy, formally, and those that we don't. The author introduces the concept of the political determinants of health (modeled on the term social determinants of health) and describes the history of health legislation and explains how readers can use this knowledge to take social action"--},\n\tpublisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},\n\tauthor = {Dawes, Daniel E. and Williams, David R.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Drug Overdose\n \n \n (10)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Equity\n \n \n (11)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singer, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill, 2008.\n OCLC: ocn156822207\n\n

Annotation

Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{singer_drugging_2008,\n\taddress = {Long Grove, Ill},\n\ttitle = {Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57766-494-9},\n\tshorttitle = {Drugging the poor},\n\tpublisher = {Waveland Press},\n\tauthor = {Singer, Merrill},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn156822207},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Addiction, Policy, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ATTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"ATTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{attc_network_attc_2022,\n\ttitle = {{ATTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/global-attc/clas-resources},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Addiction, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PTTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n PTTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PTTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{pttc_network_pttc_2021,\n\ttitle = {{PTTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://pttcnetwork.org/centers/global-pttc/cultural-responsiveness},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {PTTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{PTTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Prevention, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n

\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Ethnicity\n \n \n (24)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Gender\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Governmental Policy\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n About the Prison Policy Initiative.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prison Policy Initiative\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"About$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{prison_policy_initiative_about_nodate,\n\ttitle = {About the {Prison} {Policy} {Initiative}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Prison Policy Initiative},\n\turl = {https://www.prisonpolicy.org/about.html},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tauthor = {{Prison Policy Initiative}},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Health Policy, Restorative Justice, Policy, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/259/about.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n

\n \n Harm Reduction\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Health Disparities\n \n \n (37)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Young Adult Drug Use: The Role of Racialized Social Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wallace, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs & Society, 14(1-2): 21–36. November 1998.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03\n\n

Annotation

The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Explaining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{wallace_explaining_1998,\n\ttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}: {The} {Role} of {Racialized} {Social} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {8756-8233},\n\tshorttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tdoi = {10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tabstract = {Despite a growing literature on race differences in drug use, few studies have offered theoretical explanations for their existence. In light of this limitation, this paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use. The central argument of the paper is that in order for researchers to understand race differences in drug use outcomes, developmental processes, and mean level differences on antecedent influences on drug use, they must understand the ways in which social systems influence individual, interpersonal, and community level risk and protective mechanisms that are linked to race and that, in turn, are responsible for racial variation in drug use.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\turldate = {2022-08-31},\n\tjournal = {Drugs \\& Society},\n\tauthor = {Wallace, John M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01\\_03},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality},\n\tpages = {21--36},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes.\n},\n\tfile = {Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:files/252/Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political determinants of health.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dawes, D. E., & Williams, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{dawes_political_2020,\n\taddress = {Baltimore},\n\ttitle = {The political determinants of health},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4214-3789-7},\n\tabstract = {"This book examines the ways that policy and politics influence health--both the policies we think of as health policy, formally, and those that we don't. The author introduces the concept of the political determinants of health (modeled on the term social determinants of health) and describes the history of health legislation and explains how readers can use this knowledge to take social action"--},\n\tpublisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},\n\tauthor = {Dawes, Daniel E. and Williams, David R.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Health Equity\n \n \n (19)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ATTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"ATTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_attc_2022,\n\ttitle = {{ATTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/global-attc/clas-resources},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Addiction, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PTTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n PTTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PTTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pttc_network_pttc_2021,\n\ttitle = {{PTTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://pttcnetwork.org/centers/global-pttc/cultural-responsiveness},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {PTTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{PTTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Prevention, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n

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\n \n Health Policy\n \n \n (13)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n About the Prison Policy Initiative.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prison Policy Initiative\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"About$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{prison_policy_initiative_about_nodate,\n\ttitle = {About the {Prison} {Policy} {Initiative}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Prison Policy Initiative},\n\turl = {https://www.prisonpolicy.org/about.html},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tauthor = {{Prison Policy Initiative}},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Health Policy, Restorative Justice, Policy, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/259/about.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buxton, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan, Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York, 2006.\n OCLC: ocm67361573\n\n

Annotation

Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{buxton_political_2006,\n\taddress = {Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York},\n\ttitle = {The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets},\n\tisbn = {978-1-84277-446-5 978-1-84277-447-2 978-1-55266-198-7},\n\tshorttitle = {The political economy of narcotics},\n\tpublisher = {Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan},\n\tauthor = {Buxton, Julia},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocm67361573},\n\tkeywords = {Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political determinants of health.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dawes, D. E., & Williams, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{dawes_political_2020,\n\taddress = {Baltimore},\n\ttitle = {The political determinants of health},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4214-3789-7},\n\tabstract = {"This book examines the ways that policy and politics influence health--both the policies we think of as health policy, formally, and those that we don't. The author introduces the concept of the political determinants of health (modeled on the term social determinants of health) and describes the history of health legislation and explains how readers can use this knowledge to take social action"--},\n\tpublisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},\n\tauthor = {Dawes, Daniel E. and Williams, David R.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Healthcare\n \n \n (11)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Hispanic\n \n \n (32)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Addicted to Christ: remaking men in Puerto Rican Pentecostal Drug Ministries.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Oakland, California, April 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Addicted$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{hansen_addicted_2018,\n\taddress = {Oakland, California},\n\ttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}: remaking men in {Puerto} {Rican} {Pentecostal} {Drug} {Ministries}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-29803-3 978-0-520-29804-0},\n\tshorttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}},\n\turl = {https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520298040/addicted-to-christ},\n\tabstract = {"How are spiritual power and self-transformation cultivated in street ministries? In Addicted to Christ, Helena Hansen provides an in-depth analysis of Pentecostal ministries in Puerto Rico that were founded and managed by self-identified 'ex-addicts.' Richly ethnographic, the book melds Hansen's dual expertise in public anthropology and psychology. Through her interviewees' stories, she examines key elements of the Pentecostal system: mysticism, ascetic practice, and the idea other-worldliness. She then shares the strategies of Pentecostal ministries, which, according to street ministries, are the core elements of spiritual victory over addiction: transformation techniques to build spiritual strength and authority through pain and discipline; cultivation of alternative masculinities based on male converts' reclamation of domestic space; and radical rupture from a post-industrial 'culture of disposability.' By contrasting the ministries' logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery while discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine, revealing the true sway of street corner ministries"--Provided by publisher},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Hispanic, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Addiction, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains how people who self-identified as "ex-addicts" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Indigenous\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Inequity\n \n \n (11)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ATTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"ATTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_attc_2022,\n\ttitle = {{ATTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/global-attc/clas-resources},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Addiction, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PTTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n PTTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PTTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pttc_network_pttc_2021,\n\ttitle = {{PTTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://pttcnetwork.org/centers/global-pttc/cultural-responsiveness},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {PTTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{PTTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Prevention, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n

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\n \n Justice-Involved\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n About the Prison Policy Initiative.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prison Policy Initiative\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"About$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{prison_policy_initiative_about_nodate,\n\ttitle = {About the {Prison} {Policy} {Initiative}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Prison Policy Initiative},\n\turl = {https://www.prisonpolicy.org/about.html},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tauthor = {{Prison Policy Initiative}},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Health Policy, Restorative Justice, Policy, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/259/about.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n Latino/a/e\n \n \n (29)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Addicted to Christ: remaking men in Puerto Rican Pentecostal Drug Ministries.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Oakland, California, April 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Addicted$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{hansen_addicted_2018,\n\taddress = {Oakland, California},\n\ttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}: remaking men in {Puerto} {Rican} {Pentecostal} {Drug} {Ministries}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-29803-3 978-0-520-29804-0},\n\tshorttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}},\n\turl = {https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520298040/addicted-to-christ},\n\tabstract = {"How are spiritual power and self-transformation cultivated in street ministries? In Addicted to Christ, Helena Hansen provides an in-depth analysis of Pentecostal ministries in Puerto Rico that were founded and managed by self-identified 'ex-addicts.' Richly ethnographic, the book melds Hansen's dual expertise in public anthropology and psychology. Through her interviewees' stories, she examines key elements of the Pentecostal system: mysticism, ascetic practice, and the idea other-worldliness. She then shares the strategies of Pentecostal ministries, which, according to street ministries, are the core elements of spiritual victory over addiction: transformation techniques to build spiritual strength and authority through pain and discipline; cultivation of alternative masculinities based on male converts' reclamation of domestic space; and radical rupture from a post-industrial 'culture of disposability.' By contrasting the ministries' logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery while discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine, revealing the true sway of street corner ministries"--Provided by publisher},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Hispanic, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Addiction, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains how people who self-identified as "ex-addicts" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Medical Treatment/Intervention\n \n \n (24)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Mental Health\n \n \n (10)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Addicted to Christ: remaking men in Puerto Rican Pentecostal Drug Ministries.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Oakland, California, April 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains how people who self-identified as \"ex-addicts\" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Addicted$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{hansen_addicted_2018,\n\taddress = {Oakland, California},\n\ttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}: remaking men in {Puerto} {Rican} {Pentecostal} {Drug} {Ministries}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-29803-3 978-0-520-29804-0},\n\tshorttitle = {Addicted to {Christ}},\n\turl = {https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520298040/addicted-to-christ},\n\tabstract = {"How are spiritual power and self-transformation cultivated in street ministries? In Addicted to Christ, Helena Hansen provides an in-depth analysis of Pentecostal ministries in Puerto Rico that were founded and managed by self-identified 'ex-addicts.' Richly ethnographic, the book melds Hansen's dual expertise in public anthropology and psychology. Through her interviewees' stories, she examines key elements of the Pentecostal system: mysticism, ascetic practice, and the idea other-worldliness. She then shares the strategies of Pentecostal ministries, which, according to street ministries, are the core elements of spiritual victory over addiction: transformation techniques to build spiritual strength and authority through pain and discipline; cultivation of alternative masculinities based on male converts' reclamation of domestic space; and radical rupture from a post-industrial 'culture of disposability.' By contrasting the ministries' logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery while discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine, revealing the true sway of street corner ministries"--Provided by publisher},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Hispanic, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Addiction, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains how people who self-identified as "ex-addicts" developed street ministries. By contrasting the ministries’ logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, Hansen rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Mental Health Treatment\n \n \n (10)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

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\n \n Methadone\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Minoritized Groups\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Faith-based Recovery: Its Historical Roots.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n White, W. L, & Whiters, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Counselor, 6(5): 58–62. 2005.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Faith-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{white_faith-based_2005,\n\ttitle = {Faith-based {Recovery}: {Its} {Historical} {Roots}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://williamwhitepapers.com},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Counselor},\n\tauthor = {White, William L and Whiters, David},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Alcohol Use Disorder, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {58--62},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery.\n},\n\tfile = {2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:files/256/2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:application/pdf;White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:files/218/White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Opioid Use Disorder\n \n \n (21)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Examining Geographic Variation of Opioid Use Disorder Encounters in the USA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liu, Y., Sahil, S., Farr, S. L., & Hagle, H. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Therapy. September 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Examining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{liu_examining_2022,\n\ttitle = {Examining {Geographic} {Variation} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Encounters} in the {USA}},\n\tissn = {1865-8652},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tabstract = {The objectives were (1) to characterize patient encounters of opioid use disorder (OUD) using Health Facts® database; and (2) to identify geographic variation, patient characteristics, and facility characteristics impacting patients’ reduced OUD encounters over time.},\n\tjournal = {Advances in Therapy},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Yifei and Sahil, Suman and Farr, Stacy L. and Hagle, Holly N.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Physicians\n \n \n (16)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singer, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill, 2008.\n OCLC: ocn156822207\n\n

Annotation

Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{singer_drugging_2008,\n\taddress = {Long Grove, Ill},\n\ttitle = {Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57766-494-9},\n\tshorttitle = {Drugging the poor},\n\tpublisher = {Waveland Press},\n\tauthor = {Singer, Merrill},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn156822207},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Addiction, Policy, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n About the Prison Policy Initiative.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prison Policy Initiative\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"About$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{prison_policy_initiative_about_nodate,\n\ttitle = {About the {Prison} {Policy} {Initiative}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Prison Policy Initiative},\n\turl = {https://www.prisonpolicy.org/about.html},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tauthor = {{Prison Policy Initiative}},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Health Policy, Restorative Justice, Policy, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/259/about.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buxton, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan, Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York, 2006.\n OCLC: ocm67361573\n\n

Annotation

Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{buxton_political_2006,\n\taddress = {Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York},\n\ttitle = {The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets},\n\tisbn = {978-1-84277-446-5 978-1-84277-447-2 978-1-55266-198-7},\n\tshorttitle = {The political economy of narcotics},\n\tpublisher = {Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan},\n\tauthor = {Buxton, Julia},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocm67361573},\n\tkeywords = {Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political determinants of health.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dawes, D. E., & Williams, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{dawes_political_2020,\n\taddress = {Baltimore},\n\ttitle = {The political determinants of health},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4214-3789-7},\n\tabstract = {"This book examines the ways that policy and politics influence health--both the policies we think of as health policy, formally, and those that we don't. The author introduces the concept of the political determinants of health (modeled on the term social determinants of health) and describes the history of health legislation and explains how readers can use this knowledge to take social action"--},\n\tpublisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},\n\tauthor = {Dawes, Daniel E. and Williams, David R.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

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\n \n Prescription Drug Misuse\n \n \n (9)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n Prevention\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Edgoose, J. Y. C., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fam Pract Manag, 26(4): 29–33. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"How$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{edgoose_how_2019,\n\ttitle = {How to {Identify}, {Understand}, and {Unlearn} {Implicit} {Bias} in {Patient} {Care}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {1531-1929},\n\turl = {https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2019/0700/p29.html},\n\tabstract = {Taking steps to recognize and correct unconscious assumptions toward groups can promote health equity.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Fam Pract Manag},\n\tauthor = {Edgoose, Jennifer Y. C. and Quiogue, Michelle and Sidhar, Kartik},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {31287266},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Prevention, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {29--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author explains why we should reduce implicit bias and reduce stereotypes. The authors mentions that we should educate, expose, and reduce bias so that we can better our patient relationships and care decisions.\n},\n\tfile = {Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:files/240/Edgoose et al. - 2019 - How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PTTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n PTTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PTTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pttc_network_pttc_2021,\n\ttitle = {{PTTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://pttcnetwork.org/centers/global-pttc/cultural-responsiveness},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {PTTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{PTTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Prevention, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n

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\n \n Race\n \n \n (45)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of the Surgeon General (US), Center for Mental Health Services (US), & National Institute of Mental Health (US)\n\n\n \n\n\n\n of Publications and Reports of the Surgeon GeneralSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Rockville (MD), 2001.\n \n\n

Annotation

This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Mental$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{office_of_the_surgeon_general_us_mental_2001,\n\taddress = {Rockville (MD)},\n\tseries = {Publications and {Reports} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\ttitle = {Mental {Health}: {Culture}, {Race}, and {Ethnicity}: {A} {Supplement} to {Mental} {Health}: {A} {Report} of the {Surgeon} {General}},\n\tshorttitle = {Mental {Health}},\n\turl = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44243/},\n\tabstract = {This Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General  (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999) documents the existence of striking disparities for minorities in mental health services and the underlying knowledge base. Racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health services than do whites. They are less likely to receive needed care. When they receive care, it is more likely to be poor in quality.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tpublisher = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)},\n\tauthor = {{Office of the Surgeon General (US)} and {Center for Mental Health Services (US)} and {National Institute of Mental Health (US)}},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpmid = {20669516},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Governmental Policy, Minoritized Groups, Healthcare},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report sheds light on how healthcare disparities create significant obstacles for racial and ethnic minority groups when seeking mental health services and treatment. African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans consistently face challenges in accessing and utilizing adequate mental health care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Young Adult Drug Use: The Role of Racialized Social Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wallace, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs & Society, 14(1-2): 21–36. November 1998.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03\n\n

