var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/Sierramatice/2808357\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"theme\":\"mila\",\"hidemenu\":\"true\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"“You’re friends until everybody runs out of dope”: A framework for understanding tie meaning, purpose, and value in social networks\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"issn\":\"0378-8733\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.socnet.2022.07.003\",\"abstract\":\"Background Social networks play a crucial role in mediating the risk environments of individuals, especially minoritized groups such as people who use opioids or who inject drugs (PWUD). However, conventional understandings of social networks may not fully account for how social networks manifest in contemporary and often fluid socio-relational contexts Furthermore, little is known about PWUD’s networks from an empirical perspective that considers these contextual dynamics and associated risk environments. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with PWUD in New York City, New York and rural southern Illinois, two opioid-related overdose hotspots, to contextualize the nature, scale, and potential outcomes/implications of PWUD’s social relationships. Results A total of 46 individuals were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 38 years old, and most were men (56.5%). Most participants were White (84.5%) or Black (8.7%). Respondents described three primary social network types: family members, friends who were PWUD, and romantic/sexual partners. In general, both urban and rural PWUD described their family relationships as limited and tenuous, this largely attributable to them feeling stigmatized and outcast due to their drug use. Respondents described their friend networks as small, typically consisting of other PWUD, and indicated that they had limited trust for these individuals, contributing to social closure. Respondents further framed relationships with romantic/sexual partners, also typically PWUD, as often tumultuous, fragmented, and ambiguous in terms of partners’ drug use and sexual behaviors. In contrast, syringe services programs were viewed as highly useful in making PWUD feel socially affirmed. Conclusions Urban and rural PWUD described their social networks in similar ways, highlighting limited or fluid connectivity/depth in familial, friend, and romantic/sexual relationships. Equity and relationship-building paradigms that focus on cultural humility and restorative justice may be impactful in cultivating, mending, and sustaining healthy PWUD networks. Collectively, these dynamics call attention to a need to orient social network research towards contextualization and measurement of tie meaning, purpose, and value, metrics that we conceptualize and discuss here.\",\"journal\":\"Social Networks\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jerel\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzan\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brooke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaur\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aashna\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"Drug injection, Opioids, Qualitative, Risk environment, Social network analysis, Social support\",\"pages\":\"115–130\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ezell_youre_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {“{You}’re friends until everybody runs out of dope”: {A} framework for understanding tie meaning, purpose, and value in social networks},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\tissn = {0378-8733},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2022.07.003},\\n\\tabstract = {Background Social networks play a crucial role in mediating the risk environments of individuals, especially minoritized groups such as people who use opioids or who inject drugs (PWUD). However, conventional understandings of social networks may not fully account for how social networks manifest in contemporary and often fluid socio-relational contexts Furthermore, little is known about PWUD’s networks from an empirical perspective that considers these contextual dynamics and associated risk environments. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with PWUD in New York City, New York and rural southern Illinois, two opioid-related overdose hotspots, to contextualize the nature, scale, and potential outcomes/implications of PWUD’s social relationships. Results A total of 46 individuals were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 38 years old, and most were men (56.5\\\\%). Most participants were White (84.5\\\\%) or Black (8.7\\\\%). Respondents described three primary social network types: family members, friends who were PWUD, and romantic/sexual partners. In general, both urban and rural PWUD described their family relationships as limited and tenuous, this largely attributable to them feeling stigmatized and outcast due to their drug use. Respondents described their friend networks as small, typically consisting of other PWUD, and indicated that they had limited trust for these individuals, contributing to social closure. Respondents further framed relationships with romantic/sexual partners, also typically PWUD, as often tumultuous, fragmented, and ambiguous in terms of partners’ drug use and sexual behaviors. In contrast, syringe services programs were viewed as highly useful in making PWUD feel socially affirmed. Conclusions Urban and rural PWUD described their social networks in similar ways, highlighting limited or fluid connectivity/depth in familial, friend, and romantic/sexual relationships. Equity and relationship-building paradigms that focus on cultural humility and restorative justice may be impactful in cultivating, mending, and sustaining healthy PWUD networks. Collectively, these dynamics call attention to a need to orient social network research towards contextualization and measurement of tie meaning, purpose, and value, metrics that we conceptualize and discuss here.},\\n\\tjournal = {Social Networks},\\n\\tauthor = {Ezell, Jerel M. and Walters, Suzan M. and Olson, Brooke and Kaur, Aashna and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Schneider, John and Pho, Mai T.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {Drug injection, Opioids, Qualitative, Risk environment, Social network analysis, Social support},\\n\\tpages = {115--130},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ezell, J. M.\",\"Walters, S. M.\",\"Olson, B.\",\"Kaur, A.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"ezell_youre_2022\",\"id\":\"ezell_youre_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ezell-walters-olson-kaur-jenkins-schneider-pho-yourefriendsuntileverybodyrunsoutofdopeaframeworkforunderstandingtiemeaningpurposeandvalueinsocialnetworks-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636\"},\"keyword\":[\"Drug injection\",\"Opioids\",\"Qualitative\",\"Risk environment\",\"Social network analysis\",\"Social support\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"“You are not clean until you're not on anything”: Perceptions of medication-assisted treatment in rural Appalachia\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"shorttitle\":\"“You are not clean until you're not on anything”\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102704\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schalkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piscalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sibley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adams\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathryn\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivian\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Appalachia, Appalachian Region, Humans, Medication-assisted treatment, Ohio, Opioid use disorder, Perception, Risk environment, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma\",\"pages\":\"102704\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{richard_you_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {“{You} are not clean until you're not on anything”: {Perceptions} of medication-assisted treatment in rural {Appalachia}},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {“{You} are not clean until you're not on anything”},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102704},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Richard, Emma L. and Schalkoff, Christine A. and Piscalko, Hannah M. and Brook, Daniel L. and Sibley, Adams L. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Appalachia, Appalachian Region, Humans, Medication-assisted treatment, Ohio, Opioid use disorder, Perception, Risk environment, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma},\\n\\tpages = {102704},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Richard, E. L.\",\"Schalkoff, C. A.\",\"Piscalko, H. M.\",\"Brook, D. L.\",\"Sibley, A. L.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Go, V. F.\"],\"key\":\"richard_you_2020\",\"id\":\"richard_you_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"richard-schalkoff-piscalko-brook-sibley-lancaster-miller-go-youarenotcleanuntilyourenotonanythingperceptionsofmedicationassistedtreatmentinruralappalachia-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Appalachia\",\"Appalachian Region\",\"Humans\",\"Medication-assisted treatment\",\"Ohio\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Perception\",\"Risk environment\",\"Rural\",\"Rural Population\",\"Stigma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Women-Reported Barriers and Facilitators of Continued Engagement with Medications for Opioid Use Disorder\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph19159346\",\"abstract\":\"Opioid-related fatalities increased exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic and show little sign of abating. Despite decades of scientific evidence that sustained engagement with medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD) yields positive psychosocial outcomes, less than 30% of people with OUD engage in MOUD. Treatment rates are lowest for women. The aim of this project was to identify women-specific barriers and facilitators to treatment engagement, drawing from the lived experience of women in treatment. Data are provided from a parent study that used a community-partnered participatory research approach to adapt an evidence-based digital storytelling intervention for supporting continued MOUD treatment engagement. The parent study collected qualitative data between August and December 2018 from 20 women in Western Massachusetts who had received MOUD for at least 90 days. Using constructivist grounded theory, we identified major themes and selected illustrative quotations. Key barriers identified in this project include: (1) MOUD-specific discrimination encountered via social media, and in workplace and treatment/recovery settings; and (2) fear, perceptions, and experiences with MOUD, including mental health medication synergies, internalization of MOUD-related stigma, expectations of treatment duration, and opioid-specific mistrust of providers. Women identified two key facilitators to MOUD engagement: (1) feeling \\\"safe\\\" within treatment settings and (2) online communities as a source of positive reinforcement. We conclude with women-specific recommendations for research and interventions to improve MOUD engagement and provide human-centered care for this historically marginalized population.\",\"number\":\"15\",\"journal\":\"Int J Environ Res Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiddian-Green\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gubrium\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrington\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220730\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/psychology, Pandemics, medications for opioid use disorder, qualitative methods, stigma and substance use, substance use treatment, women and opioid use disorder\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fiddian-green_women-reported_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Women-{Reported} {Barriers} and {Facilitators} of {Continued} {Engagement} with {Medications} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19159346},\\n\\tabstract = {Opioid-related fatalities increased exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic and show little sign of abating. Despite decades of scientific evidence that sustained engagement with medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD) yields positive psychosocial outcomes, less than 30\\\\% of people with OUD engage in MOUD. Treatment rates are lowest for women. The aim of this project was to identify women-specific barriers and facilitators to treatment engagement, drawing from the lived experience of women in treatment. Data are provided from a parent study that used a community-partnered participatory research approach to adapt an evidence-based digital storytelling intervention for supporting continued MOUD treatment engagement. The parent study collected qualitative data between August and December 2018 from 20 women in Western Massachusetts who had received MOUD for at least 90 days. Using constructivist grounded theory, we identified major themes and selected illustrative quotations. Key barriers identified in this project include: (1) MOUD-specific discrimination encountered via social media, and in workplace and treatment/recovery settings; and (2) fear, perceptions, and experiences with MOUD, including mental health medication synergies, internalization of MOUD-related stigma, expectations of treatment duration, and opioid-specific mistrust of providers. Women identified two key facilitators to MOUD engagement: (1) feeling \\\"safe\\\" within treatment settings and (2) online communities as a source of positive reinforcement. We conclude with women-specific recommendations for research and interventions to improve MOUD engagement and provide human-centered care for this historically marginalized population.},\\n\\tnumber = {15},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Fiddian-Green, A. and Gubrium, A. and Harrington, C. and Evans, E. A.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220730},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/psychology, Pandemics, medications for opioid use disorder, qualitative methods, stigma and substance use, substance use treatment, women and opioid use disorder},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fiddian-Green, A.\",\"Gubrium, A.\",\"Harrington, C.\",\"Evans, E. A.\"],\"key\":\"fiddian-green_women-reported_2022\",\"id\":\"fiddian-green_women-reported_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fiddiangreen-gubrium-harrington-evans-womenreportedbarriersandfacilitatorsofcontinuedengagementwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorder-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*COVID-19 Drug Treatment\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment/psychology\",\"Pandemics\",\"medications for opioid use disorder\",\"qualitative methods\",\"stigma and substance use\",\"substance use treatment\",\"women and opioid use disorder\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"When Prescribing Isn’t Enough — Pharmacy-Level Barriers to Buprenorphine Access\",\"volume\":\"383\",\"issn\":\"0028-4793, 1533-4406\",\"url\":\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908\",\"doi\":\"10.1056/NEJMp2002908\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"New England Journal of Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cloud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Health Policy, *Legislation, Drug, *Opiate Substitution Treatment, *Pharmacies, Appalachian Region, Buprenorphine/*supply & distribution/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Medical Overuse/legislation & jurisprudence, Narcotic Antagonists/*supply & distribution/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacists, Physicians, Stereotyping, Trust, United States, United States Government Agencies\",\"pages\":\"703–705\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_when_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {When {Prescribing} {Isn}’t {Enough} — {Pharmacy}-{Level} {Barriers} to {Buprenorphine} {Access}},\\n\\tvolume = {383},\\n\\tissn = {0028-4793, 1533-4406},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp2002908},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {New England Journal of Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, Hannah L.F. and Cloud, David H. and Young, April M. and Freeman, Patricia R.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Health Policy, *Legislation, Drug, *Opiate Substitution Treatment, *Pharmacies, Appalachian Region, Buprenorphine/*supply \\\\& distribution/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Medical Overuse/legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Narcotic Antagonists/*supply \\\\& distribution/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacists, Physicians, Stereotyping, Trust, United States, United States Government Agencies},\\n\\tpages = {703--705},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, H. L.\",\"Cloud, D. H.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Freeman, P. R.\"],\"key\":\"cooper_when_2020\",\"id\":\"cooper_when_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-cloud-young-freeman-whenprescribingisntenoughpharmacylevelbarrierstobuprenorphineaccess-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Health Policy\",\"*Legislation\",\"Drug\",\"*Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"*Pharmacies\",\"Appalachian Region\",\"Buprenorphine/*supply & distribution/therapeutic use\",\"Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Interprofessional Relations\",\"Medical Overuse/legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/*supply & distribution/therapeutic use\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy\",\"Pharmacists\",\"Physicians\",\"Stereotyping\",\"Trust\",\"United States\",\"United States Government Agencies\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Willingness to Participate in At-Home HIV Testing Among Young Adults Who Use Opioids in Rural Appalachia\",\"volume\":\"25\",\"issn\":\"1090-7165, 1573-3254\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"AIDS and Behavior\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haardöerfer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Regine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mbagwu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chukwudi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Testing, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage/*adverse effects, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, HIV Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control, Hiv, Home-based testing, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/epidemiology/*psychology, Rural Health, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance-related disorders, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"699–708\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ballard_willingness_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Willingness to {Participate} in {At}-{Home} {HIV} {Testing} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Opioids} in {Rural} {Appalachia}},\\n\\tvolume = {25},\\n\\tissn = {1090-7165, 1573-3254},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {AIDS and Behavior},\\n\\tauthor = {Ballard, April M. and Haardöerfer, Regine and Prood, Nadya and Mbagwu, Chukwudi and Cooper, Hannah L. F. and Young, April M.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Testing, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \\\\& dosage/*adverse effects, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, HIV Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, Hiv, Home-based testing, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/epidemiology/*psychology, Rural Health, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance-related disorders, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {699--708},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ballard, A. M.\",\"Haardöerfer, R.\",\"Prood, N.\",\"Mbagwu, C.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Young, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"ballard_willingness_2021\",\"id\":\"ballard_willingness_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ballard-haarderfer-prood-mbagwu-cooper-young-willingnesstoparticipateinathomehivtestingamongyoungadultswhouseopioidsinruralappalachia-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6\"},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Testing\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/administration & dosage/*adverse effects\",\"Appalachian Region/epidemiology\",\"HIV Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"Hiv\",\"Home-based testing\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/epidemiology/*psychology\",\"Rural Health\",\"Rural Population\",\"Rural health\",\"Substance-related disorders\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment?\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.014\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hagan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holly\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Humans, Opioid, Policy, Policy environment, Rural Population, Rural risk environment\",\"pages\":\"102606\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jenkins_what_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment?},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.014},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Jenkins, Richard A. and Hagan, Holly},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Humans, Opioid, Policy, Policy environment, Rural Population, Rural risk environment},\\n\\tpages = {102606},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jenkins, R. A.\",\"Hagan, H.\"],\"key\":\"jenkins_what_2020\",\"id\":\"jenkins_what_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jenkins-hagan-whatisaruralopioidriskandpolicyenvironment-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Analgesics\",\"Opioid/adverse effects\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid\",\"Policy\",\"Policy environment\",\"Rural Population\",\"Rural risk environment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults: Eligibility Screening Results from a Feasibility Study\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"1929-0748\",\"shorttitle\":\"Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults\",\"url\":\"http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/\",\"doi\":\"10.2196/12984\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"JMIR Research Protocols\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"LF\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Web-based methods, confidentiality, eligibility determination, internet, opioid use, recruitment, rural health, sampling methods, substance-related disorders, surveys and questionnaires\",\"pages\":\"e12984\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ballard_web-based_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Web-{Based} {Eligibility} {Quizzes} to {Verify} {Opioid} {Use} and {County} {Residence} {Among} {Rural} {Young} {Adults}: {Eligibility} {Screening} {Results} from a {Feasibility} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {1929-0748},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Web-{Based} {Eligibility} {Quizzes} to {Verify} {Opioid} {Use} and {County} {Residence} {Among} {Rural} {Young} {Adults}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2196/12984},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {JMIR Research Protocols},\\n\\tauthor = {Ballard, April M and Cooper, Hannah LF and Young, April M},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Web-based methods, confidentiality, eligibility determination, internet, opioid use, recruitment, rural health, sampling methods, substance-related disorders, surveys and questionnaires},\\n\\tpages = {e12984},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ballard, A. M\",\"Cooper, H. L.\",\"Young, A. M\"],\"key\":\"ballard_web-based_2019\",\"id\":\"ballard_web-based_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ballard-cooper-young-webbasedeligibilityquizzestoverifyopioiduseandcountyresidenceamongruralyoungadultseligibilityscreeningresultsfromafeasibilitystudy-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/\"},\"keyword\":[\"Web-based methods\",\"confidentiality\",\"eligibility determination\",\"internet\",\"opioid use\",\"recruitment\",\"rural health\",\"sampling methods\",\"substance-related disorders\",\"surveys and questionnaires\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Variations in Hepatitis B Vaccine Series Completion by Setting Among Adults at Risk in West Virginia\",\"volume\":\"59\",\"issn\":\"1873-2607 (Electronic) 0749-3797 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.022\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: West Virginia leads the nation with the highest rate of acute hepatitis B. From 2013 to 2015, the West Virginia hepatitis B Vaccination Pilot Project distributed more than 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults through local health department clinics and through outreach to correctional facilities and substance use treatment centers. This study aims to determine which setting type is associated with the greatest likelihood of at-risk adults receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. METHODS: Data for this retrospective cohort study were accessed, extracted, and analyzed in 2019 from Pilot Project participant forms initially completed from 2013 to 2015. Odds of receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses were calculated using bivariate, multivariable, and mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Data were available for 1,201 participants. In multivariable logistic regression, participants vaccinated at substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.37, 95% CI=1.01, 1.86) and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.74, 95% CI=1.98, 7.06) were more likely to receive the 3-dose series versus those vaccinated at local health department sexually transmitted disease clinics. Participants vaccinated through substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.79, 95% CI=1.31, 2.44), correctional facilities (AOR=3.34, 95% CI=2.09, 5.34), and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.97, 95% CI=1.72, 9.16) were more likely to receive at least 2 doses. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B vaccination delivered at local health department family planning clinics, substance use treatment centers, or correctional facilities may increase vaccine dose completion in West Virginia.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Am J Prev Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tressler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lilly\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hulsey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7988884\",\"keywords\":\"*Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention & control, Adult, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, Vaccination, West Virginia/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"e189–e196\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tressler_variations_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Variations in {Hepatitis} {B} {Vaccine} {Series} {Completion} by {Setting} {Among} {Adults} at {Risk} in {West} {Virginia}},\\n\\tvolume = {59},\\n\\tissn = {1873-2607 (Electronic) 0749-3797 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.022},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: West Virginia leads the nation with the highest rate of acute hepatitis B. From 2013 to 2015, the West Virginia hepatitis B Vaccination Pilot Project distributed more than 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults through local health department clinics and through outreach to correctional facilities and substance use treatment centers. This study aims to determine which setting type is associated with the greatest likelihood of at-risk adults receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. METHODS: Data for this retrospective cohort study were accessed, extracted, and analyzed in 2019 from Pilot Project participant forms initially completed from 2013 to 2015. Odds of receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses were calculated using bivariate, multivariable, and mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Data were available for 1,201 participants. In multivariable logistic regression, participants vaccinated at substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.37, 95\\\\% CI=1.01, 1.86) and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.74, 95\\\\% CI=1.98, 7.06) were more likely to receive the 3-dose series versus those vaccinated at local health department sexually transmitted disease clinics. Participants vaccinated through substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.79, 95\\\\% CI=1.31, 2.44), correctional facilities (AOR=3.34, 95\\\\% CI=2.09, 5.34), and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.97, 95\\\\% CI=1.72, 9.16) were more likely to receive at least 2 doses. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B vaccination delivered at local health department family planning clinics, substance use treatment centers, or correctional facilities may increase vaccine dose completion in West Virginia.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Am J Prev Med},\\n\\tauthor = {Tressler, S. and Lilly, C. and Gross, D. and Hulsey, T. and Feinberg, J.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7988884},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, Adult, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, Vaccination, West Virginia/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {e189--e196},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tressler, S.\",\"Lilly, C.\",\"Gross, D.\",\"Hulsey, T.\",\"Feinberg, J.\"],\"key\":\"tressler_variations_2020\",\"id\":\"tressler_variations_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tressler-lilly-gross-hulsey-feinberg-variationsinhepatitisbvaccineseriescompletionbysettingamongadultsatriskinwestvirginia-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Hepatitis B Vaccines\",\"*Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"Adult\",\"Humans\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Vaccination\",\"West Virginia/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Validating the Matching of Patients in the Linkage of a Large Hospital System's EHR with State and National Death Databases\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"1869-0327 (Electronic) 1869-0327 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1055/s-0040-1722220\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Though electronic health record (EHR) data have been linked to national and state death registries, such linkages have rarely been validated for an entire hospital system's EHR. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to validate West Virginia University Medicine's (WVU Medicine) linkage of its EHR to three external death registries: the Social Security Death Masterfile (SSDMF), the national death index (NDI), the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR). METHODS: Probabilistic matching was used to link patients to NDI and deterministic matching for the SSDMF and DHHR vital statistics records (WVDMF). In subanalysis, we used deaths recorded in Epic (n = 30,217) to further validate a subset of deaths captured by the SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF. RESULTS: Of the deaths captured by the SSDMF, 59.8 and 68.5% were captured by NDI and WVDMF, respectively; for deaths captured by NDI this co-capture rate was 80 and 78%, respectively, for the SSDMF and WVDMF. Kappa statistics were strongest for NDI and WVDMF (61.2%) and NDI and SSDMF (60.6%) and weakest for SSDMF and WVDMF (27.9%). Of deaths recorded in Epic, 84.3, 85.5, and 84.4% were captured by SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF, respectively. Less than 2% of patients' deaths recorded in Epic were not found in any of the death registries. Finally, approximately 0.2% of \\\"decedents\\\" in any death registry re-emerged in Epic at least 6 months after their death date, a very small percentage and thus further validating the linkages. CONCLUSION: NDI had greatest validity in capturing deaths in our EHR. As a similar, though slightly less capture and agreement rate in identifying deaths is observed for SSDMF and state vital statistics records, these registries may be reasonable alternatives to NDI for research and quality assurance studies utilizing entire EHRs from large hospital systems. Investigators should also be aware that there will be a very tiny fraction of \\\"dead\\\" patients re-emerging in the EHR.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Appl Clin Inform\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Conway\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"B.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Armistead\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Denney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7875675\",\"keywords\":\"*Electronic Health Records, *Hospitals, Computer Systems, Databases, Factual, Humans, Registries\",\"pages\":\"82–89\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{conway_validating_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Validating the {Matching} of {Patients} in the {Linkage} of a {Large} {Hospital} {System}'s {EHR} with {State} and {National} {Death} {Databases}},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {1869-0327 (Electronic) 1869-0327 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1055/s-0040-1722220},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Though electronic health record (EHR) data have been linked to national and state death registries, such linkages have rarely been validated for an entire hospital system's EHR. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to validate West Virginia University Medicine's (WVU Medicine) linkage of its EHR to three external death registries: the Social Security Death Masterfile (SSDMF), the national death index (NDI), the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR). METHODS: Probabilistic matching was used to link patients to NDI and deterministic matching for the SSDMF and DHHR vital statistics records (WVDMF). In subanalysis, we used deaths recorded in Epic (n = 30,217) to further validate a subset of deaths captured by the SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF. RESULTS: Of the deaths captured by the SSDMF, 59.8 and 68.5\\\\% were captured by NDI and WVDMF, respectively; for deaths captured by NDI this co-capture rate was 80 and 78\\\\%, respectively, for the SSDMF and WVDMF. Kappa statistics were strongest for NDI and WVDMF (61.2\\\\%) and NDI and SSDMF (60.6\\\\%) and weakest for SSDMF and WVDMF (27.9\\\\%). Of deaths recorded in Epic, 84.3, 85.5, and 84.4\\\\% were captured by SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF, respectively. Less than 2\\\\% of patients' deaths recorded in Epic were not found in any of the death registries. Finally, approximately 0.2\\\\% of \\\"decedents\\\" in any death registry re-emerged in Epic at least 6 months after their death date, a very small percentage and thus further validating the linkages. CONCLUSION: NDI had greatest validity in capturing deaths in our EHR. As a similar, though slightly less capture and agreement rate in identifying deaths is observed for SSDMF and state vital statistics records, these registries may be reasonable alternatives to NDI for research and quality assurance studies utilizing entire EHRs from large hospital systems. Investigators should also be aware that there will be a very tiny fraction of \\\"dead\\\" patients re-emerging in the EHR.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Appl Clin Inform},\\n\\tauthor = {Conway, R. B. N. and Armistead, M. G. and Denney, M. J. and Smith, G. S.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7875675},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Electronic Health Records, *Hospitals, Computer Systems, Databases, Factual, Humans, Registries},\\n\\tpages = {82--89},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Conway, R. B. N.\",\"Armistead, M. G.\",\"Denney, M. J.\",\"Smith, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"conway_validating_2021\",\"id\":\"conway_validating_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"conway-armistead-denney-smith-validatingthematchingofpatientsinthelinkageofalargehospitalsystemsehrwithstateandnationaldeathdatabases-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Electronic Health Records\",\"*Hospitals\",\"Computer Systems\",\"Databases\",\"Factual\",\"Humans\",\"Registries\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Utilising an access to care integrated framework to explore the perceptions of hepatitis C treatment of hospital-based interventions among people who use drugs\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"issn\":\"1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103356\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Gaps remain in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade for people who use drugs (PWUD). Acute medical or surgical illnesses requiring hospitalisation are an opportunity to address addiction, but how inpatient strategies could affect HCV care accessibility for PWUD remains unknown. We explored patient perspectives of hospital-based interventions using an integrated framework of access to HCV care. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of hospitalised adults (n=27) with HCV and addiction admitted to an urban academic medical centre in the United States between June and November 2019. Individual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and dual-coded. We analysed data with coding specific for hospital-based interventions including screening, conducting HCV-related laboratory work-up, starting treatment, connecting with peers, and coordinating outpatient care. We analysed coded data at the semantic level for emergent themes using a framework approach based off an integrated framework of access to HCV care. RESULTS: The majority of participants primarily used opioids (78%), were white (85%) and men (67%). Participants frequently reported HCV screening during previous hospitalisation with rare inpatient connection to HCV-related services. Participants expressed willingness to discuss HCV treatment candidacy during hospitalisation; however, lack of inpatient conversations led to perception that \\\"nothing could be done\\\" during admission. Participants expressed interest in completing inpatient HCV work-up to \\\"get the ball rollin'\\\" - consolidating care would enhance outpatient service permeability by reducing barriers. Others resisted HCV care coordination, preferring to focus on \\\"immediate\\\" issues including health conditions and addiction treatment. Participants also expressed openness to engaging with peers about HCV, noting shared drug use experience as critical to a peer relationship when discussing HCV. CONCLUSION: Hospitalised PWUD have varied priorities, necessitating adaptable interventions for addressing HCV. Hospitalisation can be an opportunity to address HCV access to care including identification of treatment eligibility, consolidation of care, and facilitation of HCV-related referrals.\",\"journal\":\"Int J Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vega\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8568624\",\"keywords\":\"*Hepatitis C virus, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Hospital, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Qualitative, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-related disorders, *Theoretical framework, Adult, Health Services Accessibility, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Hospitals, Humans, Male, Perception, Qualitative, Substance-related disorders, Theoretical framework, research funding from Gilead and Merck pharmaceuticals not directly related to, the conduct of this research. All other authors have no declarations of interest.\",\"pages\":\"103356\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{levander_utilising_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Utilising an access to care integrated framework to explore the perceptions of hepatitis {C} treatment of hospital-based interventions among people who use drugs},\\n\\tvolume = {96},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103356},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Gaps remain in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade for people who use drugs (PWUD). Acute medical or surgical illnesses requiring hospitalisation are an opportunity to address addiction, but how inpatient strategies could affect HCV care accessibility for PWUD remains unknown. We explored patient perspectives of hospital-based interventions using an integrated framework of access to HCV care. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of hospitalised adults (n=27) with HCV and addiction admitted to an urban academic medical centre in the United States between June and November 2019. Individual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and dual-coded. We analysed data with coding specific for hospital-based interventions including screening, conducting HCV-related laboratory work-up, starting treatment, connecting with peers, and coordinating outpatient care. We analysed coded data at the semantic level for emergent themes using a framework approach based off an integrated framework of access to HCV care. RESULTS: The majority of participants primarily used opioids (78\\\\%), were white (85\\\\%) and men (67\\\\%). Participants frequently reported HCV screening during previous hospitalisation with rare inpatient connection to HCV-related services. Participants expressed willingness to discuss HCV treatment candidacy during hospitalisation; however, lack of inpatient conversations led to perception that \\\"nothing could be done\\\" during admission. Participants expressed interest in completing inpatient HCV work-up to \\\"get the ball rollin'\\\" - consolidating care would enhance outpatient service permeability by reducing barriers. Others resisted HCV care coordination, preferring to focus on \\\"immediate\\\" issues including health conditions and addiction treatment. Participants also expressed openness to engaging with peers about HCV, noting shared drug use experience as critical to a peer relationship when discussing HCV. CONCLUSION: Hospitalised PWUD have varied priorities, necessitating adaptable interventions for addressing HCV. Hospitalisation can be an opportunity to address HCV access to care including identification of treatment eligibility, consolidation of care, and facilitation of HCV-related referrals.},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Vega, T. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8568624},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C virus, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Hospital, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Qualitative, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-related disorders, *Theoretical framework, Adult, Health Services Accessibility, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Hospitals, Humans, Male, Perception, Qualitative, Substance-related disorders, Theoretical framework, research funding from Gilead and Merck pharmaceuticals not directly related to, the conduct of this research. All other authors have no declarations of interest.},\\n\\tpages = {103356},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Vega, T. A.\",\"Seaman, A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Englander, H.\"],\"key\":\"levander_utilising_2021\",\"id\":\"levander_utilising_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-utilisinganaccesstocareintegratedframeworktoexploretheperceptionsofhepatitisctreatmentofhospitalbasedinterventionsamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Hepatitis C virus\",\"*Hepatitis C/drug therapy\",\"*Hospital\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*Qualitative\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous\",\"*Substance-related disorders\",\"*Theoretical framework\",\"Adult\",\"Health Services Accessibility\",\"Hepatitis C virus\",\"Hospital\",\"Hospitals\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Perception\",\"Qualitative\",\"Substance-related disorders\",\"Theoretical framework\",\"research funding from Gilead and Merck pharmaceuticals not directly related to\",\"the conduct of this research. All other authors have no declarations of interest.\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Using Web-Based Pin-Drop Maps to Capture Activity Spaces Among Young Adults Who Use Drugs in Rural Areas: Cross-Sectional Survey\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"2369-2960\",\"shorttitle\":\"Using Web-Based Pin-Drop Maps to Capture Activity Spaces Among Young Adults Who Use Drugs in Rural Areas\",\"url\":\"https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593\",\"doi\":\"10.2196/13593\",\"abstract\":\"Background Epicenters of harmful drug use are expanding to US rural areas, with rural young adults bearing a disproportionate burden. A large body of work suggests that place characteristics (eg, spatial access to health services) shape vulnerability to drug-related harms among urban residents. Research on the role of place characteristics in shaping these harms among rural residents is nascent, as are methods of gathering place-based data. Objective We (1) analyzed whether young rural adults who used drugs answered self-administered Web-based mapping items about locations where they engaged in risk behaviors and (2) determined the precision of mapped locations. Methods Eligible individuals had to report recently using opioids to get high; be aged between 18 and 35 years; and live in the 5-county rural Appalachian Kentucky study area. We used targeted outreach and peer-referral methods to recruit participants. The survey asked participants to drop a pin in interactive maps to mark where they completed the survey, and where they had slept most; used drugs most; and had sex most in the past 6 months. Precision was assessed by (1) determining whether mapped locations were within 100 m of a structure and (2) calculating the Euclidean distance between the pin-drop home location and the street address where participants reported sleeping most often. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for all variables; distributions of missingness for mapping items and for the Euclidean distance variable were explored across participant characteristics. Results Of the 151 participants, 88.7% (134/151) completed all mapping items, and ≥92.1% (\\\\textgreater139/151) dropped a pin at each of the 4 locations queried. Missingness did not vary across most participant characteristics, except that lower percentages of full-time workers and peer-recruited participants mapped some locations. Two-thirds of the pin-drop sex and drug use locations were less than 100 m from a structure, as were 92.1% (139/151) of pin-drop home locations. The median distance between the pin-drop and street-address home locations was 2.0 miles (25th percentile=0.8 miles; 75th percentile=5.5 miles); distances were shorter for high-school graduates, staff-recruited participants, and participants reporting no technical difficulties completing the survey. Conclusions Missingness for mapping items was low and unlikely to introduce bias, given that it varied across few participant characteristics. Precision results were mixed. In a rural study area of 1378 square miles, most pin-drop home addresses were near a structure; it is unsurprising that fewer drug and sex locations were near structures because most participants reported engaging in these activities outside at times. The error in pin-drop home locations, however, might be too large for some purposes. We offer several recommendations to strengthen future research, including gathering metadata on the extent to which participants zoom in on each map and recruiting participants via trusted staff.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"Luke\",\"Fenimore\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crawford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haardörfer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Regine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones-Harrell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Umedjon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Web-based data collection, activity spaces, geospatial methods, risk environment, rural, substance use disorder\",\"pages\":\"e13593\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_using_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Using {Web}-{Based} {Pin}-{Drop} {Maps} to {Capture} {Activity} {Spaces} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}: {Cross}-{Sectional} {Survey}},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {2369-2960},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Using {Web}-{Based} {Pin}-{Drop} {Maps} to {Capture} {Activity} {Spaces} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}},\\n\\turl = {https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2196/13593},\\n\\tabstract = {Background \\n              Epicenters of harmful drug use are expanding to US rural areas, with rural young adults bearing a disproportionate burden. A large body of work suggests that place characteristics (eg, spatial access to health services) shape vulnerability to drug-related harms among urban residents. Research on the role of place characteristics in shaping these harms among rural residents is nascent, as are methods of gathering place-based data. \\n             \\n             \\n              Objective \\n              We (1) analyzed whether young rural adults who used drugs answered self-administered Web-based mapping items about locations where they engaged in risk behaviors and (2) determined the precision of mapped locations. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods \\n              Eligible individuals had to report recently using opioids to get high; be aged between 18 and 35 years; and live in the 5-county rural Appalachian Kentucky study area. We used targeted outreach and peer-referral methods to recruit participants. The survey asked participants to drop a pin in interactive maps to mark where they completed the survey, and where they had slept most; used drugs most; and had sex most in the past 6 months. Precision was assessed by (1) determining whether mapped locations were within 100 m of a structure and (2) calculating the Euclidean distance between the pin-drop home location and the street address where participants reported sleeping most often. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for all variables; distributions of missingness for mapping items and for the Euclidean distance variable were explored across participant characteristics. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results \\n              Of the 151 participants, 88.7\\\\% (134/151) completed all mapping items, and ≥92.1\\\\% ({\\\\textgreater}139/151) dropped a pin at each of the 4 locations queried. Missingness did not vary across most participant characteristics, except that lower percentages of full-time workers and peer-recruited participants mapped some locations. Two-thirds of the pin-drop sex and drug use locations were less than 100 m from a structure, as were 92.1\\\\% (139/151) of pin-drop home locations. The median distance between the pin-drop and street-address home locations was 2.0 miles (25th percentile=0.8 miles; 75th percentile=5.5 miles); distances were shorter for high-school graduates, staff-recruited participants, and participants reporting no technical difficulties completing the survey. \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions \\n              Missingness for mapping items was low and unlikely to introduce bias, given that it varied across few participant characteristics. Precision results were mixed. In a rural study area of 1378 square miles, most pin-drop home addresses were near a structure; it is unsurprising that fewer drug and sex locations were near structures because most participants reported engaging in these activities outside at times. The error in pin-drop home locations, however, might be too large for some purposes. We offer several recommendations to strengthen future research, including gathering metadata on the extent to which participants zoom in on each map and recruiting participants via trusted staff.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {JMIR Public Health and Surveillance},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, Hannah Luke Fenimore and Crawford, Natalie D and Haardörfer, Regine and Prood, Nadya and Jones-Harrell, Carla and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Ballard, April M and Young, April M},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Web-based data collection, activity spaces, geospatial methods, risk environment, rural, substance use disorder},\\n\\tpages = {e13593},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Crawford, N. D\",\"Haardörfer, R.\",\"Prood, N.\",\"Jones-Harrell, C.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Ballard, A. M\",\"Young, A. M\"],\"key\":\"cooper_using_2019\",\"id\":\"cooper_using_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-crawford-haardrfer-prood-jonesharrell-ibragimov-ballard-young-usingwebbasedpindropmapstocaptureactivityspacesamongyoungadultswhousedrugsinruralareascrosssectionalsurvey-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593\"},\"keyword\":[\"Web-based data collection\",\"activity spaces\",\"geospatial methods\",\"risk environment\",\"rural\",\"substance use disorder\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Understanding rural risk environments for drug-related harms: Progress, challenges, and steps forward\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102926\",\"journal\":\"Int J Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8215764\",\"keywords\":\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Social Environment, Environment, Humans, Rural Population\",\"pages\":\"102926\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ibragimov_understanding_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Understanding rural risk environments for drug-related harms: {Progress}, challenges, and steps forward},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102926},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Ibragimov, U. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8215764},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Social Environment, Environment, Humans, Rural Population},\\n\\tpages = {102926},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\"],\"key\":\"ibragimov_understanding_2020\",\"id\":\"ibragimov_understanding_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ibragimov-young-cooper-understandingruralriskenvironmentsfordrugrelatedharmsprogresschallengesandstepsforward-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*Social Environment\",\"Environment\",\"Humans\",\"Rural Population\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Use of single IRBs for multi-site studies: A case report and commentary from a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"24518654\",\"shorttitle\":\"Use of single IRBs for multi-site studies\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100319\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nichols\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ceilidh\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kunkel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lynn\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jelstrom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eve\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Addis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Megan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dennis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Clinical trial regulations, Institutional Review Boards, NIH IRB regulations, Single IRB\",\"pages\":\"100319\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nichols_use_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Use of single {IRBs} for multi-site studies: {A} case report and commentary from a {National} {Drug} {Abuse} {Treatment} {Clinical} {Trials} {Network} study},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {24518654},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Use of single {IRBs} for multi-site studies},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100319},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications},\\n\\tauthor = {Nichols, Ceilidh and Kunkel, Lynn E. and Baker, Robin and Jelstrom, Eve and Addis, Megan and Hoffman, Kim A. and McCarty, Dennis and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Clinical trial regulations, Institutional Review Boards, NIH IRB regulations, Single IRB},\\n\\tpages = {100319},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nichols, C.\",\"Kunkel, L. E.\",\"Baker, R.\",\"Jelstrom, E.\",\"Addis, M.\",\"Hoffman, K. A.\",\"McCarty, D.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"nichols_use_2019\",\"id\":\"nichols_use_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nichols-kunkel-baker-jelstrom-addis-hoffman-mccarty-korthuis-useofsingleirbsformultisitestudiesacasereportandcommentaryfromanationaldrugabusetreatmentclinicaltrialsnetworkstudy-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273\"},\"keyword\":[\"Clinical trial regulations\",\"Institutional Review Boards\",\"NIH IRB regulations\",\"Single IRB\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Uncommon and preventable: Perceptions of diversion of medication for opioid use disorder in jail\",\"volume\":\"138\",\"issn\":\"1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108746\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: Correctional officials often cite diversion of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment (e.g., buprenorphine) as a reason for not offering MOUD treatment in jails and prisons, but it is poorly understood whether these fears are justified. We aimed to understand staff perceptions of medication diversion from jail-based MOUD programs and the factors that contribute to and prevent diversion. METHODS: We conducted qualitative analyses of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups performed in 2019-20 with 61 administrative, security, behavioral health, and clinical staff who implement MOUD programming in seven Massachusetts jails. RESULTS: Contrary to staff expectations, buprenorphine diversion was perceived to occur infrequently during MOUD program implementation. The MOUD program changed staff views of buprenorphine, i.e., as legitimate treatment instead of as illicit contraband. Also, the program was perceived to have disrupted the illicit buprenorphine market in jail and reduced related coercion. Proactive strategies were essential to prevent and respond to buprenorphine diversion. Key components of diversion prevention strategies included: staff who distinguished among different reasons for diversion; comprehensive and routinized but flexible dosing protocols; communication, education, and monitoring; patient involvement in assessing reasons for diversion; and written policies to adjudicate diversion consequences. CONCLUSION: With appropriate protocols, buprenorphine diversion within correctional programs designed to provide MOUD treatment is perceived to be uncommon and preventable. Promising practices in program design help limit medication diversion and inform correctional officials and lawmakers as they consider whether and how to provide MOUD treatment in correctional settings.\",\"journal\":\"J Subst Abuse Treat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pivovarova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Santelices\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220223\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medication diversion, Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Prescription Drug Diversion/prevention & control, Qualitative design\",\"pages\":\"108746\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evans_uncommon_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Uncommon and preventable: {Perceptions} of diversion of medication for opioid use disorder in jail},\\n\\tvolume = {138},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108746},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Correctional officials often cite diversion of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment (e.g., buprenorphine) as a reason for not offering MOUD treatment in jails and prisons, but it is poorly understood whether these fears are justified. We aimed to understand staff perceptions of medication diversion from jail-based MOUD programs and the factors that contribute to and prevent diversion. METHODS: We conducted qualitative analyses of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups performed in 2019-20 with 61 administrative, security, behavioral health, and clinical staff who implement MOUD programming in seven Massachusetts jails. RESULTS: Contrary to staff expectations, buprenorphine diversion was perceived to occur infrequently during MOUD program implementation. The MOUD program changed staff views of buprenorphine, i.e., as legitimate treatment instead of as illicit contraband. Also, the program was perceived to have disrupted the illicit buprenorphine market in jail and reduced related coercion. Proactive strategies were essential to prevent and respond to buprenorphine diversion. Key components of diversion prevention strategies included: staff who distinguished among different reasons for diversion; comprehensive and routinized but flexible dosing protocols; communication, education, and monitoring; patient involvement in assessing reasons for diversion; and written policies to adjudicate diversion consequences. CONCLUSION: With appropriate protocols, buprenorphine diversion within correctional programs designed to provide MOUD treatment is perceived to be uncommon and preventable. Promising practices in program design help limit medication diversion and inform correctional officials and lawmakers as they consider whether and how to provide MOUD treatment in correctional settings.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\\n\\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Pivovarova, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Santelices, C. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220223},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medication diversion, Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Prescription Drug Diversion/prevention \\\\& control, Qualitative design},\\n\\tpages = {108746},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Pivovarova, E.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Santelices, C.\",\"Ferguson, W. J.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\"],\"key\":\"evans_uncommon_2022\",\"id\":\"evans_uncommon_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evans-pivovarova-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-uncommonandpreventableperceptionsofdiversionofmedicationforopioidusedisorderinjail-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Criminal justice settings\",\"Humans\",\"Jails\",\"Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN)\",\"Medication diversion\",\"Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Prescription Drug Diversion/prevention & control\",\"Qualitative design\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Twelve-Month Retention in Opioid Agonist Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Among Patients With and Without HIV\",\"issn\":\"1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10461-021-03452-0\",\"abstract\":\"Although opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is associated with positive health outcomes, including improved HIV management, long-term retention in OAT remains low among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Using data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS), we identify variables independently associated with OAT retention overall and by HIV status. Among 7,334 patients with OUD, 13.7% initiated OAT, and 27.8% were retained 12-months later. Likelihood of initiation and retention did not vary by HIV status. Variables associated with improved likelihood of retention included receiving buprenorphine (relative to methadone), receiving both buprenorphine and methadone at some point over the 12-month period, or diagnosis of HCV. History of homelessness was associated with a lower likelihood of retention. Predictors of retention were largely distinct between patients with HIV and patients without HIV. Findings highlight the need for clinical, systems, and research initiatives to better understand and improve OAT retention.\",\"journal\":\"AIDS Behav\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wyse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGinnis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edelman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Manhapra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiellin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kennedy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oldfield\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaither\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skanderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bryant\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crystal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Justice\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraemer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Infections/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Hiv, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid-related disorders, Veteran health\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wyse_twelve-month_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Twelve-{Month} {Retention} in {Opioid} {Agonist} {Treatment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Among} {Patients} {With} and {Without} {HIV}},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-021-03452-0},\\n\\tabstract = {Although opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is associated with positive health outcomes, including improved HIV management, long-term retention in OAT remains low among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Using data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS), we identify variables independently associated with OAT retention overall and by HIV status. Among 7,334 patients with OUD, 13.7\\\\% initiated OAT, and 27.8\\\\% were retained 12-months later. Likelihood of initiation and retention did not vary by HIV status. Variables associated with improved likelihood of retention included receiving buprenorphine (relative to methadone), receiving both buprenorphine and methadone at some point over the 12-month period, or diagnosis of HCV. History of homelessness was associated with a lower likelihood of retention. Predictors of retention were largely distinct between patients with HIV and patients without HIV. Findings highlight the need for clinical, systems, and research initiatives to better understand and improve OAT retention.},\\n\\tjournal = {AIDS Behav},\\n\\tauthor = {Wyse, J. J. and McGinnis, K. A. and Edelman, E. J. and Gordon, A. J. and Manhapra, A. and Fiellin, D. A. and Moore, B. A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Kennedy, A. J. and Oldfield, B. J. and Gaither, J. R. and Gordon, K. S. and Skanderson, M. and Barry, D. T. and Bryant, K. and Crystal, S. and Justice, A. C. and Kraemer, K. L.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Hiv, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid-related disorders, Veteran health},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wyse, J. J.\",\"McGinnis, K. A.\",\"Edelman, E. J.\",\"Gordon, A. J.\",\"Manhapra, A.\",\"Fiellin, D. A.\",\"Moore, B. A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Kennedy, A. J.\",\"Oldfield, B. J.\",\"Gaither, J. R.\",\"Gordon, K. S.\",\"Skanderson, M.\",\"Barry, D. T.\",\"Bryant, K.\",\"Crystal, S.\",\"Justice, A. C.\",\"Kraemer, K. L.\"],\"key\":\"wyse_twelve-month_2021\",\"id\":\"wyse_twelve-month_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wyse-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-korthuis-etal-twelvemonthretentioninopioidagonisttreatmentforopioidusedisorderamongpatientswithandwithouthiv-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Infections/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Methadone\",\"Methadone/therapeutic use\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Opioid-related disorders\",\"Veteran health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Treatment and Prevention of Opioid Use Disorder: Challenges and Opportunities\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0163-7525, 1545-2093\",\"shorttitle\":\"Treatment and Prevention of Opioid Use Disorder\",\"url\":\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526\",\"doi\":\"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Annual Review of Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dennis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Priest\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kelsey\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*opioid agonist therapy, *opioid antagonist therapy, *opioid overdose prevention, *opioid use disorder, *treatment for opioid use disorder, Drug and Narcotic Control/methods, Health Education/organization & administration, Humans, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention & control/*therapy, United States, opioid agonist therapy, opioid antagonist therapy, opioid overdose prevention, opioid use disorder, treatment for opioid use disorder\",\"pages\":\"525–541\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mccarty_treatment_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Treatment and {Prevention} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}: {Challenges} and {Opportunities}},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Treatment and {Prevention} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\\n\\turl = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Annual Review of Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {McCarty, Dennis and Priest, Kelsey C. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*opioid agonist therapy, *opioid antagonist therapy, *opioid overdose prevention, *opioid use disorder, *treatment for opioid use disorder, Drug and Narcotic Control/methods, Health Education/organization \\\\& administration, Humans, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention \\\\& control/*therapy, United States, opioid agonist therapy, opioid antagonist therapy, opioid overdose prevention, opioid use disorder, treatment for opioid use disorder},\\n\\tpages = {525--541},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McCarty, D.\",\"Priest, K. C.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"mccarty_treatment_2018\",\"id\":\"mccarty_treatment_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mccarty-priest-korthuis-treatmentandpreventionofopioidusedisorderchallengesandopportunities-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526\"},\"keyword\":[\"*opioid agonist therapy\",\"*opioid antagonist therapy\",\"*opioid overdose prevention\",\"*opioid use disorder\",\"*treatment for opioid use disorder\",\"Drug and Narcotic Control/methods\",\"Health Education/organization & administration\",\"Humans\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention & control/*therapy\",\"United States\",\"opioid agonist therapy\",\"opioid antagonist therapy\",\"opioid overdose prevention\",\"opioid use disorder\",\"treatment for opioid use disorder\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Toward a Theory of the Underpinnings and Vulnerabilities of Structural Racism: Looking Upstream from Disease Inequities among People Who Use Drugs\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph19127453\",\"abstract\":\"Structural racism is increasingly recognized as a key driver of health inequities and other adverse outcomes. This paper focuses on structural racism as an \\\"upstream\\\" institutionalized process, how it creates health inequities and how structural racism persists in spite of generations of efforts to end it. So far, \\\"downstream\\\" efforts to reduce these health inequities have had little success in eliminating them. Here, we attempt to increase public health awareness of structural racism and its institutionalization and sociopolitical supports so that research and action can address them. This paper presents both a theoretic and an analytic approach to how structural racism contributes to disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS and related diseases among oppressed populations. We first discuss differences in disease and health outcomes among people who use drugs (PWUD) and other groups at risk for HIV from different racial and ethnic populations. The paper then briefly analyzes the history of racism; how racial oppression, class, gender and other intersectional divisions interact to create health inequities; and how structural racism is institutionalized in ways that contribute to disease disparities among people who use drugs and other people. It examines the processes, institutions and other structures that reinforce structural racism, and how these, combined with processes that normalize racism, serve as barriers to efforts to counter and dismantle the structural racism that Black, indigenous and Latinx people have confronted for centuries. Finally, we discuss the implications of this analysis for public health research and action to undo racism and to enhance the health of populations who have suffered lifetimes of racial/ethnic oppression, with a focus on HIV/AIDS outcomes.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Int J Environ Res Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perlman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mateu-Gelabert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nikolopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Khan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Peprah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220617\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Infections, *Racism, *capitalism, *hiv, *people who use drugs, *scapegoat, *substance use, Ethnicity, Hiv, Humans, Systemic Racism, United States, capitalism, people who use drugs, racism, scapegoat, substance use\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{friedman_toward_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Toward a {Theory} of the {Underpinnings} and {Vulnerabilities} of {Structural} {Racism}: {Looking} {Upstream} from {Disease} {Inequities} among {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19127453},\\n\\tabstract = {Structural racism is increasingly recognized as a key driver of health inequities and other adverse outcomes. This paper focuses on structural racism as an \\\"upstream\\\" institutionalized process, how it creates health inequities and how structural racism persists in spite of generations of efforts to end it. So far, \\\"downstream\\\" efforts to reduce these health inequities have had little success in eliminating them. Here, we attempt to increase public health awareness of structural racism and its institutionalization and sociopolitical supports so that research and action can address them. This paper presents both a theoretic and an analytic approach to how structural racism contributes to disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS and related diseases among oppressed populations. We first discuss differences in disease and health outcomes among people who use drugs (PWUD) and other groups at risk for HIV from different racial and ethnic populations. The paper then briefly analyzes the history of racism; how racial oppression, class, gender and other intersectional divisions interact to create health inequities; and how structural racism is institutionalized in ways that contribute to disease disparities among people who use drugs and other people. It examines the processes, institutions and other structures that reinforce structural racism, and how these, combined with processes that normalize racism, serve as barriers to efforts to counter and dismantle the structural racism that Black, indigenous and Latinx people have confronted for centuries. Finally, we discuss the implications of this analysis for public health research and action to undo racism and to enhance the health of populations who have suffered lifetimes of racial/ethnic oppression, with a focus on HIV/AIDS outcomes.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Friedman, S. R. and Williams, L. D. and Jordan, A. E. and Walters, S. and Perlman, D. C. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Nikolopoulos, G. K. and Khan, M. R. and Peprah, E. and Ezell, J.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220617},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections, *Racism, *capitalism, *hiv, *people who use drugs, *scapegoat, *substance use, Ethnicity, Hiv, Humans, Systemic Racism, United States, capitalism, people who use drugs, racism, scapegoat, substance use},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Williams, L. D.\",\"Jordan, A. E.\",\"Walters, S.\",\"Perlman, D. C.\",\"Mateu-Gelabert, P.\",\"Nikolopoulos, G. K.\",\"Khan, M. R.\",\"Peprah, E.\",\"Ezell, J.\"],\"key\":\"friedman_toward_2022\",\"id\":\"friedman_toward_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"friedman-williams-jordan-walters-perlman-mateugelabert-nikolopoulos-khan-etal-towardatheoryoftheunderpinningsandvulnerabilitiesofstructuralracismlookingupstreamfromdiseaseinequitiesamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699\"},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Infections\",\"*Racism\",\"*capitalism\",\"*hiv\",\"*people who use drugs\",\"*scapegoat\",\"*substance use\",\"Ethnicity\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Systemic Racism\",\"United States\",\"capitalism\",\"people who use drugs\",\"racism\",\"scapegoat\",\"substance use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The SUMMIT ambulatory-ICU primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center: study design and rationale\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"The SUMMIT ambulatory-ICU primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center\",\"url\":\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Addiction Science & Clinical Practice\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edwards\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Devoe\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Meg\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gil\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitchell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Matthew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nicolaidis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kansagara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Devan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Saha\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Somnath\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Complex care, *Health service delivery, *Homeless Persons, *Homelessness, *Ill-Housed Persons, *Partnered-research, *Patient Acceptance of Health Care, *Patient centered medical home, *Patient experience, *Primary care innovation, *Substance use, Adult, Advance Care Planning/organization & administration, Aged, Chronic Disease/*therapy, Comorbidity, Complex care, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Health service delivery, Homelessness, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Motivational Interviewing/organization & administration, Partnered-research, Patient Care Planning, Patient Care Team/*organization & administration, Patient Satisfaction, Patient centered medical home, Patient experience, Primary Health Care/*organization & administration, Primary care innovation, Research Design, Safety-net Providers/*organization & administration, Social Work/organization & administration, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance use, Urban Health Services\",\"pages\":\"27\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chan_summit_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {The {SUMMIT} ambulatory-{ICU} primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center: study design and rationale},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The {SUMMIT} ambulatory-{ICU} primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center},\\n\\turl = {https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Addiction Science \\\\& Clinical Practice},\\n\\tauthor = {Chan, Brian and Edwards, Samuel T. and Devoe, Meg and Gil, Richard and Mitchell, Matthew and Englander, Honora and Nicolaidis, Christina and Kansagara, Devan and Saha, Somnath and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Complex care, *Health service delivery, *Homeless Persons, *Homelessness, *Ill-Housed Persons, *Partnered-research, *Patient Acceptance of Health Care, *Patient centered medical home, *Patient experience, *Primary care innovation, *Substance use, Adult, Advance Care Planning/organization \\\\& administration, Aged, Chronic Disease/*therapy, Comorbidity, Complex care, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Health service delivery, Homelessness, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Motivational Interviewing/organization \\\\& administration, Partnered-research, Patient Care Planning, Patient Care Team/*organization \\\\& administration, Patient Satisfaction, Patient centered medical home, Patient experience, Primary Health Care/*organization \\\\& administration, Primary care innovation, Research Design, Safety-net Providers/*organization \\\\& administration, Social Work/organization \\\\& administration, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance use, Urban Health Services},\\n\\tpages = {27},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chan, B.\",\"Edwards, S. T.\",\"Devoe, M.\",\"Gil, R.\",\"Mitchell, M.\",\"Englander, H.\",\"Nicolaidis, C.\",\"Kansagara, D.\",\"Saha, S.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"chan_summit_2018\",\"id\":\"chan_summit_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chan-edwards-devoe-gil-mitchell-englander-nicolaidis-kansagara-etal-thesummitambulatoryicuprimarycaremodelformedicallyandsociallycomplexpatientsinanurbanfederallyqualifiedhealthcenterstudydesignandrationale-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Complex care\",\"*Health service delivery\",\"*Homeless Persons\",\"*Homelessness\",\"*Ill-Housed Persons\",\"*Partnered-research\",\"*Patient Acceptance of Health Care\",\"*Patient centered medical home\",\"*Patient experience\",\"*Primary care innovation\",\"*Substance use\",\"Adult\",\"Advance Care Planning/organization & administration\",\"Aged\",\"Chronic Disease/*therapy\",\"Comorbidity\",\"Complex care\",\"Cooperative Behavior\",\"Female\",\"Health service delivery\",\"Homelessness\",\"Humans\",\"Interinstitutional Relations\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Motivational Interviewing/organization & administration\",\"Partnered-research\",\"Patient Care Planning\",\"Patient Care Team/*organization & administration\",\"Patient Satisfaction\",\"Patient centered medical home\",\"Patient experience\",\"Primary Health Care/*organization & administration\",\"Primary care innovation\",\"Research Design\",\"Safety-net Providers/*organization & administration\",\"Social Work/organization & administration\",\"Socioeconomic Factors\",\"Substance use\",\"Urban Health Services\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The stigma system: How sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health\",\"volume\":\"50\",\"issn\":\"1520-6629 (Electronic) 0090-4392 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jcop.22581\",\"abstract\":\"Stigma is a fundamental driver of adverse health outcomes. Although stigma is often studied at the individual level to focus on how stigma influences the mental and physical health of the stigmatized, considerable research has shown that stigma is multilevel and structural. This paper proposes a theoretical approach that synthesizes the literature on stigma with the literature on scapegoating and divide-and-rule as strategies that the wealthy and powerful use to maintain their power and wealth; the literatures on racial, gender, and other subordination; the literature on ideology and organization in sociopolitical systems; and the literature on resistance and rebellion against stigma, oppression and other forms of subordination. we develop a model of the \\\"stigma system\\\" as a dialectic of interacting and conflicting structures and processes. Understanding this system can help public health reorient stigma interventions to address the sources of stigma as well as the individual problems that stigma creates. On a broader level, this model can help those opposing stigma and its effects to develop alliances and strategies with which to oppose stigma and the processes that create it.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"J Community Psychol\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guarino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mateu-Gelabert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krawczyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamilton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Khan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Di\",\"Iorio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earnshaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8664901\",\"keywords\":\"*Mental Disorders, *Public Health, Humans, Scapegoating, Social Stigma, divide and rule, domination, resistance, scapegoating, stigma, struggle, subordination\",\"pages\":\"385–408\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{friedman_stigma_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {The stigma system: {How} sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health},\\n\\tvolume = {50},\\n\\tissn = {1520-6629 (Electronic) 0090-4392 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jcop.22581},\\n\\tabstract = {Stigma is a fundamental driver of adverse health outcomes. Although stigma is often studied at the individual level to focus on how stigma influences the mental and physical health of the stigmatized, considerable research has shown that stigma is multilevel and structural. This paper proposes a theoretical approach that synthesizes the literature on stigma with the literature on scapegoating and divide-and-rule as strategies that the wealthy and powerful use to maintain their power and wealth; the literatures on racial, gender, and other subordination; the literature on ideology and organization in sociopolitical systems; and the literature on resistance and rebellion against stigma, oppression and other forms of subordination. we develop a model of the \\\"stigma system\\\" as a dialectic of interacting and conflicting structures and processes. Understanding this system can help public health reorient stigma interventions to address the sources of stigma as well as the individual problems that stigma creates. On a broader level, this model can help those opposing stigma and its effects to develop alliances and strategies with which to oppose stigma and the processes that create it.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {J Community Psychol},\\n\\tauthor = {Friedman, S. R. and Williams, L. D. and Guarino, H. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Krawczyk, N. and Hamilton, L. and Walters, S. M. and Ezell, J. M. and Khan, M. and Di Iorio, J. and Yang, L. H. and Earnshaw, V. A.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8664901},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Mental Disorders, *Public Health, Humans, Scapegoating, Social Stigma, divide and rule, domination, resistance, scapegoating, stigma, struggle, subordination},\\n\\tpages = {385--408},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Williams, L. D.\",\"Guarino, H.\",\"Mateu-Gelabert, P.\",\"Krawczyk, N.\",\"Hamilton, L.\",\"Walters, S. M.\",\"Ezell, J. M.\",\"Khan, M.\",\"Di Iorio, J.\",\"Yang, L. H.\",\"Earnshaw, V. A.\"],\"key\":\"friedman_stigma_2022\",\"id\":\"friedman_stigma_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"friedman-williams-guarino-mateugelabert-krawczyk-hamilton-walters-ezell-etal-thestigmasystemhowsociopoliticaldominationscapegoatingandstigmashapepublichealth-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Mental Disorders\",\"*Public Health\",\"Humans\",\"Scapegoating\",\"Social Stigma\",\"divide and rule\",\"domination\",\"resistance\",\"scapegoating\",\"stigma\",\"struggle\",\"subordination\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Rural Opioid Initiative Consortium description: providing evidence to Understand the Fourth Wave of the Opioid Crisis\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-022-00322-5\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: To characterize and address the opioid crisis disproportionately impacting rural U.S. regions. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (ROI) is a two-phase project to collect and harmonize quantitative and qualitative data and develop tailored interventions to address rural opioid use. The baseline quantitative survey data from people who use drugs (PWUD) characterizes the current opioid epidemic (2018-2020) in eight geographically diverse regions. RESULTS: Among 3,084 PWUD, 92% reported ever injecting drugs, 86% reported using opioids (most often heroin) and 74% reported using methamphetamine to get high in the past 30 days; 53% experienced homelessness in the prior 6 months; and 49% had ever overdosed. Syringe service program use varied by region and 53% had ever received an overdose kit or naloxone prescription. Less than half (48%) ever received medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). CONCLUSIONS: The ROI combines data across eight rural regions to better understand drug use including drivers and potential interventions in rural areas with limited resources. Baseline ROI data demonstrate extensive overlap between opioid and methamphetamine use, high homelessness rates, inadequate access to MOUD, and other unmet needs among PWUD in the rural U.S. By combining data across studies, the ROI provides much greater statistical power to address research questions and better understand the syndemic of infectious diseases and drug use in rural settings including unmet treatment needs.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Addict Sci Clin Pract\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whitney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nance\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredericksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudolph\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Delaney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"A.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rural\",\"Opioid\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Initiative\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220726\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Injection drug use, Methamphetamine, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, Overdose, Rural, Substance use\",\"pages\":\"38\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jenkins_rural_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Rural} {Opioid} {Initiative} {Consortium} description: providing evidence to {Understand} the {Fourth} {Wave} of the {Opioid} {Crisis}},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00322-5},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To characterize and address the opioid crisis disproportionately impacting rural U.S. regions. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (ROI) is a two-phase project to collect and harmonize quantitative and qualitative data and develop tailored interventions to address rural opioid use. The baseline quantitative survey data from people who use drugs (PWUD) characterizes the current opioid epidemic (2018-2020) in eight geographically diverse regions. RESULTS: Among 3,084 PWUD, 92\\\\% reported ever injecting drugs, 86\\\\% reported using opioids (most often heroin) and 74\\\\% reported using methamphetamine to get high in the past 30 days; 53\\\\% experienced homelessness in the prior 6 months; and 49\\\\% had ever overdosed. Syringe service program use varied by region and 53\\\\% had ever received an overdose kit or naloxone prescription. Less than half (48\\\\%) ever received medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). CONCLUSIONS: The ROI combines data across eight rural regions to better understand drug use including drivers and potential interventions in rural areas with limited resources. Baseline ROI data demonstrate extensive overlap between opioid and methamphetamine use, high homelessness rates, inadequate access to MOUD, and other unmet needs among PWUD in the rural U.S. By combining data across studies, the ROI provides much greater statistical power to address research questions and better understand the syndemic of infectious diseases and drug use in rural settings including unmet treatment needs.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\\n\\tauthor = {Jenkins, R. A. and Whitney, B. M. and Nance, R. M. and Allen, T. M. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Feinberg, J. and Fredericksen, R. and Friedmann, P. D. and Go, V. F. and Jenkins, W. D. and Korthuis, P. T. and Miller, W. C. and Pho, M. T. and Rudolph, A. E. and Seal, D. W. and Smith, G. S. and Stopka, T. J. and Westergaard, R. P. and Young, A. M. and Zule, W. A. and Delaney, J. A. C. and Tsui, J. I. and Crane, H. M. and Rural Opioid, Initiative},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220726},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Injection drug use, Methamphetamine, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, Overdose, Rural, Substance use},\\n\\tpages = {38},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jenkins, R. A.\",\"Whitney, B. M.\",\"Nance, R. M.\",\"Allen, T. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Feinberg, J.\",\"Fredericksen, R.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\",\"Go, V. F.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Pho, M. T.\",\"Rudolph, A. E.\",\"Seal, D. W.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Zule, W. A.\",\"Delaney, J. A. C.\",\"Tsui, J. I.\",\"Crane, H. M.\",\"Rural Opioid, I.\"],\"key\":\"jenkins_rural_2022\",\"id\":\"jenkins_rural_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jenkins-whitney-nance-allen-cooper-feinberg-fredericksen-friedmann-etal-theruralopioidinitiativeconsortiumdescriptionprovidingevidencetounderstandthefourthwaveoftheopioidcrisis-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology\",\"*Methamphetamine\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Humans\",\"Injection drug use\",\"Methamphetamine\",\"Opioid Epidemic\",\"Opioids\",\"Overdose\",\"Rural\",\"Substance use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Relationship Between Hepatitis C Virus Rates and Office-Based Buprenorphine Access in Ohio\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"2328-8957 (Print) 2328-8957 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/ofid/ofab242\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: The United States is experiencing an epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections due to injection drug use, primarily of opioids and predominantly in rural areas. Buprenorphine, a medication for opioid use disorder, may indirectly prevent HCV transmission. We assessed the relationship of HCV rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study of the county-level (n = 88) relationship between HCV case rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. We fit adjusted negative binomial models between the county-level acute and total HCV incidence rates during 2013-2017 and 1) the number of patients in each county that could be served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing capacity) and 2) the number served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing frequency) from January-March, 2018. RESULTS: For each 10% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity differed by 1% (95% CI: -1%, 3%). For each 10% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity was 12% (95% CI: 7%, 17%) higher. For each 10% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 1% (95% CI: -1%, 3%) higher. For each 10% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 14% (95% CI: 7%, 20%) higher. CONCLUSIONS: Rural counties in Ohio have less office-based buprenorphine and higher acute HCV rates versus urban counties, but a similar relationship between office-based buprenorphine prescribing and HCV case rates. To adequately prevent and control HCV rates, certain rural counties may need more office-based buprenorphine prescribing in areas with high HCV case rates.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Open Forum Infect Dis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hetrick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chettri\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schalkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sibley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kline\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20210517\",\"keywords\":\"Hcv, Ohio, buprenorphine, opioids\",\"pages\":\"ofab242\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{brook_relationship_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Relationship} {Between} {Hepatitis} {C} {Virus} {Rates} and {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Access} in {Ohio}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {2328-8957 (Print) 2328-8957 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/ofid/ofab242},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: The United States is experiencing an epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections due to injection drug use, primarily of opioids and predominantly in rural areas. Buprenorphine, a medication for opioid use disorder, may indirectly prevent HCV transmission. We assessed the relationship of HCV rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study of the county-level (n = 88) relationship between HCV case rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. We fit adjusted negative binomial models between the county-level acute and total HCV incidence rates during 2013-2017 and 1) the number of patients in each county that could be served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing capacity) and 2) the number served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing frequency) from January-March, 2018. RESULTS: For each 10\\\\% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity differed by 1\\\\% (95\\\\% CI: -1\\\\%, 3\\\\%). For each 10\\\\% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity was 12\\\\% (95\\\\% CI: 7\\\\%, 17\\\\%) higher. For each 10\\\\% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 1\\\\% (95\\\\% CI: -1\\\\%, 3\\\\%) higher. For each 10\\\\% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 14\\\\% (95\\\\% CI: 7\\\\%, 20\\\\%) higher. CONCLUSIONS: Rural counties in Ohio have less office-based buprenorphine and higher acute HCV rates versus urban counties, but a similar relationship between office-based buprenorphine prescribing and HCV case rates. To adequately prevent and control HCV rates, certain rural counties may need more office-based buprenorphine prescribing in areas with high HCV case rates.