Annotation

The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Explaining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wallace_explaining_1998,\n\ttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}: {The} {Role} of {Racialized} {Social} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {8756-8233},\n\tshorttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tdoi = {10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tabstract = {Despite a growing literature on race differences in drug use, few studies have offered theoretical explanations for their existence. In light of this limitation, this paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use. The central argument of the paper is that in order for researchers to understand race differences in drug use outcomes, developmental processes, and mean level differences on antecedent influences on drug use, they must understand the ways in which social systems influence individual, interpersonal, and community level risk and protective mechanisms that are linked to race and that, in turn, are responsible for racial variation in drug use.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\turldate = {2022-08-31},\n\tjournal = {Drugs \\& Society},\n\tauthor = {Wallace, John M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01\\_03},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality},\n\tpages = {21--36},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes.\n},\n\tfile = {Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:files/252/Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Racial Inequality\n \n \n (44)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Young Adult Drug Use: The Role of Racialized Social Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wallace, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs & Society, 14(1-2): 21–36. November 1998.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03\n\n

Annotation

The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Explaining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wallace_explaining_1998,\n\ttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}: {The} {Role} of {Racialized} {Social} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {8756-8233},\n\tshorttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tdoi = {10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tabstract = {Despite a growing literature on race differences in drug use, few studies have offered theoretical explanations for their existence. In light of this limitation, this paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use. The central argument of the paper is that in order for researchers to understand race differences in drug use outcomes, developmental processes, and mean level differences on antecedent influences on drug use, they must understand the ways in which social systems influence individual, interpersonal, and community level risk and protective mechanisms that are linked to race and that, in turn, are responsible for racial variation in drug use.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\turldate = {2022-08-31},\n\tjournal = {Drugs \\& Society},\n\tauthor = {Wallace, John M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01\\_03},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality},\n\tpages = {21--36},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes.\n},\n\tfile = {Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:files/252/Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Racism\n \n \n (18)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Rehabilitation\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n

\n \n Restorative Justice\n \n \n (7)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n About the Prison Policy Initiative.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prison Policy Initiative\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"About$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{prison_policy_initiative_about_nodate,\n\ttitle = {About the {Prison} {Policy} {Initiative}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Prison Policy Initiative},\n\turl = {https://www.prisonpolicy.org/about.html},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tauthor = {{Prison Policy Initiative}},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Health Policy, Restorative Justice, Policy, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/259/about.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n Social Determinants of Health\n \n \n (34)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Young Adult Drug Use: The Role of Racialized Social Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wallace, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs & Society, 14(1-2): 21–36. November 1998.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03\n\n

Annotation

The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Explaining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wallace_explaining_1998,\n\ttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}: {The} {Role} of {Racialized} {Social} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {8756-8233},\n\tshorttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tdoi = {10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tabstract = {Despite a growing literature on race differences in drug use, few studies have offered theoretical explanations for their existence. In light of this limitation, this paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use. The central argument of the paper is that in order for researchers to understand race differences in drug use outcomes, developmental processes, and mean level differences on antecedent influences on drug use, they must understand the ways in which social systems influence individual, interpersonal, and community level risk and protective mechanisms that are linked to race and that, in turn, are responsible for racial variation in drug use.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\turldate = {2022-08-31},\n\tjournal = {Drugs \\& Society},\n\tauthor = {Wallace, John M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01\\_03},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality},\n\tpages = {21--36},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes.\n},\n\tfile = {Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:files/252/Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Examining Geographic Variation of Opioid Use Disorder Encounters in the USA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liu, Y., Sahil, S., Farr, S. L., & Hagle, H. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Therapy. September 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Examining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{liu_examining_2022,\n\ttitle = {Examining {Geographic} {Variation} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Encounters} in the {USA}},\n\tissn = {1865-8652},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tabstract = {The objectives were (1) to characterize patient encounters of opioid use disorder (OUD) using Health Facts® database; and (2) to identify geographic variation, patient characteristics, and facility characteristics impacting patients’ reduced OUD encounters over time.},\n\tjournal = {Advances in Therapy},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Yifei and Sahil, Suman and Farr, Stacy L. and Hagle, Holly N.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singer, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill, 2008.\n OCLC: ocn156822207\n\n

Annotation

Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{singer_drugging_2008,\n\taddress = {Long Grove, Ill},\n\ttitle = {Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57766-494-9},\n\tshorttitle = {Drugging the poor},\n\tpublisher = {Waveland Press},\n\tauthor = {Singer, Merrill},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn156822207},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Addiction, Policy, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political determinants of health.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dawes, D. E., & Williams, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{dawes_political_2020,\n\taddress = {Baltimore},\n\ttitle = {The political determinants of health},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4214-3789-7},\n\tabstract = {"This book examines the ways that policy and politics influence health--both the policies we think of as health policy, formally, and those that we don't. The author introduces the concept of the political determinants of health (modeled on the term social determinants of health) and describes the history of health legislation and explains how readers can use this knowledge to take social action"--},\n\tpublisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},\n\tauthor = {Dawes, Daniel E. and Williams, David R.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Social Justice\n \n \n (34)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n About the Prison Policy Initiative.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Prison Policy Initiative\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"About$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{prison_policy_initiative_about_nodate,\n\ttitle = {About the {Prison} {Policy} {Initiative}},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Prison Policy Initiative},\n\turl = {https://www.prisonpolicy.org/about.html},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tauthor = {{Prison Policy Initiative}},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Health Policy, Restorative Justice, Policy, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Prison Policy Initiative advocates for criminal justice reform and decriminalization. The Prison Policy Initiative provides resources related to protecting family visits, lowering costs to call homes from prisons and jails, and many more.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/259/about.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buxton, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan, Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York, 2006.\n OCLC: ocm67361573\n\n

Annotation

Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{buxton_political_2006,\n\taddress = {Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York},\n\ttitle = {The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets},\n\tisbn = {978-1-84277-446-5 978-1-84277-447-2 978-1-55266-198-7},\n\tshorttitle = {The political economy of narcotics},\n\tpublisher = {Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan},\n\tauthor = {Buxton, Julia},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocm67361573},\n\tkeywords = {Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ATTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"ATTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_attc_2022,\n\ttitle = {{ATTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/global-attc/clas-resources},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Addiction, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n PTTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n PTTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"PTTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pttc_network_pttc_2021,\n\ttitle = {{PTTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://pttcnetwork.org/centers/global-pttc/cultural-responsiveness},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {PTTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{PTTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Prevention, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n

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\n \n Socioeconomic Factors\n \n \n (34)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Young Adult Drug Use: The Role of Racialized Social Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wallace, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs & Society, 14(1-2): 21–36. November 1998.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03\n\n

Annotation

The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Explaining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wallace_explaining_1998,\n\ttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}: {The} {Role} of {Racialized} {Social} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {8756-8233},\n\tshorttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tdoi = {10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tabstract = {Despite a growing literature on race differences in drug use, few studies have offered theoretical explanations for their existence. In light of this limitation, this paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use. The central argument of the paper is that in order for researchers to understand race differences in drug use outcomes, developmental processes, and mean level differences on antecedent influences on drug use, they must understand the ways in which social systems influence individual, interpersonal, and community level risk and protective mechanisms that are linked to race and that, in turn, are responsible for racial variation in drug use.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\turldate = {2022-08-31},\n\tjournal = {Drugs \\& Society},\n\tauthor = {Wallace, John M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01\\_03},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality},\n\tpages = {21--36},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes.\n},\n\tfile = {Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:files/252/Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singer, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill, 2008.\n OCLC: ocn156822207\n\n

Annotation

Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{singer_drugging_2008,\n\taddress = {Long Grove, Ill},\n\ttitle = {Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57766-494-9},\n\tshorttitle = {Drugging the poor},\n\tpublisher = {Waveland Press},\n\tauthor = {Singer, Merrill},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn156822207},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Addiction, Policy, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Discrimination and disparities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sowell, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, New York City, NY, Rev. and enl. edition edition, 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{sowell_discrimination_2019,\n\taddress = {New York City, NY},\n\tedition = {Rev. and enl. edition},\n\ttitle = {Discrimination and disparities},\n\tisbn = {978-1-5416-4563-9},\n\tpublisher = {Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group},\n\tauthor = {Sowell, Thomas},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Health Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book the author explains different types of discrimination, including how government policies can affect people living in different socioeconomic conditions, and social inequality.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buxton, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan, Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York, 2006.\n OCLC: ocm67361573\n\n

Annotation

Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{buxton_political_2006,\n\taddress = {Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York},\n\ttitle = {The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets},\n\tisbn = {978-1-84277-446-5 978-1-84277-447-2 978-1-55266-198-7},\n\tshorttitle = {The political economy of narcotics},\n\tpublisher = {Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan},\n\tauthor = {Buxton, Julia},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocm67361573},\n\tkeywords = {Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political determinants of health.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dawes, D. E., & Williams, D. R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{dawes_political_2020,\n\taddress = {Baltimore},\n\ttitle = {The political determinants of health},\n\tisbn = {978-1-4214-3789-7},\n\tabstract = {"This book examines the ways that policy and politics influence health--both the policies we think of as health policy, formally, and those that we don't. The author introduces the concept of the political determinants of health (modeled on the term social determinants of health) and describes the history of health legislation and explains how readers can use this knowledge to take social action"--},\n\tpublisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},\n\tauthor = {Dawes, Daniel E. and Williams, David R.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Dawes contends that policy and politics lead to the social conditions that negatively affect health. He reviews historical decisions that have led to today's issues and provides ideas for positively addressing pressing problems. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Stigma\n \n \n (6)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Stimulant Use Disorder\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Structural Competency\n \n \n (14)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Improving Cultural Competence.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Substance Abuse, & Administration, M. H. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report 59, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Improving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{substance_abuse_and_mental_health_services_administration_improving_2014,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {Improving {Cultural} {Competence}},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf},\n\tlanguage = {En},\n\tnumber = {59},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration}},\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Ethnicity, Race, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {341},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>SAMHSA provides information on how to improve cultural competence so that it can help with treating patients with Substance Use Disorders. The hospital staff (Counselors) should be culturally aware and use language that is relatable to the patient, as well as use appropriate cultural tools that can help in behavioral health treatments for different racial and ethnic groups.\n},\n\tfile = {sma14-4849.pdf:files/257/sma14-4849.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buxton, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan, Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York, 2006.\n OCLC: ocm67361573\n\n

Annotation

Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{buxton_political_2006,\n\taddress = {Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York},\n\ttitle = {The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets},\n\tisbn = {978-1-84277-446-5 978-1-84277-447-2 978-1-55266-198-7},\n\tshorttitle = {The political economy of narcotics},\n\tpublisher = {Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan},\n\tauthor = {Buxton, Julia},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocm67361573},\n\tkeywords = {Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Metzl, J. M., & Hansen, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med, 103: 126–133. February 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{metzl_structural_2014,\n\ttitle = {Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {1873-5347},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural competency},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032},\n\tabstract = {This paper describes a shift in medical education away from pedagogic approaches to stigma and inequalities that emphasize cross-cultural understandings of individual patients, toward attention to forces that influence health outcomes at levels above individual interactions. It reviews existing structural approaches to stigma and health inequalities developed outside of medicine, and proposes changes to U.S. medical education that will infuse clinical training with a structural focus. The approach, termed "structural competency," consists of training in five core competencies: 1) recognizing the structures that shape clinical interactions; 2) developing an extra-clinical language of structure; 3) rearticulating "cultural" formulations in structural terms; 4) observing and imagining structural interventions; and 5) developing structural humility. Examples are provided of structural health scholarship that should be adopted into medical didactic curricula, and of structural interventions that can provide participant-observation opportunities for clinical trainees. The paper ultimately argues that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med},\n\tauthor = {Metzl, Jonathan M. and Hansen, Helena},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24507917},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4269606},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Stigma, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {126--133},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examine the current state of medical education and recommend changes to emphasize recognition of outside influences on health outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/231/Metzl and Hansen - 2014 - Structural competency theorizing a new medical en.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Structural Racism\n \n \n (18)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: The need for antiracist public health practice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kunins, H. V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 26(3): 201–205. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 2 downloads\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{kunins_structural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and the opioid overdose epidemic: {The} need for antiracist public health practice},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/citation/2020/05000/structural_racism_and_the_opioid_overdose.1.aspx},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001168},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Public Health Management and Practice},\n\tauthor = {Kunins, Hillary V.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Buprenorphine, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial describes how structural racism serves as a root cause for many public health inequities. It provides ways that providers can be actively antiracist, rather than just trying to be nonracist.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Social (In)Justice and Mental Health.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ruth S. Shim, & Sarah Y. Vinson\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Volume First edition American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

\"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health\" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like \"accompaniment\" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Social$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{ruth_s_shim_social_2021,\n\taddress = {Washington, DC},\n\ttitle = {Social ({In}){Justice} and {Mental} {Health}},\n\tvolume = {First edition},\n\tisbn = {978-1-61537-338-3},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=e000xna&AN=2703667&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tabstract = {Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant:  The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy -- of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients -- is critically important in confronting mental health inequities.  The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness.  Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read -- and heed -- this important work.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\turldate = {2022-08-29},\n\tpublisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},\n\tauthor = {{Ruth S. Shim} and {Sarah Y. Vinson}},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Physicians, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>"Social (In)Justice and Mental Health" argues that societal injustices harm people with mental illness. It calls for mental health professionals to be aware of these inequities, understand their causes, and advocate for change. The book covers specific diagnoses and conditions affected by social injustices, research priorities, and practical strategies like "accompaniment" to build stronger and more equitable clinician-patient relationships. It also includes resources for self-reflection and education to help clinicians address their own biases and contribute to a more just mental health system.\n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Social justice entails equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as care for the least advantaged members of society. The paradigm-shifting new book Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the ways in which society's failure to deliver on that humane ideal harms people with mental illness. The editors, at the forefront of the effort to make psychiatry responsive to critiques of institutional racism, argue that in the United States, a perfect storm of unfair and unjust policies and practices, bolstered by deep-seated beliefs about the inferiority of some groups, has led to a small number of people having tremendous advantages, freedoms, and opportunities, while a growing number are denied those liberties and rights. Mental health clinicians bear a special responsibility to be aware of these structural inequities, to question their own biases, to intervene on behalf of patients and their families, and to advocate for mental health equity. To that end, the book provides a framework for thinking about why these inequities exist and persist and provides clinicians with a road map to address these inequalities as they relate to racism, the criminal justice system, and other systems and diagnoses.The book is hands-on, with topics mental health clinicians will find timely and relevant: The role of social injustice and specific diagnoses and conditions, including substance use disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and child trauma, is covered. For example, research has shown that white psychiatrists are more likely to over diagnose schizophrenia in Black patients, and this diagnostic bias may partly account for Black men being involuntarily committed to mental institutions in higher numbers. The authors advocate for research that prioritizes the needs of participants and communities, rather than the needs of institutions, and focuses on structural, not individual-level, differences. Accompaniment, an important strategy for infusing social justice into clinical practice, is described and modeled. This process of radical empathy – of trying to minimize power dynamics in clinical relationships by listening, witnessing, and advocating with patients – is critically important in confronting mental health inequities. The inadequacy of current medical and mental health education and training in countering the powerful forces of social injustice in mental health is discussed in detail. The authors emphasize that change requires adopting an active practice of self-study and self-reflection, and accordingly, a list of self-study resources, consisting of books, documentaries, podcasts, and TED talks, is provided to further the reader's knowledge and awareness. Of further assistance are the chapter-ending'Questions for Self-Reflection,'which challenge mental health clinicians to examine their own attitudes and preconceived ideas about race, poverty, disabilities, and privilege. Social (In)Justice and Mental Health addresses the context in which mental health care is delivered, strategies for raising consciousness in the mental health profession, and ways to improve treatment while redressing injustice. Clinicians owe it to themselves, their patients, and their profession to read – and heed – this important work.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n Substance Misuse\n \n \n (15)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Drug Policy Alliance.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Drug$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_drug_2022,\n\ttitle = {Drug {Policy} {Alliance}},\n\turl = {https://drugpolicy.org/drug-policy-alliance},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drug Policy Alliance},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Social Justice, Governmental Policy, Drug Control, Policy, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The Drug Policy Alliance that works to decriminalize drugs and provides statistics regarding disparities related to SUD for people of color. They work to pass laws to reduce punishments for people in drug trade, and eliminating the poison drug supply through responsible legal regulation of all drugs.\n\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/243/drugpolicy.org.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Buxton, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan, Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York, 2006.\n OCLC: ocm67361573\n\n