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Open Forum Infect Dis},\\n\\tauthor = {Brook, D. L. and Hetrick, A. T. and Chettri, S. R. and Schalkoff, C. A. and Sibley, A. L. and Lancaster, K. E. and Go, V. F. and Miller, W. C. and Kline, D. M.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20210517},\\n\\tkeywords = {Hcv, Ohio, buprenorphine, opioids},\\n\\tpages = {ofab242},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Brook, D. L.\",\"Hetrick, A. T.\",\"Chettri, S. R.\",\"Schalkoff, C. A.\",\"Sibley, A. L.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Go, V. F.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Kline, D. M.\"],\"key\":\"brook_relationship_2021\",\"id\":\"brook_relationship_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"brook-hetrick-chettri-schalkoff-sibley-lancaster-go-miller-etal-therelationshipbetweenhepatitiscvirusratesandofficebasedbuprenorphineaccessinohio-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217\"},\"keyword\":[\"Hcv\",\"Ohio\",\"buprenorphine\",\"opioids\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Opioid/Overdose Crisis as a Dialectics of Pain, Despair, and One-Sided Struggle\",\"volume\":\"8\",\"issn\":\"2296-2565 (Print) 2296-2565 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fpubh.2020.540423\",\"abstract\":\"The opioid/overdose crisis in the United States and Canada has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and has become a major field for research and interventions. It has embroiled pharmaceutical companies in lawsuits and possible bankruptcy filings. Effective interventions and policies toward this and future drug-related outbreaks may be improved by understanding the sociostructural roots of this outbreak. Much of the literature on roots of the opioid/overdose outbreak focuses on (1) the actions of pharmaceutical companies in inappropriately promoting the use of prescription opioids; (2) \\\"deaths of despair\\\" based on the deindustrialization of much of rural and urban Canada and the United States, and on the related marginalization and demoralization of those facing lifetimes of joblessness or precarious employment in poorly paid, often dangerous work; and (3) increase in occupationally-induced pain and injuries in the population. All three of these roots of the crisis-pharmaceutical misconduct and unethical marketing practices, despair based on deindustrialization and increased occupational pain-can be traced back, in part, to what has been called the \\\"one-sided class war\\\" that became prominent in the 1970s, became institutionalized as neo-liberalism in and since the 1980s, and may now be beginning to be challenged. We describe this one-sided class war, and how processes it sparked enabled pharmaceutical corporations in their misconduct, nurtured individualistic ideologies that fed into despair and drug use, weakened institutions that created social support in communities, and reduced barriers against injuries and other occupational pain at workplaces by reducing unionization, weakening surviving unions, and weakening the enforcement of rules about workplace safety and health. We then briefly discuss the implications of this analysis for programs and policies to mitigate or reverse the opioid/overdose outbreak.\",\"journal\":\"Front Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krawczyk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perlman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mateu-Gelabert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ompad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hamilton\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nikolopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guarino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cerda\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7676222\",\"keywords\":\"*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *despair, *one-sided class war, *opioids, *overdose, *pain, *social conflict, Canada, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Pain/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology, despair, one-sided class war, opioids, overdose, pain, social conflict\",\"pages\":\"540423\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{friedman_opioidoverdose_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Opioid}/{Overdose} {Crisis} as a {Dialectics} of {Pain}, {Despair}, and {One}-{Sided} {Struggle}},\\n\\tvolume = {8},\\n\\tissn = {2296-2565 (Print) 2296-2565 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.540423},\\n\\tabstract = {The opioid/overdose crisis in the United States and Canada has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and has become a major field for research and interventions. It has embroiled pharmaceutical companies in lawsuits and possible bankruptcy filings. Effective interventions and policies toward this and future drug-related outbreaks may be improved by understanding the sociostructural roots of this outbreak. Much of the literature on roots of the opioid/overdose outbreak focuses on (1) the actions of pharmaceutical companies in inappropriately promoting the use of prescription opioids; (2) \\\"deaths of despair\\\" based on the deindustrialization of much of rural and urban Canada and the United States, and on the related marginalization and demoralization of those facing lifetimes of joblessness or precarious employment in poorly paid, often dangerous work; and (3) increase in occupationally-induced pain and injuries in the population. All three of these roots of the crisis-pharmaceutical misconduct and unethical marketing practices, despair based on deindustrialization and increased occupational pain-can be traced back, in part, to what has been called the \\\"one-sided class war\\\" that became prominent in the 1970s, became institutionalized as neo-liberalism in and since the 1980s, and may now be beginning to be challenged. We describe this one-sided class war, and how processes it sparked enabled pharmaceutical corporations in their misconduct, nurtured individualistic ideologies that fed into despair and drug use, weakened institutions that created social support in communities, and reduced barriers against injuries and other occupational pain at workplaces by reducing unionization, weakening surviving unions, and weakening the enforcement of rules about workplace safety and health. We then briefly discuss the implications of this analysis for programs and policies to mitigate or reverse the opioid/overdose outbreak.},\\n\\tjournal = {Front Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Friedman, S. R. and Krawczyk, N. and Perlman, D. C. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Ompad, D. C. and Hamilton, L. and Nikolopoulos, G. and Guarino, H. and Cerda, M.},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7676222},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *despair, *one-sided class war, *opioids, *overdose, *pain, *social conflict, Canada, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Pain/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology, despair, one-sided class war, opioids, overdose, pain, social conflict},\\n\\tpages = {540423},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Krawczyk, N.\",\"Perlman, D. C.\",\"Mateu-Gelabert, P.\",\"Ompad, D. C.\",\"Hamilton, L.\",\"Nikolopoulos, G.\",\"Guarino, H.\",\"Cerda, M.\"],\"key\":\"friedman_opioidoverdose_2020\",\"id\":\"friedman_opioidoverdose_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"friedman-krawczyk-perlman-mateugelabert-ompad-hamilton-nikolopoulos-guarino-etal-theopioidoverdosecrisisasadialecticsofpaindespairandonesidedstruggle-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Analgesics\",\"Opioid/adverse effects\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"*despair\",\"*one-sided class war\",\"*opioids\",\"*overdose\",\"*pain\",\"*social conflict\",\"Canada\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid Epidemic\",\"Pain/drug therapy\",\"United States/epidemiology\",\"despair\",\"one-sided class war\",\"opioids\",\"overdose\",\"pain\",\"social conflict\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The opioid epidemic in rural northern New England: An approach to epidemiologic, policy, and legal surveillance\",\"volume\":\"128\",\"issn\":\"00917435\",\"shorttitle\":\"The opioid epidemic in rural northern New England\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.028\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Preventive Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jacque\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kelso\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patsy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guhn-Knight\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nolte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoskinson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Randall\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amanda\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harding\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joseph\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drew\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aurora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"VanDonsel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Anne\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Health policy, *New England, *Opioid epidemic, *Population Surveillance, *Rural, *Spatial epidemiology, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Epidemics/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data, Female, Health Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence, Health policy, Humans, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, New England, New Hampshire/epidemiology, Opioid epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural, Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data, Spatial epidemiology, Vermont/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"105740\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stopka_opioid_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {The opioid epidemic in rural northern {New} {England}: {An} approach to epidemiologic, policy, and legal surveillance},\\n\\tvolume = {128},\\n\\tissn = {00917435},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The opioid epidemic in rural northern {New} {England}},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.028},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Preventive Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Stopka, Thomas J. and Jacque, Erin and Kelso, Patsy and Guhn-Knight, Haley and Nolte, Kerry and Hoskinson, Randall and Jones, Amanda and Harding, Joseph and Drew, Aurora and VanDonsel, Anne and Friedmann, Peter D.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Health policy, *New England, *Opioid epidemic, *Population Surveillance, *Rural, *Spatial epidemiology, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Epidemics/*legislation \\\\& jurisprudence/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Female, Health Policy/*legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Health policy, Humans, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, New England, New Hampshire/epidemiology, Opioid epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural, Rural Population/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Spatial epidemiology, Vermont/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {105740},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Jacque, E.\",\"Kelso, P.\",\"Guhn-Knight, H.\",\"Nolte, K.\",\"Hoskinson, R.\",\"Jones, A.\",\"Harding, J.\",\"Drew, A.\",\"VanDonsel, A.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\"],\"key\":\"stopka_opioid_2019\",\"id\":\"stopka_opioid_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stopka-jacque-kelso-guhnknight-nolte-hoskinson-jones-harding-etal-theopioidepidemicinruralnorthernnewenglandanapproachtoepidemiologicpolicyandlegalsurveillance-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Health policy\",\"*New England\",\"*Opioid epidemic\",\"*Population Surveillance\",\"*Rural\",\"*Spatial epidemiology\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Aged\",\"80 and over\",\"Epidemics/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Female\",\"Health Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Health policy\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Massachusetts/epidemiology\",\"Middle Aged\",\"New England\",\"New Hampshire/epidemiology\",\"Opioid epidemic\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Rural\",\"Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Spatial epidemiology\",\"Vermont/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural Appalachia: A systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases\",\"volume\":\"41\",\"issn\":\"0889-7077, 1547-0164\",\"shorttitle\":\"The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural Appalachia\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Substance Abuse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schalkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathryn\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaynes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bradley\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pence\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivian\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Clinical Clerkship, *Drug epidemic, *Harm Reduction, *hepatitis C, *opioids, *rural Appalachia, *substance use, Adult, Curriculum, Drug Overdose/prevention & control, Drug epidemic, Epidemics/*statistics & numerical data, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, hepatitis C, opioids, rural Appalachia, substance use\",\"pages\":\"35–69\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schalkoff_opioid_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural {Appalachia}: {A} systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases},\\n\\tvolume = {41},\\n\\tissn = {0889-7077, 1547-0164},\\n\\tshorttitle = {The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural {Appalachia}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\\n\\tauthor = {Schalkoff, Christine A. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Gaynes, Bradley N. and Wang, Vivian and Pence, Brian W. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Clinical Clerkship, *Drug epidemic, *Harm Reduction, *hepatitis C, *opioids, *rural Appalachia, *substance use, Adult, Curriculum, Drug Overdose/prevention \\\\& control, Drug epidemic, Epidemics/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural Population/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, hepatitis C, opioids, rural Appalachia, substance use},\\n\\tpages = {35--69},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schalkoff, C. A.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Gaynes, B. N.\",\"Wang, V.\",\"Pence, B. W.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Go, V. F.\"],\"key\":\"schalkoff_opioid_2020\",\"id\":\"schalkoff_opioid_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schalkoff-lancaster-gaynes-wang-pence-miller-go-theopioidandrelateddrugepidemicsinruralappalachiaasystematicreviewofpopulationsaffectedriskfactorsandinfectiousdiseases-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Clinical Clerkship\",\"*Drug epidemic\",\"*Harm Reduction\",\"*hepatitis C\",\"*opioids\",\"*rural Appalachia\",\"*substance use\",\"Adult\",\"Curriculum\",\"Drug Overdose/prevention & control\",\"Drug epidemic\",\"Epidemics/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Female\",\"Health Knowledge\",\"Attitudes\",\"Practice\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Naloxone/therapeutic use\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Surveys and Questionnaires\",\"hepatitis C\",\"opioids\",\"rural Appalachia\",\"substance use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Impacts of COVID-19 on Mental Health, Substance Use, and Overdose Concerns of People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities\",\"volume\":\"Publish Ahead of Print\",\"issn\":\"1932-0620\",\"url\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Addiction Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pope\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gelberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Philip\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *covid-19, Humans, Mental Health, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stack_impacts_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Impacts} of {COVID}-19 on {Mental} {Health}, {Substance} {Use}, and {Overdose} {Concerns} of {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Communities}},\\n\\tvolume = {Publish Ahead of Print},\\n\\tissn = {1932-0620},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Stack, Erin and Leichtling, Gillian and Larsen, Jessica E. and Gray, Mary and Pope, Justine and Leahy, Judith M. and Gelberg, Lillian and Seaman, Andrew and Korthuis, Philip Todd},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *covid-19, Humans, Mental Health, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stack, E.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Larsen, J. E.\",\"Gray, M.\",\"Pope, J.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Gelberg, L.\",\"Seaman, A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"stack_impacts_2020\",\"id\":\"stack_impacts_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stack-leichtling-larsen-gray-pope-leahy-gelberg-seaman-etal-theimpactsofcovid19onmentalhealthsubstanceuseandoverdoseconcernsofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunities-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"*covid-19\",\"Humans\",\"Mental Health\",\"Rural Population\",\"SARS-CoV-2\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Drug Use Behaviors, Fentanyl Exposure, and Harm Reduction Service Support among People Who Use Drugs in Rural Settings\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph19042230\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the opioid overdose crisis in the US. Rural communities have been disproportionately affected by opioid use and people who use drugs in these settings may be acutely vulnerable to pandemic-related disruptions due to high rates of poverty, social isolation, and pervasive resource limitations. METHODS: We performed a mixed-methods study to assess the impact of the pandemic in a convenience sample of people who use drugs in rural Illinois. We conducted 50 surveys capturing demographics, drug availability, drug use, sharing practices, and mental health symptoms. In total, 19 qualitative interviews were performed to further explore COVID-19 knowledge, impact on personal and community life, drug acquisition and use, overdose, and protective substance use adaptations. RESULTS: Drug use increased during the pandemic, including the use of fentanyl products such as gel encapsulated \\\"beans\\\" and \\\"buttons\\\". Disruptions in supply, including the decreased availability of heroin, increased methamphetamine costs and a concomitant rise in local methamphetamine production, and possible fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine was reported. Participants reported increased drug use alone, experience and/or witness of overdose, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Consistent access to harm reduction services, including naloxone and fentanyl test strips, was highlighted as a source of hope and community resiliency. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic period was characterized by changing drug availability, increased overdose risk, and other drug-related harms faced by people who use drugs in rural areas. Our findings emphasize the importance of ensuring access to harm reduction services, including overdose prevention and drug checking for this vulnerable population.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Int J Environ Res Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salisbury-Afshar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ouellet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Almirol\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Ham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ompad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220216\",\"keywords\":\"*COVID-19/epidemiology, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *covid-19, *fentanyl beans, *fentanyl buttons, *harm reduction, *methamphetamine, *pwid, *rural, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Fentanyl, Harm Reduction, Humans, Pandemics, Pwid, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, fentanyl beans, fentanyl buttons, methamphetamine, rural\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bolinski_impact_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {The {Impact} of the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} on {Drug} {Use} {Behaviors}, {Fentanyl} {Exposure}, and {Harm} {Reduction} {Service} {Support} among {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Settings}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19042230},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the opioid overdose crisis in the US. Rural communities have been disproportionately affected by opioid use and people who use drugs in these settings may be acutely vulnerable to pandemic-related disruptions due to high rates of poverty, social isolation, and pervasive resource limitations. METHODS: We performed a mixed-methods study to assess the impact of the pandemic in a convenience sample of people who use drugs in rural Illinois. We conducted 50 surveys capturing demographics, drug availability, drug use, sharing practices, and mental health symptoms. In total, 19 qualitative interviews were performed to further explore COVID-19 knowledge, impact on personal and community life, drug acquisition and use, overdose, and protective substance use adaptations. RESULTS: Drug use increased during the pandemic, including the use of fentanyl products such as gel encapsulated \\\"beans\\\" and \\\"buttons\\\". Disruptions in supply, including the decreased availability of heroin, increased methamphetamine costs and a concomitant rise in local methamphetamine production, and possible fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine was reported. Participants reported increased drug use alone, experience and/or witness of overdose, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Consistent access to harm reduction services, including naloxone and fentanyl test strips, was highlighted as a source of hope and community resiliency. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic period was characterized by changing drug availability, increased overdose risk, and other drug-related harms faced by people who use drugs in rural areas. Our findings emphasize the importance of ensuring access to harm reduction services, including overdose prevention and drug checking for this vulnerable population.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Bolinski, R. S. and Walters, S. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Ouellet, L. J. and Jenkins, W. D. and Almirol, E. and Van Ham, B. and Fletcher, S. and Johnson, C. and Schneider, J. A. and Ompad, D. and Pho, M. T.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220216},\\n\\tkeywords = {*COVID-19/epidemiology, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *covid-19, *fentanyl beans, *fentanyl buttons, *harm reduction, *methamphetamine, *pwid, *rural, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Fentanyl, Harm Reduction, Humans, Pandemics, Pwid, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, fentanyl beans, fentanyl buttons, methamphetamine, rural},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bolinski, R. S.\",\"Walters, S.\",\"Salisbury-Afshar, E.\",\"Ouellet, L. J.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Almirol, E.\",\"Van Ham, B.\",\"Fletcher, S.\",\"Johnson, C.\",\"Schneider, J. A.\",\"Ompad, D.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"bolinski_impact_2022\",\"id\":\"bolinski_impact_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bolinski-walters-salisburyafshar-ouellet-jenkins-almirol-vanham-fletcher-etal-theimpactofthecovid19pandemicondrugusebehaviorsfentanylexposureandharmreductionservicesupportamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsettings-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421\"},\"keyword\":[\"*COVID-19/epidemiology\",\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*covid-19\",\"*fentanyl beans\",\"*fentanyl buttons\",\"*harm reduction\",\"*methamphetamine\",\"*pwid\",\"*rural\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Covid-19\",\"Fentanyl\",\"Harm Reduction\",\"Humans\",\"Pandemics\",\"Pwid\",\"Rural Population\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"fentanyl beans\",\"fentanyl buttons\",\"methamphetamine\",\"rural\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":4,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"The effect of rurality on the risk of primary amputation is amplified by race\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"issn\":\"1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.090\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: Primary amputation (ie, without attempted revascularization) is a devastating complication of peripheral artery disease. Racial disparities in primary amputation have been described; however, rural disparities have not been well investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of rurality on risk of primary amputation and to explore the effect of race on this relationship. METHODS: The national Vascular Quality Initiative amputation data set was used for analyses (N = 6795). The outcome of interest was primary amputation. Independent variables were race/ethnicity (non-Latinx whites vs nonwhites) and rural residence. Multivariable logistic regression examined impact of rurality and race/ethnicity on primary amputation after adjustment for relevant covariates and included an interaction for race/ethnicity by rural status. RESULTS: Primary amputation occurred in 49% of patients overall (n = 3332), in 47% of rural vs 49% of urban patients (P = .322), and in 46% of whites vs 53% of nonwhites (P \\\\textless .001). On multivariable analysis, nonwhites had a 21% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation overall (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.39). On subgroup analysis, rural nonwhites had two times higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than rural whites (AOR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.53-2.78) and a 52% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban nonwhites (AOR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.19-1.94). In the urban setting, nonwhites had a 21% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban whites (AOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: In these analyses, rurality was associated with greater odds for primary amputation in nonwhite patients but not in white patients. The effect of race on primary amputation was significant in both urban and rural settings; however, the effect was significantly stronger in rural settings. These findings suggest that race/ethnicity has a compounding effect on rural health disparities and that strategies to improve health of rural communities need to consider the particular needs of nonwhite residents to reduce disparities.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"J Vasc Surg\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Minc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goodney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Misra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thibault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7404623\",\"keywords\":\"*Amputation, *Amputation disparities, *Peripheral artery disease, *Racial disparities, *Rural Health Services, *Rural disparities, *Rural health, Aged, Female, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology/*surgery, Race Factors, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rural Health/*ethnology, Urban Health Services, Urban Health/*ethnology\",\"pages\":\"1011–1017\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{minc_effect_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {The effect of rurality on the risk of primary amputation is amplified by race},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\tissn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.090},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Primary amputation (ie, without attempted revascularization) is a devastating complication of peripheral artery disease. Racial disparities in primary amputation have been described; however, rural disparities have not been well investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of rurality on risk of primary amputation and to explore the effect of race on this relationship. METHODS: The national Vascular Quality Initiative amputation data set was used for analyses (N = 6795). The outcome of interest was primary amputation. Independent variables were race/ethnicity (non-Latinx whites vs nonwhites) and rural residence. Multivariable logistic regression examined impact of rurality and race/ethnicity on primary amputation after adjustment for relevant covariates and included an interaction for race/ethnicity by rural status. RESULTS: Primary amputation occurred in 49\\\\% of patients overall (n = 3332), in 47\\\\% of rural vs 49\\\\% of urban patients (P = .322), and in 46\\\\% of whites vs 53\\\\% of nonwhites (P {\\\\textless} .001). On multivariable analysis, nonwhites had a 21\\\\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation overall (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.21; 95\\\\% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.39). On subgroup analysis, rural nonwhites had two times higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than rural whites (AOR, 2.06; 95\\\\% CI, 1.53-2.78) and a 52\\\\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban nonwhites (AOR, 1.52; 95\\\\% CI, 1.19-1.94). In the urban setting, nonwhites had a 21\\\\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban whites (AOR, 1.21; 95\\\\% CI, 1.05-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: In these analyses, rurality was associated with greater odds for primary amputation in nonwhite patients but not in white patients. The effect of race on primary amputation was significant in both urban and rural settings; however, the effect was significantly stronger in rural settings. These findings suggest that race/ethnicity has a compounding effect on rural health disparities and that strategies to improve health of rural communities need to consider the particular needs of nonwhite residents to reduce disparities.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {J Vasc Surg},\\n\\tauthor = {Minc, S. D. and Goodney, P. P. and Misra, R. and Thibault, D. and Smith, G. S. and Marone, L.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7404623},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Amputation, *Amputation disparities, *Peripheral artery disease, *Racial disparities, *Rural Health Services, *Rural disparities, *Rural health, Aged, Female, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology/*surgery, Race Factors, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rural Health/*ethnology, Urban Health Services, Urban Health/*ethnology},\\n\\tpages = {1011--1017},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Minc, S. D.\",\"Goodney, P. P.\",\"Misra, R.\",\"Thibault, D.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Marone, L.\"],\"key\":\"minc_effect_2020\",\"id\":\"minc_effect_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"minc-goodney-misra-thibault-smith-marone-theeffectofruralityontheriskofprimaryamputationisamplifiedbyrace-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Amputation\",\"*Amputation disparities\",\"*Peripheral artery disease\",\"*Racial disparities\",\"*Rural Health Services\",\"*Rural disparities\",\"*Rural health\",\"Aged\",\"Female\",\"Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology/*surgery\",\"Race Factors\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Rural Health/*ethnology\",\"Urban Health Services\",\"Urban Health/*ethnology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Syringe Service Program Utilization, Barriers, and Preferences for Design in Rural Appalachia: Differences between Men and Women Who Inject Drugs\",\"volume\":\"55\",\"issn\":\"1082-6084, 1532-2491\",\"shorttitle\":\"Syringe Service Program Utilization, Barriers, and Preferences for Design in Rural Appalachia\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"14\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Substance Use & Misuse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathryn\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Browning\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malvestutto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carlos\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bridges\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"F.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Needle exchange programs, Needle-Exchange Programs/*organization & administration/*statistics & numerical, Sex Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/*psychology, Syringes/*supply & distribution, Young Adult, data, gender, harm reduction, people who inject drugs, rural\",\"pages\":\"2268–2277\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lancaster_syringe_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Syringe {Service} {Program} {Utilization}, {Barriers}, and {Preferences} for {Design} in {Rural} {Appalachia}: {Differences} between {Men} and {Women} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}},\\n\\tvolume = {55},\\n\\tissn = {1082-6084, 1532-2491},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Syringe {Service} {Program} {Utilization}, {Barriers}, and {Preferences} for {Design} in {Rural} {Appalachia}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Substance Use \\\\& Misuse},\\n\\tauthor = {Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Cooper, Hannah L. F. and Browning, Christopher R. and Malvestutto, Carlos D. and Bridges, John F. P. and Young, April M.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Needle exchange programs, Needle-Exchange Programs/*organization \\\\& administration/*statistics \\\\& numerical, Sex Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/*psychology, Syringes/*supply \\\\& distribution, Young Adult, data, gender, harm reduction, people who inject drugs, rural},\\n\\tpages = {2268--2277},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Browning, C. R.\",\"Malvestutto, C. D.\",\"Bridges, J. F. P.\",\"Young, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"lancaster_syringe_2020\",\"id\":\"lancaster_syringe_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lancaster-cooper-browning-malvestutto-bridges-young-syringeserviceprogramutilizationbarriersandpreferencesfordesigninruralappalachiadifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwhoinjectdrugs-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Appalachia\",\"Appalachian Region/epidemiology\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Male\",\"Needle exchange programs\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs/*organization & administration/*statistics & numerical\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology/*psychology\",\"Syringes/*supply & distribution\",\"Young Adult\",\"data\",\"gender\",\"harm reduction\",\"people who inject drugs\",\"rural\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Substance Use Disorder Treatment Providers' Knowledge and Opinions Toward Testing and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in Rural North Carolina\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1935-942X (Print) 2163-8969 (Electronic) 1935-942X (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261\",\"doi\":\"10.1037/rmh0000200\",\"abstract\":\"Poor access to care has made western North Carolina vulnerable to an outbreak of hepatitis C viral infection (HCV), particularly among persons who inject drugs (PWID). As substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers could potentially improve linkage to HCV testing and treatment, we sought to understand SUD providers, clinic and client characteristics; referral patterns; HCV knowledge; willingness to participate in additional trainings; and local linkage-to-care pathways for treatment of substance use and HCV. Online survey data were collected from 78 SUD providers serving PWID in eight western rural North Carolina counties. Providers' attitudes toward working with HCV+ clients were very positive. One-third of providers reported a low fund of knowledge regarding HCV, HCV treatment, and financial assistance opportunities. Non-prescribing providers rarely initiated discussions about HCV testing/treatment, but were receptive to training. Respondents indicated that HCV testing and treatment were best delivered at local health departments or primary care clinics but were open to other venues where PWID access care. The vast majority of prescribing and non-prescribing providers expressed interest in obtaining training in HCV treatments, how to obtain HCV medications and topics on advanced liver disease. Data from prescribing and non-prescribing SUD providers suggest opportunities to develop or expand integrated care models for HCV testing/treatment in PWID in rural Appalachian North Carolina.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Rural Ment Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carpenter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rhea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hennessy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220203\",\"keywords\":\"hepatitis C virus, injection drug use, opioid, questionnaire, survey\",\"pages\":\"162–173\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evon_substance_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Substance {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Providers}' {Knowledge} and {Opinions} {Toward} {Testing} and {Treatment} of {Chronic} {Hepatitis} {C} in {Rural} {North} {Carolina}},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1935-942X (Print) 2163-8969 (Electronic) 1935-942X (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1037/rmh0000200},\\n\\tabstract = {Poor access to care has made western North Carolina vulnerable to an outbreak of hepatitis C viral infection (HCV), particularly among persons who inject drugs (PWID). As substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers could potentially improve linkage to HCV testing and treatment, we sought to understand SUD providers, clinic and client characteristics; referral patterns; HCV knowledge; willingness to participate in additional trainings; and local linkage-to-care pathways for treatment of substance use and HCV. Online survey data were collected from 78 SUD providers serving PWID in eight western rural North Carolina counties. Providers' attitudes toward working with HCV+ clients were very positive. One-third of providers reported a low fund of knowledge regarding HCV, HCV treatment, and financial assistance opportunities. Non-prescribing providers rarely initiated discussions about HCV testing/treatment, but were receptive to training. Respondents indicated that HCV testing and treatment were best delivered at local health departments or primary care clinics but were open to other venues where PWID access care. The vast majority of prescribing and non-prescribing providers expressed interest in obtaining training in HCV treatments, how to obtain HCV medications and topics on advanced liver disease. Data from prescribing and non-prescribing SUD providers suggest opportunities to develop or expand integrated care models for HCV testing/treatment in PWID in rural Appalachian North Carolina.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Rural Ment Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Evon, D. M. and Hurt, C. B. and Carpenter, D. M. and Rhea, S. K. and Hennessy, C. M. and Zule, W. A.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220203},\\n\\tkeywords = {hepatitis C virus, injection drug use, opioid, questionnaire, survey},\\n\\tpages = {162--173},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evon, D. M.\",\"Hurt, C. B.\",\"Carpenter, D. M.\",\"Rhea, S. K.\",\"Hennessy, C. M.\",\"Zule, W. A.\"],\"key\":\"evon_substance_2022\",\"id\":\"evon_substance_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evon-hurt-carpenter-rhea-hennessy-zule-substanceusedisordertreatmentprovidersknowledgeandopinionstowardtestingandtreatmentofchronichepatitiscinruralnorthcarolina-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261\"},\"keyword\":[\"hepatitis C virus\",\"injection drug use\",\"opioid\",\"questionnaire\",\"survey\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Substance use disorder treatment and technology access among people who use drugs in rural areas of the United States: A cross-sectional survey\",\"issn\":\"1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jrh.12737\",\"abstract\":\"PURPOSE: To evaluate how technology access affected substance use disorder (SUD) treatment prior to COVID-19 for people who use drugs in rural areas. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (January 2018-March 2020) was a cross-sectional study of people with prior 30-day injection drug or nonprescribed opioid use from rural areas of 10 states. Using multivariable mixed-effect regression models, we examined associations between participant technology access and SUD treatment. FINDINGS: Of 3,026 participants, 71% used heroin and 76% used methamphetamine. Thirty-five percent had no cell phone and 10% had no prior 30-day internet use. Having both a cell phone and the internet was associated with increased days of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use (aIRR 1.29 [95% CI 1.11-1.52]) and a higher likelihood of SUD counseling in the prior 30 days (aOR 1.28 [95% CI 1.05-1.57]). Lack of cell phone was associated with decreased days of MOUD (aIRR 0.77 [95% CI 0.66-0.91]) and a lower likelihood of prior 30-day SUD counseling (aOR 0.77 [95% CI 0.62-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Expanding US rural SUD treatment engagement via telemedicine may require increased cell phone and mobile network access.\",\"journal\":\"J Rural Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Button\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salisbury-Afshar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20221227\",\"keywords\":\"addiction, opioids, rural health, telemedicine\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{button_substance_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Substance use disorder treatment and technology access among people who use drugs in rural areas of the {United} {States}: {A} cross-sectional survey},\\n\\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12737},\\n\\tabstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate how technology access affected substance use disorder (SUD) treatment prior to COVID-19 for people who use drugs in rural areas. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (January 2018-March 2020) was a cross-sectional study of people with prior 30-day injection drug or nonprescribed opioid use from rural areas of 10 states. Using multivariable mixed-effect regression models, we examined associations between participant technology access and SUD treatment. FINDINGS: Of 3,026 participants, 71\\\\% used heroin and 76\\\\% used methamphetamine. Thirty-five percent had no cell phone and 10\\\\% had no prior 30-day internet use. Having both a cell phone and the internet was associated with increased days of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use (aIRR 1.29 [95\\\\% CI 1.11-1.52]) and a higher likelihood of SUD counseling in the prior 30 days (aOR 1.28 [95\\\\% CI 1.05-1.57]). Lack of cell phone was associated with decreased days of MOUD (aIRR 0.77 [95\\\\% CI 0.66-0.91]) and a lower likelihood of prior 30-day SUD counseling (aOR 0.77 [95\\\\% CI 0.62-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Expanding US rural SUD treatment engagement via telemedicine may require increased cell phone and mobile network access.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Button, D. and Levander, X. A. and Cook, R. R. and Miller, W. C. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. M. and Tsui, J. I. and Ibragimov, U. and Jenkins, W. D. and Westergaard, R. P. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20221227},\\n\\tkeywords = {addiction, opioids, rural health, telemedicine},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Button, D.\",\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Salisbury-Afshar, E. M.\",\"Tsui, J. I.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"button_substance_2022\",\"id\":\"button_substance_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"button-levander-cook-miller-salisburyafshar-tsui-ibragimov-jenkins-etal-substanceusedisordertreatmentandtechnologyaccessamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralareasoftheunitedstatesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145\"},\"keyword\":[\"addiction\",\"opioids\",\"rural health\",\"telemedicine\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Substance use and the HIV care continuum: important advances\",\"volume\":\"13\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640\",\"shorttitle\":\"Substance use and the HIV care continuum\",\"url\":\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Addiction Science & Clinical Practice\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edelman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"Alcoholism/epidemiology/therapy, Anti-Retroviral Agents/*therapeutic use, Continuity of Patient Care/*organization & administration, HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/therapy, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy\",\"pages\":\"13, s13722–018–0114–4\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{korthuis_substance_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Substance use and the {HIV} care continuum: important advances},\\n\\tvolume = {13},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Substance use and the {HIV} care continuum},\\n\\turl = {https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Addiction Science \\\\& Clinical Practice},\\n\\tauthor = {Korthuis, P. Todd and Edelman, E. Jennifer},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {Alcoholism/epidemiology/therapy, Anti-Retroviral Agents/*therapeutic use, Continuity of Patient Care/*organization \\\\& administration, HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/therapy, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy},\\n\\tpages = {13, s13722--018--0114--4},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Edelman, E. J.\"],\"key\":\"korthuis_substance_2018\",\"id\":\"korthuis_substance_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"korthuis-edelman-substanceuseandthehivcarecontinuumimportantadvances-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4\"},\"keyword\":[\"Alcoholism/epidemiology/therapy\",\"Anti-Retroviral Agents/*therapeutic use\",\"Continuity of Patient Care/*organization & administration\",\"HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/therapy\",\"Humans\",\"Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Structural and community changes during COVID-19 and their effects on overdose precursors among rural people who use drugs: a mixed-methods analysis\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-022-00303-8\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Drug overdose rates in the United States have been steadily increasing, particularly in rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation strategies may have increased overdose risk for people who use drugs by impacting social, community, and structural factors. METHODS: The study included a quantitative survey focused on COVID-19 administered to 50 people who use drugs and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 17 people who use drugs, 12 of whom also participated in the quantitative survey. Descriptive statistics were run for the quantitative data. Qualitative coding was line-by-line then grouped thematically. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated during analysis. RESULTS: Findings demonstrate how COVID-19 disruptions at the structural and community level affected outcomes related to mental health and drug use at the individual level. Themes that emerged from the qualitative interviews were (1) lack of employment opportunities, (2) food and housing insecurity, (3) community stigma impacting health service use, (4) mental health strains, and (5) drug market disruptions. Structural and community changes increased anxiety, depression, and loneliness on the individual level, as well as changes in drug use patterns, all of which are likely to increase overdose risk. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic, and mitigation strategies aimed at curbing infection, disrupted communities and lives of people who use drugs. These disruptions altered individual drug use and mental health outcomes, which could increase risk for overdose. We recommend addressing structural and community factors, including developing multi-level interventions, to combat overdose. Trial registration Clinicaltrails.gov: NCT04427202. Registered June 11, 2020: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04427202?term=pho+mai&draw=2&rank=3.