Annotation

Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{buxton_political_2006,\n\taddress = {Black Point, Canada : London ; New York : New York},\n\ttitle = {The political economy of narcotics: production, consumption and global markets},\n\tisbn = {978-1-84277-446-5 978-1-84277-447-2 978-1-55266-198-7},\n\tshorttitle = {The political economy of narcotics},\n\tpublisher = {Fernwood Pub. ; Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA by Palgrave Macmillan},\n\tauthor = {Buxton, Julia},\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocm67361573},\n\tkeywords = {Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Drug Control, Health Policy, Policy, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Buxton argues that the global trend toward prohibition of narcotics has failed, with usage rates, demand, and supply all continuing to rise. Instead, Buxton contends that policy should be less punitive and more humane.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n Substance Use Disorders\n \n \n (35)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Opioid Crisis: No Easy Fix to Its Social and Economic Determinants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n American Journal of Public Health, 108(2): 182–186. February 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Opioid$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{dasgupta_opioid_2018,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}: {No} {Easy} {Fix} to {Its} {Social} and {Economic} {Determinants}},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid {Crisis}},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/ajph.2017.304187},\n\tabstract = {The accepted wisdom about the US overdose crisis singles out prescribing as the causative vector. Although drug supply is a key factor, we posit that the crisis is fundamentally fueled by economic and social upheaval, its etiology closely linked to the role of opioids as a refuge from physical and psychological trauma, concentrated disadvantage, isolation, and hopelessness.Overreliance on opioid medications is emblematic of a health care system that incentivizes quick, simplistic answers to complex physical and mental health needs. In an analogous way, simplistic measures to cut access to opioids offer illusory solutions to this multidimensional societal challenge.We trace the crisis’ trajectory through the intertwined use of opioid analgesics, heroin, and fentanyl analogs, and we urge engaging the structural determinants lens to address this formidable public health emergency. A broad focus on suffering should guide both patient- and community-level interventions.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Ciccarone, Daniel},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Health Policy, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {182--186},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>There are many different root causes for opioid use such as physical pain, economic hardship, social isolation, and many more which can make it difficult for people to stop using drugs. The authors suggests that trained healthcare providers in structural competency can be helpful to fight the Opioid Crisis.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/236/Dasgupta et al. - 2018 - Opioid Crisis No Easy Fix to Its Social and Econo.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \"Go Slow\"—Baltimore’s Peer-Led Fentanyl Harm Reduction Campaign.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Unger, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\""Go$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{unger_go_2019,\n\ttitle = {"{Go} {Slow}"—{Baltimore}’s {Peer}-{Led} {Fentanyl} {Harm} {Reduction} {Campaign}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction/},\n\tabstract = {The leadership of directly impacted people was key to developing a groundbreaking campaign against fentanyl-involved deaths.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Unger, Lizzy},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Harm Reduction, Substance Misuse},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A ‘Go-Slow campaign’ was initiated in Baltimore by Bmore POWER group. Instead of using fear, this group decided to do harm reduction by providing the drug and giving information about the drug Naloxone. They provide information on what to do in case there is a drug overdose and to carry Naloxone with you every time.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/233/go-slow-fentanyl-harm-reduction.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Faith-based Recovery: Its Historical Roots.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n White, W. L, & Whiters, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Counselor, 6(5): 58–62. 2005.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Faith-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{white_faith-based_2005,\n\ttitle = {Faith-based {Recovery}: {Its} {Historical} {Roots}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://williamwhitepapers.com},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Counselor},\n\tauthor = {White, William L and Whiters, David},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Alcohol Use Disorder, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {58--62},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery.\n},\n\tfile = {2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:files/256/2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:application/pdf;White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:files/218/White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Young Adult Drug Use: The Role of Racialized Social Systems.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wallace, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs & Society, 14(1-2): 21–36. November 1998.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03\n\n

Annotation

The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Explaining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{wallace_explaining_1998,\n\ttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}: {The} {Role} of {Racialized} {Social} {Systems}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {8756-8233},\n\tshorttitle = {Explaining {Race} {Differences} in {Adolescent} and {Young} {Adult} {Drug} {Use}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tdoi = {10.1300/J023v14n01_03},\n\tabstract = {Despite a growing literature on race differences in drug use, few studies have offered theoretical explanations for their existence. In light of this limitation, this paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use. The central argument of the paper is that in order for researchers to understand race differences in drug use outcomes, developmental processes, and mean level differences on antecedent influences on drug use, they must understand the ways in which social systems influence individual, interpersonal, and community level risk and protective mechanisms that are linked to race and that, in turn, are responsible for racial variation in drug use.},\n\tnumber = {1-2},\n\turldate = {2022-08-31},\n\tjournal = {Drugs \\& Society},\n\tauthor = {Wallace, John M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J023v14n01\\_03},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality},\n\tpages = {21--36},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The aim of the paper is to understand how the Socioecological Model affects drug use in young adults and adolescents. Differences in individual level, interpersonal level, and community level are related to different race and ethnicities which can result in drug use outcomes.\n},\n\tfile = {Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:files/252/Wallace - 1998 - Explaining Race Differences in Adolescent and Youn.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Examining Geographic Variation of Opioid Use Disorder Encounters in the USA.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Liu, Y., Sahil, S., Farr, S. L., & Hagle, H. N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Therapy. September 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Examining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{liu_examining_2022,\n\ttitle = {Examining {Geographic} {Variation} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Encounters} in the {USA}},\n\tissn = {1865-8652},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12325-022-02314-y},\n\tabstract = {The objectives were (1) to characterize patient encounters of opioid use disorder (OUD) using Health Facts® database; and (2) to identify geographic variation, patient characteristics, and facility characteristics impacting patients’ reduced OUD encounters over time.},\n\tjournal = {Advances in Therapy},\n\tauthor = {Liu, Yifei and Sahil, Suman and Farr, Stacy L. and Hagle, Holly N.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study aimed to identify geographic locations and patient characteristics associated with the highest rates of opioid use disorder (OUD). The results found that the East South Central census division had the highest population.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Bringing harm reduction to the Black community: There's a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Woods, I. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Marlatt, G. A., editor(s), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors., pages 301–326. The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 1998.\n \n\n

Annotation

This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{woods_bringing_1998,\n\taddress = {New York, NY},\n\ttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community: {There}'s a fire in my house and you're telling me to rearrange my furniture?},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-397-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Bringing harm reduction to the {Black} community},\n\tabstract = {This chapter illustrates the importance of sensitivity and community involvement in approaching the Black community in regard to harm reduction. The author emphasizes the need to be mindful of the complexities involved in individual responses to the problems associated with substance abuse. He explores the realities of substance abuse in African American communities—the realities that make this topic such a difficult one. He also looks at the unreality of many expectations regarding substance users, and demonstrates how harm reduction can help an individual user by 'breaking the fall' into self-destruction.  The following topics are addressed: historical barriers to harm reduction in the Black community, unemployment as an issue in the Black community, effects of the presence of illegal substances in Black communities, unrealistic expectations and unfulfilled dreams, philosophical differences among African American leaders, and issues in developing harm reduction efforts for the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},\n\tbooktitle = {Harm reduction:  {Pragmatic} strategies for managing high-risk behaviors.},\n\tpublisher = {The Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Woods, Imani P.},\n\teditor = {Marlatt, G. Alan},\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Harm Reduction},\n\tpages = {301--326},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This chapter mentions the difficulties associated with substance use disorders in African Americans. It mentions how there are different factors related to substance use disorders and how there may be issues associated with harm reduction efforts in the Black community.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Systemic Oppression\n \n \n (11)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Singer, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Waveland Press, Long Grove, Ill, 2008.\n OCLC: ocn156822207\n\n

Annotation

Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@book{singer_drugging_2008,\n\taddress = {Long Grove, Ill},\n\ttitle = {Drugging the poor: legal and illegal drugs and social inequality},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57766-494-9},\n\tshorttitle = {Drugging the poor},\n\tpublisher = {Waveland Press},\n\tauthor = {Singer, Merrill},\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn156822207},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Addiction, Policy, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Drugging the Poor gives insights on how massive quantities of drugs reach the poorest sectors of American Society. It shows how pharmaceutical/Big Pharma industries contribute to maintaining social inequality among the wealthier and poorer social classes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Social Science & Medicine, 199: 219–229. February 2018.\n The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n\n

Annotation

The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{maina_decade_2018,\n\ttitle = {A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test},\n\tvolume = {199},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953617303039},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009},\n\tabstract = {Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\& Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Maina, Ivy W. and Belton, Tanisha D. and Ginzberg, Sara and Singh, Ajit and Johnson, Tiffani J.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Racial Inequality, Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {219--229},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors examined 14 studies to assess the implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. The authors found that in seven studies that the stronger the implicit bias the poorer the patient-provider communication. More research is needed to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes. \n},\n\tfile = {Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:files/261/Maina et al. - 2018 - A decade of studying implicit racialethnic bias i.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n Disparities in the care and outcomes of US racial/ethnic minorities are well documented. Research suggests that provider bias plays a role in these disparities. The implicit association test enables measurement of implicit bias via tests of automatic associations between concepts. Hundreds of studies have examined implicit bias in various settings, but relatively few have been conducted in healthcare. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the current knowledge on the role of implicit bias in healthcare disparities. A comprehensive literature search of several databases between May 2015 and September 2016 identiﬁed 37 qualifying studies. Of these, 31 found evidence of pro-White or light-skin/anti-Black, Hispanic, American Indian or dark-skin bias among a variety of HCPs across multiple levels of training and disciplines. Fourteen studies examined the association between implicit bias and healthcare outcomes using clinical vignettes or simulated patients. Eight found no statistically signiﬁcant association between implicit bias and patient care while six studies found that higher implicit bias was associated with disparities in treatment recommendations, expectations of therapeutic bonds, pain management, and empathy. All seven studies that examined the impact of implicit provider bias on real-world patientprovider interaction found that providers with stronger implicit bias demonstrated poorer patientprovider communication. Two studies examined the effect of implicit bias on real-world clinical outcomes. One found an association and the other did not. Two studies tested interventions aimed at reducing bias, but only one found a post-intervention reduction in implicit bias. This review reveals a need for more research exploring implicit bias in real-world patient care, potential modiﬁers and confounders of the effect of implicit bias on care, and strategies aimed at reducing implicit bias and improving patient-provider communication. Future studies have the opportunity to build on this current body of research, and in doing so will enable us to achieve equity in healthcare and outcomes.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Systemic Racism\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Soc Sci Med., 71(8): 1390–8. August 2011.\n test\n\n

Annotation

Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_public_2011,\n\ttitle = {The public health critical race methodology: praxis for antiracism research},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030},\n\tabstract = {The number of studies targeting racial health inequities and the capabilities for measuring racism effects have grown substantially in recent years. Still, the need remains for a public health framework that moves beyond merely documenting disparities toward eliminating them. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been the dominant influence on racial scholarship since the 1980s; however, its jurisprudential origins have, until now, limited its application to public health research. To improve the ease and fidelity with which health equity research applies CRT, this paper introduces the Public Health Critical Race praxis (PHCR). PHCR aids the study of contemporary racial phenomena, illuminates disciplinary conventions that may inadvertently reinforce social hierarchies and offers tools for racial equity approaches to knowledge production.},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Soc Sci Med.},\n\tauthor = {Ford, Chandra L. and Airhihenbuwa, C. O.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tnote = {test},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Race, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Equity},\n\tpages = {1390--8},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Despite increasing research on racial health inequities and better tools to measure racism's impact, public health lacks a concrete framework to address these disparities. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCR), adapting Critical Race Theory for public health research. PHCR provides a structured approach to analyze contemporary racial issues, identify biases in current practices, and guide research towards achieving racial equity in health outcomes.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n George Floyd’s Toxicology Report Causes Toxic Stigma and Prejudice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cermak, T. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychology Today. June 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"George$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{cermak_george_2020,\n\ttitle = {George {Floyd}’s {Toxicology} {Report} {Causes} {Toxic} {Stigma} and {Prejudice}},\n\tshorttitle = {George {Floyd}'s {Toxicology} {Report}},\n\turl = {https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-addiction/202006/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice},\n\tabstract = {How drugs are used to excuse the inexcusable.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {Psychology Today},\n\tauthor = {Cermak, Timmen L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Structural Racism, Alcohol Use Disorder, Stigma, Substance Misuse, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author mentions how there is stigma, prejudice, and victim blaming for people use drugs and alcohol. The author mentions how people already shamed George Floyd and made comments that he had drugs in his system and died as a result of the drugs. The author states that whether or not he had drugs in his system he was murdered and died as a result of his breath being “squeezed out”.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/263/george-floyd-s-toxicology-report-causes-toxic-stigma-and-prejudice.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Substance Abuse, 42(1): 5–12. January 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288\n\n

Annotation

The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Dismantling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hagle_dismantling_2021,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum: {A} position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {0889-7077},\n\tshorttitle = {Dismantling racism against {Black}, {Indigenous}, and people of color across the substance use continuum},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tabstract = {The Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) acknowledges that racism profoundly affects persons who use alcohol and other drugs. Racism's deadly effects compounded with other social determinants of health result in a cascade of negative impacts. The AMERSA Board of Directors (BOD) proposes an initial set of strategies to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion using a framework that speaks to four key AMERSA experiences: engagement, education, mentorship, and leadership. Through these strategies, AMERSA commits to promoting equity and inclusion to dismantle the individual, institutional, and structural racism that has permeated the United States for centuries. Abstracts of paper and poster presentations are also provided (Supplemental Material).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-07-08},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Hagle, Holly N. and Martin, Marlene and Winograd, Rachel and Merlin, Jessica and Finnell, Deborah S. and Bratberg, Jeffrey P. and Gordon, Adam J. and Johnson, Cheyenne and Levy, Sharon and MacLane-Baeder, Doreen and Northup, Rebecca and Weinstein, Zoe and Lum, Paula J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33465013},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Alcohol Use Disorder, Racism, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups, Equity},\n\tpages = {5--12},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors provide evidence about how discrimination against Black, Indigenous people, and other people of color can have effects of substance use disorders. The authors’ (AMERSA) board of directors implement a framework to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/250/08897077.2020.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Post traumatic slave syndrome: America's legacy of enduring injury and healing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n DeGruy, J. A., & Robinson, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Joy DeGruy Publications Inc., United States, Newly revised and updated edition edition, 2018.\n OCLC: 1107453356\n\n