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Addict Sci Clin Pract\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Almirol\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grundy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ouellet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ompad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220425\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Drug use, *Ecosocial theory, *Overdose, *Rural, *Social determinants of health, *Social ecological model, *Substance-Related Disorders, *covid-19, Covid-19, Drug use, Ecosocial theory, Humans, Overdose, Pandemics, Rural, Rural Population, Social determinants of health, Social ecological model, United States/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"24\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{walters_structural_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Structural and community changes during {COVID}-19 and their effects on overdose precursors among rural people who use drugs: a mixed-methods analysis},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00303-8},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Drug overdose rates in the United States have been steadily increasing, particularly in rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation strategies may have increased overdose risk for people who use drugs by impacting social, community, and structural factors. METHODS: The study included a quantitative survey focused on COVID-19 administered to 50 people who use drugs and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 17 people who use drugs, 12 of whom also participated in the quantitative survey. Descriptive statistics were run for the quantitative data. Qualitative coding was line-by-line then grouped thematically. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated during analysis. RESULTS: Findings demonstrate how COVID-19 disruptions at the structural and community level affected outcomes related to mental health and drug use at the individual level. Themes that emerged from the qualitative interviews were (1) lack of employment opportunities, (2) food and housing insecurity, (3) community stigma impacting health service use, (4) mental health strains, and (5) drug market disruptions. Structural and community changes increased anxiety, depression, and loneliness on the individual level, as well as changes in drug use patterns, all of which are likely to increase overdose risk. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic, and mitigation strategies aimed at curbing infection, disrupted communities and lives of people who use drugs. These disruptions altered individual drug use and mental health outcomes, which could increase risk for overdose. We recommend addressing structural and community factors, including developing multi-level interventions, to combat overdose. Trial registration Clinicaltrails.gov: NCT04427202. Registered June 11, 2020: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04427202?term=pho+mai\\\\&draw=2\\\\&rank=3.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\\n\\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Bolinski, R. S. and Almirol, E. and Grundy, S. and Fletcher, S. and Schneider, J. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ompad, D. C. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220425},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Drug use, *Ecosocial theory, *Overdose, *Rural, *Social determinants of health, *Social ecological model, *Substance-Related Disorders, *covid-19, Covid-19, Drug use, Ecosocial theory, Humans, Overdose, Pandemics, Rural, Rural Population, Social determinants of health, Social ecological model, United States/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {24},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Walters, S. M.\",\"Bolinski, R. S.\",\"Almirol, E.\",\"Grundy, S.\",\"Fletcher, S.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Ouellet, L. J.\",\"Ompad, D. C.\",\"Jenkins, W.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"walters_structural_2022\",\"id\":\"walters_structural_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"walters-bolinski-almirol-grundy-fletcher-schneider-friedman-ouellet-etal-structuralandcommunitychangesduringcovid19andtheireffectsonoverdoseprecursorsamongruralpeoplewhousedrugsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Drug use\",\"*Ecosocial theory\",\"*Overdose\",\"*Rural\",\"*Social determinants of health\",\"*Social ecological model\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders\",\"*covid-19\",\"Covid-19\",\"Drug use\",\"Ecosocial theory\",\"Humans\",\"Overdose\",\"Pandemics\",\"Rural\",\"Rural Population\",\"Social determinants of health\",\"Social ecological model\",\"United States/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Stigmatize the use, not the user? Attitudes on opioid use, drug injection, treatment, and overdose prevention in rural communities\",\"volume\":\"268\",\"issn\":\"02779536\",\"shorttitle\":\"Stigmatize the use, not the user?\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113470\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Social Science & Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jerel\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Link\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bruce\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/prevention & control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Attitude, Discrimination, Drug injection, Drug use, Harm reduction, Health inequalities, Humans, Illinois, Opioids, Quality of Life, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma\",\"pages\":\"113470\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ezell_stigmatize_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Stigmatize the use, not the user? {Attitudes} on opioid use, drug injection, treatment, and overdose prevention in rural communities},\\n\\tvolume = {268},\\n\\tissn = {02779536},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Stigmatize the use, not the user?},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113470},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Social Science \\\\& Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Ezell, Jerel M. and Walters, Suzan and Friedman, Samuel R. and Bolinski, Rebecca and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Schneider, John and Link, Bruce and Pho, Mai T.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/prevention \\\\& control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Attitude, Discrimination, Drug injection, Drug use, Harm reduction, Health inequalities, Humans, Illinois, Opioids, Quality of Life, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma},\\n\\tpages = {113470},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ezell, J. M.\",\"Walters, S.\",\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Bolinski, R.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Link, B.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"ezell_stigmatize_2021\",\"id\":\"ezell_stigmatize_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ezell-walters-friedman-bolinski-jenkins-schneider-link-pho-stigmatizetheusenottheuserattitudesonopioidusedruginjectiontreatmentandoverdosepreventioninruralcommunities-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/prevention & control\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Attitude\",\"Discrimination\",\"Drug injection\",\"Drug use\",\"Harm reduction\",\"Health inequalities\",\"Humans\",\"Illinois\",\"Opioids\",\"Quality of Life\",\"Rural\",\"Rural Population\",\"Stigma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities: a systematic review\",\"volume\":\"9\",\"issn\":\"1869-6716, 1613-9860\",\"shorttitle\":\"Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities\",\"url\":\"https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/tbm/ibz129\",\"abstract\":\"Successful intervention in rural opioid misuse requires a better understanding of how local social norms and networks, and employment and medical care access, combine to facilitate or hinder individual use.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Translational Behavioral Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ellis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaitlin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zahnd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Whitney\",\"E\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLuckie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colleen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodriguez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christofer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jerel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\",\"D\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Opioid, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Rural, *Rural Population, *Social Networking, *Social Norms, *Social Stigma, *Social networks, *Stigma, Humans, Opioid, Rural, Social networks, Social norms, Stigma\",\"pages\":\"1224–1232\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bolinski_social_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities: a systematic review},\\n\\tvolume = {9},\\n\\tissn = {1869-6716, 1613-9860},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities},\\n\\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1093/tbm/ibz129},\\n\\tabstract = {Successful intervention in rural opioid misuse requires a better understanding of how local social norms and networks, and employment and medical care access, combine to facilitate or hinder individual use.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Translational Behavioral Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Bolinski, Rebecca and Ellis, Kaitlin and Zahnd, Whitney E and Walters, Suzan and McLuckie, Colleen and Schneider, John and Rodriguez, Christofer and Ezell, Jerel and Friedman, Samuel R and Pho, Mai and Jenkins, Wiley D},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Opioid, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Rural, *Rural Population, *Social Networking, *Social Norms, *Social Stigma, *Social networks, *Stigma, Humans, Opioid, Rural, Social networks, Social norms, Stigma},\\n\\tpages = {1224--1232},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bolinski, R.\",\"Ellis, K.\",\"Zahnd, W. E\",\"Walters, S.\",\"McLuckie, C.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Rodriguez, C.\",\"Ezell, J.\",\"Friedman, S. R\",\"Pho, M.\",\"Jenkins, W. D\"],\"key\":\"bolinski_social_2019\",\"id\":\"bolinski_social_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bolinski-ellis-zahnd-walters-mcluckie-schneider-rodriguez-ezell-etal-socialnormsassociatedwithnonmedicalopioiduseinruralcommunitiesasystematicreview-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Opioid\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"*Rural\",\"*Rural Population\",\"*Social Networking\",\"*Social Norms\",\"*Social Stigma\",\"*Social networks\",\"*Stigma\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid\",\"Rural\",\"Social networks\",\"Social norms\",\"Stigma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"\\\"Sobriety equals getting rid of hepatitis C\\\": A qualitative study exploring the interplay of substance use disorder and hepatitis C among hospitalized adults\",\"volume\":\"127\",\"issn\":\"1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108337\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) commonly experience complex illness, psychosocial stressors, housing insecurity, and stigma, which may play key roles in their struggles with addiction. In a study of hospitalized PWUD with hepatitis C virus infection (HCV), participants described treating HCV as \\\"part of recovery.\\\" These findings led us to explore how hospitalization and acute illness altered patients' perceptions of substance use disorder (SUD) and HCV. METHODS: Researchers audio recorded in-depth semi-structured individual interviews of 27 hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV seen by an addiction consult service (ACS) at an urban academic medical center between June and November 2019. Research staff transcribed interviews and dual coded them deductively and inductively at the semantic level. Researchers used a matrix visualization to discern relationships among codes and conducted a thematic analysis. RESULTS: Many participants believed addictions treatment should precede an HCV cure for varying reasons. Some wanted to avoid reinfection; others believed \\\"getting clean\\\" afforded the mental clarity to address health issues, including HCV. Patients newly engaged in SUD treatment described HCV treatment as a \\\"step towards recovery\\\" and could serve as motivation to continue SUD treatment. Participants believed HCV cure could facilitate sobriety by \\\"mentally putting drugs in the past\\\" and was a future-oriented action toward \\\"better health.\\\" Many participants described the compounded stigma of having HCV infection and SUD by multiple groups, including friends/family who do not use drugs, other drug users, and health care workers. CONCLUSION: Hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV believed addictions engagement should precede HCV treatment and HCV cure could play an important role in their \\\"recovery\\\" journey. Discussing HCV treatment during hospitalization may be an opportunity to support engagement in SUD treatment and targets an untreated patient population critical for achieving HCV elimination.\",\"journal\":\"J Subst Abuse Treat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vega\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8217723\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C virus, *Hospital, *Qualitative research, *Substance-Related Disorders, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Humans, Qualitative Research, Substance-related disorders\",\"pages\":\"108337\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vega_sobriety_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {\\\"{Sobriety} equals getting rid of hepatitis {C}\\\": {A} qualitative study exploring the interplay of substance use disorder and hepatitis {C} among hospitalized adults},\\n\\tvolume = {127},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108337},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) commonly experience complex illness, psychosocial stressors, housing insecurity, and stigma, which may play key roles in their struggles with addiction. In a study of hospitalized PWUD with hepatitis C virus infection (HCV), participants described treating HCV as \\\"part of recovery.\\\" These findings led us to explore how hospitalization and acute illness altered patients' perceptions of substance use disorder (SUD) and HCV. METHODS: Researchers audio recorded in-depth semi-structured individual interviews of 27 hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV seen by an addiction consult service (ACS) at an urban academic medical center between June and November 2019. Research staff transcribed interviews and dual coded them deductively and inductively at the semantic level. Researchers used a matrix visualization to discern relationships among codes and conducted a thematic analysis. RESULTS: Many participants believed addictions treatment should precede an HCV cure for varying reasons. Some wanted to avoid reinfection; others believed \\\"getting clean\\\" afforded the mental clarity to address health issues, including HCV. Patients newly engaged in SUD treatment described HCV treatment as a \\\"step towards recovery\\\" and could serve as motivation to continue SUD treatment. Participants believed HCV cure could facilitate sobriety by \\\"mentally putting drugs in the past\\\" and was a future-oriented action toward \\\"better health.\\\" Many participants described the compounded stigma of having HCV infection and SUD by multiple groups, including friends/family who do not use drugs, other drug users, and health care workers. CONCLUSION: Hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV believed addictions engagement should precede HCV treatment and HCV cure could play an important role in their \\\"recovery\\\" journey. Discussing HCV treatment during hospitalization may be an opportunity to support engagement in SUD treatment and targets an untreated patient population critical for achieving HCV elimination.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\\n\\tauthor = {Vega, T. A. and Levander, X. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8217723},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C virus, *Hospital, *Qualitative research, *Substance-Related Disorders, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Humans, Qualitative Research, Substance-related disorders},\\n\\tpages = {108337},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vega, T. A.\",\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Seaman, A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Englander, H.\"],\"key\":\"vega_sobriety_2021\",\"id\":\"vega_sobriety_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vega-levander-seaman-korthuis-englander-sobrietyequalsgettingridofhepatitiscaqualitativestudyexploringtheinterplayofsubstanceusedisorderandhepatitiscamonghospitalizedadults-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Users\",\"*Hepatitis C\",\"*Hepatitis C virus\",\"*Hospital\",\"*Qualitative research\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders\",\"Adult\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hepatitis C virus\",\"Hospital\",\"Humans\",\"Qualitative Research\",\"Substance-related disorders\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Simulating the impact of Addiction Consult Services in the context of drug supply contamination, hospitalizations, and drug-related mortality\",\"volume\":\"100\",\"issn\":\"1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103525\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is increasing in international drug supply chains, and IMF-related opioid overdose deaths are rising in North America. Hospitalizations among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are also rising; and, hospitalized patients are at increased risk of overdose and death following hospital discharge. Hospitalization is a key opportunity to engage patients with OUD. Addiction consult services (ACS) can provide effective treatment for patients hospitalized with OUD. This study aims to estimate the effect of increasing IMF contamination on drug-related death among patients hospitalized with OUD, and simulate the role of ACS expansion to mitigate these effects. METHODS: We used a Markov model to mirror care systems for adult patients hospitalized with OUD in Oregon, from the time of hospital admission through 12-months post-discharge, and simulated patients through modeled care systems to evaluate the expansion of Addiction Consult Services in the context of increasing IMF in the drug supply. RESULTS: In a simulated cohort of 10,000 patients, we estimate that 537 patients would die from drug-related causes within 12-months of hospital discharge. In the context of increased IMF in the drug supply, this estimate increased to 913. ACS referral at baseline was 4%; increasing ACS referral to accommodate 10%, 50%, or 100% of hospitalized OUD patients in the state reduces drug-related deaths to 904, 849, and 780, respectively. The number needed to treat for ACS to avoid one drug-related death in the context of increased IMF was 73. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals should expand interventions to help reduce IMF-related opioid overdoses, including through implementation of ACS. In the context of rising IMF-related deaths, ACS expansion could help connect patients to treatment, offer harm reduction interventions, or both, which can help reduce the risk of opioid-related death.\",\"journal\":\"Int J Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wheelock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20211124\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Drug overdose, *Fentanyl, *Harm Reduction, *Hospitalization, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Opioid-related disorders, *Patient Discharge, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Hospitalization, Humans, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation\",\"pages\":\"103525\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{king_simulating_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Simulating the impact of {Addiction} {Consult} {Services} in the context of drug supply contamination, hospitalizations, and drug-related mortality},\\n\\tvolume = {100},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103525},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is increasing in international drug supply chains, and IMF-related opioid overdose deaths are rising in North America. Hospitalizations among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are also rising; and, hospitalized patients are at increased risk of overdose and death following hospital discharge. Hospitalization is a key opportunity to engage patients with OUD. Addiction consult services (ACS) can provide effective treatment for patients hospitalized with OUD. This study aims to estimate the effect of increasing IMF contamination on drug-related death among patients hospitalized with OUD, and simulate the role of ACS expansion to mitigate these effects. METHODS: We used a Markov model to mirror care systems for adult patients hospitalized with OUD in Oregon, from the time of hospital admission through 12-months post-discharge, and simulated patients through modeled care systems to evaluate the expansion of Addiction Consult Services in the context of increasing IMF in the drug supply. RESULTS: In a simulated cohort of 10,000 patients, we estimate that 537 patients would die from drug-related causes within 12-months of hospital discharge. In the context of increased IMF in the drug supply, this estimate increased to 913. ACS referral at baseline was 4\\\\%; increasing ACS referral to accommodate 10\\\\%, 50\\\\%, or 100\\\\% of hospitalized OUD patients in the state reduces drug-related deaths to 904, 849, and 780, respectively. The number needed to treat for ACS to avoid one drug-related death in the context of increased IMF was 73. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals should expand interventions to help reduce IMF-related opioid overdoses, including through implementation of ACS. In the context of rising IMF-related deaths, ACS expansion could help connect patients to treatment, offer harm reduction interventions, or both, which can help reduce the risk of opioid-related death.},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {King, C. A. and Cook, R. and Wheelock, H. and Korthuis, P. T. and Leahy, J. M. and Goff, A. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20211124},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Drug overdose, *Fentanyl, *Harm Reduction, *Hospitalization, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Opioid-related disorders, *Patient Discharge, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Hospitalization, Humans, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation},\\n\\tpages = {103525},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"King, C. A.\",\"Cook, R.\",\"Wheelock, H.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Goff, A.\",\"Morris, C. D.\",\"Englander, H.\"],\"key\":\"king_simulating_2022\",\"id\":\"king_simulating_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"king-cook-wheelock-korthuis-leahy-goff-morris-englander-simulatingtheimpactofaddictionconsultservicesinthecontextofdrugsupplycontaminationhospitalizationsanddrugrelatedmortality-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy\",\"*Drug overdose\",\"*Fentanyl\",\"*Harm Reduction\",\"*Hospitalization\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"*Opioid-related disorders\",\"*Patient Discharge\",\"Adult\",\"Aftercare\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/adverse effects\",\"Fentanyl/adverse effects\",\"Hospitalization\",\"Humans\",\"Patient Discharge\",\"Referral and Consultation\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Sexually Transmitted Infection Epidemiology and Care in Rural Areas: A Narrative Review\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001512\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Although rural areas contain approximately 19% of the US population, little research has explored sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk and how urban-developed interventions may be suitable in more population-thin areas. Although STI rates vary across rural areas, these areas share diminishing access to screening and limited rural-specific testing of STI interventions. METHODS: This narrative review uses a political ecology model of health and explores 4 domains influencing STI risk and screening: epidemiology, health services, political and economic, and social. Articles describing aspects of rural STI epidemiology, screening access and use, and intervention utility within these domains were found by a search of PubMed. RESULTS: Epidemiology contributes to risk via multiple means, such as the presence of increased-risk populations and the at-times disproportionate impact of the opioid/drug use epidemic. Rural health services are diminishing in quantity, often have lesser accessibility, and may be stigmatizing to those needing services. Local political and economic influences include funding decisions, variable enforcement of laws/statutes, and systemic prevention of harm reduction services. Social norms such as stigma and discrimination can prevent individuals from seeking appropriate care, and also lessen individual self-efficacy to reduce personal risk. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually transmitted infection in rural areas is significant in scope and facing diminished prevention opportunities and resources. Although many STI interventions have been developed and piloted, few have been tested to scale or operationalized in rural areas. By considering rural STI risk reduction within a holistic model, purposeful exploration of interventions tailored to rural environments may be explored.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"Sex Transm Dis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pearson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8595853\",\"keywords\":\"*Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control, Humans, Mass Screening, Risk Reduction Behavior, Rural Population\",\"pages\":\"e236–e240\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jenkins_sexually_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Sexually {Transmitted} {Infection} {Epidemiology} and {Care} in {Rural} {Areas}: {A} {Narrative} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001512},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Although rural areas contain approximately 19\\\\% of the US population, little research has explored sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk and how urban-developed interventions may be suitable in more population-thin areas. Although STI rates vary across rural areas, these areas share diminishing access to screening and limited rural-specific testing of STI interventions. METHODS: This narrative review uses a political ecology model of health and explores 4 domains influencing STI risk and screening: epidemiology, health services, political and economic, and social. Articles describing aspects of rural STI epidemiology, screening access and use, and intervention utility within these domains were found by a search of PubMed. RESULTS: Epidemiology contributes to risk via multiple means, such as the presence of increased-risk populations and the at-times disproportionate impact of the opioid/drug use epidemic. Rural health services are diminishing in quantity, often have lesser accessibility, and may be stigmatizing to those needing services. Local political and economic influences include funding decisions, variable enforcement of laws/statutes, and systemic prevention of harm reduction services. Social norms such as stigma and discrimination can prevent individuals from seeking appropriate care, and also lessen individual self-efficacy to reduce personal risk. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually transmitted infection in rural areas is significant in scope and facing diminished prevention opportunities and resources. Although many STI interventions have been developed and piloted, few have been tested to scale or operationalized in rural areas. By considering rural STI risk reduction within a holistic model, purposeful exploration of interventions tailored to rural environments may be explored.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {Sex Transm Dis},\\n\\tauthor = {Jenkins, W. D. and Williams, L. D. and Pearson, W. S.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8595853},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, Humans, Mass Screening, Risk Reduction Behavior, Rural Population},\\n\\tpages = {e236--e240},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Williams, L. D.\",\"Pearson, W. S.\"],\"key\":\"jenkins_sexually_2021\",\"id\":\"jenkins_sexually_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jenkins-williams-pearson-sexuallytransmittedinfectionepidemiologyandcareinruralareasanarrativereview-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"Humans\",\"Mass Screening\",\"Risk Reduction Behavior\",\"Rural Population\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Sex Differences in Characteristics of Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Multicenter Study\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"issn\":\"2077-0383 (Print) 2077-0383 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/jcm11123514\",\"abstract\":\"Infectious diseases like infective endocarditis (IE) may manifest or progress differently between sexes. This study sought to identify the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics among male and female patients with IE. Data were obtained from a newly developed registry comprising all adult patients with first IE admission at the four major tertiary cardiovascular centers in West Virginia, USA during 2014-2018. Patient characteristics were compared between males and females using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A secondary analysis was restricted to IE patients with drug use only. Among 780 unique patients (390 males, 390 females), significantly more women (a) were younger than males (median age 34.9 vs. 41.4, p &lt; 0.001); (b) reported drug use (77.7% vs. 64.1%, p &lt; 0.001); (c) had tricuspid valve endocarditis (46.4% vs. 30.8%, p &lt; 0.001); and (d) were discharged against medical advice (20% vs. 9.5%, p &lt; 0.001). These differences persisted even within the subgroup of patients with drug use-associated IE. In a state with one of the highest incidences of drug use and overdose deaths, the significantly higher incident IE cases in younger women and higher proportion of women leaving treatment against medical advice are striking. Differential characteristics between male and female patients are important to inform strategies for specialized treatment and care.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"J Clin Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhandari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tiwari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alexander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Annie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaleem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Irfan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wiener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nanjundappa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bates\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thompson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fisher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220618\",\"keywords\":\"West Virginia, electronic medical records, infective endocarditis, male-female differences, sex\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bhandari_sex_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Sex {Differences} in {Characteristics} of {Patients} with {Infective} {Endocarditis}: {A} {Multicenter} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tissn = {2077-0383 (Print) 2077-0383 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/jcm11123514},\\n\\tabstract = {Infectious diseases like infective endocarditis (IE) may manifest or progress differently between sexes. This study sought to identify the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics among male and female patients with IE. Data were obtained from a newly developed registry comprising all adult patients with first IE admission at the four major tertiary cardiovascular centers in West Virginia, USA during 2014-2018. Patient characteristics were compared between males and females using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A secondary analysis was restricted to IE patients with drug use only. Among 780 unique patients (390 males, 390 females), significantly more women (a) were younger than males (median age 34.9 vs. 41.4, p \\\\&lt; 0.001); (b) reported drug use (77.7\\\\% vs. 64.1\\\\%, p \\\\&lt; 0.001); (c) had tricuspid valve endocarditis (46.4\\\\% vs. 30.8\\\\%, p \\\\&lt; 0.001); and (d) were discharged against medical advice (20\\\\% vs. 9.5\\\\%, p \\\\&lt; 0.001). These differences persisted even within the subgroup of patients with drug use-associated IE. In a state with one of the highest incidences of drug use and overdose deaths, the significantly higher incident IE cases in younger women and higher proportion of women leaving treatment against medical advice are striking. Differential characteristics between male and female patients are important to inform strategies for specialized treatment and care.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {J Clin Med},\\n\\tauthor = {Bhandari, R. and Tiwari, S. and Alexander, T. and Annie, F. H. and Kaleem, U. and Irfan, A. and Balla, S. and Wiener, R. C. and Cook, C. and Nanjundappa, A. and Bates, M. and Thompson, E. and Smith, G. S. and Feinberg, J. and Fisher, M. A.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220618},\\n\\tkeywords = {West Virginia, electronic medical records, infective endocarditis, male-female differences, sex},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bhandari, R.\",\"Tiwari, S.\",\"Alexander, T.\",\"Annie, F. H.\",\"Kaleem, U.\",\"Irfan, A.\",\"Balla, S.\",\"Wiener, R. C.\",\"Cook, C.\",\"Nanjundappa, A.\",\"Bates, M.\",\"Thompson, E.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Feinberg, J.\",\"Fisher, M. A.\"],\"key\":\"bhandari_sex_2022\",\"id\":\"bhandari_sex_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhandari-tiwari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-etal-sexdifferencesincharacteristicsofpatientswithinfectiveendocarditisamulticenterstudy-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584\"},\"keyword\":[\"West Virginia\",\"electronic medical records\",\"infective endocarditis\",\"male-female differences\",\"sex\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: A multidimensional, spatial perspective\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"shorttitle\":\"Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102727\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kolak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marynia\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yen-Tyng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Joyce\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ellis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaitlin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Defever\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kali\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLuckie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colleen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sam\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Harm Reduction, Humans, Opioid overdose, Regionalization, Rural Population, Rural risk environment, Spatial analysis\",\"pages\":\"102727\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{kolak_rural_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: {A} multidimensional, spatial perspective},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102727},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Kolak, Marynia A. and Chen, Yen-Tyng and Joyce, Sam and Ellis, Kaitlin and Defever, Kali and McLuckie, Colleen and Friedman, Sam and Pho, Mai T.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Harm Reduction, Humans, Opioid overdose, Regionalization, Rural Population, Rural risk environment, Spatial analysis},\\n\\tpages = {102727},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Kolak, M. A.\",\"Chen, Y.\",\"Joyce, S.\",\"Ellis, K.\",\"Defever, K.\",\"McLuckie, C.\",\"Friedman, S.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"kolak_rural_2020\",\"id\":\"kolak_rural_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"kolak-chen-joyce-ellis-defever-mcluckie-friedman-pho-ruralriskenvironmentsopioidrelatedoverdoseandinfectiousdiseasesamultidimensionalspatialperspective-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology\",\"*Hepatitis C/epidemiology\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Harm Reduction\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid overdose\",\"Regionalization\",\"Rural Population\",\"Rural risk environment\",\"Spatial analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rural risk environments for hepatitis c among young adults in appalachian kentucky\",\"volume\":\"72\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cloud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Umedjon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Harm Reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Kentucky, *Opioid, *Risk environment, *Rural, *Rural Population, Adult, Appalachian Region, Female, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology/transmission, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Kentucky, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Risk environment, Risk-Taking, Rural, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications/epidemiology, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"47–54\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cloud_rural_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Rural risk environments for hepatitis c among young adults in appalachian kentucky},\\n\\tvolume = {72},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Cloud, David H. and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Prood, Nadya and Young, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Harm Reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Kentucky, *Opioid, *Risk environment, *Rural, *Rural Population, Adult, Appalachian Region, Female, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology/transmission, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Kentucky, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Risk environment, Risk-Taking, Rural, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications/epidemiology, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {47--54},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cloud, D. H.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Prood, N.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L.\"],\"key\":\"cloud_rural_2019\",\"id\":\"cloud_rural_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cloud-ibragimov-prood-young-cooper-ruralriskenvironmentsforhepatitiscamongyoungadultsinappalachiankentucky-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Harm Reduction\",\"*Hepatitis C\",\"*Kentucky\",\"*Opioid\",\"*Risk environment\",\"*Rural\",\"*Rural Population\",\"Adult\",\"Appalachian Region\",\"Female\",\"Hepatitis C\",\"Hepatitis C/*epidemiology/transmission\",\"Humans\",\"Interviews as Topic\",\"Kentucky\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Male\",\"Opioid\",\"Risk environment\",\"Risk-Taking\",\"Rural\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/*complications/epidemiology\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Rural opioid treatment program patient perspectives on take-home methadone policy changes during COVID-19: a qualitative thematic analysis\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-021-00281-3\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: In the United States, methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly regulated. Federal agencies announced guidelines in March 2020 allowing for relaxation of take-home methadone dispensing at opioid treatment programs (OTPs) to improve treatment access and reduce COVID-19 transmission risk during the public health emergency. We explored patient perspectives at three OTPs serving rural communities on how take-home policy changes were received and implemented and how these changes impacted their addiction treatment and recovery. METHODS: We completed semi-structured individual qualitative interviews in 2 phases: (1) August-October 2020 and (2) November 2020-January 2021 (total n = 46), anticipating possible policy changes as the pandemic progressed. We interviewed patients with OUD enrolled at 3 rural OTPs in Oregon. Participants received varying take-home methadone allowances following the COVID-19-related policy changes. All interviews were conducted via phone, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We conducted a thematic analysis, iteratively coding transcripts, and deductively and inductively generating codes. RESULTS: The 46 participants included 50% women and 89% had Medicaid insurance. Three main themes emerged in the analysis, with no differences between study phases: (1) Adapting to changing OTP policies throughout the pandemic; (2) Recognizing the benefits, and occasional struggles, with increased take-home methadone dosing; and (3) Continuing policies and procedures post-pandemic. Participants described fears and anxieties around ongoing methadone access and safety concerns prior to OTP policy changes, but quickly adapted as protocols soon seemed \\\"natural.\\\" The majority of participants acknowledged significant benefits to increased take-homes independent of reducing COVID-19 infection risk including feeling \\\"more like a normal person,\\\" improved recovery support, reduced time traveling, and having more time with family and for work. Looking to a post-pandemic future, participants thought some COVID-19-related safety protocols should continue that would reduce risk of other infections, make OTP settings less stressful, and result in more individualized care. CONCLUSIONS: As the pandemic progressed, study participants adapted to rapidly changing OTP policies. Participants noted many unanticipated benefits to increased take-home methadone and other COVID-19 protocols including strengthened self-efficacy and recovery and reduced interpersonal conflict, with limited evidence of diversion. Patient perspectives should inform future policies to better address the ongoing overdose epidemic.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Addict Sci Clin Pract\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McIlveen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Terashima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8665717\",\"keywords\":\"*Addiction medicine, *Analgesics, Opioid, *Methadone, *Qualitative research, *Rural, *Substance-related disorder, *covid-19, Addiction medicine, Covid-19, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Policy, Qualitative research, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Substance-related disorder, United States\",\"pages\":\"72\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{levander_rural_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Rural opioid treatment program patient perspectives on take-home methadone policy changes during {COVID}-19: a qualitative thematic analysis},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-021-00281-3},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: In the United States, methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly regulated. Federal agencies announced guidelines in March 2020 allowing for relaxation of take-home methadone dispensing at opioid treatment programs (OTPs) to improve treatment access and reduce COVID-19 transmission risk during the public health emergency. We explored patient perspectives at three OTPs serving rural communities on how take-home policy changes were received and implemented and how these changes impacted their addiction treatment and recovery. METHODS: We completed semi-structured individual qualitative interviews in 2 phases: (1) August-October 2020 and (2) November 2020-January 2021 (total n = 46), anticipating possible policy changes as the pandemic progressed. We interviewed patients with OUD enrolled at 3 rural OTPs in Oregon. Participants received varying take-home methadone allowances following the COVID-19-related policy changes. All interviews were conducted via phone, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We conducted a thematic analysis, iteratively coding transcripts, and deductively and inductively generating codes. RESULTS: The 46 participants included 50\\\\% women and 89\\\\% had Medicaid insurance. Three main themes emerged in the analysis, with no differences between study phases: (1) Adapting to changing OTP policies throughout the pandemic; (2) Recognizing the benefits, and occasional struggles, with increased take-home methadone dosing; and (3) Continuing policies and procedures post-pandemic. Participants described fears and anxieties around ongoing methadone access and safety concerns prior to OTP policy changes, but quickly adapted as protocols soon seemed \\\"natural.\\\" The majority of participants acknowledged significant benefits to increased take-homes independent of reducing COVID-19 infection risk including feeling \\\"more like a normal person,\\\" improved recovery support, reduced time traveling, and having more time with family and for work. Looking to a post-pandemic future, participants thought some COVID-19-related safety protocols should continue that would reduce risk of other infections, make OTP settings less stressful, and result in more individualized care. CONCLUSIONS: As the pandemic progressed, study participants adapted to rapidly changing OTP policies. Participants noted many unanticipated benefits to increased take-home methadone and other COVID-19 protocols including strengthened self-efficacy and recovery and reduced interpersonal conflict, with limited evidence of diversion. Patient perspectives should inform future policies to better address the ongoing overdose epidemic.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\\n\\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Hoffman, K. A. and McIlveen, J. W. and McCarty, D. and Terashima, J. P. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8665717},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Addiction medicine, *Analgesics, Opioid, *Methadone, *Qualitative research, *Rural, *Substance-related disorder, *covid-19, Addiction medicine, Covid-19, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Policy, Qualitative research, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Substance-related disorder, United States},\\n\\tpages = {72},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Hoffman, K. A.\",\"McIlveen, J. W.\",\"McCarty, D.\",\"Terashima, J. P.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"levander_rural_2021\",\"id\":\"levander_rural_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"levander-hoffman-mcilveen-mccarty-terashima-korthuis-ruralopioidtreatmentprogrampatientperspectivesontakehomemethadonepolicychangesduringcovid19aqualitativethematicanalysis-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Addiction medicine\",\"*Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"*Methadone\",\"*Qualitative research\",\"*Rural\",\"*Substance-related disorder\",\"*covid-19\",\"Addiction medicine\",\"Covid-19\",\"Humans\",\"Methadone\",\"Methadone/therapeutic use\",\"Policy\",\"Qualitative research\",\"Rural\",\"Rural Population\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"Substance-related disorder\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Risk factors associated with driving under the influence of drugs in the USA\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"1475-5785 (Electronic) 1353-8047 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044015\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a burgeoning public health concern in the USA. Because little is known about individuals who engage in DUID, the purpose of this study was to analyse potential sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors associated with the behaviour. METHODS: Self-reported data from drivers \\\\textgreater/=18 years of age who ever used drugs and participated in the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used. Characteristics of those who reported to engage and not engage in DUID were compared via frequencies, percentages and logistic regression analyses, which accounted for the multistage survey design. RESULTS: Among eligible respondents, 10.4% (weighted n=117 275 154) reported DUID. DUID was higher among those aged 18-25 year (34%), males (65%), unmarried individuals (61%), lesbian/gay/bisexuals (13%), those whom abused or were drug dependent (45%), engaged in numerous risky lifestyle behaviours (12%) and those taking medication for a mental health issue (22%). Nearly 20% and 6% of respondents engaged in DUID abused or were dependent on marijuana or methamphetamine, respectively. The adjusted odds of DUID were greatest among those 18-25 years of age (OR 3.7; 95% CI 2.8 to 5.0), those never/not married (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5 to 2.2), those who abused or were drug dependent (OR 4.0; 95% CI 3.5 to 4.7), exhibited riskier lifestyle behaviours (OR 8.0; 95% CI 5.9 to 11.0), were employed (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) or lesbian/gay/bisexuals (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: DUID was common among some population sub-groups who may benefit from intervention.