Annotation

In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{degruy_post_2018,\n\taddress = {United States},\n\tedition = {Newly revised and updated edition},\n\ttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome: {America}'s legacy of enduring injury and healing},\n\tisbn = {978-0-9852172-7-3},\n\tshorttitle = {Post traumatic slave syndrome},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Joy DeGruy Publications Inc.},\n\tauthor = {DeGruy, Joy A. and Robinson, Randall},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 1107453356},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Systemic Racism, Racism, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this book, DeGruy contends that after coming through slavery, emancipation, and the Jim Crow era, and amidst continuing discrimination, African Americans have been traumatized. Dr. DeGruy argues that Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) has shaped the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of modern-day African Americans, and that understanding PTSS is critical to addressing the racial issues of today.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n Treatment\n \n \n (41)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Access to Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment in Areas With High Rates of Opioid-Related Mortality: An Audit Study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beetham, T., Saloner, B., Wakeman, S. E., Gaye, M., & Barnett, M. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(1): 1–9. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Access$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{beetham_access_2019,\n\ttitle = {Access to {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Treatment} in {Areas} {With} {High} {Rates} of {Opioid}-{Related} {Mortality}: {An} {Audit} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {171},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158849/},\n\tdoi = {https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3457},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-08-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Beetham, Tamara and Saloner, Brendan and Wakeman, Sarah E. and Gaye, Marema and Barnett, Michael L.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {1--9},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers conducted a study and found that people with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have a difficult time finding a buprenorphine prescriber despite having Medicare Coverage.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/219/1135691236210290689.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Faith-based Recovery: Its Historical Roots.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n White, W. L, & Whiters, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Counselor, 6(5): 58–62. 2005.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Faith-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{white_faith-based_2005,\n\ttitle = {Faith-based {Recovery}: {Its} {Historical} {Roots}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://williamwhitepapers.com},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Counselor},\n\tauthor = {White, William L and Whiters, David},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Alcohol Use Disorder, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {58--62},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article explains how religious and spiritual coping could be helpful in recovering from drugs and alcohol. The authors mention that various ethnic communities have different spiritual, social, and cultural values which can be beneficial in the road to recovery.\n},\n\tfile = {2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:files/256/2005Faith-basedRecovery.pdf:application/pdf;White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:files/218/White and Whiters - Faith-based Recovery Its Historical Roots.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: A national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n D'Aunno, T., Park, S. E., & Pollack, H. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 96: 18–22. January 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received \\textless80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{daunno_evidence-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders: {A} national study of methadone dose levels, 2011-2017},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2018.10.006},\n\tabstract = {The nation's methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs play a central role in addressing the current opioid epidemic. Considerable evidence documents the treatment effectiveness of MMT and, in turn, the importance of adequate dosing to MMT's effectiveness. Yet, as recently as 2011, 41\\% of patients received doses below the level of 80 mg/day. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of MMT programs in 2011 and 2017, we examine (1) the extent to which the nation's MMT programs are meeting evidence-based standards for methadone dose level and (2) characteristics of MMT programs that are associated with variation in performance. Our results show that 43\\% of MMT patients receive {\\textless}80 mg/day in 2017, and 23\\% of methadone maintenance patients receive daily doses below 60 mg. Results from multivariate regression analysis of the 2017 survey data show that private for-profit and public organizations significantly under-dosed patients compared to private nonprofit providers. Under-dosing also was more common in programs that serve high proportions of African-American patients. These results are concerning because MMT remains the medication of choice for vulnerable patients with the most severe opioid use disorders, and for-profit providers treat a growing proportion of MMT patients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {D'Aunno, Thomas and Park, Sunggeun Ethan and Pollack, Harold A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {30466543},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6258192},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Methadone, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse},\n\tpages = {18--22},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>A national longitudinal study of MMT programs was done and found that 43\\% of patients received {\\textless}80mg/day in 2017. African American people are more likely to be in these types of programs and than other races, and MMT is the most-prescribed medicine for for people with severe opioid use disorders.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/214/D'Aunno et al. - 2019 - Evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorders.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Straussner, S. L. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Guilford Press, New York, Paperback ed edition, 2003.\n OCLC: 52897284\n\n

Annotation

The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{straussner_ethnocultural_2003,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {Paperback ed},\n\ttitle = {Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment},\n\tisbn = {978-1-57230-885-5},\n\tabstract = {This volume presents a culturally informed framework for understanding and treating substance abuse problems. From expert contributors, chapters cover specific ethnocultural groups in the United States, including Americans of African, Native American, Latino, European, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent. While emphasizing the need to see each client as a unique individual, the book examines how ethnocultural factors may affect a person's attitudes toward alcohol and other drugs, patterns of substance use, reasons for seeking treatment, and responsiveness to various interventions. Themes addressed include the impact of migration and acculturation issues, spiritual values and traditions, family structures, gender roles, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Featuring a wealth of illustrative clinical material, the volume makes concrete recommendations for more competent, effective assessment and intervention. It also guides clinicians toward greater awareness of the ways their own ethnocultural backgrounds may affect their interactions with clients. -- Publisher description},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tpublisher = {Guilford Press},\n\tauthor = {Straussner, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tnote = {OCLC: 52897284},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information to understand how different races and ethnicities have different ethnocultural factors that can affects a person’s attitudes towards drugs. The author explains how different experiences and discrimination can lead to patterns of substance misuse among different cultural groups.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in Addiction Treatment: Learning from the Past to Forge an Equitable Future.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jackson, D. S., Nguemeni Tiako, M. J., & Jordan, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Clin North Am, 106(1): 29–41. January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jackson_disparities_2022,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}: {Learning} from the {Past} to {Forge} an {Equitable} {Future}},\n\tvolume = {106},\n\tissn = {1557-9859},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.008},\n\tabstract = {The Half-Century long problem of addiction treatment disparities. We cannot imagine addressing disparities in addiction treatment without first acknowledging and deconstructing the etiology of this inequity. This article examines the history of addiction treatment disparities beginning with early twentieth-century drug policies. We begin by discussing structural racism, its contribution to treatment disparities, using opioid use disorder as a case study to highlight the importance of a structural competency framework in obtaining care. We conclude by discussing diversity in the workforce as an additional tool to minimizing disparities. Addiction treatment should be aimed at addressing care delivery in the context of the social, economic, and political determinants of health, which require appreciation of their historical origins to move toward equitable treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Med Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jackson, Danielle S. and Nguemeni Tiako, Max Jordan and Jordan, Ayana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmid = {34823733},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Governmental Policy, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {29--41},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors explain the long history of drug control and drug policies have dictated who can receive health care and SUD treatment based on race. There are many disparities in healthcare so the authors highlight the importance of structural competency framework in obtaining care.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by Race/Ethnicity and Payment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lagisetty, P. A., Ross, R., Bohnert, A., Clay, M., & Maust, D. T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9): 979–981. September 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Buprenorphine$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lagisetty_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Treatment} {Divide} by {Race}/{Ethnicity} and {Payment}},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {2168-622X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876},\n\tabstract = {Opioid mortality rates continue to increase throughout the United States; however, growth in buprenorphine hydrochloride treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) might be limited to communities with higher income and low percentages of racial/ethnic minorities. Buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist, is 1 of 3 evidence-based medications for treating OUD and can legally be prescribed in office-based settings.To our knowledge, no national studies have examined the differences in the receipt of buprenorphine prescription by race/ethnicity and payment in office-based settings, in which most patients with buprenorphine prescription receive care. In this article, we present changes in buprenorphine treatment at office-based visits in the United States since 2004 as well as the race/ethnicity and payment characteristics currently associated with its receipt.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Lagisetty, Pooja A. and Ross, Ryan and Bohnert, Amy and Clay, Michael and Maust, Donovan T.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {979--981},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine whether Black people or White people received the same or higher access to buprenorphine. The results showed that Black people who use drugs had significantly lower odds of receiving the medication.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/244/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:files/260/Lagisetty et al. - 2019 - Buprenorphine Treatment Divide by RaceEthnicity a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/221/2732871.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Komaromy, M., Mendez-Escobar, E., & Madden, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pediatrics, 147(Suppl 2): 268–270. January 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{komaromy_addressing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Addressing {Racial} {Trauma} in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tvolume = {147},\n\tissn = {00314005},\n\tdoi = {10.1542/peds.2020-023523L},\n\tabstract = {The article explains the need to address racial trauma in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the U.S. It explores the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and increased risk of SUDs. The role of racial trauma in perpetuating SUDs and impeding recovery in Black people is discussed, as well as the prevalence of implicit racial bias among physicians across specialties and settings.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {Suppl 2},\n\tjournal = {Pediatrics},\n\tauthor = {Komaromy, Miriam and Mendez-Escobar, Elena and Madden, Erin},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {33386331},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Race, Treatment, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Racism, Substance Misuse, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {268--270},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article demonstrates how substance use disorders may be related to trauma. It recognizes how adverse childhood experiences can lead to increased risk of SUDs, mental illness, physical illness and other problems. It also states how racism can be a part of the trauma and its relation to SUDs.\n},\n\tfile = {Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:files/253/Komaromy et al. - 2021 - Addressing Racial Trauma in the Treatment of Subst.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Achieving Mental Health Equity: Addictions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jordan, A., Mathis, M. L., & Isom, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43(3): 487–500. September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Achieving$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jordan_achieving_2020,\n\ttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}: {Addictions}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1558-3147},\n\tshorttitle = {Achieving {Mental} {Health} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773076/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.007},\n\tabstract = {Despite available treatment options for addiction, there remains an abysmal uptake of treatment initiation and engagement among varying communities. The existing treatment gap is based on historical occurrences, including discriminatory drug policies that have targeted communities of color with addiction. The current opioid epidemic and differential treatment therein exemplifies the severity of the existing disparity in addiction treatment, highlighting barriers such as institutionalized racism and vulnerabilities in the social determinants of health. To mitigate the disparity, an array of solutions to address these inequities are discussed, thereby providing a pathway forward to eliminating this treatment gap.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Clin North Am},\n\tauthor = {Jordan, Ayana and Mathis, Myra L. and Isom, Jessica},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32773076},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, Health Equity, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Health Policy, Racism, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tpages = {487--500},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This articles provides information about health disparities in the treatment of substance abuse disorders. It also gives insights into the Opioid Epidemic from the late 1990s till 2017.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the Rio Grande.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Garcia, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of California Press, Berkeley, 2010.\n OCLC: ocn503594617\n\n

Annotation

Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{garcia_pastoral_2010,\n\taddress = {Berkeley},\n\ttitle = {The pastoral clinic: addiction and dispossession along the {Rio} {Grande}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-520-25829-7 978-0-520-26208-9},\n\tshorttitle = {The pastoral clinic},\n\tpublisher = {University of California Press},\n\tauthor = {Garcia, Angela},\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tnote = {OCLC: ocn503594617},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Hispanic, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Garcia details the lives of Hispanic people who are addicted to drugs in northern New Mexico. She examines this region's history to better characterize the area and to help explain why the rates of addiction and overdose are so high.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lewis-Fernández, R., & Díaz, N.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Q, 73(4): 271–295. 2002.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lewis-fernandez_cultural_2002,\n\ttitle = {The cultural formulation: a method for assessing cultural factors affecting the clinical encounter},\n\tvolume = {73},\n\tissn = {0033-2720},\n\tshorttitle = {The cultural formulation},\n\tdoi = {10.1023/a:1020412000183},\n\tabstract = {The growing cultural pluralism of US society requires clinicians to examine the impact of cultural factors on psychiatric illness, including on symptom presentation and help-seeking behavior. In order to render an accurate diagnosis across cultural boundaries and formulate treatment plans acceptable to the patient, clinicians need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter. This article describes one such method, the Cultural Formulation model, expanding on the guidelines published in DSM-IV. It consists of five components, assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-patient relationship, and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. We present a brief historical overview of the model and use a case scenario to illustrate each of its components and the substantial effect on illness course and treatment outcome of implementing the model in clinical practice.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Q},\n\tauthor = {Lewis-Fernández, Roberto and Díaz, Naelys},\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpmid = {12418357},\n\tkeywords = {Treatment, Cultural Humility, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Physicians, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {271--295},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides an overview of the history and components of the Cultural Formulation model and discusses the utility and impact of this model in clinical settings.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: the influence of family conflict.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 49: 27–34. February 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{fish_substance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample: the influence of family conflict},\n\tvolume = {49},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment response in a {Latino} sample},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011},\n\tabstract = {Latino Americans report underutilization of treatment and poor treatment response for substance use and abuse compared to other racial/ethnic groups; thus, it is important to assess factors that contribute to these disparities. The current study objective was to assess the influence of family conflict on substance abuse treatment response in a sample of Latino Americans using two different yet complementary analyses. First, ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the association between overall family conflict and pre- and post-treatment substance use. Second, repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on family member conflict and timing of conflict during treatment. Findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; however pre-treatment family conflict was not related to post-treatment outcomes. Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Post hoc investigation revealed that those who experienced pre-treatment conflict but low post-treatment conflict showed the greatest decrease in substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Fish, Jessica N. and Maier, Candice A. and Priest, Jacob B.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25216811},\n\tkeywords = {Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {27--34},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Study findings indicated that family conflict contributed unique variance to concurrent substance use; Results also identified three distinct family conflict groups: no/low conflict, pre-treatment conflict, and post-treatment conflict who differed in pre- and post-treatment substance use. Findings highlight the importance of considering family conflict during all stages of treatment for Latino American substance users.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Lee, M. T., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G., Panas, L., Davis, S., Leeper, T., Moore, R., & Reynolds, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 11(1): 1–21. 2012.\n \n\n

Annotation

The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_racial_2012,\n\ttitle = {Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2012.652516},\n\tabstract = {This study examined variations by race and ethnicity in initiation and engagement, two performance measures of treatment for substance use disorders that focus on the timely receipt of services during the early stage of substance abuse treatment. Administrative data from the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services were linked with facility-level information from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. We found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity. Most client and facility characteristics' association with initiation or engagement did not differ across racial or ethnic groups. Increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Lee, Margaret T. and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant and Panas, Lee and Davis, Steve and Leeper, Tracy and Moore, Rebecca and Reynolds, Mark},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22381120},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3699873},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--21},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The study found that Black clients were least likely to initiate treatment, but no race or ethnic differences in treatment engagement were found when compared by race or ethnicity.  The study suggests that increased attention is needed to understand what may contribute to the differences in engagement and initiation of treatment  and how to address them. This study also offers an approach that state agencies may implement for monitoring treatment quality and examining racial and ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment services.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/264/Acevedo et al. - 2012 - Racial and ethnic differences in substance abuse t.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Listening Session and Strategic Discussion Series: Emerging Issues Around COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health for the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Workforces.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n September 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Listening$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_listening_2020,\n\ttitle = {Listening {Session} and {Strategic} {Discussion} {Series}: {Emerging} {Issues} {Around} {COVID}-19 and {Social} {Determinants} of {Health} for the {Substance} {Use} {Prevention}, {Treatment}, and {Recovery} {Workforces}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/attc-network-coordinating-office/sdh-and-covid-discussion-series},\n\turldate = {2024-02-26},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, Social Determinants of Health, Health Disparities, Prevention, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Racism, Latino/a/e, Indigenous, Minoritized Groups},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) contains recordings of listening sessions conducted by the ATTC and Prevention Technology Transfer Center (PTTC). The sessions frame ongoing and emerging issues and subsequent strategic discussions to engage key communities, with the intent to gather strategies and resources to identify emerging best practices that can support underserved and/or communities of color.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ATTC: Building Health Equity and Inclusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n ATTC Network\n\n\n \n\n\n\n January 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"ATTC:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{attc_network_attc_2022,\n\ttitle = {{ATTC}: {Building} {Health} {Equity} and {Inclusion}},\n\turl = {https://attcnetwork.org/centers/global-attc/clas-resources},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tjournal = {ATTC Network},\n\tauthor = {{ATTC Network}},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Inequity, Treatment, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Justice, Addiction, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This webpage from the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) houses a wide variety of resources related to building health equity and inclusion. Examples of resource topics include Implicit/Explicit Bias, Black/African American populations, and Cultural Humility.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n White\n \n \n (38)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Garnick, D. W., Dunigan, R., Horgan, C. M., Ritter, G. A., Lee, M. T., Panas, L., Campbell, K., Haberlin, K., Lambert-Wacey, D., Leeper, T., Reynolds, M., & Wright, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(1): 57–67. January 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_performance_2015,\n\ttitle = {Performance measures and racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders},\n\tvolume = {76},\n\tissn = {1938-4114},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A limited literature on racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of substance use disorders suggests that quality of treatment may differ based on client's race/ethnicity. This study examined whether (a) disparities exist in the probability of treatment engagement, a performance measure for substance use disorders, and (b) treatment engagement is associated with similar reductions in likelihood of arrest for Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.\nMETHOD: Adult clients who began an outpatient treatment episode in 2008 in public sector specialty treatment facilities in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington made up the sample (N = 108,654). Administrative treatment data were linked to criminal justice data. The criminal justice outcome was defined as an arrest within a year after beginning treatment. Engagement is defined as receiving a treatment service within 14 days of beginning a new outpatient treatment episode and at least two additional services within the next 30 days. Two-step Heckman probit models and hierarchical time-to-event models were used in the analyses.\nRESULTS: Black clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients. As moderators of engagement, race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest.\nCONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority groups may benefit from additional treatment support to reduce criminal justice involvement. States should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Garnick, Deborah W. and Dunigan, Robert and Horgan, Constance M. and Ritter, Grant A. and Lee, Margaret T. and Panas, Lee and Campbell, Kevin and Haberlin, Karin and Lambert-Wacey, Dawn and Leeper, Tracy and Reynolds, Mark and Wright, David},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25486394},\n\tpmcid = {PMC4263781},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {57--67},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study linked the administrative and criminal record data of 108,654 adults who started outpatient treatment at a public facility in Connecticut, New York, Oklahoma, and Washington. The authors sought to identify potential differences in the level of engagement among different races/ethnicities with treatment, and to determine whether such differences correlated with number of arrests. \nBlack clients in New York and American Indian clients in Washington had significantly lower likelihood of engagement than White clients and race/ethnicity had inconsistent effects across states on the hazard of arrest. The authors conclude states should examine whether disparities exist within their treatment system and incorporate disparities reduction in their quality improvement initiatives.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Cao, D., Shin, H., & Andrews, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 46(5): 584–591. June 2014.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_gender_2014,\n\ttitle = {Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of comprehensive substance abuse treatment among racial/ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.008},\n\tabstract = {This study examined gender differences within Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the utilization of comprehensive services and their relation to posttreatment substance use. Survey data were collected during the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES), a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of substance abuse treatment programs and their clients in the United States. The analytic sample consisted of 1,812 blacks (734 women and 1,078 men), 486 Latinos (147 women and 339 men), and 844 whites (147 women and 339 men) from 59 service delivery organizations. Results related to service utilization indicated that compared to men, women in all racial and ethnic groups needed and received more services targeted to their needs and reported more positive relations with service providers. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally competent, comprehensive substance abuse treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Cao, Dingcai and Shin, Hee-Choon and Andrews, Christina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpmid = {24560127},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3972361},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Substance Use Disorders, Gender, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {584--591},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors conducted a prospective longitudinal study to evaluate whether women or men in all races and ethnicities have positive or negative outcomes after using substance abuse treatment programs. The results showed that women in all racial and ethnic groups had more positive experiences with their services and their needs were met adequately compared to men. Gender was a significant moderator of the relationship between service receipt and treatment outcomes for all racial and ethnic groups, but especially for the Latino subsample. Findings point to the need to consider race-specific gender differences in the development of culturally relevant substance abuse treatment.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/272/Guerrero et al. - 2014 - Gender disparities in utilization and outcome of c.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Black and Hispanic communities in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Drake, J., Charles, C., Bourgeois, J. W, Daniel, E. S, & Kwende, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6: 2050324520940428. January 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications\n\n