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"Inj Prev\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudisill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8190186\",\"keywords\":\"*Automobile Driving, *Driving Under the Influence, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *cross sectional study, *drugs, *risk factor research, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"514–520\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rudisill_risk_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Risk factors associated with driving under the influence of drugs in the {USA}},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {1475-5785 (Electronic) 1353-8047 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044015},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a burgeoning public health concern in the USA. Because little is known about individuals who engage in DUID, the purpose of this study was to analyse potential sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors associated with the behaviour. METHODS: Self-reported data from drivers {\\\\textgreater}/=18 years of age who ever used drugs and participated in the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used. Characteristics of those who reported to engage and not engage in DUID were compared via frequencies, percentages and logistic regression analyses, which accounted for the multistage survey design. RESULTS: Among eligible respondents, 10.4\\\\% (weighted n=117 275 154) reported DUID. DUID was higher among those aged 18-25 year (34\\\\%), males (65\\\\%), unmarried individuals (61\\\\%), lesbian/gay/bisexuals (13\\\\%), those whom abused or were drug dependent (45\\\\%), engaged in numerous risky lifestyle behaviours (12\\\\%) and those taking medication for a mental health issue (22\\\\%). Nearly 20\\\\% and 6\\\\% of respondents engaged in DUID abused or were dependent on marijuana or methamphetamine, respectively. The adjusted odds of DUID were greatest among those 18-25 years of age (OR 3.7; 95\\\\% CI 2.8 to 5.0), those never/not married (OR 1.8; 95\\\\% CI 1.5 to 2.2), those who abused or were drug dependent (OR 4.0; 95\\\\% CI 3.5 to 4.7), exhibited riskier lifestyle behaviours (OR 8.0; 95\\\\% CI 5.9 to 11.0), were employed (OR 1.3; 95\\\\% CI 1.1 to 1.6) or lesbian/gay/bisexuals (OR 1.4; 95\\\\% CI 1.1 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: DUID was common among some population sub-groups who may benefit from intervention.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {Inj Prev},\\n\\tauthor = {Rudisill, T. M. and Smith, G. S.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8190186},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Automobile Driving, *Driving Under the Influence, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *cross sectional study, *drugs, *risk factor research, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {514--520},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rudisill, T. M.\",\"Smith, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"rudisill_risk_2021\",\"id\":\"rudisill_risk_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rudisill-smith-riskfactorsassociatedwithdrivingundertheinfluenceofdrugsintheusa-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Automobile Driving\",\"*Driving Under the Influence\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"*cross sectional study\",\"*drugs\",\"*risk factor research\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Reduction in Oregon's Medication Dosing Visits After the SARS-CoV-2 Relaxation of Restrictions on Take-home Medication\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000000812\",\"abstract\":\"To slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in opioid treatment programs (OTPs), SAMHSA notified State Opioid Treatment Authorities that stable patients could receive up to 27 days of take-homes, less stable patients could receive up to 13 days with fewer take-homes for other patients. An analysis assessed how the relaxed standards affected the number of patient dosing visits and the amount of take-home medications dispensed in Oregon's 20 public, nonprofit, and for-profit OTPs. OTPs reported the number of patients receiving take homes pre and post federal policy change at 3 time points: pre SARS-CoV-2 (February or first half of March), post 1 SARS-CoV-2 (March, April, or May), and post 2 SARS-CoV-2 (April, May, or June). The patients receiving each quantity of take-homes were counted and means calculated for visits and take-homes per patient per month. A negative binomial mixed-effects regression model assessed change in mean dosing visits per patient. During the pre SARS-CoV-2 period, OTPs served 7792 patients monthly with 120,513 medication visits and dispensed 44,883 take-home doses. Mean patient visits per month were 15.5 with 5.8 take-homes per patient per month. Following the policy change, medication visits declined 33% and take-home medication increased 97% with 10.4 mean visits per patient and 11.3 mean take-homes per patient. The negative binomial mixed-effects regression model estimated a 54% reduction in mean visits per patient. The policy change had the intended effect. More research is needed to assess unintended consequences associated with increased access to take-home medication.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"J Addict Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McIlveen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Priest\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8339128\",\"keywords\":\"*SARS-CoV-2, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Oregon\",\"pages\":\"516–518\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcilveen_reduction_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Reduction in {Oregon}'s {Medication} {Dosing} {Visits} {After} the {SARS}-{CoV}-2 {Relaxation} of {Restrictions} on {Take}-home {Medication}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000812},\\n\\tabstract = {To slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in opioid treatment programs (OTPs), SAMHSA notified State Opioid Treatment Authorities that stable patients could receive up to 27 days of take-homes, less stable patients could receive up to 13 days with fewer take-homes for other patients. An analysis assessed how the relaxed standards affected the number of patient dosing visits and the amount of take-home medications dispensed in Oregon's 20 public, nonprofit, and for-profit OTPs. OTPs reported the number of patients receiving take homes pre and post federal policy change at 3 time points: pre SARS-CoV-2 (February or first half of March), post 1 SARS-CoV-2 (March, April, or May), and post 2 SARS-CoV-2 (April, May, or June). The patients receiving each quantity of take-homes were counted and means calculated for visits and take-homes per patient per month. A negative binomial mixed-effects regression model assessed change in mean dosing visits per patient. During the pre SARS-CoV-2 period, OTPs served 7792 patients monthly with 120,513 medication visits and dispensed 44,883 take-home doses. Mean patient visits per month were 15.5 with 5.8 take-homes per patient per month. Following the policy change, medication visits declined 33\\\\% and take-home medication increased 97\\\\% with 10.4 mean visits per patient and 11.3 mean take-homes per patient. The negative binomial mixed-effects regression model estimated a 54\\\\% reduction in mean visits per patient. The policy change had the intended effect. More research is needed to assess unintended consequences associated with increased access to take-home medication.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\\n\\tauthor = {McIlveen, J. W. and Hoffman, K. and Priest, K. C. and Choi, D. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8339128},\\n\\tkeywords = {*SARS-CoV-2, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Oregon},\\n\\tpages = {516--518},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McIlveen, J. W.\",\"Hoffman, K.\",\"Priest, K. C.\",\"Choi, D.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"McCarty, D.\"],\"key\":\"mcilveen_reduction_2021\",\"id\":\"mcilveen_reduction_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcilveen-hoffman-priest-choi-korthuis-mccarty-reductioninoregonsmedicationdosingvisitsafterthesarscov2relaxationofrestrictionsontakehomemedication-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*SARS-CoV-2\",\"*covid-19\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Humans\",\"Oregon\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder\",\"volume\":\"231\",\"issn\":\"1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109254\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) when offered in community-based settings, but evidence is limited for incarcerated populations, particularly in relation to recidivism. In Massachusetts, Franklin County jail (FCSO) was among the first to provide buprenorphine; adjacent Hampshire County jail (HCHC) offered it more recently. These jails present a natural experiment to determine whether outcomes are different between individuals who did and did not have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine in jail. METHODS: We examined outcomes of all incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder (n = 469) who did (FCSO n = 197) and did not (HCHC n = 272) have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine. The primary outcome was post-release recidivism, defined as time from jail exit to a recidivism event (incarceration, probation violation, arraignment). Using Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated site as a predictor, controlling for covariates. We also examined post-release deaths. RESULTS: Fewer FCSO than HCHC individuals recidivated (48.2% vs. 62.5%; p = 0.001); fewer FCSO individuals were re-arraigned (36.0% vs. 47.1%; p = 0.046) or re-incarcerated (21.3% vs. 39.0%; p \\\\textless 0.0001). Recidivism risk was lower in the FCSO group (hazard ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.56, 0.89; p = 0.003), net of covariates (adjusted hazard ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.53, 0.86; p = 0.001). At each site, 3% of participants died. CONCLUSIONS: Among incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder, risk of recidivism after jail exit is lower among those who were offered buprenorphine during incarceration. Findings support the growing movement in jails nationwide to offer buprenorphine and other agonist medications for opioid use disorder.\",\"journal\":\"Drug Alcohol Depend\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220118\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine, *Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Criminal justice settings, *Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), *Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Mortality, *Naltrexone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Recidivism, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), Mortality, Naltrexone, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Recidivism\",\"pages\":\"109254\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evans_recidivism_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder},\\n\\tvolume = {231},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109254},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) when offered in community-based settings, but evidence is limited for incarcerated populations, particularly in relation to recidivism. In Massachusetts, Franklin County jail (FCSO) was among the first to provide buprenorphine; adjacent Hampshire County jail (HCHC) offered it more recently. These jails present a natural experiment to determine whether outcomes are different between individuals who did and did not have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine in jail. METHODS: We examined outcomes of all incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder (n = 469) who did (FCSO n = 197) and did not (HCHC n = 272) have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine. The primary outcome was post-release recidivism, defined as time from jail exit to a recidivism event (incarceration, probation violation, arraignment). Using Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated site as a predictor, controlling for covariates. We also examined post-release deaths. RESULTS: Fewer FCSO than HCHC individuals recidivated (48.2\\\\% vs. 62.5\\\\%; p = 0.001); fewer FCSO individuals were re-arraigned (36.0\\\\% vs. 47.1\\\\%; p = 0.046) or re-incarcerated (21.3\\\\% vs. 39.0\\\\%; p {\\\\textless} 0.0001). Recidivism risk was lower in the FCSO group (hazard ratio 0.71, 95\\\\% confidence interval 0.56, 0.89; p = 0.003), net of covariates (adjusted hazard ratio 0.68, 95\\\\% confidence interval 0.53, 0.86; p = 0.001). At each site, 3\\\\% of participants died. CONCLUSIONS: Among incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder, risk of recidivism after jail exit is lower among those who were offered buprenorphine during incarceration. Findings support the growing movement in jails nationwide to offer buprenorphine and other agonist medications for opioid use disorder.},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\\n\\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Wilson, D. and Friedmann, P. D.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220118},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Criminal justice settings, *Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), *Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Mortality, *Naltrexone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Recidivism, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), Mortality, Naltrexone, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Recidivism},\\n\\tpages = {109254},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Wilson, D.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\"],\"key\":\"evans_recidivism_2022\",\"id\":\"evans_recidivism_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evans-wilson-friedmann-recidivismandmortalityafterinjailbuprenorphinetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine\",\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Criminal justice settings\",\"*Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN)\",\"*Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD)\",\"*Mortality\",\"*Naltrexone\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"*Recidivism\",\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Criminal justice settings\",\"Humans\",\"Jails\",\"Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN)\",\"Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD)\",\"Mortality\",\"Naltrexone\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Recidivism\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Racial disparities in use of non-emergency outpatient care by Medicaid-eligible adults after release from prison: Wisconsin, 2015-2017\",\"volume\":\"126\",\"issn\":\"1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108484\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Black individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are less likely to receive effective treatment and more likely to be incarcerated compared to White individuals. Despite this, research documenting racial disparities in healthcare use among people with SUD releasing from prison is limited. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study are to: 1) assess racial disparities in Medicaid enrollment among individuals released from prison with a history of substance use; and 2) characterize racial disparities in outpatient service use, emergency department (ED) use, and receipt of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among those who do enroll in Medicaid. METHODS: This study included individuals with a history of substance use that were released from Wisconsin state correctional facilities from April 2015 through June 2017. Medicaid enrollment and claims data were analyzed to compare healthcare utilization 6 months post-release between individuals identifying as Black, White, or other races. The total sample included 15,621 prison releases among 14,400 unique persons with a history of substance abuse. RESULTS: Among the 15,621 prison releases, 10,836 (69.4%) were enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release. The proportion of prison releases among individuals of other races who enrolled in Medicaid (506/934, 54.2%) was significantly lower than the proportion among Black individuals (3679/5306, 69.3%) and White individuals (6651/9381, 70.9%). Among the subset of 7685 releases enrolled in Medicaid for 6 months post-release, 5040 (65.6%) had an outpatient visit within 6 months; 73.9% of White, 51.3% of Black, and 66.9% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 0.324 times less likely (P \\\\textless 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.591 times less likely (P = 0.004) to have an outpatient visit. Of the 7685 releases, 1016 (13.2%) had an ED visit within 6 months; 12.0% of White, 13.8% of Black and 25.1% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 1.23 times more likely (P = 0.019) and individuals of other races were 2.64 times more likely (P \\\\textless 0.001) to have an ED visit. Black individuals were 0.100 times less likely (P \\\\textless 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.435 times less likely (P = 0.016) to receive MOUD post-release compared to White individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Black adults with a history of substance use are significantly less likely than White adults to use non-emergency outpatient services after release from incarceration. Improving equitable access to outpatient services is needed to reduce health disparities across racial groups.\",\"journal\":\"J Subst Abuse Treat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hochstatter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akhtar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"El-Bassel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burns\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Edition: 2021/05/31\",\"keywords\":\"*Healthcare utilization, *Medicaid, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders, *Post-release, *Racial disparities, *Substance abuse, Adult, Ambulatory Care, Emergency Service, Hospital, Healthcare Disparities, Healthcare utilization, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Outpatients, Post-release, Prisons, Racial disparities, Substance abuse, United States, Wisconsin\",\"pages\":\"108484\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hochstatter_racial_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Racial disparities in use of non-emergency outpatient care by {Medicaid}-eligible adults after release from prison: {Wisconsin}, 2015-2017},\\n\\tvolume = {126},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108484},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Black individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are less likely to receive effective treatment and more likely to be incarcerated compared to White individuals. Despite this, research documenting racial disparities in healthcare use among people with SUD releasing from prison is limited. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study are to: 1) assess racial disparities in Medicaid enrollment among individuals released from prison with a history of substance use; and 2) characterize racial disparities in outpatient service use, emergency department (ED) use, and receipt of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among those who do enroll in Medicaid. METHODS: This study included individuals with a history of substance use that were released from Wisconsin state correctional facilities from April 2015 through June 2017. Medicaid enrollment and claims data were analyzed to compare healthcare utilization 6 months post-release between individuals identifying as Black, White, or other races. The total sample included 15,621 prison releases among 14,400 unique persons with a history of substance abuse. RESULTS: Among the 15,621 prison releases, 10,836 (69.4\\\\%) were enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release. The proportion of prison releases among individuals of other races who enrolled in Medicaid (506/934, 54.2\\\\%) was significantly lower than the proportion among Black individuals (3679/5306, 69.3\\\\%) and White individuals (6651/9381, 70.9\\\\%). Among the subset of 7685 releases enrolled in Medicaid for 6 months post-release, 5040 (65.6\\\\%) had an outpatient visit within 6 months; 73.9\\\\% of White, 51.3\\\\% of Black, and 66.9\\\\% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 0.324 times less likely (P {\\\\textless} 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.591 times less likely (P = 0.004) to have an outpatient visit. Of the 7685 releases, 1016 (13.2\\\\%) had an ED visit within 6 months; 12.0\\\\% of White, 13.8\\\\% of Black and 25.1\\\\% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 1.23 times more likely (P = 0.019) and individuals of other races were 2.64 times more likely (P {\\\\textless} 0.001) to have an ED visit. Black individuals were 0.100 times less likely (P {\\\\textless} 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.435 times less likely (P = 0.016) to receive MOUD post-release compared to White individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Black adults with a history of substance use are significantly less likely than White adults to use non-emergency outpatient services after release from incarceration. Improving equitable access to outpatient services is needed to reduce health disparities across racial groups.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\\n\\tauthor = {Hochstatter, K. R. and Akhtar, W. Z. and El-Bassel, N. and Westergaard, R. P. and Burns, M. E.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 2021/05/31},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Healthcare utilization, *Medicaid, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders, *Post-release, *Racial disparities, *Substance abuse, Adult, Ambulatory Care, Emergency Service, Hospital, Healthcare Disparities, Healthcare utilization, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Outpatients, Post-release, Prisons, Racial disparities, Substance abuse, United States, Wisconsin},\\n\\tpages = {108484},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hochstatter, K. R.\",\"Akhtar, W. Z.\",\"El-Bassel, N.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\",\"Burns, M. E.\"],\"key\":\"hochstatter_racial_2021\",\"id\":\"hochstatter_racial_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hochstatter-akhtar-elbassel-westergaard-burns-racialdisparitiesinuseofnonemergencyoutpatientcarebymedicaideligibleadultsafterreleasefromprisonwisconsin20152017-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Healthcare utilization\",\"*Medicaid\",\"*Medication for opioid use disorder\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders\",\"*Post-release\",\"*Racial disparities\",\"*Substance abuse\",\"Adult\",\"Ambulatory Care\",\"Emergency Service\",\"Hospital\",\"Healthcare Disparities\",\"Healthcare utilization\",\"Humans\",\"Medication for opioid use disorder\",\"Outpatients\",\"Post-release\",\"Prisons\",\"Racial disparities\",\"Substance abuse\",\"United States\",\"Wisconsin\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Quantifying enhanced risk from alcohol and other factors in polysubstance-related deaths\",\"volume\":\"313\",\"issn\":\"1872-6283 (Electronic) 0379-0738 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110352\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: To quantify how alcohol, polysubstance use and other factors influence opioid concentrations in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Multiple linear regression models were employed to identify relationships among alcohol, other factors, and the concentrations of four commonly identified opioids (fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone), accounting for demographic, toxicological and comorbid characteristics in WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2018. RESULTS: Alcohol concentrations of 0.08% or above were associated with significant reductions in blood concentrations of fentanyl (27.5%), hydrocodone (30.5%) and methadone (32.4%). Significantly lower predicted concentrations of all opioids studied were associated with multiple opioid vs. single opioid presence, with predicted concentration reductions ranging from 13.7% for fentanyl to 65-66% for hydrocodone and oxycodone. Benzodiazepine presence was associated with small, non-statistically significant changes in opioid concentrations, while stimulant presence was associated with statistically significant reductions in hydrocodone and oxycodone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Co-ingestion of alcohol, multiple opioids or stimulants were associated with significantly decreased predicted concentrations of commonly identified opioids in drug deaths. Further evidence is provided for enhanced risks from polysubstance use with opioids, which has important public health implications.\",\"journal\":\"Forensic Sci Int\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Long\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Halki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7374018\",\"keywords\":\"*Blood Alcohol Content, Adult, Alcohol, Analgesics, Opioid/*blood, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants/blood, Coroners and Medical Examiners, Drug-related death, Female, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Linear Models, Lung Diseases/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Polysubstance use, Substance-Related Disorders/*blood/*mortality, West Virginia/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"110352\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dai_quantifying_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Quantifying enhanced risk from alcohol and other factors in polysubstance-related deaths},\\n\\tvolume = {313},\\n\\tissn = {1872-6283 (Electronic) 0379-0738 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110352},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: To quantify how alcohol, polysubstance use and other factors influence opioid concentrations in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Multiple linear regression models were employed to identify relationships among alcohol, other factors, and the concentrations of four commonly identified opioids (fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone), accounting for demographic, toxicological and comorbid characteristics in WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2018. RESULTS: Alcohol concentrations of 0.08\\\\% or above were associated with significant reductions in blood concentrations of fentanyl (27.5\\\\%), hydrocodone (30.5\\\\%) and methadone (32.4\\\\%). Significantly lower predicted concentrations of all opioids studied were associated with multiple opioid vs. single opioid presence, with predicted concentration reductions ranging from 13.7\\\\% for fentanyl to 65-66\\\\% for hydrocodone and oxycodone. Benzodiazepine presence was associated with small, non-statistically significant changes in opioid concentrations, while stimulant presence was associated with statistically significant reductions in hydrocodone and oxycodone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Co-ingestion of alcohol, multiple opioids or stimulants were associated with significantly decreased predicted concentrations of commonly identified opioids in drug deaths. Further evidence is provided for enhanced risks from polysubstance use with opioids, which has important public health implications.},\\n\\tjournal = {Forensic Sci Int},\\n\\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Long, D. L. and Smith, G. S. and Halki, T. M. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7374018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Blood Alcohol Content, Adult, Alcohol, Analgesics, Opioid/*blood, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants/blood, Coroners and Medical Examiners, Drug-related death, Female, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Linear Models, Lung Diseases/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Polysubstance use, Substance-Related Disorders/*blood/*mortality, West Virginia/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {110352},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dai, Z.\",\"Abate, M. A.\",\"Long, D. L.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Halki, T. M.\",\"Kraner, J. C.\",\"Mock, A. R.\"],\"key\":\"dai_quantifying_2020\",\"id\":\"dai_quantifying_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dai-abate-long-smith-halki-kraner-mock-quantifyingenhancedriskfromalcoholandotherfactorsinpolysubstancerelateddeaths-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Blood Alcohol Content\",\"Adult\",\"Alcohol\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/*blood\",\"Body Mass Index\",\"Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology\",\"Central Nervous System Stimulants/blood\",\"Coroners and Medical Examiners\",\"Drug-related death\",\"Female\",\"Forensic Toxicology\",\"Humans\",\"Linear Models\",\"Lung Diseases/epidemiology\",\"Male\",\"Opioid\",\"Polysubstance use\",\"Substance-Related Disorders/*blood/*mortality\",\"West Virginia/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prevalence of Tobacco Use Among Rural-Dwelling Individuals Who Inject Drugs\",\"volume\":\"3\",\"issn\":\"2574-3805\",\"url\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0493\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Network Open\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akhtar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wajiha\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mundt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marlon\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koepke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krechel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michael\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoking/*epidemiology/psychology, Wisconsin\",\"pages\":\"e200493\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{akhtar_prevalence_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Prevalence of {Tobacco} {Use} {Among} {Rural}-{Dwelling} {Individuals} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}},\\n\\tvolume = {3},\\n\\tissn = {2574-3805},\\n\\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0493},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\\n\\tauthor = {Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Mundt, Marlon P. and Koepke, Ruth and Krechel, Sarah and Fiore, Michael C. and Seal, David W. and Westergaard, Ryan P.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Rural Population/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoking/*epidemiology/psychology, Wisconsin},\\n\\tpages = {e200493},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Akhtar, W. Z.\",\"Mundt, M. P.\",\"Koepke, R.\",\"Krechel, S.\",\"Fiore, M. C.\",\"Seal, D. W.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\"],\"key\":\"akhtar_prevalence_2020\",\"id\":\"akhtar_prevalence_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"akhtar-mundt-koepke-krechel-fiore-seal-westergaard-prevalenceoftobaccouseamongruraldwellingindividualswhoinjectdrugs-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Prevalence\",\"Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/*psychology\",\"Surveys and Questionnaires\",\"Tobacco Smoking/*epidemiology/psychology\",\"Wisconsin\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prevalence and Correlates of Cannabis Use in Massachusetts after Cannabis Legalization and before Retail Sales\",\"volume\":\"53\",\"issn\":\"2159-9777 (Electronic) 0279-1072 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02791072.2020.1850945\",\"abstract\":\"We determined the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in Massachusetts after recreational use was passed, but before recreational cannabis stores opened. A cross-sectional, population-based survey of Massachusetts adults, age 18 years or older, (n = 3,022) was conducted in November-December, 2017. We estimated population-level prevalence and correlates of past 30-day cannabis use. 21.1% [95% CI: 18.6, 23.6] of Massachusetts adults reported past 30-day cannabis use. Among cannabis users, 56.0% [CI 49.1, 62.9] reported non-medical cannabis use, 15.5% [12.1, 18.9] reported medical cannabis use, and 28.5% [CI 22.3, 34.8] reported both types of use. Men were more likely than women to use cannabis (Risk Ratio: 1.3 [CI 1.1, 1.6]), as were young adults (18-25 years old), those with lower socioeconomic status, non-parenting individuals, those who used alcohol (1.9 [CI 1.4, 2.6]) or other substances (1.7 [CI 1.3, 2.4]), and residents of Western Massachusetts (2.0 [1.3, 3.0]; ref: Boston area), the Northeast (1.8 [CI 1.2, 2.7]), and the Southeast (1.8 [CI 1.1, 2.7]). Cannabis is widely used in Massachusetts, with varying prevalence rates by gender, age, socioeconomic status, poly-substance use, and region. Findings may inform public health efforts and serve as a baseline for measuring health and social impacts of opening retail cannabis stores.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"J Psychoactive Drugs\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldwater\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stanek\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brierley-Bowers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchanan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whitehill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Cannabis, *Massachusetts, *legalization, *marijuana, *non-medical cannabis, *prevalence, Adolescent, Adult, Cannabis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Legislation, Drug, Massachusetts, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Prevalence, Young Adult, legalization, marijuana, non-medical cannabis\",\"pages\":\"158–167\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evans_prevalence_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Prevalence and {Correlates} of {Cannabis} {Use} in {Massachusetts} after {Cannabis} {Legalization} and before {Retail} {Sales}},\\n\\tvolume = {53},\\n\\tissn = {2159-9777 (Electronic) 0279-1072 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2020.1850945},\\n\\tabstract = {We determined the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in Massachusetts after recreational use was passed, but before recreational cannabis stores opened. A cross-sectional, population-based survey of Massachusetts adults, age 18 years or older, (n = 3,022) was conducted in November-December, 2017. We estimated population-level prevalence and correlates of past 30-day cannabis use. 21.1\\\\% [95\\\\% CI: 18.6, 23.6] of Massachusetts adults reported past 30-day cannabis use. Among cannabis users, 56.0\\\\% [CI 49.1, 62.9] reported non-medical cannabis use, 15.5\\\\% [12.1, 18.9] reported medical cannabis use, and 28.5\\\\% [CI 22.3, 34.8] reported both types of use. Men were more likely than women to use cannabis (Risk Ratio: 1.3 [CI 1.1, 1.6]), as were young adults (18-25 years old), those with lower socioeconomic status, non-parenting individuals, those who used alcohol (1.9 [CI 1.4, 2.6]) or other substances (1.7 [CI 1.3, 2.4]), and residents of Western Massachusetts (2.0 [1.3, 3.0]; ref: Boston area), the Northeast (1.8 [CI 1.2, 2.7]), and the Southeast (1.8 [CI 1.1, 2.7]). Cannabis is widely used in Massachusetts, with varying prevalence rates by gender, age, socioeconomic status, poly-substance use, and region. Findings may inform public health efforts and serve as a baseline for measuring health and social impacts of opening retail cannabis stores.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {J Psychoactive Drugs},\\n\\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Goldwater, E. and Stanek, E. J. and Brierley-Bowers, P. and Buchanan, D. and Whitehill, J. M.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Cannabis, *Massachusetts, *legalization, *marijuana, *non-medical cannabis, *prevalence, Adolescent, Adult, Cannabis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Legislation, Drug, Massachusetts, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Prevalence, Young Adult, legalization, marijuana, non-medical cannabis},\\n\\tpages = {158--167},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Goldwater, E.\",\"Stanek, E. J.\",\"Brierley-Bowers, P.\",\"Buchanan, D.\",\"Whitehill, J. M.\"],\"key\":\"evans_prevalence_2021\",\"id\":\"evans_prevalence_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evans-goldwater-stanek-brierleybowers-buchanan-whitehill-prevalenceandcorrelatesofcannabisuseinmassachusettsaftercannabislegalizationandbeforeretailsales-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Cannabis\",\"*Massachusetts\",\"*legalization\",\"*marijuana\",\"*non-medical cannabis\",\"*prevalence\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Cannabis\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Humans\",\"Legislation\",\"Drug\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Massachusetts/epidemiology\",\"Prevalence\",\"Young Adult\",\"legalization\",\"marijuana\",\"non-medical cannabis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prescription Opioid Use in a Population-Based Sample of Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Longitudinal Cohort Study\",\"volume\":\"54\",\"issn\":\"1082-6084, 1532-2491\",\"shorttitle\":\"Prescription Opioid Use in a Population-Based Sample of Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Substance Use & Misuse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yen-Tyng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Issema\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rodal\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Khanna\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aditya\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"firstnames\":[],\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"The UConnect Study Team\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Black, *Prescription opioid use, *longitudinal analysis, *young men who have sex with men (YMSM), Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/*psychology, Black, Black or African American/*psychology, Chicago/epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Homosexuality, Male/*statistics & numerical data, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Prescription opioid use, Risk Factors, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Young Adult, longitudinal analysis, young men who have sex with men (YMSM)\",\"pages\":\"1991–2000\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chen_prescription_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Prescription {Opioid} {Use} in a {Population}-{Based} {Sample} of {Young} {Black} {Men} {Who} {Have} {Sex} with {Men}: {A} {Longitudinal} {Cohort} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {54},\\n\\tissn = {1082-6084, 1532-2491},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Prescription {Opioid} {Use} in a {Population}-{Based} {Sample} of {Young} {Black} {Men} {Who} {Have} {Sex} with {Men}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Substance Use \\\\& Misuse},\\n\\tauthor = {Chen, Yen-Tyng and Issema, Rodal S. and Khanna, Aditya S. and Pho, Mai T. and Schneider, John A. and {The UConnect Study Team}},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Black, *Prescription opioid use, *longitudinal analysis, *young men who have sex with men (YMSM), Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/*psychology, Black, Black or African American/*psychology, Chicago/epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Homosexuality, Male/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Prescription opioid use, Risk Factors, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Young Adult, longitudinal analysis, young men who have sex with men (YMSM)},\\n\\tpages = {1991--2000},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chen, Y.\",\"Issema, R. S.\",\"Khanna, A. S.\",\"Pho, M. T.\",\"Schneider, J. A.\",\"The UConnect Study Team\"],\"key\":\"chen_prescription_2019\",\"id\":\"chen_prescription_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chen-issema-khanna-pho-schneider-theuconnectstudyteam-prescriptionopioiduseinapopulationbasedsampleofyoungblackmenwhohavesexwithmenalongitudinalcohortstudy-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Black\",\"*Prescription opioid use\",\"*longitudinal analysis\",\"*young men who have sex with men (YMSM)\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"African Americans/*psychology\",\"Black\",\"Black or African American/*psychology\",\"Chicago/epidemiology\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Homosexuality\",\"Male/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Longitudinal Studies\",\"Male\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Prescription opioid use\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Young Adult\",\"longitudinal analysis\",\"young men who have sex with men (YMSM)\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Prescription drug monitoring program policy reform: human and veterinary practitioner prescribing in West Virginia, 2008-2020\",\"volume\":\"42\",\"issn\":\"1745-655X (Electronic) 0197-5897 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1057/s41271-021-00275-0\",\"abstract\":\"No study has examined Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) data for West Virginia or among specialty practices, such as veterinary medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct time series modeling to describe the PDMP policy reform impact on prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers. We obtained data from the WV PDMP for 2008 through 2020 for the number of opioid prescriptions filled and providers. We estimated prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers separately based upon the top five opioids prescribed by veterinarians. We estimated temporal effects using a Bayesian log-normal time series model for humans and veterinarians separately. Throughout the study period prescribing rates increased significantly for veterinarians, and decreased for human providers, particularly during 2018 after implementation of the Opioid Reduction Act. Findings provide novel insight into the differential impact of policy on specialty practices and highlight decreasing human opioid prescribing observed elsewhere.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"J Public Health Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudisill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pesarsick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dotson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8386439\",\"keywords\":\"*Prescription Drug Misuse, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Bayes Theorem, Drug misuse, Humans, Policy, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Prescription drug monitoring programs, Veterinarians, West Virginia\",\"pages\":\"249–257\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hendricks_prescription_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Prescription drug monitoring program policy reform: human and veterinary practitioner prescribing in {West} {Virginia}, 2008-2020},\\n\\tvolume = {42},\\n\\tissn = {1745-655X (Electronic) 0197-5897 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1057/s41271-021-00275-0},\\n\\tabstract = {No study has examined Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) data for West Virginia or among specialty practices, such as veterinary medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct time series modeling to describe the PDMP policy reform impact on prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers. We obtained data from the WV PDMP for 2008 through 2020 for the number of opioid prescriptions filled and providers. We estimated prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers separately based upon the top five opioids prescribed by veterinarians. We estimated temporal effects using a Bayesian log-normal time series model for humans and veterinarians separately. Throughout the study period prescribing rates increased significantly for veterinarians, and decreased for human providers, particularly during 2018 after implementation of the Opioid Reduction Act. Findings provide novel insight into the differential impact of policy on specialty practices and highlight decreasing human opioid prescribing observed elsewhere.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {J Public Health Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Hendricks, B. and Rudisill, T. and Pesarsick, J. and Wen, S. and Dotson, T. and Wood, N. and Smith, G. S.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8386439},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Prescription Drug Misuse, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Bayes Theorem, Drug misuse, Humans, Policy, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Prescription drug monitoring programs, Veterinarians, West Virginia},\\n\\tpages = {249--257},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hendricks, B.\",\"Rudisill, T.\",\"Pesarsick, J.\",\"Wen, S.\",\"Dotson, T.\",\"Wood, N.\",\"Smith, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"hendricks_prescription_2021\",\"id\":\"hendricks_prescription_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hendricks-rudisill-pesarsick-wen-dotson-wood-smith-prescriptiondrugmonitoringprogrampolicyreformhumanandveterinarypractitionerprescribinginwestvirginia20082020-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Prescription Drug Misuse\",\"*Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Bayes Theorem\",\"Drug misuse\",\"Humans\",\"Policy\",\"Practice Patterns\",\"Physicians'\",\"Prescription drug monitoring programs\",\"Veterinarians\",\"West Virginia\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PrEParing Providers: The Next Challenge in Implementing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000835\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"Sex Transm Dis\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC6009835\",\"keywords\":\"Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage, Delivery of Health Care/legislation & jurisprudence/methods/*statistics &, HIV Infections/*prevention & control, HIV/drug effects, Health Personnel/*education/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods, Student Health Services/statistics & numerical data, numerical data\",\"pages\":\"459–461\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hurt_preparing_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {{PrEParing} {Providers}: {The} {Next} {Challenge} in {Implementing} {Human} {Immunodeficiency} {Virus} {Preexposure} {Prophylaxis}},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000835},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {Sex Transm Dis},\\n\\tauthor = {Hurt, C. B.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC6009835},\\n\\tkeywords = {Anti-HIV Agents/administration \\\\& dosage, Delivery of Health Care/legislation \\\\& jurisprudence/methods/*statistics \\\\&, HIV Infections/*prevention \\\\& control, HIV/drug effects, Health Personnel/*education/statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/legislation \\\\& jurisprudence/*methods, Student Health Services/statistics \\\\& numerical data, numerical data},\\n\\tpages = {459--461},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hurt, C. B.\"],\"key\":\"hurt_preparing_2018\",\"id\":\"hurt_preparing_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hurt-preparingprovidersthenextchallengeinimplementinghumanimmunodeficiencyviruspreexposureprophylaxis-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage\",\"Delivery of Health Care/legislation & jurisprudence/methods/*statistics &\",\"HIV Infections/*prevention & control\",\"HIV/drug effects\",\"Health Personnel/*education/statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods\",\"Student Health Services/statistics & numerical data\",\"numerical data\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"PrEP Care Continuum Engagement Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: Rural and Urban Differences in Stigma and Social Infrastructure\",\"issn\":\"1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10461-021-03488-2\",\"abstract\":\"Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that prevents HIV acquisition, yet PrEP uptake has been low among people who inject drugs. Stigma has been identified as a fundamental driver of population health and may be a significant barrier to PrEP care engagement among PWID. However, there has been limited research on how stigma operates in rural and urban settings in relation to PrEP. Using in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 57) we explore PrEP continuum engagement among people actively injecting drugs in rural and urban settings. Urban participants had more awareness and knowledge. Willingness to use PrEP was similar in both settings. However, no participant was currently using PrEP. Stigmas against drug use, HIV, and sexualities were identified as barriers to PrEP uptake, particularly in the rural setting. Syringe service programs in the urban setting were highlighted as a welcoming space where PWID could socialize and therefore mitigate stigma and foster information sharing.