Annotation

Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC. “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020). \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Exploring$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{drake_exploring_2020,\n\ttitle = {Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in {Black} and {Hispanic} communities in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2050-3245},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/2050324520940428},\n\tabstract = {Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug Science, Policy and Law},\n\tauthor = {Drake, Jasmine and Charles, Creaque and Bourgeois, Jennifer W and Daniel, Elycia S and Kwende, Melissa},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Governmental Policy, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {2050324520940428},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Even though there has been a rise in opioid related deaths in the U.S, there are higher deaths in Black and Hispanic groups. Opioid related overdose deaths for Black people have been significantly higher according to the CDC.  “Greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year time frame with AARs of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017” (Drake et al., 2020).\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/225/Drake et al. - 2020 - Exploring the impact of the opioid epidemic in Bla.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n Context: In recent years, due to an alarming increase in the number of opioid-related overdose fatalities for White, Non-Hispanics in rural and suburban communities across the United States, they have been considered as the face of this epidemic. However, there has also been a staggering rise in the number of opioid overdoses in urban, minority communities, which have not been thoroughly addressed by the literature. Methods: We reviewed deaths where opioid-related substances were reported as the leading cause of death to the Centers of Disease Control Multiple Cause of Death database from 1999 to 2017. Deaths were analyzed by year, State, drug type, and race and ethnicity. Results: There were 399,230 total opioid-related deaths from 1999 to 2017 amongst all ethnic groups in the U.S. During this timeframe, approximately 323,939 total deaths were attributed to White, Non-Hispanics, while 75,291 were attributed to all other ethnicities. Examination of opioid-related overdose death data by ethnicity reveals that while White, Non-Hispanics have experienced the largest numbers of opioid-related overdose deaths in the U.S with up to 37,113 deaths occurring during 2017, there has also been a sharp rise in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths for minorities. opioid-related overdose deaths for Black, Non-Hispanics climbed from 1130 deaths in 1999 to 5513 deaths in 2017, while opioid-related overdose deaths for Hispanics climbed from 1058 in 1999 to 3932 in 2017. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over the past 19 years, age-adjusted opioid-related deaths for Hispanics have climbed from 3.5 overdoses per 100,000 in 1999 to 6.8 overdoses per 100,000 in 2017. However, greater increases have been reported for Blacks during the same 19-year timeframe with age-adjusted rates of 3.5 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 1999 to 12.9 overdoses per population of 100,000 in 2017.ConclusionWhile Opioid-related overdoses have overwhelmingly plagued rural and suburban White, Non-Hispanic communities, there has been a surge in the number of deaths in Black and Hispanic Minority communities in recent years. Although there have been significant increases in the number of opioid-related overdose deaths in Black and Hispanic communities, the media narrative for this epidemic is often portrayed as a White, Non-Hispanic rural and suburban crisis. As a result, intervention strategies and policies have failed, both, to assess the severity of the problem in minority communities and to offer culturally sensitive preventative and treatment solutions. In this paper, the impact of the opioid epidemic on Black and Hispanic minority communities will be presented. Racial disparities in the U.S. Government's current approach to an epidemic, which plagues rural and suburban White America, will be compared to its past criminal justice response to drug pandemics in urban minority communities. Culturally sensitive policy considerations and recommendations that can be used to, both, mitigate and offer treatment options for the opioid epidemic in these minority communities will also be addressed.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Heyman, G. M., McVicar, N., & Brownell, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Drug Policy, 74: 274–284. December 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evidence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{heyman_evidence_2019,\n\ttitle = {Evidence that social-economic factors play an important role in drug overdose deaths},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {0955-3959},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095539591930204X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.026},\n\tabstract = {Background\nDrug overdose deaths in the United States increased from approximately 16,000 per year in 2001 to 41,000 per year in 2014. Although every US state witnessed an increase, the increases were much larger in some states than others. There was also variation as a function of race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for more than 80\\% of the deaths, and in some states their rates were about ten times greater per capita than Hispanic and Non-White rates. State and temporal differences provide an opportunity to evaluate explanations of what is driving drug overdose deaths. In this report, we evaluate the degree to which state level variation in opioid prescription rates and social-economic conditions explain state level variation in overdose death rates.\nMethods and data\nWe used publicly available data from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Opportunity Insights project.\nResults\nLegally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for 53–69\\% of the between-state variation in overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. Prescriptions and the two social economic measures accounted for about the same amounts of unique variation, but shared variation among the three independent variables was the strongest predictor of overdose deaths. Panel regression results of the year-to-year changes in overdose deaths were similar. However, the pattern of correlations for Hispanics and Non-Whites was quite different. Neither opioid prescriptions nor social capital were significant predictors of overdose deaths in the between-state and between-year Hispanic and Non-White regression analyses.\nConclusions\nCommon variation in opioid prescriptions rates, social capital, and work force participation proved the strongest predictor of drug overdose deaths in Non-Hispanic Whites. We discuss reasons why the same did not hold for the Hispanic/Non-White population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Heyman, Gene M. and McVicar, Nico and Brownell, Hiram},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Drug Overdose, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {274--284},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study examined variations between drug overdose deaths for non-Hispanic White people and Hispanics and non-Whites. It found that legally prescribed opioids, social capital and work force participation accounted for the greatest part of the variation.\n},\n\tfile = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/217/S095539591930204X.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sahker, E., Toussaint, M. N., Ramirez, M., Ali, S. R., & Arndt, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Addict Behav, 48: 25–29. September 2015.\n \n\n

Annotation

The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sahker_evaluating_2015,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating racial disparity in referral source and successful completion of substance abuse treatment},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1873-6327},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.006},\n\tabstract = {Health disparity is a significant problem in the United States, and particularly for substance abuse treatment programs. A better understanding of racial differences in treatment pathways associated with successful treatment completion is needed to reduce the existing health disparities. Referral source is a strong predictor of treatment success and most research on health disparities has focused on the criminal justice referrals. However, little research has examined other types of referral sources, and the interaction with race. The current study sought to compare the effect of referral sources on national substance abuse successful treatment completion rates between Black clients (n=324,625) and White clients (n=1,060,444) by examining the interaction of race on referral source and successful treatment completion. Race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion (Wald χ(2)=1477.73, df=6, p{\\textless}0.0001). Employment referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for Black clients. Criminal justice referral was associated with the greatest percentage of successful treatment completion for White clients. Results from the present study support a reevaluation of incentives leading to successful treatment completion with a multicultural perspective.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Addict Behav},\n\tauthor = {Sahker, Ethan and Toussaint, Maisha N. and Ramirez, Marizen and Ali, Saba R. and Arndt, Stephan},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpmid = {25935719},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {25--29},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The researchers noted that race significantly moderated the difference between referral source and successful treatment completion. Black people had high successful completion rate if referred by their employer and for White people, criminal justice referral had a higher completion rate. Results from the present study support using a multicultural perspective to reevaluate incentives leading to successful treatment completion.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Erratum: Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979–2015.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 30(2): e13. March 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Erratum:$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noauthor_erratum_2019,\n\ttitle = {Erratum: {Trends} in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979–2015},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1044-3983},\n\tshorttitle = {Erratum},\n\turl = {http://journals.lww.com/00001648-201903000-00030},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000965},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-03-17},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {e13},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The opioid mortality rate has been on the rise since 1979 in both White and Black populations. There have been 33,000 deaths in 2015 alone from drug use, which represents a 22-fold increase from previous years. There has been an opioid epidemic rise in the U.S.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/205/2019 - Erratum Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortalit.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D., Acevedo-Garcia, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G., & Campbell, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 45(4): 533–549. October 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{acevedo_disparities_2018,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}: {Does} {Where} {You} {Live} {Matter}?},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\tshorttitle = {Disparities in the {Treatment} of {Substance} {Use} {Disorders}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y},\n\tabstract = {This study focused on (1) whether disparities in timely receipt of substance use services can be explained in part by the characteristics of the community in which the clients reside and (2) whether the effect of community characteristics on timely receipt of services was similar across racial/ethnic groups. The sample was composed of adults receiving publicly funded outpatient treatment in Washington State. Treatment data were linked to data from the US census. The outcome studied was "Initiation and Engagement" in treatment (IET), a measure noting timely receipt of services at the beginning of treatment. Community characteristics studied included community level economic disadvantage and concentration of American Indian, Latino, and Black residents in the community. Black and American Indian clients were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment compared to non-Latino white clients, and American Indian clients living in economically disadvantaged communities were at even greater risk of not initiating treatment. Community economic disadvantage and racial/ethnic makeup of the community were associated with treatment initiation, but not engagement, although they did not entirely explain the disparities found in IET.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Acevedo, Andrea and Panas, Lee and Garnick, Deborah and Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores and Miles, Jennifer and Ritter, Grant and Campbell, Kevin},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29435862},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6087681},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {533--549},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study explored racial disparities in timely access to substance use treatment and whether community factors like poverty and minority concentration played a role. While Black and American Indian clients faced higher barriers, community factors only partially explained these disparities, suggesting deeper systemic issues at play.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/213/Acevedo et al. - 2018 - Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Diso.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Duan, L., Oh, C., Perron, B., & Lee, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Health Serv Res, 48(4): 1450–1467. August 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{guerrero_disparities_2013,\n\ttitle = {Disparities in completion of substance abuse treatment between and within racial and ethnic groups},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1475-6773},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.12031},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion between and within racial and ethnic groups in publicly funded treatment in Los Angeles County, California.\nDATA SOURCE: The Los Angeles County Participant Reporting System with multicross-sectional annual data (2006-2009) for adult participants (n = 16,637) who received treatment from publicly funded programs (n = 276) for the first time.\nSTUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses of county discharge and admission data. Hierarchical linear regressions models were used to test the hypotheses.\nDATA COLLECTION: Client data were collected during personal interviews at admission and discharge for most participants.\nPRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans and Latinos reported lower odds of completing treatment compared with Whites. Within-group analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within racial and ethnic groups, highlighting primary drug problem, days of drug use before admission, and homelessness as significant factors affecting treatment completion. Service factors, such as referral by the criminal justice system, enabled completion among Latinos and Whites only.\nCONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for reducing health disparities among members of racial and ethnic minorities by identifying individual and service factors associated with treatment adherence, particularly for first-time clients.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Guerrero, Erick G. and Marsh, Jeanne C. and Duan, Lei and Oh, Christine and Perron, Brian and Lee, Benedict},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpmid = {23350871},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3725534},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {1450--1467},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used retrospective analysis and data from the publicly funded treatment system in Los Angeles County, California to evaluate disparities in substance abuse treatment completion. The results showed that African Americans and Latinos had lower odds of completing the treatment compared to Whites. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/269/Guerrero et al. - 2013 - Disparities in completion of substance abuse treat.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Association of Racial/Ethnic Segregation With Treatment Capacity for Opioid Use Disorder in Counties in the United States.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Goedel, W. C., Shapiro, A., Cerdá, M., Tsai, J. W., Hadland, S. E., & Marshall, B. D. L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 3(4): e203711. April 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Association$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{goedel_association_2020,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Segregation} {With} {Treatment} {Capacity} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} in {Counties} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711},\n\tabstract = {Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1\\% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Goedel, William C. and Shapiro, Aaron and Cerdá, Magdalena and Tsai, Jennifer W. and Hadland, Scott E. and Marshall, Brandon D. L.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Racial Inequality, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e203711},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors did a cross-sectional study of all U.S counties to examine how getting access to methadone and buprenorphine varies based on race and ethnicity. The results showed that there were substantial inequities in the provision of the medicines depending on the race/ethnicity of people.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/215/Goedel et al. - 2020 - Association of RacialEthnic Segregation With Trea.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/241/2764663.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n Treatment with methadone or buprenorphine is the current standard of care for opioid use disorder. Given the paucity of research identifying which patients will respond best to which medication, both medications should be accessible to all patients so that patients can determine which works best for them. However, given differences in the historical contexts of their initial implementation, access to each of these medications may vary along racial/ethnic lines.To examine the extent to which capacity to provide methadone and buprenorphine vary with measures of racial/ethnic segregation.This cross-sectional study included all counties and county-equivalent divisions in the US in 2016. Data on racial/ethnic population distribution were derived from the American Community Survey, and data on locations of facilities providing methadone and buprenorphine were obtained from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration databases. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2018, to September 11, 2019.Two county-level measures of racial/ethnic segregation, including dissimilarity (representing the proportion of African American or Hispanic/Latino residents who would need to move census tracts to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of the population by race/ethnicity) and interaction (representing the probability that an African American or Hispanic/Latino resident will interact with a white resident and vice versa, assuming random mixing across census tracts).County-level capacity to provide methadone or buprenorphine, defined as the number of facilities providing a medication per 100 000 population.Among 3142 US counties, there were 1698 facilities providing methadone (0.6 facilities per 100 000 population) and 18 868 facilities providing buprenorphine (5.9 facilities per 100 000 population). Each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of an African American resident with a white resident was associated with 0.6 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in probability of interaction of a Hispanic/Latino resident with a white resident was associated with 0.3 more facilities providing methadone per 100 000 population. Each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with an African American resident was associated with 8.17 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population. Similarly, each 1% decrease in the probability of interaction of a white resident with a Hispanic/Latino resident was associated with 1.61 more facilities providing buprenorphine per 100 000 population.These findings suggest that the racial/ethnic composition of a community was associated with which medications residents would likely be able to access when seeking treatment for opioid use disorder. Reforms to existing regulations governing the provisions of these medications are needed to ensure that both medications are equally accessible to all.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we?.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Matsuzaka, S., & Knapp, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ethn Subst Abuse, 19(4): 567–593. December 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{matsuzaka_anti-racism_2020,\n\ttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment: {Addiction} does not discriminate, but do we?},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1533-2659},\n\tshorttitle = {Anti-racism and substance use treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323},\n\tabstract = {Contemporary racism in the United States contributes to health, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) disparities among People of Color (POC) compared with White individuals. Despite entering into substance use treatment with a greater severity of SUD and related consequences, POC experience more barriers to treatment engagement, completion, and satisfaction than their White counterparts. As substance use treatment counselors are socialized within institutions of systemic racism, it is important to examine their positioning on racism in relation to their capacity for culturally competent care. This article articulates a need to implement an antiracist framework for substance use treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Ethn Subst Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Matsuzaka, Sara and Knapp, Margaret},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {30642230},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e, Minoritized Groups, Antiracist},\n\tpages = {567--593},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The author provides information about how racism directed at People of Color is related to mental health and substance use disorders. People who are Black are more likely to experience barriers to getting mental health treatment or substance use treatment compared to people who are White.\n},\n\tfile = {Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:files/278/Matsuzaka and Knapp - 2020 - Anti-racism and substance use treatment Addiction.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kerrison, E. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 56(8): 567–592. November 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kerrison_historical_2017,\n\ttitle = {An historical review of racial bias in prison-based substance abuse treatment design},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1050-9674, 1540-8558},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10509674.2017.1363114},\n\tabstract = {This study leverages critical race and legal epidemiological frameworks to illustrate the race-based historical evolution of U.S. rehabilitation paradigms directed at imprisoned heroin and opioid users. What began as a racist early-20th-century federal antinarcotic trafficking effort has since assumed a state-based treatment agenda whose programmatic operations are largely based in correctional settings disproportionately reserved for poor substance abusers of color. Even in contemporary carceral facilities, where incarcerated populations are teeming with White addicts, in the aggregate, White drug abusers have been protected from the depraved, incorrigible, and inherently pathological drug-using caricature assigned to their non-White counterparts. This historical examination demonstrates how links between broader drug policy and prison-based drug treatment support a legally codified White supremacist narrative that erodes health and wellbeing for program participants of color, and the communities to which they inevitably return.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-09-14},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Offender Rehabilitation},\n\tauthor = {Kerrison, Erin M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Race, Treatment, White, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Governmental Policy, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Racism, Stigma, Minoritized Groups, Justice-Involved, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {567--592},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This article provides information on how medication-assisted treatment was used for substance use disorders in prisons. It also provides historical information regarding medicalization of drug abuse, federal programs, and Critical Race Theory.\n},\n\tfile = {Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:files/227/Kerrison - 2017 - An historical review of racial bias in prison-base.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Women's Barriers to Specialty Substance Abuse Treatment: A Qualitative Exploration of Racial/Ethnic Differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Immigr Minor Health, 22(4): 653–660. August 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_womens_2020,\n\ttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}: {A} {Qualitative} {Exploration} of {Racial}/{Ethnic} {Differences}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1557-1920},\n\tshorttitle = {Women's {Barriers} to {Specialty} {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment}},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2},\n\tabstract = {To explore barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment programs among women with recent substance use disorders by race/ethnicity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women of White, Black, and Latino racial/ethnic descent who reported a substance use disorder in the past 5 years. Interviews were conducted by telephone and were audio-recorded. A codebook was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior to code and identify barriers within the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control toward specialty treatment. Frequencies for coded themes were then compared across all participants and by race/ethnicity. We identified several key differences in barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity. Attitudinal barriers were more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas relative to Black and White women. Latinas were more likely to report not needing treatment and that treatment would not be effective; Latinas were the only group to describe cultural barriers to treatment. Within the subjective norms domain, namely stigma and lack of support, were key barriers. Stigma was more pervasive among the narratives of Latinas and Black women than White women; Latinas were more likely to report a lack of social support for using treatment than both Black and White women. Findings provide deeper insight into barriers that may be contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment among women.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Immigr Minor Health},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Zemore, S. and Beltrán-Girón, J. and Gilbert, Paul and Castro, Yessenia},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {31531756},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7075735},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health Treatment, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Stigma},\n\tpages = {653--660},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data gathered from qualitative phone interviews, the authors discovered differences in barriers to women  seeking treatment by race/ethnicity. They found that Latinas were more likely to report attitude as a barrier and to indicate that they did not need treatment and/or treatment wouldn't be effective, and Latinas were the only group who reported cultural barriers to treatment.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Thrul, J., & Garcia-Romeu, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 28(3): 211–214. June 2021.\n Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd\n\n

Annotation

This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Whitewashing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{thrul_whitewashing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics: racial equity in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted mental health research and treatment},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {09687637},\n\tshorttitle = {Whitewashing psychedelics},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=pbh&AN=150086291&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Drugs: Education, Prevention \\& Policy},\n\tauthor = {Thrul, Johannes and Garcia-Romeu, Albert},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Taylor \\& Francis Ltd},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Health Policy, Rehabilitation, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e, Equity},\n\tpages = {211--214},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This editorial piece discusses the promise held by psychedelic-assisted treatment and the racial inequity seen in the clinical trials to date. The authors argue that research must be inclusive, particularly in this case as psychedelics show utility in reducing mental suffering related to racism, among other things.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/235/Thrul and Garcia-Romeu - 2021 - Whitewashing psychedelics racial equity in the em.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n White Market Drugs: Big Pharma and the Hidden History of Addiction in America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Herzberg, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a \"no-win\" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{herzberg_white_2020,\n\taddress = {Chicago, IL},\n\ttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}: {Big} {Pharma} and the {Hidden} {History} of {Addiction} in {America}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-226-73188-9},\n\tshorttitle = {White {Market} {Drugs}},\n\turl = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/bo58927880.html},\n\tabstract = {The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,”  where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tpublisher = {University of Chicago Press},\n\tauthor = {Herzberg, David},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Author Herzberg argues that the goal for policymakers has never been to prohibit drugs, but to keep them available in a medical capacity with a profit motive. This led to punitive consequences for minorities and a "no-win" situation for majority individuals. The author believes that by prioritizing regulation and consumer protection, drug access can be maintained with minimal risk to consumers, regardless of race.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/271/bo58927880.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n The contemporary opioid crisis is widely seen as new and unprecedented. Not so. It is merely the latest in a long series of drug crises stretching back over a century. In White Market Drugs, David Herzberg explores these crises and the drugs that fueled them, from Bayer’s Heroin to Purdue’s OxyContin and all the drugs in between: barbiturate “goof balls,” amphetamine “thrill pills,” the “love drug” Quaalude, and more. As Herzberg argues, the vast majority of American experiences with drugs and addiction have taken place within what he calls “white markets,” where legal drugs called medicines are sold to a largely white clientele. These markets are widely acknowledged but no one has explained how they became so central to the medical system in a nation famous for its “drug wars”—until now. Drawing from federal, state, industry, and medical archives alongside a wealth of published sources, Herzberg re-connects America’s divided drug history, telling the whole story for the first time. He reveals that the driving question for policymakers has never been how to prohibit the use of addictive drugs, but how to ensure their availability in medical contexts, where profitability often outweighs public safety. Access to white markets was thus a double-edged sword for socially privileged consumers, even as communities of color faced exclusion and punitive drug prohibition. To counter this no-win setup, Herzberg advocates for a consumer protection approach that robustly regulates all drug markets to minimize risks while maintaining safe, reliable access (and treatment) for people with addiction. Accomplishing this requires rethinking a drug/medicine divide born a century ago that, unlike most policies of that racially segregated era, has somehow survived relatively unscathed into the twenty-first century. By showing how the twenty-first-century opioid crisis is only the most recent in a long history of similar crises of addiction to pharmaceuticals, Herzberg forces us to rethink our most basic ideas about drug policy and addiction itself—ideas that have been failing us catastrophically for over a century.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H. B., Siegel, C. E., Case, B. G., Bertollo, D. N., DiRocco, D., & Galanter, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Behav Health Serv Res, 40(3): 367–377. July 2013.\n \n\n

Annotation

Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variation$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_variation_2013,\n\ttitle = {Variation in {Use} of {Buprenorphine} and {Methadone} {Treatment} by {Racial}, {Ethnic}, and {Income} {Characteristics} of {Residential} {Social} {Areas} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1556-3308},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11414-013-9341-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena B. and Siegel, Carole E. and Case, Brady G. and Bertollo, David N. and DiRocco, Danae and Galanter, Marc},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Methadone, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Minoritized Groups},\n\tpages = {367--377},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen et. al. analyzed treatment rates in each New York City ZIP code and stratified by income, race, and ethnicity. They discovered that ethnicity and income correlated significantly with treatment rates. They further learned that buprenorphine usage rates were significantly higher in areas with high income and high non-minority population, while methadone use was higher in areas with lower income and a high percentage of Hispanic residents. The authors suggest that interventions to educate providers about buprenorphine may be useful.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/228/Hansen et al. - 2013 - Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Tr.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Understanding$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{pacific_southwest_addiction_technology_transfer_center_understanding_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Understanding the {Impact} of the {Structural} {Racism} on {Clinical} {Care}: {Lessons} from {HIV} and {COVID}-19},\n\turl = {https://psattcelearn.org/courses/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-19-draft/},\n\tabstract = {Course Description\n\nIn order to understand how health inequities in various chronic disease such as HIV and SUD occur, it is necessary to examine their associations with longstanding structural racism.  This workshop will provide an overview of structural racism in the context of the clinical care and review what lessons have ben learned from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics that can inform future work, and help to interrogate systems and structures which perpetuate structural racism in order to take steps to move toward providing services with an anti-oppression and anti-racism lens.},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {{Pacific Southwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center}},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This course provides a look at structural racism as it occurs in the context of clinical care and seeks to examine lessons learned from HIV and COVID-19. By applying these lessons, providers can work to reduce inequities and stop perpetuating structural racism.\n},\n\tfile = {Understanding the Impact of the Structural Racism on Clinical Care\\: Lessons from HIV and COVID-19:files/242/understanding-the-impact-of-the-structural-racism-on-clinical-care-lessons-from-hiv-and-covid-1.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Villarosa, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Doubleday, New York, First edition edition, 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@book{villarosa_under_2022,\n\taddress = {New York},\n\tedition = {First edition},\n\ttitle = {Under the skin: racism, inequality, and the health of a nation},\n\tisbn = {978-0-385-54489-4},\n\tshorttitle = {Under the skin},\n\tabstract = {"The first book to tell the full story of race and health in America today, showing the toll racism takes on individuals and the health of our nation, by a groundbreaking journalist at the New York Times Magazine"--},\n\tpublisher = {Doubleday},\n\tauthor = {Villarosa, Linda},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Antiracist, Systemic Oppression},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Villarosa highlights the vast differences in treatment and outcomes for Black patients versus White patients. She uses real-world examples to demonstrate the racism Black people must deal with daily and examines the consequences to health.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the United States, 1979-2015.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Alexander, M. J., Kiang, M. V., & Barbieri, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Epidemiology, 29(5): 707–715. September 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{alexander_trends_2018,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Black} and {White} {Opioid} {Mortality} in the {United} {States}, 1979-2015},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1531-5487},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000858},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent research on the US opioid epidemic has focused on the white or total population and has largely been limited to data after 1999. However, understanding racial differences in long-term trends by opioid type may contribute to improving interventions.\nMETHODS: Using multiple cause of death data, we calculated age-standardized opioid mortality rates, by race and opioid type, for the US resident population from 1979 to 2015. We analyzed trends in mortality rates using joinpoint regression.\nRESULTS: From 1979 to 2015, the long-term trends in opioid-related mortality for Earlier data did not include ethnicity so this is incorrect. It is all black and all white residents in the US. blacks and whites went through three successive waves. In the first wave, from 1979 to the mid-1990s, the epidemic affected both populations and was driven by heroin. In the second wave, from the mid-1990s to 2010, the increase in opioid mortality was driven by natural/semi-synthetic opioids (e.g., codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone) among whites, while there was no increase in mortality for blacks. In the current wave, increases in opioid mortality for both populations have been driven by heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and its analogues). Heroin rates are currently increasing at 31\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] = 27, 35) per year for whites and 34\\% (95\\% CI = 30, 40) for blacks. Concurrently, respective synthetic opioids are increasing at 79\\% (95\\% CI = 50, 112) and 107\\% (95\\% CI = -15, 404) annually.\nCONCLUSION: Since 1979, the nature of the opioid epidemic has shifted from heroin to prescription opioids for the white population to increasing of heroin/synthetic deaths for both black and white populations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B377.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Epidemiology},\n\tauthor = {Alexander, Monica J. and Kiang, Mathew V. and Barbieri, Magali},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29847496},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6072374},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Structural Racism, Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse},\n\tpages = {707--715},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used cause of death data to analyze trends in mortality stratified by race and opioid type in an effort to understand potential racial differences. They found that usage was predominately heroin at first, but transitioned to natural or semi-synthetic opioids before ultimately moving on to synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Mortality rates increased for all opioid types and races. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/273/Alexander et al. - 2018 - Trends in Black and White Opioid Mortality in the .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The War on Drugs That Wasn't: Wasted Whiteness, \"Dirty Doctors,\" and Race in Media Coverage of Prescription Opioid Misuse.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Netherland, J., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Cult Med Psychiatry, 40(4): 664–686. December 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{netherland_war_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t: {Wasted} {Whiteness}, "{Dirty} {Doctors}," and {Race} in {Media} {Coverage} of {Prescription} {Opioid} {Misuse}},\n\tvolume = {40},\n\tissn = {1573-076X},\n\tshorttitle = {The {War} on {Drugs} {That} {Wasn}'t},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272904/},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11013-016-9496-5},\n\tabstract = {The past decade in the U.S. has been marked by a media fascination with the white prescription opioid cum heroin user. In this paper, we contrast media coverage of white non-medical opioid users with that of black and brown heroin users to show how divergent representations lead to different public and policy responses. A content analysis of 100 popular press articles from 2001 and 2011 in which half describe heroin users and half describe prescription opioid users revealed a consistent contrast between criminalized urban black and Latino heroin injectors with sympathetic portrayals of suburban white prescription opioid users. Media coverage of the suburban and rural opioid "epidemic" of the 2000s helped draw a symbolic, and then legal, distinction between (urban) heroin addiction and (suburban and rural) prescription opioid addiction that is reminiscent of the legal distinction between crack cocaine and powder cocaine of the 1980s and 1990s. This distinction reinforces the racialized deployment of the War on Drugs and is sustained by the lack of explicit discussion of race in the service of "color blind ideology." We suggest potential correctives to these racially divergent patterns, in the form of socially responsible media practices and of clinical engagement with public policy.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Cult Med Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {Netherland, Julie and Hansen, Helena B.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27272904},\n\tpmcid = {PMC5121004},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Physicians, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Drug Control, Health Policy, Racism, Policy, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {664--686},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed 100 articles from popular press published in 2001 and 2011 looking for differences in the way non-prescription opioid users were portrayed by race. Their research showed that Black and Latino users were typically depicted as criminal, while White users garnered more sympathetic portrayals.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/258/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:files/255/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn’t Wasted Whiteness, “D.pdf:application/pdf;Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:files/279/Netherland and Hansen - 2016 - The War on Drugs That Wasn't Wasted Whiteness, D.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pinedo, M., & Villatoro, A. P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 118: 108105. November 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pinedo_role_2020,\n\ttitle = {The role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance abuse treatment services},\n\tvolume = {118},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108105},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the role of perceived treatment need in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in treatment utilization for a substance use disorder (SUD).\nMETHODS: We pooled data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey for years 2014-2017. The analytic sample included adult white, Black, and Latino participants with a past-year SUD (n = 16,393). Multivariable logistic regressions examined racial/ethnic disparities in perceived treatment need-the perception of needing mental health and/or SUD treatment services within the past 12 months-and utilization of past-year substance use, mental health, and any treatment.\nRESULTS: Latinos with SUD were less likely to perceive a need for treatment than whites. Black and Latino participants, relative to white participants, had lower odds of past-year treatment utilization, regardless of treatment type. In models stratified by perceived treatment need, racial/ethnic differences in the use of past-year SUD treatment and any treatment service were only significant among persons without a perceived need for treatment. We found no disparities in use of mental health treatment.\nCONCLUSIONS: Adults with SUD have low perceived treatment need overall but especially among Latinos. Furthermore, Black and Latino disparities in SUD treatment use may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Interventions that promote better perceived need and delivery models that strengthen the integration of SUD treatment in mental health services may help to reduce these disparities.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Pinedo, M. and Villatoro, A. P.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32839050},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7529997},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Racial Inequality, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {108105},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2014-2017, this study sought to determine if perceived need for treatment might explain racial/ethnic disparities in seeking treatment for substance use disorders. The authors found that perceived need for treatment was low across all adults regardless of race/ethnicity, Black and Latino particpants had lower odds of past year treatment with Latinos having the lowest rate of perceived treatment need. Black and Latino disparities in substance use disorder treatment  may be driven in part by lower perceived need for treatment. Attention to increasing the perceived need for treatment may help to reduce these disparities.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/230/Pinedo and Villatoro - 2020 - The role of perceived treatment need in explaining.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The opioid crisis and the Hispanic/Latino population: an urgent issue.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Office of Behavioral Health Equity\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report PEP20-05-02-002, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{office_of_behavioral_health_equity_opioid_2020,\n\taddress = {Rockville, MD},\n\ttitle = {The opioid crisis and the {Hispanic}/{Latino} population: an urgent issue},\n\turl = {https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf},\n\tnumber = {PEP20-05-02-002},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tinstitution = {Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration},\n\tauthor = {{Office of Behavioral Health Equity}},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Hispanic, Race, White, Cultural Humility, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Addiction Medicine, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Noting large increases in overdose deaths and opioid misuse in Hispanic/Latino populations, SAMHSA published this issue brief to better characterize the impact of this shift on the Hispanic/Latino community.\n},\n\tfile = {PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:files/247/PEP20-05-02-002.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: Dominant discourses and hidden themes.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Williams, I. L\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 15(2): 35. 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{williams_intersection_2016,\n\ttitle = {The intersection of structurally traumatized communities and substance use treatment: {Dominant} discourses and hidden themes},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1533-2640},\n\tshorttitle = {Intersection of structurally traumatized communities},\n\tdoi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2014.1003671},\n\tabstract = {This article reviews multidisciplinary literature to propose a structurally traumatized communities theoretical framework relating to three major topics: (a) addiction as an equal opportunity disease, (b) the psychology of marijuana use, and (c) anger and rage. From an ecological and structural perspective, the socially defined themes of stigma and stereotypes interplay with sociopolitical, historical, and cultural forces that contribute to substance use and addiction among African Americans and the treatment success gap that they experience in drug treatment. Empathy serves as an underlying mediating construct in clinical training and accreditation standards, inducing a systematic improvement in programmatic service delivery.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Williams, Izaak L},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Substance Use Disorders, Access, Health Disparities, Mental Health, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Addiction, Structural Racism, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {35},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this paper, Williams argues for a theoretical framework to help explain addiction and treatment in the African American population. He posits that empathy is the key construct, leading to overall improvement of services.\n},\n\tfile = {Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:files/239/Williams - The intersection of structurally traumatized commu.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The First-Ever MDMA Therapy Training for Communities of Color Was Vital.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lekhtman, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n August 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{lekhtman_first-ever_2019,\n\ttitle = {The {First}-{Ever} {MDMA} {Therapy} {Training} for {Communities} of {Color} {Was} {Vital}},\n\turl = {https://filtermag.org/mdma-therapy-people-color/},\n\tabstract = {The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies hosted an event that responded to widespread exclusion of people of color from MDMA treatment.},\n\tlanguage = {en-US},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {Filter},\n\tauthor = {Lekhtman, Alexander},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Inequity, Treatment, White, Cultural Humility, Social Justice, Substance Use Disorders, Mental Health Treatment, Discrimination in Medical Care, Alcohol Use Disorder, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has demonstrated strong therapeutic returns in studies to date and could be used to better treat substance use disorders. For this to be effective, the technique must be studied sufficiently in marginalized populations.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/270/amp.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hughes, M., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M., Tookes, H. E., Turner, J., & Gonzalez-Zuniga, P.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Am J Public Health, 112(S2): S136–S139. April 2022.\n Publisher: American Public Health Association\n\n