\",\"journal\":\"AIDS Behav\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Ham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jaiswal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muncan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Earnshaw\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ompad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8501360\",\"keywords\":\"*Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use, *Drug Users, *HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control, *Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, *Social Capital, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, Continuity of Patient Care, Hiv, Humans, Persons who inject drugs (PWID), Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Rural, Social Stigma, Social infrastructure, Stigma, Third places, Urban\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{walters_prep_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {{PrEP} {Care} {Continuum} {Engagement} {Among} {Persons} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}: {Rural} and {Urban} {Differences} in {Stigma} and {Social} {Infrastructure}},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-021-03488-2},\\n\\tabstract = {Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that prevents HIV acquisition, yet PrEP uptake has been low among people who inject drugs. Stigma has been identified as a fundamental driver of population health and may be a significant barrier to PrEP care engagement among PWID. However, there has been limited research on how stigma operates in rural and urban settings in relation to PrEP. Using in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 57) we explore PrEP continuum engagement among people actively injecting drugs in rural and urban settings. Urban participants had more awareness and knowledge. Willingness to use PrEP was similar in both settings. However, no participant was currently using PrEP. Stigmas against drug use, HIV, and sexualities were identified as barriers to PrEP uptake, particularly in the rural setting. Syringe service programs in the urban setting were highlighted as a welcoming space where PWID could socialize and therefore mitigate stigma and foster information sharing.},\\n\\tjournal = {AIDS Behav},\\n\\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Frank, D. and Van Ham, B. and Jaiswal, J. and Muncan, B. and Earnshaw, V. and Schneider, J. and Friedman, S. R. and Ompad, D. C.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8501360},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use, *Drug Users, *HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, *Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, *Social Capital, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, Continuity of Patient Care, Hiv, Humans, Persons who inject drugs (PWID), Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Rural, Social Stigma, Social infrastructure, Stigma, Third places, Urban},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Walters, S. M.\",\"Frank, D.\",\"Van Ham, B.\",\"Jaiswal, J.\",\"Muncan, B.\",\"Earnshaw, V.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Ompad, D. C.\"],\"key\":\"walters_prep_2021\",\"id\":\"walters_prep_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"walters-frank-vanham-jaiswal-muncan-earnshaw-schneider-friedman-etal-prepcarecontinuumengagementamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsruralandurbandifferencesinstigmaandsocialinfrastructure-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use\",\"*Drug Users\",\"*HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"*Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis\",\"*Social Capital\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"Continuity of Patient Care\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Persons who inject drugs (PWID)\",\"Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)\",\"Rural\",\"Social Stigma\",\"Social infrastructure\",\"Stigma\",\"Third places\",\"Urban\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predictors of timely opioid agonist treatment initiation among veterans with and without HIV\",\"volume\":\"198\",\"issn\":\"03768716\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.038\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Drug and Alcohol Dependence\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wyse\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Robbins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McGinnis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathleen\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Edelman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adam\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Manhapra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ajay\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiellin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gaither\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Julie\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gordon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kirsha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skanderson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Declan\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crystal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Justice\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraemer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kevin\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine, *Methadone, *Opioid agonist therapy, *Opioid use disorder, *Veterans affairs hospital, *hiv, Adult, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Female, HIV Infections/*psychology, Hiv, Humans, Male, Methadone, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics & numerical data, Opioid agonist therapy, Opioid use disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology/virology, Prevalence, Time-to-Treatment/*statistics & numerical data, United States/epidemiology, Veterans affairs hospital, Veterans/psychology/*statistics & numerical data\",\"pages\":\"70–75\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{wyse_predictors_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Predictors of timely opioid agonist treatment initiation among veterans with and without {HIV}},\\n\\tvolume = {198},\\n\\tissn = {03768716},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.038},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},\\n\\tauthor = {Wyse, Jessica J. and Robbins, Jonathan L. and McGinnis, Kathleen A. and Edelman, E. Jennifer and Gordon, Adam J. and Manhapra, Ajay and Fiellin, David A. and Moore, Brent A. and Korthuis, P. Todd and Gaither, Julie R. and Gordon, Kirsha and Skanderson, Melissa and Barry, Declan T. and Crystal, Stephen and Justice, Amy and Kraemer, Kevin L.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Methadone, *Opioid agonist therapy, *Opioid use disorder, *Veterans affairs hospital, *hiv, Adult, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Female, HIV Infections/*psychology, Hiv, Humans, Male, Methadone, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Opioid agonist therapy, Opioid use disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology/virology, Prevalence, Time-to-Treatment/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, United States/epidemiology, Veterans affairs hospital, Veterans/psychology/*statistics \\\\& numerical data},\\n\\tpages = {70--75},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Wyse, J. J.\",\"Robbins, J. L.\",\"McGinnis, K. A.\",\"Edelman, E. J.\",\"Gordon, A. J.\",\"Manhapra, A.\",\"Fiellin, D. A.\",\"Moore, B. A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Gaither, J. R.\",\"Gordon, K.\",\"Skanderson, M.\",\"Barry, D. T.\",\"Crystal, S.\",\"Justice, A.\",\"Kraemer, K. L.\"],\"key\":\"wyse_predictors_2019\",\"id\":\"wyse_predictors_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"wyse-robbins-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-etal-predictorsoftimelyopioidagonisttreatmentinitiationamongveteranswithandwithouthiv-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine\",\"*Methadone\",\"*Opioid agonist therapy\",\"*Opioid use disorder\",\"*Veterans affairs hospital\",\"*hiv\",\"Adult\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Female\",\"HIV Infections/*psychology\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Methadone\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Opioid agonist therapy\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology/virology\",\"Prevalence\",\"Time-to-Treatment/*statistics & numerical data\",\"United States/epidemiology\",\"Veterans affairs hospital\",\"Veterans/psychology/*statistics & numerical data\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predictors of skin and soft tissue infections among sample of rural residents who inject drugs\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1477-7517\",\"url\":\"https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Introduction Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for people who inject drugs (PWID). Studies demonstrate that certain injection practices correlate with SSTI incidence among PWID. The opioid epidemic in the USA has particularly affected rural communities, where access to prevention and treatment presents unique challenges. This study aims to estimate unsafe injection practices among rural-dwelling PWID; assess treatments utilized for injection related SSTIs; and gather data to help reduce the overall risk of injection-related SSTIs. Methods Thirteen questions specific to SSTIs and injection practices were added to a larger study assessing unmet health care needs among PWID and were administered at six syringe exchange programs in rural Wisconsin between May and July 2019. SSTI history prevalence was estimated based on infections reported within one-year prior of response and was compared to self-reported demographics and injection practices. Results Eighty responses were collected and analyzed. Respondents were white (77.5%), males (60%), between the ages 30 and 39 (42.5%), and have a high school diploma or GED (38.75%). The majority of respondents (77.5%) reported no history of SSTI within the year prior to survey response. Females were over three times more likely to report SSTI history (OR = 3.07, p  = 0.038) compared to males. Water sources for drug dilution ( p  = 0.093) and frequency of injecting on first attempt ( p  = 0.037), but not proper skin cleaning method ( p  = 0.378), were significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injecting into skin ( p  = 0.038) or muscle ( p  = 0.001) was significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injection into veins was not significantly associated with SSTI ( p  = 0.333). Conclusion Higher-risk injection practices were common among participants reporting a history of SSTIs in this rural sample. Studies exploring socio-demographic factors influencing risky injection practices and general barriers to safer injection practices to prevent SSTIs are warranted. Dissemination of education materials targeting SSTI prevention and intervention among PWID not in treatment is warranted.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Harm Reduction Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baltes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Amelia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akhtar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wajiha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Birstler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Olson-Streed\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heidi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Eagen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kellene\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Randall\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Heroin, *Injection drug use, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid, *People who inject drugs, *Public health, *Skin and soft tissue infections, *Soft Tissue Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Adult, Female, Heroin, Humans, Injection drug use, Male, Methamphetamine, Needle-Exchange Programs, Opioid, People who inject drugs, Public health, Rural Population, Skin and soft tissue infections\",\"pages\":\"96\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baltes_predictors_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Predictors of skin and soft tissue infections among sample of rural residents who inject drugs},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1477-7517},\\n\\turl = {https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n             \\n              Introduction \\n              Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for people who inject drugs (PWID). Studies demonstrate that certain injection practices correlate with SSTI incidence among PWID. The opioid epidemic in the USA has particularly affected rural communities, where access to prevention and treatment presents unique challenges. This study aims to estimate unsafe injection practices among rural-dwelling PWID; assess treatments utilized for injection related SSTIs; and gather data to help reduce the overall risk of injection-related SSTIs. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods \\n              Thirteen questions specific to SSTIs and injection practices were added to a larger study assessing unmet health care needs among PWID and were administered at six syringe exchange programs in rural Wisconsin between May and July 2019. SSTI history prevalence was estimated based on infections reported within one-year prior of response and was compared to self-reported demographics and injection practices. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results \\n               \\n                Eighty responses were collected and analyzed. Respondents were white (77.5\\\\%), males (60\\\\%), between the ages 30 and 39 (42.5\\\\%), and have a high school diploma or GED (38.75\\\\%). The majority of respondents (77.5\\\\%) reported no history of SSTI within the year prior to survey response. Females were over three times more likely to report SSTI history (OR = 3.07, \\n                p \\n                 = 0.038) compared to males. Water sources for drug dilution ( \\n                p \\n                 = 0.093) and frequency of injecting on first attempt ( \\n                p \\n                 = 0.037), but not proper skin cleaning method ( \\n                p \\n                 = 0.378), were significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injecting into skin ( \\n                p \\n                 = 0.038) or muscle ( \\n                p \\n                 = 0.001) was significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injection into veins was not significantly associated with SSTI ( \\n                p \\n                 = 0.333). \\n               \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusion \\n              Higher-risk injection practices were common among participants reporting a history of SSTIs in this rural sample. Studies exploring socio-demographic factors influencing risky injection practices and general barriers to safer injection practices to prevent SSTIs are warranted. Dissemination of education materials targeting SSTI prevention and intervention among PWID not in treatment is warranted.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Harm Reduction Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Baltes, Amelia and Akhtar, Wajiha and Birstler, Jen and Olson-Streed, Heidi and Eagen, Kellene and Seal, David and Westergaard, Ryan and Brown, Randall},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Heroin, *Injection drug use, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid, *People who inject drugs, *Public health, *Skin and soft tissue infections, *Soft Tissue Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Adult, Female, Heroin, Humans, Injection drug use, Male, Methamphetamine, Needle-Exchange Programs, Opioid, People who inject drugs, Public health, Rural Population, Skin and soft tissue infections},\\n\\tpages = {96},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Baltes, A.\",\"Akhtar, W.\",\"Birstler, J.\",\"Olson-Streed, H.\",\"Eagen, K.\",\"Seal, D.\",\"Westergaard, R.\",\"Brown, R.\"],\"key\":\"baltes_predictors_2020\",\"id\":\"baltes_predictors_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"baltes-akhtar-birstler-olsonstreed-eagen-seal-westergaard-brown-predictorsofskinandsofttissueinfectionsamongsampleofruralresidentswhoinjectdrugs-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Heroin\",\"*Injection drug use\",\"*Methamphetamine\",\"*Opioid\",\"*People who inject drugs\",\"*Public health\",\"*Skin and soft tissue infections\",\"*Soft Tissue Infections/epidemiology\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology\",\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Heroin\",\"Humans\",\"Injection drug use\",\"Male\",\"Methamphetamine\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"Opioid\",\"People who inject drugs\",\"Public health\",\"Rural Population\",\"Skin and soft tissue infections\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural Oregon findings from NHBS and the OR-HOPE study\",\"volume\":\"227\",\"issn\":\"1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108912\",\"abstract\":\"PURPOSE: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can be effectively administered by bystanders to prevent overdose. We determined the proportion of people who had naloxone and identified predictors of naloxone ownership among two samples of people who inject drugs (PWID) who use opioids in Portland and rural Western Oregon. BASIC PROCEDURES: We used data from participants in Portland's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS, N = 477) and the Oregon HIV/Hepatitis and Opioid Prevention and Engagement Study (OR-HOPE, N = 133). For each sample, we determined the proportion of participants who had naloxone and estimated unadjusted and adjusted relative risk of having naloxone associated with participant characteristics. MAIN FINDINGS: Sixty one percent of NHBS and 30 % of OR-HOPE participants had naloxone. In adjusted analysis, having naloxone was associated with female gender, injecting goofballs (compared to heroin alone), housing stability, and overdose training in the urban NHBS sample, and having naloxone was associated with drug of choice, frequency of injection, and race in the rural OR-HOPE sample. In both samples, having naloxone was crudely associated with SSP use, but this was attenuated after adjustment. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Naloxone ownership was insufficient and highly variable among two samples of PWID who use opioids in Oregon. People who use methamphetamine, males, and people experiencing homelessness may be at increased risk for not having naloxone and SSP may play a key role in improving access.\",\"journal\":\"Drug Alcohol Depend\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lipira\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Orellana\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Menza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8464511\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Naloxone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Opioids, *Overdose, *Regional, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, *idu, Female, Humans, Idu, Male, Naloxone, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Regional\",\"pages\":\"108912\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lipira_predictors_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural {Oregon} findings from {NHBS} and the {OR}-{HOPE} study},\\n\\tvolume = {227},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108912},\\n\\tabstract = {PURPOSE: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can be effectively administered by bystanders to prevent overdose. We determined the proportion of people who had naloxone and identified predictors of naloxone ownership among two samples of people who inject drugs (PWID) who use opioids in Portland and rural Western Oregon. BASIC PROCEDURES: We used data from participants in Portland's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS, N = 477) and the Oregon HIV/Hepatitis and Opioid Prevention and Engagement Study (OR-HOPE, N = 133). For each sample, we determined the proportion of participants who had naloxone and estimated unadjusted and adjusted relative risk of having naloxone associated with participant characteristics. MAIN FINDINGS: Sixty one percent of NHBS and 30 \\\\% of OR-HOPE participants had naloxone. In adjusted analysis, having naloxone was associated with female gender, injecting goofballs (compared to heroin alone), housing stability, and overdose training in the urban NHBS sample, and having naloxone was associated with drug of choice, frequency of injection, and race in the rural OR-HOPE sample. In both samples, having naloxone was crudely associated with SSP use, but this was attenuated after adjustment. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Naloxone ownership was insufficient and highly variable among two samples of PWID who use opioids in Oregon. People who use methamphetamine, males, and people experiencing homelessness may be at increased risk for not having naloxone and SSP may play a key role in improving access.},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\\n\\tauthor = {Lipira, L. and Leichtling, G. and Cook, R. R. and Leahy, J. M. and Orellana, E. R. and Korthuis, P. T. and Menza, T. W.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8464511},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Naloxone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Opioids, *Overdose, *Regional, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, *idu, Female, Humans, Idu, Male, Naloxone, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Regional},\\n\\tpages = {108912},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lipira, L.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Orellana, E. R.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Menza, T. W.\"],\"key\":\"lipira_predictors_2021\",\"id\":\"lipira_predictors_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lipira-leichtling-cook-leahy-orellana-korthuis-menza-predictorsofhavingnaloxoneinurbanandruraloregonfindingsfromnhbsandtheorhopestudy-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Naloxone\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"*Opioids\",\"*Overdose\",\"*Regional\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*idu\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Idu\",\"Male\",\"Naloxone\",\"Naloxone/therapeutic use\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use\",\"Opioids\",\"Oregon\",\"Overdose\",\"Regional\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Population-based trends in hospitalizations due to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, Oregon, 2008 to 2018\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1932-6203\",\"url\":\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0242165\",\"abstract\":\"Background Injection drug use has far-reaching social, economic, and health consequences. Serious bacterial infections, including skin/soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis, are particularly morbid and mortal consequences of injection drug use. Methods We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalizations among patients with a diagnosis code for substance use and a serious bacterial infection during the same hospital admission using Oregon Hospital Discharge Data. We examined trends in hospitalizations and costs of hospitalizations attributable to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2018. Results From 2008 to 2018, Oregon hospital discharge data included 4,084,743 hospitalizations among 2,090,359 patients. During the study period, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 980 to 6,265 per year, or from 0.26% to 1.68% of all hospitalizations ( P \\\\textless0.001). The number of unique patients with an injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 839 to 5,055, or from 2.52% to 8.46% of all patients ( P \\\\textless0.001). While hospitalizations for all injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased over the study period, bacteremia/sepsis hospitalizations rose most rapidly with an 18-fold increase. Opioid use diagnoses accounted for the largest percentage of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, but hospitalizations for amphetamine-type stimulant-related serious bacterial infections rose most rapidly with a 15-fold increase. People living with HIV and HCV experienced increases in hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection during the study period. Overall, the total cost of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased from $16,305,129 in 2008 to $150,879,237 in 2018 ( P \\\\textless0.001). Conclusions In Oregon, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased dramatically and exacted a substantial cost on the health care system from 2008 to 2018. This increase in hospitalizations represents an opportunity to initiate substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction services to improve outcomes for people who inject drugs.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"PLOS ONE\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Capizzi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jeffrey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wheelock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Haven\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Garcia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonathan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strnad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Luke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sikka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ann\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Menza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Timothy\",\"William\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zaller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nickolas\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Bacterial Infections/complications/*epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Endocarditis/complications, Female, Health Care Costs, Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, North Carolina/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*epidemiology, Oregon/epidemiology, Osteomyelitis/complications, Retrospective Studies, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/*epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"e0242165\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{capizzi_population-based_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Population-based trends in hospitalizations due to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, {Oregon}, 2008 to 2018},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1932-6203},\\n\\turl = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0242165},\\n\\tabstract = {Background \\n              Injection drug use has far-reaching social, economic, and health consequences. Serious bacterial infections, including skin/soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis, are particularly morbid and mortal consequences of injection drug use. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods \\n               \\n                We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalizations among patients with a diagnosis code for substance use \\n                and \\n                a serious bacterial infection during the same hospital admission using Oregon Hospital Discharge Data. We examined trends in hospitalizations and costs of hospitalizations attributable to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2018. \\n               \\n             \\n             \\n              Results \\n               \\n                From 2008 to 2018, Oregon hospital discharge data included 4,084,743 hospitalizations among 2,090,359 patients. During the study period, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 980 to 6,265 per year, or from 0.26\\\\% to 1.68\\\\% of all hospitalizations ( \\n                P \\n                {\\\\textless}0.001). The number of unique patients with an injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 839 to 5,055, or from 2.52\\\\% to 8.46\\\\% of all patients ( \\n                P \\n                {\\\\textless}0.001). While hospitalizations for all injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased over the study period, bacteremia/sepsis hospitalizations rose most rapidly with an 18-fold increase. Opioid use diagnoses accounted for the largest percentage of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, but hospitalizations for amphetamine-type stimulant-related serious bacterial infections rose most rapidly with a 15-fold increase. People living with HIV and HCV experienced increases in hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection during the study period. Overall, the total cost of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased from \\\\$16,305,129 in 2008 to \\\\$150,879,237 in 2018 ( \\n                P \\n                {\\\\textless}0.001). \\n               \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions \\n              In Oregon, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased dramatically and exacted a substantial cost on the health care system from 2008 to 2018. This increase in hospitalizations represents an opportunity to initiate substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction services to improve outcomes for people who inject drugs.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\\n\\tauthor = {Capizzi, Jeffrey and Leahy, Judith and Wheelock, Haven and Garcia, Jonathan and Strnad, Luke and Sikka, Monica and Englander, Honora and Thomas, Ann and Korthuis, P. Todd and Menza, Timothy William},\\n\\teditor = {Zaller, Nickolas D.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Bacterial Infections/complications/*epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Endocarditis/complications, Female, Health Care Costs, Hospitalization/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, North Carolina/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*epidemiology, Oregon/epidemiology, Osteomyelitis/complications, Retrospective Studies, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/*epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {e0242165},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Capizzi, J.\",\"Leahy, J.\",\"Wheelock, H.\",\"Garcia, J.\",\"Strnad, L.\",\"Sikka, M.\",\"Englander, H.\",\"Thomas, A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Menza, T. W.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Zaller, N. D.\"],\"key\":\"capizzi_population-based_2020\",\"id\":\"capizzi_population-based_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"capizzi-leahy-wheelock-garcia-strnad-sikka-englander-thomas-etal-populationbasedtrendsinhospitalizationsduetoinjectiondruguserelatedseriousbacterialinfectionsoregon2008to2018-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Aged\",\"80 and over\",\"Algorithms\",\"Bacterial Infections/complications/*epidemiology\",\"Child\",\"Child\",\"Preschool\",\"Endocarditis/complications\",\"Female\",\"Health Care Costs\",\"Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Infant\",\"Infant\",\"Newborn\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"North Carolina/epidemiology\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*epidemiology\",\"Oregon/epidemiology\",\"Osteomyelitis/complications\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/complications/*epidemiology\",\"Substance-Related Disorders\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Phylogenetic interpretation during outbreaks requires caution\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"2058-5276\",\"url\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41564-020-0738-5\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Nature Microbiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Villabona-Arenas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ch.\",\"Julián\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hanage\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tully\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damien\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Disease Outbreaks, *Phylogeny, Humans, Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology, Viruses/*classification/*genetics\",\"pages\":\"876–877\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{villabona-arenas_phylogenetic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Phylogenetic interpretation during outbreaks requires caution},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {2058-5276},\\n\\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41564-020-0738-5},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Nature Microbiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Villabona-Arenas, Ch. Julián and Hanage, William P. and Tully, Damien C.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Phylogeny, Humans, Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology, Viruses/*classification/*genetics},\\n\\tpages = {876--877},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Villabona-Arenas, C. J.\",\"Hanage, W. P.\",\"Tully, D. C.\"],\"key\":\"villabona-arenas_phylogenetic_2020\",\"id\":\"villabona-arenas_phylogenetic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"villabonaarenas-hanage-tully-phylogeneticinterpretationduringoutbreaksrequirescaution-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Disease Outbreaks\",\"*Phylogeny\",\"Humans\",\"Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology\",\"Viruses/*classification/*genetics\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Pharmacist attitudes and provision of harm reduction services in North Carolina: an exploratory study\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-021-00517-0\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare providers in the United States and uniquely positioned to provide harm reduction services. The availability of pharmacy-based harm reduction services and pharmacist attitudes toward delivering these services have been understudied to date. We examine North Carolina (NC) pharmacists' experiences with and attitudes about harm reduction services and explore differences between rural and urban pharmacists. METHODS: A convenience sample of NC pharmacists participated in an anonymous, online survey regarding harm reduction services: non-prescription syringe sales; naloxone dispensing; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening. Urban-rural differences were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Three hundred pharmacists responded to the survey; 68 (23%) practiced in rural counties. Dispensing non-prescription syringes and naloxone at least occasionally was reported by 77% (n = 231) and 88% (n = 263) pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy-delivered HIV or HCV screening was rare. Urban pharmacists dispensed naloxone more frequently than rural pharmacies (p = 0.04). Only 52% of pharmacists agreed that persons who inject drugs should always be allowed to buy non-prescription syringes. Rural pharmacists' attitudes toward harm reduction services for persons who inject drugs were statistically, though marginally, less supportive when compared to urban pharmacists' attitudes. The most common barrier to non-prescription syringe access was requiring patients to provide proof of prescription injection medication use, which 21% of pharmacists reported was required by their pharmacy's policy on non-prescription syringe sales. CONCLUSIONS: Although most pharmacies distributed naloxone and sold non-prescription syringes, pharmacy store policies and personal beliefs inhibited naloxone and non-prescription syringe dispensing. NC community pharmacies infrequently offer HIV and HCV screening. Paired with disseminating the evidence of the positive impact of harm reduction on individual and public health outcomes to NC pharmacists, institutional and systems changes to practice and policy may be important to promote harm reduction service availability, particularly for rural NC residents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: N/A.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Harm Reduct J\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Parry\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rhea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carpenter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8265050\",\"keywords\":\"*Community pharmacy services, *Drug Users, *Harm reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Intravenous, *Naloxone, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance abuse, *Syringes, *hiv, Attitude of Health Personnel, Community pharmacy services, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C, Hiv, Humans, Intravenous, Naloxone, North Carolina, Pharmacists, Substance abuse, Syringes\",\"pages\":\"70\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{parry_pharmacist_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Pharmacist attitudes and provision of harm reduction services in {North} {Carolina}: an exploratory study},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00517-0},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare providers in the United States and uniquely positioned to provide harm reduction services. The availability of pharmacy-based harm reduction services and pharmacist attitudes toward delivering these services have been understudied to date. We examine North Carolina (NC) pharmacists' experiences with and attitudes about harm reduction services and explore differences between rural and urban pharmacists. METHODS: A convenience sample of NC pharmacists participated in an anonymous, online survey regarding harm reduction services: non-prescription syringe sales; naloxone dispensing; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening. Urban-rural differences were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Three hundred pharmacists responded to the survey; 68 (23\\\\%) practiced in rural counties. Dispensing non-prescription syringes and naloxone at least occasionally was reported by 77\\\\% (n = 231) and 88\\\\% (n = 263) pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy-delivered HIV or HCV screening was rare. Urban pharmacists dispensed naloxone more frequently than rural pharmacies (p = 0.04). Only 52\\\\% of pharmacists agreed that persons who inject drugs should always be allowed to buy non-prescription syringes. Rural pharmacists' attitudes toward harm reduction services for persons who inject drugs were statistically, though marginally, less supportive when compared to urban pharmacists' attitudes. The most common barrier to non-prescription syringe access was requiring patients to provide proof of prescription injection medication use, which 21\\\\% of pharmacists reported was required by their pharmacy's policy on non-prescription syringe sales. CONCLUSIONS: Although most pharmacies distributed naloxone and sold non-prescription syringes, pharmacy store policies and personal beliefs inhibited naloxone and non-prescription syringe dispensing. NC community pharmacies infrequently offer HIV and HCV screening. Paired with disseminating the evidence of the positive impact of harm reduction on individual and public health outcomes to NC pharmacists, institutional and systems changes to practice and policy may be important to promote harm reduction service availability, particularly for rural NC residents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: N/A.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\\n\\tauthor = {Parry, R. A. and Zule, W. A. and Hurt, C. B. and Evon, D. M. and Rhea, S. K. and Carpenter, D. M.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8265050},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Community pharmacy services, *Drug Users, *Harm reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Intravenous, *Naloxone, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance abuse, *Syringes, *hiv, Attitude of Health Personnel, Community pharmacy services, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C, Hiv, Humans, Intravenous, Naloxone, North Carolina, Pharmacists, Substance abuse, Syringes},\\n\\tpages = {70},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Parry, R. A.\",\"Zule, W. A.\",\"Hurt, C. B.\",\"Evon, D. M.\",\"Rhea, S. K.\",\"Carpenter, D. M.\"],\"key\":\"parry_pharmacist_2021\",\"id\":\"parry_pharmacist_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"parry-zule-hurt-evon-rhea-carpenter-pharmacistattitudesandprovisionofharmreductionservicesinnorthcarolinaanexploratorystudy-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Community pharmacy services\",\"*Drug Users\",\"*Harm reduction\",\"*Hepatitis C\",\"*Intravenous\",\"*Naloxone\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous\",\"*Substance abuse\",\"*Syringes\",\"*hiv\",\"Attitude of Health Personnel\",\"Community pharmacy services\",\"Harm Reduction\",\"Hepatitis C\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Intravenous\",\"Naloxone\",\"North Carolina\",\"Pharmacists\",\"Substance abuse\",\"Syringes\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Perceived Benefits and Harms of Involuntary Civil Commitment for Opioid Use Disorder\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"1748-720X (Electronic) 1073-1105 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1073110520979382\",\"abstract\":\"Involuntary civil commitment (ICC) to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) prevents imminent overdose, but also restricts autonomy and raises other ethical concerns. Using the Kass Public Health Ethics Framework, we identified ICC benefits and harms. Benefits include: protection of vulnerable, underserved patients; reduced legal consequences; resources for families; and \\\"on-demand\\\" treatment access. Harms include: stigmatizing and punitive experiences; heightened family conflict and social isolation; eroded patient self-determination; limited or no provision of OUD medications; and long-term overdose risk. To use ICC ethically, it should be recognized as comprising vulnerable patients worthy of added protections; be a last resort option; utilize consensual, humanizing processes; provide medications and other evidence-based-treatment; integrate with existing healthcare systems; and demonstrate effective outcomes before diffusion. ICC to OUD treatment carries significant potential harms that, if unaddressed, may outweigh its benefits. Findings can inform innovations for ensuring that ICC is used in an ethically responsible way.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"J Law Med Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Harrington\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lemere\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchanan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Aged, Caregivers/*psychology, Female, Health Personnel/*psychology, Humans, Involuntary Commitment/*ethics/legislation & jurisprudence, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention & control, Patients/*psychology, Public Health/*ethics, Qualitative Research\",\"pages\":\"718–734\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evans_perceived_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Perceived {Benefits} and {Harms} of {Involuntary} {Civil} {Commitment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {1748-720X (Electronic) 1073-1105 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1073110520979382},\\n\\tabstract = {Involuntary civil commitment (ICC) to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) prevents imminent overdose, but also restricts autonomy and raises other ethical concerns. Using the Kass Public Health Ethics Framework, we identified ICC benefits and harms. Benefits include: protection of vulnerable, underserved patients; reduced legal consequences; resources for families; and \\\"on-demand\\\" treatment access. Harms include: stigmatizing and punitive experiences; heightened family conflict and social isolation; eroded patient self-determination; limited or no provision of OUD medications; and long-term overdose risk. To use ICC ethically, it should be recognized as comprising vulnerable patients worthy of added protections; be a last resort option; utilize consensual, humanizing processes; provide medications and other evidence-based-treatment; integrate with existing healthcare systems; and demonstrate effective outcomes before diffusion. ICC to OUD treatment carries significant potential harms that, if unaddressed, may outweigh its benefits. Findings can inform innovations for ensuring that ICC is used in an ethically responsible way.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {J Law Med Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Harrington, C. and Roose, R. and Lemere, S. and Buchanan, D.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Caregivers/*psychology, Female, Health Personnel/*psychology, Humans, Involuntary Commitment/*ethics/legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention \\\\& control, Patients/*psychology, Public Health/*ethics, Qualitative Research},\\n\\tpages = {718--734},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Harrington, C.\",\"Roose, R.\",\"Lemere, S.\",\"Buchanan, D.\"],\"key\":\"evans_perceived_2020\",\"id\":\"evans_perceived_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evans-harrington-roose-lemere-buchanan-perceivedbenefitsandharmsofinvoluntarycivilcommitmentforopioidusedisorder-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Caregivers/*psychology\",\"Female\",\"Health Personnel/*psychology\",\"Humans\",\"Involuntary Commitment/*ethics/legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Male\",\"Massachusetts/epidemiology\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention & control\",\"Patients/*psychology\",\"Public Health/*ethics\",\"Qualitative Research\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"COVID-19-related policy changes for methadone take-home dosing: A multistate survey of opioid treatment program leadership\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/08897077.2021.1986768\",\"abstract\":\"Background: In the United States, methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder is dispensed via highly-regulated accredited opioid treatment programs (OTP). During the COVID-19 pandemic, federal regulations were loosened, allowing for greater use of take-home methadone doses. We sought to understand how OTP leaders responded to these policy changes. Methods: We distributed a multistate electronic survey from September to November 2020 of OTP leadership to members of the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) who self-identified as leaders of OTPs. We asked study participants about how their OTP(s) implemented COVID-19-related policy changes into their clinical practice focusing on provision of take-home methadone doses, factors used to determine patient stability, and potential concerns about increased take-home doses. We used Chi-square test to compare survey responses between characterizations of the OTPs. Results: Of 170 survey respondents (17% response rate), the majority represented leadership of for-profit OTPs (69%) and were in a Southern state (54%). Routine allowances and practices related to take-home methadone doses varied across OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic: 80 (47%) reported 14 days for newly enrolled patients (within past 90 days), 89 (52%) reported 14 days for \\\"less stable\\\" patients, and 112 (66%) reported 28 days for \\\"stable\\\" patients. Conclusions: We found that not all eligible OTP leaders adopted the practice of routinely allowing newly enrolled, \\\"less stable,\\\" and \\\"stable\\\" patients on methadone to have increased take-home doses up to the limit allowed by federal regulations during COVID-19. The pandemic provides an opportunity to critically re-evaluate long-established methadone and OTP regulations in preparation for future emergencies.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Subst Abus\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pytell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stoller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20211019\",\"keywords\":\"*Methadone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *covid-19, *opioid treatment programs, *opioid-related disorders, *survey, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Leadership, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Policy, SARS-CoV-2, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, opioid treatment programs, opioid-related disorders, survey\",\"pages\":\"633–639\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{levander_covid-19-related_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {{COVID}-19-related policy changes for methadone take-home dosing: {A} multistate survey of opioid treatment program leadership},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1986768},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: In the United States, methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder is dispensed via highly-regulated accredited opioid treatment programs (OTP). During the COVID-19 pandemic, federal regulations were loosened, allowing for greater use of take-home methadone doses. We sought to understand how OTP leaders responded to these policy changes. Methods: We distributed a multistate electronic survey from September to November 2020 of OTP leadership to members of the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) who self-identified as leaders of OTPs. We asked study participants about how their OTP(s) implemented COVID-19-related policy changes into their clinical practice focusing on provision of take-home methadone doses, factors used to determine patient stability, and potential concerns about increased take-home doses. We used Chi-square test to compare survey responses between characterizations of the OTPs. Results: Of 170 survey respondents (17\\\\% response rate), the majority represented leadership of for-profit OTPs (69\\\\%) and were in a Southern state (54\\\\%). Routine allowances and practices related to take-home methadone doses varied across OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic: 80 (47\\\\%) reported 14 days for newly enrolled patients (within past 90 days), 89 (52\\\\%) reported 14 days for \\\"less stable\\\" patients, and 112 (66\\\\%) reported 28 days for \\\"stable\\\" patients. Conclusions: We found that not all eligible OTP leaders adopted the practice of routinely allowing newly enrolled, \\\"less stable,\\\" and \\\"stable\\\" patients on methadone to have increased take-home doses up to the limit allowed by federal regulations during COVID-19. The pandemic provides an opportunity to critically re-evaluate long-established methadone and OTP regulations in preparation for future emergencies.