Annotation

Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hughes_crucial_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Crucial} {Role} of {Black}, {Latinx}, and {Indigenous} {Leadership} in {Harm} {Reduction} and {Addiction} {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {0090-0036},\n\turl = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2022.306807},\n\tnumber = {S2},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Hughes, Marcus and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Namirembe, Sarah and Jordan, Ayana and Medlock, Morgan and Tookes, Hansel E. and Turner, Joseph and Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Public Health Association},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Addiction, Harm Reduction, Racial Inequality, Latino/a/e, Indigenous},\n\tpages = {S136--S139},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Reflecting on their experiences, the authors, all Black, Latinx, or Native Americans leading substance use harm reduction or treatment programs, contend that community-centered models of care works far better for marginalized groups than traditional models.\n},\n\tfile = {Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:files/248/Hughes et al. - 2022 - The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: Analysis of racial/ethnic and gender differences.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Pro, G., Camplain, R., Sabo, S., Baldwin, J., & Gilbert, P. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Health Dispar Res Pract, 12(3): 1–20. 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{pro_substance_2019,\n\ttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings: {Analysis} of racial/ethnic and gender differences},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2166-5222},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance abuse treatment in correctional versus non-correctional settings},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults.\nMETHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression.\nRESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9\\% of Whites, 15\\% of African Americans, 12\\% of Hispanics) and by gender (11\\% of men, 9\\% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95\\% Confidence Interval [95\\% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95\\% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95\\% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95\\% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95\\% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95\\% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Health Dispar Res Pract},\n\tauthor = {Pro, George and Camplain, Ricky and Sabo, Samantha and Baldwin, Julie and Gilbert, Paul A.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {33110710},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7587467},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Addiction, Gender, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Alcohol Use Disorder, Prescription Drug Misuse, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1--20},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2002-2016, the authors sought to better characterize the potential effect of race/ethnicity or gender on the location of treatment. Analysis revealed that the strongest relationships occurred with African American males, leading the authors to conclude that future interventions should be designed with high risk for incarceration in mind. \n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Alcohol and drug abuse are widespread in the US. Substance abuse treatment services are effective, but utilization of services is low, particularly among African Americans, Hispanics, and women. Substance abuse is strongly associated with incarceration, and African Americans and Hispanics make up a disproportionate percentage of individuals with substance abuse problems involved in the criminal justice system. High treatment need, low treatment uptake, and the association between substance abuse and incarceration have led, in part, to correctional institutions filling the treatment gap by increasingly providing safety-net treatment services. We sought to better understand racial/ethnic and gender differences in determinants of treatment location (jail or prison versus non-correctional settings) among treatment-seeking adults. METHODS: We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002-2016) to identify White, African American, and Hispanic past-year substance abuse treatment participants (n=6,435). We tested the modifying roles of race/ethnicity and gender on the association between several exposure variables and treatment locus using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Ten percent of treatment participants utilized treatment services in a jail or prison, which varied by race/ethnicity (9% of Whites, 15% of African Americans, 12% of Hispanics) and by gender (11% of men, 9% of women). In our fitted models, we found that educational attainment and past-year employment status varied in effect size between African Americans and Whites. The associations for both variables were strongest among African Americans (Any college vs. Less than high school - adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.08, 0.70; Ever unemployed vs. Never unemployed in the past year - aOR = 5.32, 95% CI = 1.94, 14.60). Health insurance status was significantly associated with treatment in a jail or prison only among Whites (Private vs. No insurance - aOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.69). Co-occurring mental health diagnosis was significant only among African Americans (Any mental health diagnosis vs. none - aOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.38, 11.09). Employment and health insurance status were significant only among men (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.26, 3.77; aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.70, respectively). CONCLUSION: We identified modifying roles for race/ethnicity and gender in the relationship between several factors and treatment utilization in a jail or prison versus non-correctional treatment settings. More numerous factors and stronger effect sizes were identified among African Americans and men in particular. Health promotion interventions promoting the uptake of substance abuse treatment should tailor services to align with the needs of those with the highest risk for incarceration.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Bailey, Z. D, Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Lancet, 389(10077): 1453–1463. April 2017.\n \n\n

Annotation

Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Structural$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{bailey_structural_2017,\n\ttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}: evidence and interventions},\n\tvolume = {389},\n\tissn = {01406736},\n\tshorttitle = {Structural racism and health inequities in the {USA}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361730569X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10077},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {The Lancet},\n\tauthor = {Bailey, Zinzi D and Krieger, Nancy and Agénor, Madina and Graves, Jasmine and Linos, Natalia and Bassett, Mary T},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Structural Competency, Access, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Restorative Justice, Racism, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1453--1463},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Bailey et. al. use both past and present viewpoints to examine the state of structural racism. The authors put forth the argument that focusing on structural racism in the United States is a feasible way to work towards increasing health equity.\n},\n\tfile = {Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:files/262/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Structural racism and health inequities in the USA.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Re-racialization of Addiction and the Redistribution of Blame in the White Opioid Epidemic.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mendoza, S., Rivera, A. S., & Hansen, H. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Med Anthropol Q, 33(2): 242–262. June 2019.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mendoza_re-racialization_2019,\n\ttitle = {Re-racialization of {Addiction} and the {Redistribution} of {Blame} in the {White} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {0745-5194},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/maq.12449},\n\tabstract = {New York City has the largest number of opioid dependent people of U.S. cities, and within New York, Whites have the highest rate of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths. The rise of opioid abuse among Whites has resulted in popular narratives of victimization by prescribers, framing of addiction as a biological disease, and the promise of pharmaceutical treatments that differ from the criminalizing narratives that have historically described urban Latino and black narcotic use. Through an analysis of popular media press and interviews with opioid prescribers and community pharmacists in Staten Island—the epicenter of opioid overdose in New York City and the most suburban and white of its boroughs—we found that narratives of white opioid users disrupted notions of the addict as “other,” producing alternative logics of blame that focus on prescribers and the encroachment of dealers from outside of white neighborhoods.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Med Anthropol Q},\n\tauthor = {Mendoza, Sonia and Rivera, Allyssa Stephanie and Hansen, Helena Bjerring},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmid = {29700845},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Access, Drug Overdose, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {242--262},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed pieces published in popular media and data collected from interviews conducted with opioid prescribers and pharmacists in Staten Island to assess any differences between the narratives in patients by race. They found that narratives surrounding White users tended to place blame on the prescribers and other outside forces as opposed to the criminalization narratives more generally associated with Black and Latino users.\n},\n\tfile = {Snapshot:files/246/maq.html:text/html;Snapshot:files/249/maq.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Action for White Physicians.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cohan, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n N Engl J Med, 380(9): 805–807. February 2019.\n Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society\n\n

Annotation

In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racist$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cohan_racist_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me} — {A} {Call} to {Self}-{Reflection} and {Action} for {White} {Physicians}},\n\tvolume = {380},\n\tissn = {0028-4793},\n\tshorttitle = {Racist {Like} {Me}},\n\turl = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp1814269},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2023-03-03},\n\tjournal = {N Engl J Med},\n\tauthor = {Cohan, Deborah},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society},\n\tkeywords = {Black, Disparities, Race, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Disparities, Physicians, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Racism, Healthcare},\n\tpages = {805--807},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>In this opinion piece, Cohan examines her own implicit biases and implores other White physicians to do the same, arguing that combatting racism must be a community effort.\n},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:files/275/Cohan - 2019 - Racist Like Me — A Call to Self-Reflection and Act.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial/Ethnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid and Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years in Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2015-2017.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lippold, K., Jones, C., Olsen, E., & Giroir, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(43): 967–973. November 2019.\n Num Pages: 973 Publisher: NLM (Medline) 967\n\n

Annotation

This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial/Ethnic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lippold_racialethnic_2019,\n\ttitle = {Racial/{Ethnic} and {Age} {Group} {Differences} in {Opioid} and {Synthetic} {Opioid}-{Involved} {Overdose} {Deaths} {Among} {Adults} {Aged} ≥18 {Years} in {Metropolitan} {Areas} - {United} {States}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {1545861X},\n\turl = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-85074415540&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=078-820},\n\tdoi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a3},\n\tlanguage = {English},\n\tnumber = {43},\n\turldate = {2022-09-01},\n\tjournal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},\n\tauthor = {Lippold, K.m. and Jones, C.m. and Olsen, E.o. and Giroir, B.p.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Num Pages: 973\nPublisher: NLM (Medline)\n967},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine},\n\tpages = {967--973},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This report assesses the rates of opioid- and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths from 2015 - 2017. Results indicated that there were significant increases in death rates among almost all groups, regardless of race, ethnicity, or age. The authors conclude that synthetic opioids are responsible for the changing demographics.\n},\n\tfile = {EBSCO Full Text:files/251/Lippold et al. - 2019 - RacialEthnic and Age Group Differences in Opioid .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cook, B. L., & Alegría, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Psychiatr Serv, 62(11): 1273–1281. November 2011.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cook_racial-ethnic_2011,\n\ttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment: the role of criminal history and socioeconomic status},\n\tvolume = {62},\n\tissn = {1557-9700},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial-ethnic disparities in substance abuse treatment},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Among persons with substance use disorders, those from racial-ethnic minority groups have been found to receive substance abuse treatment at rates equal to or higher than those of non-Latino whites. Little is known about factors underlying this apparent lack of disparities. This study examines racial-ethnic disparities in treatment receipt and mechanisms that reduce or contribute to disparities.\nMETHODS: Black-white and Latino-white disparities in any and in specialty substance abuse treatment were measured among adult respondents with substance use disorders from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=25,159). Three staged models were used to measure disparities concordant with the Institute of Medicine definition, assess the extent to which criminal history and socioeconomic indicators contributed to disparities, and identify correlates of treatment receipt.\nRESULTS: Treatment was rare (about 10\\%) for all racial-ethnic groups. Odds ratios for black-white and Latino-white differences decreased and became significantly less than 1 after adjustment for criminal history and socioeconomic status factors. Higher rates of criminal history and enrollment in Medicaid among blacks and Latinos and lower income were specific mechanisms that influenced changes in estimates of disparities across models.\nCONCLUSIONS: The greater likelihood of treatment receipt among persons with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status is a pattern unlike those seen in most other areas of medical treatment and important to the understanding of substance abuse treatment disparities. Treatment programs that are mandated by the criminal justice system may provide access to individuals resistant to care, which raises concerns about perceived coercion.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {Psychiatr Serv},\n\tauthor = {Cook, Benjamin Lê and Alegría, Margarita},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tpmid = {22211205},\n\tpmcid = {PMC3665009},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Social Determinants of Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Restorative Justice, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e},\n\tpages = {1273--1281},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors used data from the 2005-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to measure Black-White and Latino-White disparities and assess impact of criminal history and socioeconomic status on rates of treatment for substance use disorders. Results showed that individuals with a criminal history and lower socioeconomic status were more likely to receive treatment, raising potential coercion concerns.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: Exploring potential facilitators and barriers to use.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hollander, M. A. G., Chang, C. H., Douaihy, A. B., Hulsey, E., & Donohue, J. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Drug Alcohol Depend, 227: 108927. October 2021.\n \n\n

Annotation

Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hollander_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder: {Exploring} potential facilitators and barriers to use},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046},\n\tshorttitle = {Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\turl = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358766/},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108927},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite evidence that individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have a lower risk of mortality when using evidence-based medications for OUD (MOUD), only 20 \\% of people with OUD receive MOUD. Black patients are significantly less likely than White patients to initiate MOUD. We measured the association between various facilitators and barriers to initiation, including criminal justice, human services, and health care factors, and variation in initiation of MOUD by race.\nMETHODS: We used data from a comprehensive, linked data set of health care, human services, and criminal justice programs from Allegheny County in Western Pennsylvania to measure disparities in MOUD initiation by race in the first 180 days after an OUD diagnosis, as well as mediation by potential facilitators and barriers to treatment, among Medicaid enrollees. This is a cross-sectional analysis.\nRESULTS: Among 6374 Medicaid enrollees who met study criteria, Black enrollees were 18.2 percentage points less likely than White enrollees to start MOUD after controlling for gender, age, and Medicaid eligibility (95 \\% CI: -21.5 \\% - -14.8 \\%). Each day in the emergency department or county jail was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of initiation, as was the presence of a non-OUD substance use disorder diagnosis or participation in intensive non-MOUD treatment. Mediators accounted for approximately one-fifth of the variation in initiation related to race.\nCONCLUSIONS: Acute care facilities and settings in which people with OUD are incarcerated may have an opportunity to increase the use of MOUD overall and close the racial gap in initiation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hollander, Mara A. G. and Chang, Chung-Chou H. and Douaihy, Antoine B. and Hulsey, Eric and Donohue, Julie M.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmid = {34358766},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464525},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, Treatment, White, Health Equity, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Addiction, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Addiction Medicine, Rehabilitation, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved, Equity},\n\tpages = {108927},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Using data from Allegheny County, PA, the authors measured disparities in the use of medications for opioid use disorder. The data analysis showed that Black patients were significantly less likely to use MOUD than White patients.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/266/Hollander et al. - 2021 - Racial inequity in medication treatment for opioid.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Equity Data Road Map.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mass.gov\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n

Annotation

This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{massgov_racial_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Equity} {Data} {Road} {Map}},\n\turl = {https://www.mass.gov/service-details/racial-equity-data-road-map},\n\tabstract = {The Racial Equity Data Road Map is a tool toward eliminating structural racism. It's a collection of guiding questions, tools, and resources to assist programs in taking concrete steps to better identify, understand, and act to address racial inequities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tauthor = {Mass.gov},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Inequity, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Justice, Structural Competency, Health Disparities, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Structural Racism, Healthcare, Systemic Oppression, Equity},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This tool developed by the RESPIT program in Massachusetts describes why data use is important for understanding racial equity issues in health care, and explains how to best use data to communicate information and translate it to action.\n},\n\tfile = {Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:files/207/Racial Equity Data Road Map  Mass.gov.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/274/racial-equity-data-road-map.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wilder, M. E., Richardson, L. D., Hoffman, R. S., Winkel, G., & Manini, A. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Clin Toxicol (Phila), 56(12): 1173–1178. December 2018.\n \n\n

Annotation

This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wilder_racial_2018,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overdose in the emergency department},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1556-9519},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/15563650.2018.1478425},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States continue to exist in many disciplines of medicine, extending to care in the Emergency Department (ED). We sought to examine the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and use of either antidotal therapy or gastrointestinal decontamination for individuals presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose.\nMETHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with suspected acute overdose presenting to two urban tertiary care hospitals between 2009 and 2014. Race was self-identified during ED registration. Antidote administration (primary outcome) and gastrointestinal decontamination (secondary outcome) were reviewed and verified via agreement between two board certified medical toxicologists. Associations between race and outcomes were analyzed using a logistic regression model.\nRESULTS: We reviewed 3252 ED patients with acute overdose. Overall, 542 people were treated with an antidote and 234 cases were treated with activated charcoal, either single or multiple dose. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to receive any antidote. The analysis was underpowered to detect racial disparities in the administration of activated charcoal.\nCONCLUSIONS: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less likely to receive any antidote when presenting to the ED for acute drug overdose. Further studies are needed to determine national prevalence of this apparent disparity in care and to fully characterize how race plays a role in management of acute overdose.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Clin Toxicol (Phila)},\n\tauthor = {Wilder, Marcee E. and Richardson, Lynne D. and Hoffman, Robert S. and Winkel, Gary and Manini, Alex F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmid = {29893609},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6318059},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Drug Overdose, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Addiction Medicine, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {1173--1178},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This prospective study analyzed data from 3252 patients presenting to two urban hospital EDs between 2009 and 2014 for treatment of acute overdose to identify potential effect of race on outcomes. The authors found that Black and Hispanics were significantly less likely to be given an antidote for acute overdose.\n},\n\tfile = {Accepted Version:files/232/Wilder et al. - 2018 - Racial disparities in the treatment of acute overd.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Completion Among Older Adults.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Suntai, Z. D., Lee, L. H., & Leeper, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Innov Aging, 4(6): igaa051. 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{suntai_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Substance} {Use} {Treatment} {Completion} {Among} {Older} {Adults}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tissn = {2399-5300},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa051},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older).\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion.\nRESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37\\% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26\\% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26).\nDISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Innov Aging},\n\tauthor = {Suntai, Zainab D. and Lee, Lewis H. and Leeper, James D.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {33354629},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7741562},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Substance Use Disorders, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Substance Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {igaa051},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data from 6,653 older adults to determine if racial disparities existed in treatment completion. The results indicated that treatment disparities common in young adults persisted in older adults supporting the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/223/Suntai et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Substance Use Treatment Comp.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Racial disparities in substance use among young adults have been well documented in the substance use literature, but little attention has been paid to older adults. While being an older adult is positively associated with substance use treatment completion, racial disparities in treatment completion have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent racial disparities exist in substance use treatment completion among older adults (65 and older). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the most recent Treatment Episode Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, which documents discharges from a publicly funded substance use treatment program in the United States. A total of 17,942 older adults reported to a substance use treatment program in 2017 and 6,653 met the criteria for the study. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze group differences and a binary logistic regression was used to predict substance use treatment completion. RESULTS: Results show that Black older adults were 37% less likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 0.630) while Hispanic older adults were 26% more likely to complete a substance use treatment program than Whites (OR = 1.26). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results support the findings from similar studies with younger adults and support the theory that racial disparities are prevalent across the life span. Although Hispanics had a higher treatment completion rate than Whites, this is likely a reflection of familismo, where decisions about health treatments is a group process and a steady network of family members are available to provide advice and encouragement. The significant disparity observed between Black and White older adults suggest a need to consider cultural, historical, and systemic factors that affect voluntary termination of substance use treatment among Black older adults.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial Disparities in Payment Source of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment among Non-Incarcerated Justice-Involved Adults in the United States.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sanmartin, M. X., McKenna, R. M., Ali, M. M., & Krebs, J. D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Ment Health Policy Econ, 23(1): 19–25. March 2020.\n \n\n

Annotation

This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sanmartin_racial_2020,\n\ttitle = {Racial {Disparities} in {Payment} {Source} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} among {Non}-{Incarcerated} {Justice}-{Involved} {Adults} in the {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1091-4358},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature.\nAIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement.\nMETHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors.\nRESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10\\%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0\\%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87\\% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77\\% vs 36\\%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72\\% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD.\nIMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Ment Health Policy Econ},\n\tauthor = {Sanmartin, Maria X. and McKenna, Ryan M. and Ali, Mir M. and Krebs, Jean D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmid = {32458814},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Opioid Use Disorder, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Restorative Justice, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Justice-Involved},\n\tpages = {19--25},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>This study used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to identify people with OUD who had any involvement with the justice system within the preceding 12 months, but were not incarcerated. The authors analyzed the data to determine any difference in treatment rates and payment sources when stratified by race and ethnicity.\n},\n}\n\n

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\n BACKGROUND: Research has documented a low rate of opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment utilization among individuals involved in the criminal justice system. However, racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment have not been examined in the existing literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: Although substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is relatively rare for all criminal justice system involved racial-groups, previous research has indicated that, among individuals with SUD, members of racial minority groups receive treatment at lower rates than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Given the alarming rise of OUD in the US and the association between source of payment and utilization of health care services, this study seeks to quantify racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among individuals with criminal justice involvement. METHOD: Using data from the 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study analyzes data on non-incarcerated individuals with OUD who have had any criminal justice involvement in the previous 12 months. An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for non-linear models is implemented to determine the extent that differences in OUD treatment utilization across non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites are explained by observed and measurable characteristics and/or unobserved factors. RESULTS: Results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by a court (10%) relative to non-Hispanic Blacks (4.0%). Black-White differences in measurable factors explain 87% of the disparity, while the rest is attributed to unobserved factors. Non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely to have their OUD treatment paid by public insurance (77% vs 36%) than non-Hispanic Whites and only 72% of this disparity can be explained by observed characteristics. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our findings indicate racial disparities in sources of payment for OUD treatment among the criminal justice-involved population. Expansion of health insurance coverage and access to substance use disorder treatments would be beneficial for reducing health care disparities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Equitable treatment options in the criminal justice system that incentivize OUD treatment availability may help address racial disparities in sources of payment among the criminal justice-involved population with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should focus on understanding the main factors driving the court's treatment decisions among the criminal justice system involved individuals.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and Extended-Release Naltrexone Filled Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Nguyen, T., Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Miles, J., Crystal, S., Samples, H., & Gupta, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n JAMA Network Open, 5(6): e2214765. June 2022.\n \n\n

Annotation

The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Racial$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{nguyen_racial_2022,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Buprenorphine} and {Extended}-{Release} {Naltrexone} {Filled} {Prescriptions} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14765},\n\tabstract = {COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92\\% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3\\%], 94 657 Black [6.1\\%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6\\%], and 664 779 White [42.7\\%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3\\%], 8186 Black [6.4\\%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2\\%], and 53 068 White [41.6\\%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P \\&lt; .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5\\% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0\\% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001; cash: 20.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5\\%; P = .004; cash: 15.0\\%; P \\&lt; .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0\\% for White patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001 to 23.3\\% for Black patients with Medicare; P \\&lt; .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P \\&lt; .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2022-08-26},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Nguyen, Thuy and Ziedan, Engy and Simon, Kosali and Miles, Jennifer and Crystal, Stephen and Samples, Hillary and Gupta, Sumedha},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Ethnicity, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Buprenorphine, Health Disparities, Physicians, Racial Inequality, Prescription Drug Misuse, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention},\n\tpages = {e2214765},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>The authors analyzed data from the retail pharmacy claims of 1.68 million people to determine weekly rates of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions filled. The results were stratified to determine the potential effects of race and ethnicity on the fill rates, and showed that racial/ethnic minority groups filled these prescriptions at significantly lower levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. \n},\n\tfile = {Full Text:files/238/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Buprenorphine and.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/220/2792844.html:text/html},\n}\n\n

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\n COVID-19 disrupted delivery of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and during the pandemic, members of racial and ethnic minority groups experienced increased COVID-19 and opioid overdose risks compared with White individuals. However, whether filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions varied across racial and ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown.To investigate whether disruptions in filled buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions differed by race and ethnicity and insurance status or payer type.This cross-sectional study used retail pharmacy claims from May 2019 to June 2021 from the Symphony Health database, which includes 92% of US retail pharmacy claims, with race and ethnicity data spanning all insurance status and payer categories. Interrupted time series were used to estimate levels and trends of dispensed buprenorphine and naltrexone prescriptions before and after pandemic onset. Included individuals were those who filled buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescriptions. Data were analyzed from July 2021 through March 2022.Weekly rates of dispensed buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone prescription fills per 1000 patients and proportion of longer (ie, ≥14 days’ supply) buprenorphine prescription fills were calculated. Analyses were stratified by patient race and ethnicity and further by insurance status and payer type for White and Black patients.A total of 1 556 860 individuals who filled buprenorphine prescriptions (4359 Asian [0.3%], 94 657 Black [6.1%], 55 369 Hispanic [3.6%], and 664 779 White [42.7%]) and 127 506 individuals who filled extended-release naltrexone prescriptions (344 Asian [0.3%], 8186 Black [6.4%], 5343 Hispanic [4.2%], and 53 068 White [41.6%]) from May 6, 2019, to June 5, 2021, were analyzed. Prepandemic increases in buprenorphine fill rate flattened for all groups after COVID-19 onset (30.5 percentage point difference in trend; P < .001) compared with prepandemic trends. Significant level decreases in buprenorphine fills (ranging from 2.5% for Black patients; P = .009 to 4.0% for Hispanic patients; P = .009) at pandemic onset were observed for members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White patients. At pandemic onset, rate of buprenorphine fills decreased in level for Medicare and cash-paying patients but with greater decreases for Black patients (Medicare: 10.0%; P < .001; cash: 20.0%; P < .001) than White patients (Medicare: 3.5%; P = .004; cash: 15.0%; P < .001). No decreases were found among Medicaid patients. Unlike buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone had uniform level (from 10.0% for White patients with private insurance; P < .001 to 23.3% for Black patients with Medicare; P < .001) and trend (from 15.5 percentage points for White patients with Medicaid; P = .001 to 52.0 percentage points for Black patients with private insurance; P < .001) decreases across groups.This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with immediate decreases in filled buprenorphine prescriptions by members of racial and ethnic minority groups but not White individuals. These findings suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups had larger losses in buprenorphine access during the pandemic across payer types.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hansen, H., Parker, C., & Netherland, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Science, Technology, & Human Values, 45(5): 848–876. September 2020.\n Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc\n\n

Annotation

Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a \"ghost variable\". \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Race$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hansen_race_2020,\n\ttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable} in ({White}) {Opioid} {Research}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0162-2439, 1552-8251},\n\tshorttitle = {Race as a {Ghost} {Variable}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0162243920912812},\n\tabstract = {This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2022-09-16},\n\tjournal = {Science, Technology, \\& Human Values},\n\tauthor = {Hansen, Helena and Parker, Caroline and Netherland, Jules},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Race, White, Health Equity, Social Determinants of Health, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors, Opioid Use Disorder, Physicians, Addiction, Systemic Racism, Racial Inequality, Systemic Oppression},\n\tpages = {848--876},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Hansen, Parker, \\& Netherland contend that modeling addiction as brain disease leads to results which remove the social and environmental context from the issue. Ignoring this critical information leads to research and marketing targeted at the middle class white population, thereby making race a "ghost variable".\n},\n\tfile = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/267/Hansen et al. - 2020 - Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Researc.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Episode Completion for Different Substances.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mennis, J., & Stahler, G. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n J Subst Abuse Treat, 63: 25–33. April 2016.\n \n\n

Annotation

Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders. \n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mennis_racial_2016,\n\ttitle = {Racial and {Ethnic} {Disparities} in {Outpatient} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Episode} {Completion} for {Different} {Substances}},\n\tvolume = {63},\n\tissn = {1873-6483},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2015.12.007},\n\tabstract = {This study investigates how racial and ethnic disparities in treatment episode completion vary across different problem substances in an urban sample of 416,224 outpatient treatment discharges drawn from the 2011 U.S. Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D) data set. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test for the association of race and ethnicity with treatment episode completion for different substances of use while controlling for confounding demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic clustering factors. Results show that African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to complete a treatment episode than Whites, and that these disparities vary among users of different substances. For African Americans, this disparity is observed over all substances, but is particularly acute among users of alcohol and methamphetamine, substances for which African Americans generally have lower rates of use disorder as compared to Whites. For Hispanics, this disparity is driven primarily by users of heroin, for which Hispanics are only 75\\% as likely as Whites to complete a treatment episode. For users of cocaine and methamphetamine, there is no significant difference between Hispanics and Whites in the likelihood of treatment episode completion. These results contribute to emerging research on the mechanisms of substance use disorder treatment outcomes and highlight the need for culturally appropriate treatment programs to enhance treatment program retention and associated positive post-treatment outcomes.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Mennis, Jeremy and Stahler, Gerald J.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {26818489},\n\tkeywords = {African American, Black, Disparities, Hispanic, Race, Treatment, White, Health Disparities, Racial Inequality, Alcohol Use Disorder, Latino/a/e, Medical Treatment/Intervention, Stimulant Use Disorder},\n\tpages = {25--33},\n\tbibbase_note = { <p class="annotation-paragraphs" style="content: 'A'; display: block;"> Annotation </p>Analyzing data on over 416,000 U.S. treatment discharges, this study reveals racial and ethnic disparities in completing treatment programs, but these gaps vary depending on the substance involved. While Black and Hispanic individuals overall complete treatment less often than White counterparts, the disparity is most pronounced for Black users of alcohol and methamphetamine, and for Hispanic users of heroin. These findings underscore the need for culturally tailored treatment programs to improve retention and outcomes for different groups struggling with diverse substance use disorders.\n},\n}\n\n

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