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Subst Abus},\\n\\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Pytell, J. D. and Stoller, K. B. and Korthuis, P. T. and Chander, G.},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20211019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Methadone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *covid-19, *opioid treatment programs, *opioid-related disorders, *survey, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Leadership, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Policy, SARS-CoV-2, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, opioid treatment programs, opioid-related disorders, survey},\\n\\tpages = {633--639},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Pytell, J. D.\",\"Stoller, K. B.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Chander, G.\"],\"key\":\"levander_covid-19-related_2022\",\"id\":\"levander_covid-19-related_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"levander-pytell-stoller-korthuis-chander-covid19relatedpolicychangesformethadonetakehomedosingamultistatesurveyofopioidtreatmentprogramleadership-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Methadone\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"*covid-19\",\"*opioid treatment programs\",\"*opioid-related disorders\",\"*survey\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Covid-19\",\"Humans\",\"Leadership\",\"Methadone\",\"Methadone/therapeutic use\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Pandemics\",\"Policy\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"Surveys and Questionnaires\",\"United States\",\"opioid treatment programs\",\"opioid-related disorders\",\"survey\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Concerns Among People Who Use Drugs in Oregon\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000001002\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and explore reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who use drugs (PWUDs), a population with increased COVID-19 transmission and morbidity. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with PWUDs in 7 Oregon counties from May 11 to June 25, 2021. Participants (n = 34) were recruited in partnership with syringe service programs and local community organizations staff, participant-referrals, and flyer advertising. Research staff conducted interviews via telephone to assess participants' acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, find knowledge gaps where new educational information about vaccination would be helpful, and identify who would be perceived as a trustworthy source of information. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis with a deductive approach. RESULTS: Most participants had not received the COVID-19 vaccine and were not planning on or were unsure about receiving it. Participants were mistrustful of the rapid COVID-19 vaccine development process, the agencies involved in the development, and vaccines in general. Participants shared varied and contrasting responses about who they would trust to provide information about the COVID-19 vaccine, including peer recovery support specialists, doctors, or other health care professionals, and specified federal agencies or media outlets. CONCLUSIONS: As addiction medicine and public health staff continue to respond to the evolving impacts of COVID-19, vaccination planning should be tailored to the unique needs of PWUD to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in this high-risk population.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"J Addict Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaForge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pope\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Byers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoover\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chisholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220708\",\"keywords\":\"*COVID-19 Vaccines, *COVID-19/prevention & control, Health Personnel, Humans, Oregon/epidemiology, Vaccination\",\"pages\":\"695–701\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stack_covid-19_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 {Vaccination} {Status} and {Concerns} {Among} {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Oregon}},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000001002},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and explore reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who use drugs (PWUDs), a population with increased COVID-19 transmission and morbidity. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with PWUDs in 7 Oregon counties from May 11 to June 25, 2021. Participants (n = 34) were recruited in partnership with syringe service programs and local community organizations staff, participant-referrals, and flyer advertising. Research staff conducted interviews via telephone to assess participants' acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, find knowledge gaps where new educational information about vaccination would be helpful, and identify who would be perceived as a trustworthy source of information. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis with a deductive approach. RESULTS: Most participants had not received the COVID-19 vaccine and were not planning on or were unsure about receiving it. Participants were mistrustful of the rapid COVID-19 vaccine development process, the agencies involved in the development, and vaccines in general. Participants shared varied and contrasting responses about who they would trust to provide information about the COVID-19 vaccine, including peer recovery support specialists, doctors, or other health care professionals, and specified federal agencies or media outlets. CONCLUSIONS: As addiction medicine and public health staff continue to respond to the evolving impacts of COVID-19, vaccination planning should be tailored to the unique needs of PWUD to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in this high-risk population.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\\n\\tauthor = {Stack, E. and Shin, S. and LaForge, K. and Pope, J. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Byers, M. and Leahy, J. M. and Hoover, D. and Chisholm, L. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220708},\\n\\tkeywords = {*COVID-19 Vaccines, *COVID-19/prevention \\\\& control, Health Personnel, Humans, Oregon/epidemiology, Vaccination},\\n\\tpages = {695--701},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stack, E.\",\"Shin, S.\",\"LaForge, K.\",\"Pope, J.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Larsen, J. E.\",\"Byers, M.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Hoover, D.\",\"Chisholm, L.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"stack_covid-19_2022\",\"id\":\"stack_covid-19_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stack-shin-laforge-pope-leichtling-larsen-byers-leahy-etal-covid19vaccinationstatusandconcernsamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436\"},\"keyword\":[\"*COVID-19 Vaccines\",\"*COVID-19/prevention & control\",\"Health Personnel\",\"Humans\",\"Oregon/epidemiology\",\"Vaccination\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"People, places, and stigma: A qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural Kentucky\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"shorttitle\":\"People, places, and stigma\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.001\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fadanelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cloud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Umedjon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prood\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Nadya\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachia, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioids, Overdose, Risk environment framework, Rural, Rural Population, Social Stigma, Stigma, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"102588\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fadanelli_people_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {People, places, and stigma: {A} qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural {Kentucky}},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {People, places, and stigma},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.001},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Fadanelli, Monica and Cloud, David H. and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Ballard, April M. and Prood, Nadya and Young, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachia, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioids, Overdose, Risk environment framework, Rural, Rural Population, Social Stigma, Stigma, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {102588},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fadanelli, M.\",\"Cloud, D. H.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Ballard, A. M.\",\"Prood, N.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L.\"],\"key\":\"fadanelli_people_2020\",\"id\":\"fadanelli_people_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fadanelli-cloud-ibragimov-ballard-prood-young-cooper-peopleplacesandstigmaaqualitativestudyexploringtheoverdoseriskenvironmentinruralkentucky-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Appalachia\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Opioids\",\"Overdose\",\"Risk environment framework\",\"Rural\",\"Rural Population\",\"Social Stigma\",\"Stigma\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)): a multisite, randomised, 12-month trial to compare efficacy of standard versus peer-based approaches to retain rural people who use drugs in research\",\"volume\":\"12\",\"issn\":\"2044-6055 (Electronic) 2044-6055 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346\",\"doi\":\"10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064400\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: Rural communities bear a disproportionate share of the opioid and methamphetamine use disorder epidemics. Yet, rural people who use drugs (PWUD) are rarely included in trials testing new drug use prevention and treatment strategies. Numerous barriers impede rural PWUD trial engagement and advancing research methods to better retain rural PWUD in clinical trials is needed. This paper describes the Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)) study protocol to test the effectiveness of a peer-driven intervention to improve study retention among rural PWUD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The PROUD-R(2) study is being implemented in 21 rural counties in three states (Kentucky, Ohio and Oregon). People who are 18 years or older, reside in the study area and either used opioids or injected any drug to get high in the past 30 days are eligible for study inclusion. Participants are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to two arms, stratified by site to assure balance at each geographical location. The trial compares the effectiveness of two retention strategies. Participants randomised to the control arm provide detailed contact information and receive standard retention outreach by study staff (ie, contacts for locator information updates, appointment reminders). Participants randomised to the intervention arm are asked to recruit a 'study buddy' in addition to receiving standard retention outreach. Study buddies are invited to participate in a video training and instructed to remind their intervention participant of follow-up appointments and encourage retention. Assessments are completed by intervention, control and study buddy participants at 6 and 12 months after enrolment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol was approved by a central Institutional Review Board (University of Utah). Results of the study will be disseminated in academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals, online and print media, and in meetings with community stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03885024.\",\"number\":\"6\",\"journal\":\"BMJ Open\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bielavitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Estadt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alexander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barrie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Conn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elzaghal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Maybrier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McDowell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Neal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lapidus\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Waddell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220615\",\"keywords\":\"*Peer Group, *Rural Population, *Substance misuse, *public health, *statistics & research methods, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Kentucky, Ohio, Public health, Statistics & research methods, Substance misuse\",\"pages\":\"e064400\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{young_peer-based_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Peer-based {Retention} {Of} people who {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Research} ({PROUD}-{R}(2)): a multisite, randomised, 12-month trial to compare efficacy of standard versus peer-based approaches to retain rural people who use drugs in research},\\n\\tvolume = {12},\\n\\tissn = {2044-6055 (Electronic) 2044-6055 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064400},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Rural communities bear a disproportionate share of the opioid and methamphetamine use disorder epidemics. Yet, rural people who use drugs (PWUD) are rarely included in trials testing new drug use prevention and treatment strategies. Numerous barriers impede rural PWUD trial engagement and advancing research methods to better retain rural PWUD in clinical trials is needed. This paper describes the Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)) study protocol to test the effectiveness of a peer-driven intervention to improve study retention among rural PWUD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The PROUD-R(2) study is being implemented in 21 rural counties in three states (Kentucky, Ohio and Oregon). People who are 18 years or older, reside in the study area and either used opioids or injected any drug to get high in the past 30 days are eligible for study inclusion. Participants are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to two arms, stratified by site to assure balance at each geographical location. The trial compares the effectiveness of two retention strategies. Participants randomised to the control arm provide detailed contact information and receive standard retention outreach by study staff (ie, contacts for locator information updates, appointment reminders). Participants randomised to the intervention arm are asked to recruit a 'study buddy' in addition to receiving standard retention outreach. Study buddies are invited to participate in a video training and instructed to remind their intervention participant of follow-up appointments and encourage retention. Assessments are completed by intervention, control and study buddy participants at 6 and 12 months after enrolment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol was approved by a central Institutional Review Board (University of Utah). Results of the study will be disseminated in academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals, online and print media, and in meetings with community stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03885024.},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\tjournal = {BMJ Open},\\n\\tauthor = {Young, A. M. and Lancaster, K. E. and Bielavitz, S. and Elman, M. R. and Cook, R. R. and Leichtling, G. and Freeman, E. and Estadt, A. T. and Brown, M. and Alexander, R. and Barrie, C. and Conn, K. and Elzaghal, R. and Maybrier, L. and McDowell, R. and Neal, C. and Lapidus, J. and Waddell, E. N. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220615},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Peer Group, *Rural Population, *Substance misuse, *public health, *statistics \\\\& research methods, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Kentucky, Ohio, Public health, Statistics \\\\& research methods, Substance misuse},\\n\\tpages = {e064400},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Young, A. M.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Bielavitz, S.\",\"Elman, M. R.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Freeman, E.\",\"Estadt, A. T.\",\"Brown, M.\",\"Alexander, R.\",\"Barrie, C.\",\"Conn, K.\",\"Elzaghal, R.\",\"Maybrier, L.\",\"McDowell, R.\",\"Neal, C.\",\"Lapidus, J.\",\"Waddell, E. N.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"young_peer-based_2022\",\"id\":\"young_peer-based_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"young-lancaster-bielavitz-elman-cook-leichtling-freeman-estadt-etal-peerbasedretentionofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralresearchproudr2amultisiterandomised12monthtrialtocompareefficacyofstandardversuspeerbasedapproachestoretainruralpeoplewhousedrugsinresearch-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Peer Group\",\"*Rural Population\",\"*Substance misuse\",\"*public health\",\"*statistics & research methods\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky\",\"Ohio\",\"Public health\",\"Statistics & research methods\",\"Substance misuse\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Peer Recovery Support Services Across the Continuum: In Community, Hospital, Corrections, and Treatment and Recovery Agency Settings – A Narrative Review\",\"volume\":\"Publish Ahead of Print\",\"issn\":\"1932-0620\",\"shorttitle\":\"Peer Recovery Support Services Across the Continuum\",\"url\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-02\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Addiction Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hildebran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Waddell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"Needham\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Phillip\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Counseling, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Emergency Service, Hospital, Harm Reduction, Hospitals, Humans\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{stack_peer_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Peer {Recovery} {Support} {Services} {Across} the {Continuum}: {In} {Community}, {Hospital}, {Corrections}, and {Treatment} and {Recovery} {Agency} {Settings} – {A} {Narrative} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {Publish Ahead of Print},\\n\\tissn = {1932-0620},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Peer {Recovery} {Support} {Services} {Across} the {Continuum}},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-02},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Stack, Erin and Hildebran, Christi and Leichtling, Gillian and Waddell, Elizabeth Needham and Leahy, Judith M. and Martin, Eric and Korthuis, Phillip Todd},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Counseling, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Emergency Service, Hospital, Harm Reduction, Hospitals, Humans},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Stack, E.\",\"Hildebran, C.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Waddell, E. N.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Martin, E.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"stack_peer_2021\",\"id\":\"stack_peer_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"stack-hildebran-leichtling-waddell-leahy-martin-korthuis-peerrecoverysupportservicesacrossthecontinuumincommunityhospitalcorrectionsandtreatmentandrecoveryagencysettingsanarrativereview-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Counseling\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders/therapy\",\"Emergency Service\",\"Hospital\",\"Harm Reduction\",\"Hospitals\",\"Humans\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Patient outcomes after opioid dose reduction among patients with chronic opioid therapy\",\"volume\":\"163\",\"issn\":\"1872-6623 (Electronic) 0304-3959 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002298\",\"abstract\":\"ABSTRACT: The net effects of prescribing initiatives that encourage dose reductions are uncertain. We examined whether rapid dose reduction after high-dose chronic opioid therapy (COT) associates with suicide, overdose, or other opioid-related adverse events. This retrospective cohort study included Oregon Medicaid recipients with high-dose COT. Claims were linked with prescription data from the prescription drug monitoring program and death data from vital statistics, 2014 to 2017. Participants were placed into 4 mutually exclusive dose trajectory groups after the high-dose COT period, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of dose changes on patient outcomes in the following year. Of the 14,596 high-dose COT patients, 4191 (28.7%) abruptly discontinued opioid prescriptions, 1648 (11.3%) reduced opioid dose before discontinuing, 6480 (44.4%) had a dose reduction but never discontinued, and 2277 (15.6%) had a stable or increasing dose. Discontinuation, whether abrupt (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-9.25) or with dose reduction (aHR 4.47, 95% CI 1.68-11.88) significantly increased risk of suicide compared with those with stable or increasing dose. By contrast, discontinuation or dose reduction reduced the risk of overdose compared with those with a stable or increasing dose (aHR 0.36-0.62, 95% CI 0.20-0.94). Patients with an abrupt discontinuation were more likely to overdose on heroin (vs. prescription opioids) than patients in other groups (P \\\\textless 0.0001). Our study suggests that patients on COT require careful risk assessment and supportive interventions when considering opioid discontinuation or continuation at a high dose.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Pain\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hallvik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"El\",\"Ibrahimi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geddes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8494834\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology/prevention & control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug Tapering, Humans, Retrospective Studies, United States\",\"pages\":\"83–90\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hallvik_patient_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Patient outcomes after opioid dose reduction among patients with chronic opioid therapy},\\n\\tvolume = {163},\\n\\tissn = {1872-6623 (Electronic) 0304-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002298},\\n\\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: The net effects of prescribing initiatives that encourage dose reductions are uncertain. We examined whether rapid dose reduction after high-dose chronic opioid therapy (COT) associates with suicide, overdose, or other opioid-related adverse events. This retrospective cohort study included Oregon Medicaid recipients with high-dose COT. Claims were linked with prescription data from the prescription drug monitoring program and death data from vital statistics, 2014 to 2017. Participants were placed into 4 mutually exclusive dose trajectory groups after the high-dose COT period, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of dose changes on patient outcomes in the following year. Of the 14,596 high-dose COT patients, 4191 (28.7\\\\%) abruptly discontinued opioid prescriptions, 1648 (11.3\\\\%) reduced opioid dose before discontinuing, 6480 (44.4\\\\%) had a dose reduction but never discontinued, and 2277 (15.6\\\\%) had a stable or increasing dose. Discontinuation, whether abrupt (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.63; 95\\\\% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-9.25) or with dose reduction (aHR 4.47, 95\\\\% CI 1.68-11.88) significantly increased risk of suicide compared with those with stable or increasing dose. By contrast, discontinuation or dose reduction reduced the risk of overdose compared with those with a stable or increasing dose (aHR 0.36-0.62, 95\\\\% CI 0.20-0.94). Patients with an abrupt discontinuation were more likely to overdose on heroin (vs. prescription opioids) than patients in other groups (P {\\\\textless} 0.0001). Our study suggests that patients on COT require careful risk assessment and supportive interventions when considering opioid discontinuation or continuation at a high dose.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Pain},\\n\\tauthor = {Hallvik, S. E. and El Ibrahimi, S. and Johnston, K. and Geddes, J. and Leichtling, G. and Korthuis, P. T. and Hartung, D. M.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8494834},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug Tapering, Humans, Retrospective Studies, United States},\\n\\tpages = {83--90},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hallvik, S. E.\",\"El Ibrahimi, S.\",\"Johnston, K.\",\"Geddes, J.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Hartung, D. M.\"],\"key\":\"hallvik_patient_2022\",\"id\":\"hallvik_patient_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hallvik-elibrahimi-johnston-geddes-leichtling-korthuis-hartung-patientoutcomesafteropioiddosereductionamongpatientswithchronicopioidtherapy-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Drug Tapering\",\"Humans\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Opioid treatment programs, telemedicine and COVID-19: A scoping review\",\"volume\":\"43\",\"issn\":\"1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/08897077.2021.1967836\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Methadone and buprenorphine are effective medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) that are highly regulated in the United States. The on-going opioid crisis, and more recently COVID-19, has prompted reconsideration of these restrictions in order to sustain and improve treatment access, with renewed interest in telemedicine. We reviewed the evidence on use of telemedicine interventions and applicability to MOUD policy changes in the post-COVID-19 treatment landscape. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to April 2021 and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they examined telemedicine interventions and reported outcomes (e.g. treatment initiation, retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; other studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information and a second investigator verified data. We described the results qualitatively. Results: We identified nine studies: three controlled trials (two randomized), and six observational studies. Three studies evaluated patients treated with methadone and six studies with buprenorphine, including one study of pregnant women with OUD. All studies showed telemedicine approaches associated with similar outcomes (treatment retention, positive urine toxicology) compared to treatment as usual. Trials were limited by small samples sizes, lack of reporting harms, and most were conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; observational studies were limited by failure to control for confounding. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that telemedicine may enhance access to MOUD with similar effectiveness compared with face-to-face treatment. Few studies have been published since COVID-19, and it is unclear the potential impact of these interventions on the existing racial/ethnic disparities in treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic and need for social distancing led to temporary policy changes for prescribing of MOUD that could inform additional research in this area to support comprehensive policy reforms.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Subst Abus\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bougatsos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Priest\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grusing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20210914\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *COVID-19/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, *Telemedicine, *buprenorphine, *covid-19, *methadone, *opioid use disorder, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Female, Humans, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Pregnancy, SARS-CoV-2, Systematic Reviews as Topic, Telemedicine, United States, buprenorphine, methadone, opioid use disorder\",\"pages\":\"539–546\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chan_opioid_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Opioid treatment programs, telemedicine and {COVID}-19: {A} scoping review},\\n\\tvolume = {43},\\n\\tissn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1967836},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Methadone and buprenorphine are effective medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) that are highly regulated in the United States. The on-going opioid crisis, and more recently COVID-19, has prompted reconsideration of these restrictions in order to sustain and improve treatment access, with renewed interest in telemedicine. We reviewed the evidence on use of telemedicine interventions and applicability to MOUD policy changes in the post-COVID-19 treatment landscape. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to April 2021 and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they examined telemedicine interventions and reported outcomes (e.g. treatment initiation, retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; other studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information and a second investigator verified data. We described the results qualitatively. Results: We identified nine studies: three controlled trials (two randomized), and six observational studies. Three studies evaluated patients treated with methadone and six studies with buprenorphine, including one study of pregnant women with OUD. All studies showed telemedicine approaches associated with similar outcomes (treatment retention, positive urine toxicology) compared to treatment as usual. Trials were limited by small samples sizes, lack of reporting harms, and most were conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; observational studies were limited by failure to control for confounding. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that telemedicine may enhance access to MOUD with similar effectiveness compared with face-to-face treatment. Few studies have been published since COVID-19, and it is unclear the potential impact of these interventions on the existing racial/ethnic disparities in treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic and need for social distancing led to temporary policy changes for prescribing of MOUD that could inform additional research in this area to support comprehensive policy reforms.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Subst Abus},\\n\\tauthor = {Chan, B. and Bougatsos, C. and Priest, K. C. and McCarty, D. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20210914},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *COVID-19/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, *Telemedicine, *buprenorphine, *covid-19, *methadone, *opioid use disorder, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Female, Humans, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Pregnancy, SARS-CoV-2, Systematic Reviews as Topic, Telemedicine, United States, buprenorphine, methadone, opioid use disorder},\\n\\tpages = {539--546},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chan, B.\",\"Bougatsos, C.\",\"Priest, K. C.\",\"McCarty, D.\",\"Grusing, S.\",\"Chou, R.\"],\"key\":\"chan_opioid_2022\",\"id\":\"chan_opioid_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chan-bougatsos-priest-mccarty-grusing-chou-opioidtreatmentprogramstelemedicineandcovid19ascopingreview-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*COVID-19 Drug Treatment\",\"*COVID-19/drug therapy\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Pregnancy Complications\",\"Infectious\",\"*Telemedicine\",\"*buprenorphine\",\"*covid-19\",\"*methadone\",\"*opioid use disorder\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Covid-19\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Methadone/therapeutic use\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Pandemics\",\"Pregnancy\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"Systematic Reviews as Topic\",\"Telemedicine\",\"United States\",\"buprenorphine\",\"methadone\",\"opioid use disorder\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Opioid Prescribing Patterns Before Fatal Opioid Overdose\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"issn\":\"07493797\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.022\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"American Journal of Preventive Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abbasi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ali\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salisbury-Afshar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berberet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Layden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Drug Overdose/*mortality, Female, Humans, Illicit Drugs/poisoning, Illinois, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data, Prescription Drug Misuse/*statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies\",\"pages\":\"250–253\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{abbasi_opioid_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Opioid {Prescribing} {Patterns} {Before} {Fatal} {Opioid} {Overdose}},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\tissn = {07493797},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.022},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Abbasi, Ali B. and Salisbury-Afshar, Elizabeth and Berberet, Craig E. and Layden, Jennifer E. and Pho, Mai T.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Drug Overdose/*mortality, Female, Humans, Illicit Drugs/poisoning, Illinois, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Prescription Drug Misuse/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Retrospective Studies},\\n\\tpages = {250--253},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Abbasi, A. B.\",\"Salisbury-Afshar, E.\",\"Berberet, C. E.\",\"Layden, J. E.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"abbasi_opioid_2020\",\"id\":\"abbasi_opioid_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"abbasi-salisburyafshar-berberet-layden-pho-opioidprescribingpatternsbeforefatalopioidoverdose-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/*poisoning\",\"Drug Overdose/*mortality\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Illicit Drugs/poisoning\",\"Illinois\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Practice Patterns\",\"Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Prescription Drug Misuse/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Retrospective Studies\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern New England: A mixed-methods approach\",\"volume\":\"217\",\"issn\":\"03768716\",\"shorttitle\":\"Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern New England\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108256\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Drug and Alcohol Dependence\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nolte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kerry\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drew\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Aurora\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Eric\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kinney\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Linda\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Injection initiation, *Northern New England, *Opioid initiation, *People who use drugs, *Rural opioid use, *Surveys and Questionnaires, *Trauma, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage/*adverse effects, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Injection initiation, Male, New England/epidemiology, Northern New England, Opioid initiation, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, People who use drugs, Rural Population/*trends, Rural opioid use, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/psychology, Trauma, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"108256\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nolte_opioid_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern {New} {England}: {A} mixed-methods approach},\\n\\tvolume = {217},\\n\\tissn = {03768716},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern {New} {England}},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108256},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},\\n\\tauthor = {Nolte, Kerry and Drew, Aurora L. and Friedmann, Peter D. and Romo, Eric and Kinney, Linda M. and Stopka, Thomas J.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Injection initiation, *Northern New England, *Opioid initiation, *People who use drugs, *Rural opioid use, *Surveys and Questionnaires, *Trauma, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \\\\& dosage/*adverse effects, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Injection initiation, Male, New England/epidemiology, Northern New England, Opioid initiation, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, People who use drugs, Rural Population/*trends, Rural opioid use, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/psychology, Trauma, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {108256},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nolte, K.\",\"Drew, A. L.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\",\"Romo, E.\",\"Kinney, L. M.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\"],\"key\":\"nolte_opioid_2020\",\"id\":\"nolte_opioid_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nolte-drew-friedmann-romo-kinney-stopka-opioidinitiationandinjectiontransitioninruralnorthernnewenglandamixedmethodsapproach-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Injection initiation\",\"*Northern New England\",\"*Opioid initiation\",\"*People who use drugs\",\"*Rural opioid use\",\"*Surveys and Questionnaires\",\"*Trauma\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/administration & dosage/*adverse effects\",\"Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Injection initiation\",\"Male\",\"New England/epidemiology\",\"Northern New England\",\"Opioid initiation\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology\",\"People who use drugs\",\"Rural Population/*trends\",\"Rural opioid use\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology\",\"Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/psychology\",\"Trauma\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Office-Based Methadone Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder and Pharmacy Dispensing: A Scoping Review\",\"volume\":\"178\",\"issn\":\"1535-7228 (Electronic) 0002-953X (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101548\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a scoping review to survey the evidence landscape for studies that assessed outcomes of treating patients with opioid use disorder with methadone in office-based settings. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched, and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they focused on methadone treatment in office-based settings conducted in the United States or other highly developed countries and reported outcomes (e.g., retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; uncontrolled and descriptive studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information, and a second verified data. A scoping review approach broadly surveyed the evidence, and therefore study quality was not rated formally. RESULTS: Eighteen studies of patients treated with office-based methadone were identified, including six trials, eight observational studies, and four additional articles discussing use of pharmacies to dispense methadone. Studies on office-based methadone treatment, including primary care-based dispensing, were limited but consistently found that stable methadone patients valued office-based care and remained in care with low rates of drug use; outcomes were similar compared with stable patients in regular care. Office-based methadone treatment was associated with higher treatment satisfaction and quality of life. Limitations included underpowered comparisons and small samples. CONCLUSIONS: Limited research suggests that office-based methadone treatment and pharmacy dispensing could enhance access to methadone treatment for patients with opioid use disorder without adversely affecting patient outcomes and, potentially, inform modifications to federal regulations. Research should assess the feasibility of office-based care for less stable patients.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"Am J Psychiatry\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bougatsos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Priest\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grusing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8440363\",\"keywords\":\"*Methadone Therapy, *Office-Based Methadone, *Opioid Use Disorder, *Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing, Drug Prescriptions, Humans, Methadone Therapy, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Narcotics/*therapeutic use, Office-Based Methadone, Opioid Use Disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacies, Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing\",\"pages\":\"804–817\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mccarty_office-based_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Office-{Based} {Methadone} {Treatment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Pharmacy} {Dispensing}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {178},\\n\\tissn = {1535-7228 (Electronic) 0002-953X (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101548},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a scoping review to survey the evidence landscape for studies that assessed outcomes of treating patients with opioid use disorder with methadone in office-based settings. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched, and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they focused on methadone treatment in office-based settings conducted in the United States or other highly developed countries and reported outcomes (e.g., retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; uncontrolled and descriptive studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information, and a second verified data. A scoping review approach broadly surveyed the evidence, and therefore study quality was not rated formally. RESULTS: Eighteen studies of patients treated with office-based methadone were identified, including six trials, eight observational studies, and four additional articles discussing use of pharmacies to dispense methadone. Studies on office-based methadone treatment, including primary care-based dispensing, were limited but consistently found that stable methadone patients valued office-based care and remained in care with low rates of drug use; outcomes were similar compared with stable patients in regular care. Office-based methadone treatment was associated with higher treatment satisfaction and quality of life. Limitations included underpowered comparisons and small samples. CONCLUSIONS: Limited research suggests that office-based methadone treatment and pharmacy dispensing could enhance access to methadone treatment for patients with opioid use disorder without adversely affecting patient outcomes and, potentially, inform modifications to federal regulations. Research should assess the feasibility of office-based care for less stable patients.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {Am J Psychiatry},\\n\\tauthor = {McCarty, D. and Bougatsos, C. and Chan, B. and Hoffman, K. A. and Priest, K. C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8440363},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Methadone Therapy, *Office-Based Methadone, *Opioid Use Disorder, *Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing, Drug Prescriptions, Humans, Methadone Therapy, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Narcotics/*therapeutic use, Office-Based Methadone, Opioid Use Disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacies, Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing},\\n\\tpages = {804--817},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McCarty, D.\",\"Bougatsos, C.\",\"Chan, B.\",\"Hoffman, K. A.\",\"Priest, K. C.\",\"Grusing, S.\",\"Chou, R.\"],\"key\":\"mccarty_office-based_2021\",\"id\":\"mccarty_office-based_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mccarty-bougatsos-chan-hoffman-priest-grusing-chou-officebasedmethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorderandpharmacydispensingascopingreview-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Methadone Therapy\",\"*Office-Based Methadone\",\"*Opioid Use Disorder\",\"*Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing\",\"Drug Prescriptions\",\"Humans\",\"Methadone Therapy\",\"Methadone/*therapeutic use\",\"Narcotics/*therapeutic use\",\"Office-Based Methadone\",\"Opioid Use Disorder\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy\",\"Pharmacies\",\"Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"\\\"Now We Are Seeing the Tides Wash In\\\": Trauma and the Opioid Epidemic in Rural Appalachian Ohio\",\"volume\":\"56\",\"issn\":\"1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Ohio's opioid epidemic continues to progress, severely affecting its rural Appalachian counties-areas marked by high mortality rates, widespread economic challenges, and a history of extreme opioid overprescribing. Substance use may be particularly prevalent in the region due to interactions between community and interpersonal trauma. Purpose/Objectives: We conducted qualitative interviews to explore the local context of the epidemic and the contributing role of trauma. Methods: Two interviewers conducted in-depth interviews (n = 34) with stakeholders in three rural Appalachian counties, including healthcare and substance use treatment professionals, law enforcement officials, and judicial officials. Semi-structured interview guides focused on the social, economic, and historical context of the opioid epidemic, perceived causes and effects of the epidemic, and ideas for addressing the challenge. Results: Stakeholders revealed three pervasive forms of trauma related to the epidemic in their communities: environmental/community trauma (including economic and historical distress), physical/sexual trauma, and emotional trauma. Traumas interact with one another and with substance use in a self-perpetuating cycle. Although stakeholders in all groups discussed trauma from all three categories, their interpretation and proposed solutions differed, leading to a fragmented epidemic response. Participants also discussed the potential of finding hope and community through efforts to address trauma and substance use. Conclusions: Findings lend support to the cyclical relationship between trauma and substance use, as well as the importance of environmental and community trauma as drivers of the opioid epidemic. Community-level and trauma-informed interventions are needed to increase stakeholder consensus around treatment and prevention strategies, as well as to strengthen community organization networks and support community resilience. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Subst Use Misuse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schalkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piscalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sibley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8276036\",\"keywords\":\"*Analgesics, Opioid, *Appalachia, *Epidemics, *Opioids, *community health, *evidence-based treatment, *moud, *opioid epidemic, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use, *trauma, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Humans, Moud, Ohio/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, community health, evidence-based treatment, rural health, stigma, substance use, trauma\",\"pages\":\"650–659\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schalkoff_now_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {\\\"{Now} {We} {Are} {Seeing} the {Tides} {Wash} {In}\\\": {Trauma} and the {Opioid} {Epidemic} in {Rural} {Appalachian} {Ohio}},\\n\\tvolume = {56},\\n\\tissn = {1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Ohio's opioid epidemic continues to progress, severely affecting its rural Appalachian counties-areas marked by high mortality rates, widespread economic challenges, and a history of extreme opioid overprescribing. Substance use may be particularly prevalent in the region due to interactions between community and interpersonal trauma. Purpose/Objectives: We conducted qualitative interviews to explore the local context of the epidemic and the contributing role of trauma. Methods: Two interviewers conducted in-depth interviews (n = 34) with stakeholders in three rural Appalachian counties, including healthcare and substance use treatment professionals, law enforcement officials, and judicial officials. Semi-structured interview guides focused on the social, economic, and historical context of the opioid epidemic, perceived causes and effects of the epidemic, and ideas for addressing the challenge. Results: Stakeholders revealed three pervasive forms of trauma related to the epidemic in their communities: environmental/community trauma (including economic and historical distress), physical/sexual trauma, and emotional trauma. Traumas interact with one another and with substance use in a self-perpetuating cycle. Although stakeholders in all groups discussed trauma from all three categories, their interpretation and proposed solutions differed, leading to a fragmented epidemic response. Participants also discussed the potential of finding hope and community through efforts to address trauma and substance use. Conclusions: Findings lend support to the cyclical relationship between trauma and substance use, as well as the importance of environmental and community trauma as drivers of the opioid epidemic. Community-level and trauma-informed interventions are needed to increase stakeholder consensus around treatment and prevention strategies, as well as to strengthen community organization networks and support community resilience. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Subst Use Misuse},\\n\\tauthor = {Schalkoff, C. A. and Richard, E. L. and Piscalko, H. M. and Sibley, A. L. and Brook, D. L. and Lancaster, K. E. and Miller, W. C. and Go, V. F.},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8276036},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid, *Appalachia, *Epidemics, *Opioids, *community health, *evidence-based treatment, *moud, *opioid epidemic, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use, *trauma, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Humans, Moud, Ohio/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, community health, evidence-based treatment, rural health, stigma, substance use, trauma},\\n\\tpages = {650--659},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schalkoff, C. A.\",\"Richard, E. L.\",\"Piscalko, H. M.\",\"Sibley, A. L.\",\"Brook, D. L.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Go, V. F.\"],\"key\":\"schalkoff_now_2021\",\"id\":\"schalkoff_now_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schalkoff-richard-piscalko-sibley-brook-lancaster-miller-go-nowweareseeingthetideswashintraumaandtheopioidepidemicinruralappalachianohio-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"*Appalachia\",\"*Epidemics\",\"*Opioids\",\"*community health\",\"*evidence-based treatment\",\"*moud\",\"*opioid epidemic\",\"*rural health\",\"*stigma\",\"*substance use\",\"*trauma\",\"Appalachia\",\"Appalachian Region/epidemiology\",\"Humans\",\"Moud\",\"Ohio/epidemiology\",\"Opioid Epidemic\",\"Opioids\",\"community health\",\"evidence-based treatment\",\"rural health\",\"stigma\",\"substance use\",\"trauma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Novel Recruitment Methods for Research Among Young Adults in Rural Areas Who Use Opioids: Cookouts, Coupons, and Community-Based Staff\",\"volume\":\"135\",\"issn\":\"0033-3549, 1468-2877\",\"shorttitle\":\"Novel Recruitment Methods for Research Among Young Adults in Rural Areas Who Use Opioids\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0033354920954796\",\"abstract\":\"Objectives Rural communities in the United States are increasingly becoming epicenters of substance use and related harms. However, best practices for recruiting rural people who use drugs (PWUD) for epidemiologic research are unknown, because such strategies were developed in cities. This study explores the feasibility of web- and community-based strategies to recruit rural, young adult PWUD into epidemiologic research. Materials and Methods We recruited PWUD from rural Kentucky to participate in a web-based survey about opioid use using web-based peer referral and community-based strategies, including cookouts, flyers, street outreach, and invitations to PWUD enrolled in a concurrent substance use study. Staff members labeled recruitment materials with unique codes to enable tracking. We assessed eligibility and fraud through online eligibility screening and a fraud detection algorithm, respectively. Eligibility criteria included being aged 18-35, recently using opioids to get high, and residing in the study area. Results Recruitment yielded 410 complete screening entries, of which 234 were eligible and 151 provided complete, nonfraudulent surveys (ie, surveys that passed a fraud-detection algorithm designed to identify duplicate, nonlocal, and/or bot-generated entries). Cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals accounted for the highest proportion of screening entries (37.1%, n = 152), but only 29.6% (n = 45) of entries from cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals resulted in eligible, nonfraudulent surveys. Recruitment and subsequent web-based peer referral from the concurrent study yielded the second most screening entries (27.8%, n = 114), 77.2% (n = 88) of which resulted in valid surveys. Other recruitment strategies combined to yield 35.1% (n = 144) of screening entries and 11.9% (n = 18) of valid surveys. Conclusions Web-based methods need to be complemented by context-tailored, street-outreach activities to recruit rural PWUD.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Public Health Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Patient Selection, *injection drug use, *opioids, *recruitment, *rural, *substance use, *web-based survey, Adolescent, Adult, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Clinical Trials as Topic/*organization & administration, Female, Humans, Internet, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Research Design, Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, injection drug use, opioids, recruitment, rural, substance use, web-based survey\",\"pages\":\"746–755\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{young_novel_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Novel {Recruitment} {Methods} for {Research} {Among} {Young} {Adults} in {Rural} {Areas} {Who} {Use} {Opioids}: {Cookouts}, {Coupons}, and {Community}-{Based} {Staff}},\\n\\tvolume = {135},\\n\\tissn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Novel {Recruitment} {Methods} for {Research} {Among} {Young} {Adults} in {Rural} {Areas} {Who} {Use} {Opioids}},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0033354920954796},\\n\\tabstract = {Objectives \\n              Rural communities in the United States are increasingly becoming epicenters of substance use and related harms. However, best practices for recruiting rural people who use drugs (PWUD) for epidemiologic research are unknown, because such strategies were developed in cities. This study explores the feasibility of web- and community-based strategies to recruit rural, young adult PWUD into epidemiologic research. \\n             \\n             \\n              Materials and Methods \\n              We recruited PWUD from rural Kentucky to participate in a web-based survey about opioid use using web-based peer referral and community-based strategies, including cookouts, flyers, street outreach, and invitations to PWUD enrolled in a concurrent substance use study. Staff members labeled recruitment materials with unique codes to enable tracking. We assessed eligibility and fraud through online eligibility screening and a fraud detection algorithm, respectively. Eligibility criteria included being aged 18-35, recently using opioids to get high, and residing in the study area. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results \\n              Recruitment yielded 410 complete screening entries, of which 234 were eligible and 151 provided complete, nonfraudulent surveys (ie, surveys that passed a fraud-detection algorithm designed to identify duplicate, nonlocal, and/or bot-generated entries). Cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals accounted for the highest proportion of screening entries (37.1\\\\%, n = 152), but only 29.6\\\\% (n = 45) of entries from cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals resulted in eligible, nonfraudulent surveys. Recruitment and subsequent web-based peer referral from the concurrent study yielded the second most screening entries (27.8\\\\%, n = 114), 77.2\\\\% (n = 88) of which resulted in valid surveys. Other recruitment strategies combined to yield 35.1\\\\% (n = 144) of screening entries and 11.9\\\\% (n = 18) of valid surveys. \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions \\n              Web-based methods need to be complemented by context-tailored, street-outreach activities to recruit rural PWUD.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Public Health Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Young, April M. and Ballard, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Patient Selection, *injection drug use, *opioids, *recruitment, *rural, *substance use, *web-based survey, Adolescent, Adult, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Clinical Trials as Topic/*organization \\\\& administration, Female, Humans, Internet, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Research Design, Rural Population/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Young Adult, injection drug use, opioids, recruitment, rural, substance use, web-based survey},\\n\\tpages = {746--755},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Young, A. M.\",\"Ballard, A. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L.\"],\"key\":\"young_novel_2020\",\"id\":\"young_novel_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"young-ballard-cooper-novelrecruitmentmethodsforresearchamongyoungadultsinruralareaswhouseopioidscookoutscouponsandcommunitybasedstaff-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Patient Selection\",\"*injection drug use\",\"*opioids\",\"*recruitment\",\"*rural\",\"*substance use\",\"*web-based survey\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Appalachian Region/epidemiology\",\"Clinical Trials as Topic/*organization & administration\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Internet\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Male\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Research Design\",\"Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Young Adult\",\"injection drug use\",\"opioids\",\"recruitment\",\"rural\",\"substance use\",\"web-based survey\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Network Research Experiences in New York and Eastern Europe: Lessons for the Southern US in Understanding HIV Transmission Dynamics\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1548-3568, 1548-3576\",\"shorttitle\":\"Network Research Experiences in New York and Eastern Europe\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Current HIV/AIDS Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Williams\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leslie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Teubl\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Paraskevis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dimitrios\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kostaki\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Evangelia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Latkin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"German\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Danielle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mateu-Gelabert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pedro\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guarino\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honoria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vasylyeva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetyana\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Skaathun\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Britt\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korobchuk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ania\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smyrnov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pavlo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nikolopoulos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georgios\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Behaviors, *Opioid users, *Phylogenetics, *Quasi-networks, *Respondent-driven sampling, *Risk networks, *Risk-Taking, *Social Support, *Social networks, *hiv, *pwud, Adult, Behaviors, Europe, Eastern/epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections/*prevention & control/transmission, Hiv, Humans, Male, New York/epidemiology, Opioid users, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy, Phylogenetics, Pwud, Quasi-networks, Respondent-driven sampling, Risk, Risk networks, Social networks\",\"pages\":\"283–292\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{friedman_network_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Network {Research} {Experiences} in {New} {York} and {Eastern} {Europe}: {Lessons} for the {Southern} {US} in {Understanding} {HIV} {Transmission} {Dynamics}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Network {Research} {Experiences} in {New} {York} and {Eastern} {Europe}},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Friedman, Samuel R. and Williams, Leslie and Young, April M. and Teubl, Jennifer and Paraskevis, Dimitrios and Kostaki, Evangelia and Latkin, Carl and German, Danielle and Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro and Guarino, Honoria and Vasylyeva, Tetyana I. and Skaathun, Britt and Schneider, John and Korobchuk, Ania and Smyrnov, Pavlo and Nikolopoulos, Georgios},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Behaviors, *Opioid users, *Phylogenetics, *Quasi-networks, *Respondent-driven sampling, *Risk networks, *Risk-Taking, *Social Support, *Social networks, *hiv, *pwud, Adult, Behaviors, Europe, Eastern/epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections/*prevention \\\\& control/transmission, Hiv, Humans, Male, New York/epidemiology, Opioid users, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy, Phylogenetics, Pwud, Quasi-networks, Respondent-driven sampling, Risk, Risk networks, Social networks},\\n\\tpages = {283--292},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Williams, L.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Teubl, J.\",\"Paraskevis, D.\",\"Kostaki, E.\",\"Latkin, C.\",\"German, D.\",\"Mateu-Gelabert, P.\",\"Guarino, H.\",\"Vasylyeva, T. I.\",\"Skaathun, B.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Korobchuk, A.\",\"Smyrnov, P.\",\"Nikolopoulos, G.\"],\"key\":\"friedman_network_2018\",\"id\":\"friedman_network_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"friedman-williams-young-teubl-paraskevis-kostaki-latkin-german-etal-networkresearchexperiencesinnewyorkandeasterneuropelessonsforthesouthernusinunderstandinghivtransmissiondynamics-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Behaviors\",\"*Opioid users\",\"*Phylogenetics\",\"*Quasi-networks\",\"*Respondent-driven sampling\",\"*Risk networks\",\"*Risk-Taking\",\"*Social Support\",\"*Social networks\",\"*hiv\",\"*pwud\",\"Adult\",\"Behaviors\",\"Europe\",\"Eastern/epidemiology\",\"Female\",\"HIV Infections/*prevention & control/transmission\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"New York/epidemiology\",\"Opioid users\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy\",\"Phylogenetics\",\"Pwud\",\"Quasi-networks\",\"Respondent-driven sampling\",\"Risk\",\"Risk networks\",\"Social networks\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Naloxone Prescriptions Among Commercially Insured Individuals at High Risk of Opioid Overdose\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"issn\":\"2574-3805\",\"url\":\"http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Network Open\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Follman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arora\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vineet\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lyttle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Moore\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Quincy\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Drug Utilization/*statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Prescriptions/*statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, United States\",\"pages\":\"e193209\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{follman_naloxone_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Naloxone {Prescriptions} {Among} {Commercially} {Insured} {Individuals} at {High} {Risk} of {Opioid} {Overdose}},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\tissn = {2574-3805},\\n\\turl = {http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\\n\\tauthor = {Follman, Sarah and Arora, Vineet M. and Lyttle, Chris and Moore, P. Quincy and Pho, Mai T.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Drug Utilization/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Prescriptions/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Retrospective Studies, United States},\\n\\tpages = {e193209},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Follman, S.\",\"Arora, V. M.\",\"Lyttle, C.\",\"Moore, P. Q.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"follman_naloxone_2019\",\"id\":\"follman_naloxone_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"follman-arora-lyttle-moore-pho-naloxoneprescriptionsamongcommerciallyinsuredindividualsathighriskofopioidoverdose-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209\"},\"keyword\":[\"Adult\",\"Age Factors\",\"Aged\",\"Aged\",\"80 and over\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Drug Utilization/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Longitudinal Studies\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Naloxone/*therapeutic use\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy\",\"Prescriptions/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mobile methadone medication units: A brief history, scoping review and research opportunity\",\"volume\":\"129\",\"issn\":\"1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108483\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) approved the first mobile medication unit (i.e., a van to administer methadone) in 1988 and approved units on an ad hoc basis until issuing a moratorium in 2007 citing concerns about safety and diversion. In February 2020, the DEA released a notice of proposed rulemaking to permit a resumption of mobile medication units. The Biden Administration plans to release the final rule in 2021. Because a preliminary scan suggested limited evidence, a scoping review examined the research related to methadone vans to identify and assess the extent of mobile methadone research and inform the development and implementation of new mobile services. METHODS: A scoping review, supplemented with key informant interviews, identified and described the most relevant evidence. Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to July 2020. RESULTS: Informant interviews provided perspective on the need for and the use of mobile medication units, the history of methadone vans, and benefits and problems associated with the units. The scoping review found limited evidence: three cohort analyses (one prospective) and one before and after analysis (four studies) of individuals using mobile medication services. Mobile services were associated with enhanced retention in care (relative to patients in fixed site programs) and mobile units appeared to facilitate access for underserved populations with opioid use disorders. DISCUSSION: The key informants addressed the history of methadone vans, the potential use to serve rural communities and correctional facilities and the benefits and problems associated with mobile services. The scoping review found evidence that mobile services increase methadone access among underserved populations and may enhance retention in care. The DEA's proposed regulatory modification creates opportunities to further evaluate the implementation and the effects of mobile medication units.\",\"journal\":\"J Subst Abuse Treat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bougatsos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grusing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8380675\",\"keywords\":\"*Methadone, *Methadone van, *Mobile medication unit, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Methadone, Methadone van, Mobile medication unit, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Systematic Reviews as Topic\",\"pages\":\"108483\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chan_mobile_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Mobile methadone medication units: {A} brief history, scoping review and research opportunity},\\n\\tvolume = {129},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108483},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) approved the first mobile medication unit (i.e., a van to administer methadone) in 1988 and approved units on an ad hoc basis until issuing a moratorium in 2007 citing concerns about safety and diversion. In February 2020, the DEA released a notice of proposed rulemaking to permit a resumption of mobile medication units. The Biden Administration plans to release the final rule in 2021. Because a preliminary scan suggested limited evidence, a scoping review examined the research related to methadone vans to identify and assess the extent of mobile methadone research and inform the development and implementation of new mobile services. METHODS: A scoping review, supplemented with key informant interviews, identified and described the most relevant evidence. Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to July 2020. RESULTS: Informant interviews provided perspective on the need for and the use of mobile medication units, the history of methadone vans, and benefits and problems associated with the units. The scoping review found limited evidence: three cohort analyses (one prospective) and one before and after analysis (four studies) of individuals using mobile medication services. Mobile services were associated with enhanced retention in care (relative to patients in fixed site programs) and mobile units appeared to facilitate access for underserved populations with opioid use disorders. DISCUSSION: The key informants addressed the history of methadone vans, the potential use to serve rural communities and correctional facilities and the benefits and problems associated with mobile services. The scoping review found evidence that mobile services increase methadone access among underserved populations and may enhance retention in care. The DEA's proposed regulatory modification creates opportunities to further evaluate the implementation and the effects of mobile medication units.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\\n\\tauthor = {Chan, B. and Hoffman, K. A. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R. and McCarty, D.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8380675},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Methadone, *Methadone van, *Mobile medication unit, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Methadone, Methadone van, Mobile medication unit, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Systematic Reviews as Topic},\\n\\tpages = {108483},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chan, B.\",\"Hoffman, K. A.\",\"Bougatsos, C.\",\"Grusing, S.\",\"Chou, R.\",\"McCarty, D.\"],\"key\":\"chan_mobile_2021\",\"id\":\"chan_mobile_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chan-hoffman-bougatsos-grusing-chou-mccarty-mobilemethadonemedicationunitsabriefhistoryscopingreviewandresearchopportunity-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Methadone\",\"*Methadone van\",\"*Mobile medication unit\",\"*Opioid use disorder\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"Humans\",\"Methadone\",\"Methadone van\",\"Mobile medication unit\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Prospective Studies\",\"Systematic Reviews as Topic\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Mitigating the Risk of Infectious Diseases Among Rural Drug Users in Western North Carolina: Results of the Southern Appalachia Test, Link, Care (SA‐TLC) Health Care Provider Survey\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"0890-765X, 1748-0361\",\"shorttitle\":\"Mitigating the Risk of Infectious Diseases Among Rural Drug Users in Western North Carolina\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jrh.12409\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Rural Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carpenter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Delesha\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Donna\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hennessy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caitlin\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rhea\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Users, *HIV Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention & control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *health care provider, *hepatitis C virus, *human immunodeficiency virus, *injection drug use, *opioids, Health Personnel, Humans, North Carolina/epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, health care provider, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, injection drug use, opioids\",\"pages\":\"208–216\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hurt_mitigating_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Mitigating the {Risk} of {Infectious} {Diseases} {Among} {Rural} {Drug} {Users} in {Western} {North} {Carolina}: {Results} of the {Southern} {Appalachia} {Test}, {Link}, {Care} ({SA}‐{TLC}) {Health} {Care} {Provider} {Survey}},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {0890-765X, 1748-0361},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Mitigating the {Risk} of {Infectious} {Diseases} {Among} {Rural} {Drug} {Users} in {Western} {North} {Carolina}},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12409},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Rural Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Hurt, Christopher B. and Carpenter, Delesha M. and Evon, Donna M. and Hennessy, Caitlin M. and Rhea, Sarah K. and Zule, William A.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *HIV Infections/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *health care provider, *hepatitis C virus, *human immunodeficiency virus, *injection drug use, *opioids, Health Personnel, Humans, North Carolina/epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, health care provider, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, injection drug use, opioids},\\n\\tpages = {208--216},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hurt, C. B.\",\"Carpenter, D. M.\",\"Evon, D. M.\",\"Hennessy, C. M.\",\"Rhea, S. K.\",\"Zule, W. A.\"],\"key\":\"hurt_mitigating_2020\",\"id\":\"hurt_mitigating_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hurt-carpenter-evon-hennessy-rhea-zule-mitigatingtheriskofinfectiousdiseasesamongruraldrugusersinwesternnorthcarolinaresultsofthesouthernappalachiatestlinkcaresatlchealthcareprovidersurvey-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Users\",\"*HIV Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"*Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"*health care provider\",\"*hepatitis C virus\",\"*human immunodeficiency virus\",\"*injection drug use\",\"*opioids\",\"Health Personnel\",\"Humans\",\"North Carolina/epidemiology\",\"Prevalence\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Surveys and Questionnaires\",\"health care provider\",\"hepatitis C virus\",\"human immunodeficiency virus\",\"injection drug use\",\"opioids\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Medications for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder among Persons Living with HIV\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1548-3568, 1548-3576\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Current HIV/AIDS Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fanucchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laura\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Springer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine, *Extended-release naltrexone, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Methadone, *Opioid addiction, *Opioid use disorders, *hiv, *mat, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, HIV Infections/drug therapy/etiology, Hiv, Humans, Mat, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opioid addiction, Opioid use disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Treatment Outcome\",\"pages\":\"1–6\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fanucchi_medications_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Medications for {Treatment} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} among {Persons} {Living} with {HIV}},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Fanucchi, Laura and Springer, Sandra A. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Extended-release naltrexone, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Methadone, *Opioid addiction, *Opioid use disorders, *hiv, *mat, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, HIV Infections/drug therapy/etiology, Hiv, Humans, Mat, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opioid addiction, Opioid use disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Treatment Outcome},\\n\\tpages = {1--6},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fanucchi, L.\",\"Springer, S. A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"fanucchi_medications_2019\",\"id\":\"fanucchi_medications_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fanucchi-springer-korthuis-medicationsfortreatmentofopioidusedisorderamongpersonslivingwithhiv-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine\",\"*Extended-release naltrexone\",\"*Medication for opioid use disorder\",\"*Methadone\",\"*Opioid addiction\",\"*Opioid use disorders\",\"*hiv\",\"*mat\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use\",\"Extended-release naltrexone\",\"HIV Infections/drug therapy/etiology\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Mat\",\"Medication for opioid use disorder\",\"Methadone\",\"Methadone/*therapeutic use\",\"Naltrexone/*therapeutic use\",\"Opioid addiction\",\"Opioid use disorders\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy\",\"Treatment Outcome\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"“Like Yin and Yang”: Perceptions of Methamphetamine Benefits and Consequences Among People Who Use Opioids in Rural Communities\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1932-0620, 1935-3227\",\"shorttitle\":\"“Like Yin and Yang”\",\"url\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Addiction Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hildebran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pinela\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Cristi\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Waddell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"Needham\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sidlow\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Perception, Rural Population\",\"pages\":\"34–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{baker_like_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {“{Like} {Yin} and {Yang}”: {Perceptions} of {Methamphetamine} {Benefits} and {Consequences} {Among} {People} {Who} {Use} {Opioids} in {Rural} {Communities}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1932-0620, 1935-3227},\\n\\tshorttitle = {“{Like} {Yin} and {Yang}”},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Baker, Robin and Leichtling, Gillian and Hildebran, Christi and Pinela, Cristi and Waddell, Elizabeth Needham and Sidlow, Claire and Leahy, Judith M. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Perception, Rural Population},\\n\\tpages = {34--39},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Baker, R.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Hildebran, C.\",\"Pinela, C.\",\"Waddell, E. N.\",\"Sidlow, C.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"baker_like_2021\",\"id\":\"baker_like_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"baker-leichtling-hildebran-pinela-waddell-sidlow-leahy-korthuis-likeyinandyangperceptionsofmethamphetaminebenefitsandconsequencesamongpeoplewhouseopioidsinruralcommunities-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology\",\"*Methamphetamine\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Humans\",\"Perception\",\"Rural Population\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lessons learned from the implementation of a medically enhanced residential treatment (MERT) model integrating intravenous antibiotics and residential addiction treatment\",\"volume\":\"39\",\"issn\":\"0889-7077, 1547-0164\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Substance Abuse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wilson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Talitha\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Collins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Devin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Phoutrides\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elena\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Weimer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melissa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Calcagni\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nicolaidis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"Administration, Intravenous, Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Infections/*drug therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data, Program Development, Program Evaluation, Residential Treatment/*methods, Substance-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/therapy, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"225–232\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{englander_lessons_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Lessons learned from the implementation of a medically enhanced residential treatment ({MERT}) model integrating intravenous antibiotics and residential addiction treatment},\\n\\tvolume = {39},\\n\\tissn = {0889-7077, 1547-0164},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\\n\\tauthor = {Englander, Honora and Wilson, Talitha and Collins, Devin and Phoutrides, Elena and Weimer, Melissa and Korthuis, P. Todd and Calcagni, Jessica and Nicolaidis, Christina},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {Administration, Intravenous, Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration \\\\& dosage/*therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Infections/*drug therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics \\\\& numerical data, Program Development, Program Evaluation, Residential Treatment/*methods, Substance-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/therapy, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {225--232},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Englander, H.\",\"Wilson, T.\",\"Collins, D.\",\"Phoutrides, E.\",\"Weimer, M.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Calcagni, J.\",\"Nicolaidis, C.\"],\"key\":\"englander_lessons_2018\",\"id\":\"englander_lessons_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"englander-wilson-collins-phoutrides-weimer-korthuis-calcagni-nicolaidis-lessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofamedicallyenhancedresidentialtreatmentmertmodelintegratingintravenousantibioticsandresidentialaddictiontreatment-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326\"},\"keyword\":[\"Administration\",\"Intravenous\",\"Adult\",\"Aged\",\"Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Infections/*drug therapy\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data\",\"Program Development\",\"Program Evaluation\",\"Residential Treatment/*methods\",\"Substance-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/therapy\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Legislatively mandated implementation of medications for opioid use disorders in jails: A qualitative study of clinical, correctional, and jail administrator perspectives\",\"volume\":\"234\",\"issn\":\"1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109394\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Individuals with legal involvement and opioid use disorders (OUD) are at an increased risk of overdose and premature death. Yet, few correctional systems provide all FDA approved medications for OUD (MOUD) to all qualifying incarcerated individuals. We report on the implementation of MOUD in seven Massachusetts' jails following a state legislative mandate to provide access to all FDA-approved MOUD and to connect with treatment upon release. METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: Based on the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework, 61 clinical, corrections, and senior jail administrators participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups between December 2019 and January 2020. Qualitative analyses focused on external and internal contexts and bridging factors. FINDINGS: Participants detailed how the outer context (i.e., legislative mandate) drove acceptance of MOUD and assisted with continuity of care. Salient inner context factors included decision-making around administration of agonist medications, staff perceptions and training, and changes to infrastructure and daily routines. Leadership was critical in flattening standard hierarchies and advocating for flexibility. System-based characteristics of incarcerated individuals, specifically those who were pre-sentenced, presented challenges with treatment initiation. Inter- and intra-agency bridging factors reduced duplication of effort and led to quick, innovative solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of MOUD in jails requires collaboration with and reliance on external agencies. Preparation for implementation should involve systematic reviews of available resources and connections. Implementation requires flexibility from institutional systems that are inherently rigid. Accordingly, leaders and policymakers must recognize the cultural shift inherent in such programs and allow for resources and education to assure program success.\",\"journal\":\"Drug Alcohol Depend\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pivovarova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Santelices\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220307\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *EPIS framework, *Jails, *Medication assisted treatment, *Medications for opioid use disorder, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *implementation science, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Medication assisted treatment, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Qualitative Research, implementation science\",\"pages\":\"109394\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pivovarova_legislatively_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Legislatively mandated implementation of medications for opioid use disorders in jails: {A} qualitative study of clinical, correctional, and jail administrator perspectives},\\n\\tvolume = {234},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109394},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with legal involvement and opioid use disorders (OUD) are at an increased risk of overdose and premature death. Yet, few correctional systems provide all FDA approved medications for OUD (MOUD) to all qualifying incarcerated individuals. We report on the implementation of MOUD in seven Massachusetts' jails following a state legislative mandate to provide access to all FDA-approved MOUD and to connect with treatment upon release. METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: Based on the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework, 61 clinical, corrections, and senior jail administrators participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups between December 2019 and January 2020. Qualitative analyses focused on external and internal contexts and bridging factors. FINDINGS: Participants detailed how the outer context (i.e., legislative mandate) drove acceptance of MOUD and assisted with continuity of care. Salient inner context factors included decision-making around administration of agonist medications, staff perceptions and training, and changes to infrastructure and daily routines. Leadership was critical in flattening standard hierarchies and advocating for flexibility. System-based characteristics of incarcerated individuals, specifically those who were pre-sentenced, presented challenges with treatment initiation. Inter- and intra-agency bridging factors reduced duplication of effort and led to quick, innovative solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of MOUD in jails requires collaboration with and reliance on external agencies. Preparation for implementation should involve systematic reviews of available resources and connections. Implementation requires flexibility from institutional systems that are inherently rigid. Accordingly, leaders and policymakers must recognize the cultural shift inherent in such programs and allow for resources and education to assure program success.},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\\n\\tauthor = {Pivovarova, E. and Evans, E. A. and Stopka, T. J. and Santelices, C. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220307},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *EPIS framework, *Jails, *Medication assisted treatment, *Medications for opioid use disorder, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *implementation science, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Medication assisted treatment, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Qualitative Research, implementation science},\\n\\tpages = {109394},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pivovarova, E.\",\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Santelices, C.\",\"Ferguson, W. J.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\"],\"key\":\"pivovarova_legislatively_2022\",\"id\":\"pivovarova_legislatively_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pivovarova-evans-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-legislativelymandatedimplementationofmedicationsforopioidusedisordersinjailsaqualitativestudyofclinicalcorrectionalandjailadministratorperspectives-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy\",\"*EPIS framework\",\"*Jails\",\"*Medication assisted treatment\",\"*Medications for opioid use disorder\",\"*Opioid use disorder\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"*implementation science\",\"EPIS framework\",\"Humans\",\"Jails\",\"Medication assisted treatment\",\"Medications for opioid use disorder\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Qualitative Research\",\"implementation science\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the fentanyl-adulterated drug supply among people who use drugs in Oregon\",\"volume\":\"141\",\"issn\":\"1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108849\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl has reconfigured the U.S. illicit drug market, contributing to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While illicit fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeast and Midwest, it has more recently reached the West. For this study, we explored knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among people who use drugs in Oregon in the context of the emergence of fentanyl in the drug supply. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 people who use drugs in Oregon from May to June 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: People who use drugs knew about fentanyl, expressed doubt that fentanyl could be found in methamphetamine; believed those who were younger or less experienced were at higher risk for harm; and received information about fentanyl from drug dealers, syringe service programs, or peers (other people who use drugs). Preference for fentanyl's presence in drugs like heroin or methamphetamine was mixed. Some felt that their preference was irrelevant since fentanyl was unavoidable. Participants reported engaging in harm reduction practices, including communicating about fentanyl with dealers and peers, testing for fentanyl, using smaller quantities of drugs, switching from injecting to smoking, and using naloxone. CONCLUSION: People who use drugs are responding to the rise of fentanyl on the West Coast and are concerned about the increasing uncertainty and hazards of the drug supply. They are willing and motivated to adopt harm reduction behaviors. Harm reduction promotion from syringe service programs and public health agencies is essential to reduce injury and death from nonpharmaceutical fentanyl.\",\"journal\":\"J Subst Abuse Treat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaForge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pope\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoover\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Byers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barrie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chisholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220729\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/prevention & control, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Fentanyl, Harm reduction, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Qualitative research, Substance use\",\"pages\":\"108849\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{laforge_knowledge_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the fentanyl-adulterated drug supply among people who use drugs in {Oregon}},\\n\\tvolume = {141},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108849},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl has reconfigured the U.S. illicit drug market, contributing to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While illicit fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeast and Midwest, it has more recently reached the West. For this study, we explored knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among people who use drugs in Oregon in the context of the emergence of fentanyl in the drug supply. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 people who use drugs in Oregon from May to June 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: People who use drugs knew about fentanyl, expressed doubt that fentanyl could be found in methamphetamine; believed those who were younger or less experienced were at higher risk for harm; and received information about fentanyl from drug dealers, syringe service programs, or peers (other people who use drugs). Preference for fentanyl's presence in drugs like heroin or methamphetamine was mixed. Some felt that their preference was irrelevant since fentanyl was unavoidable. Participants reported engaging in harm reduction practices, including communicating about fentanyl with dealers and peers, testing for fentanyl, using smaller quantities of drugs, switching from injecting to smoking, and using naloxone. CONCLUSION: People who use drugs are responding to the rise of fentanyl on the West Coast and are concerned about the increasing uncertainty and hazards of the drug supply. They are willing and motivated to adopt harm reduction behaviors. Harm reduction promotion from syringe service programs and public health agencies is essential to reduce injury and death from nonpharmaceutical fentanyl.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\\n\\tauthor = {LaForge, K. and Stack, E. and Shin, S. and Pope, J. and Larsen, J. E. and Leichtling, G. and Leahy, J. M. and Seaman, A. and Hoover, D. and Byers, M. and Barrie, C. and Chisholm, L. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220729},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/prevention \\\\& control, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Fentanyl, Harm reduction, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Qualitative research, Substance use},\\n\\tpages = {108849},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"LaForge, K.\",\"Stack, E.\",\"Shin, S.\",\"Pope, J.\",\"Larsen, J. E.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Seaman, A.\",\"Hoover, D.\",\"Byers, M.\",\"Barrie, C.\",\"Chisholm, L.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"laforge_knowledge_2022\",\"id\":\"laforge_knowledge_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"laforge-stack-shin-pope-larsen-leichtling-leahy-seaman-etal-knowledgeattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtothefentanyladulterateddrugsupplyamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/prevention & control\",\"*Methamphetamine\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Fentanyl\",\"Harm reduction\",\"Health Knowledge\",\"Attitudes\",\"Practice\",\"Humans\",\"Methamphetamine\",\"Opioids\",\"Oregon\",\"Overdose\",\"Qualitative research\",\"Substance use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"\\\"It wasn't here, and now it is. It's everywhere\\\": fentanyl's rising presence in Oregon's drug supply\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-022-00659-9\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Illicit fentanyl has contributed to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeastern and Midwestern USA, it has more recently reached the Western USA. For this study, we explored perspectives of people who use drugs (PWUD) on the changing drug supply in Oregon, experiences of and response to fentanyl-involved overdose, and recommendations from PWUD to reduce overdose risk within the context of illicit fentanyl's dramatic increase in the recreational drug supply over the past decade. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 PWUD in Oregon from May to June of 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: PWUD knew about fentanyl, expressed concern about fentanyl pills, and were aware of other illicit drugs containing fentanyl. Participants were aware of the increased risk of an overdose but remained reluctant to engage with professional first responders due to fear of arrest. Participants had recommendations for reducing fentanyl overdose risk, including increasing access to information, harm reduction supplies (e.g., naloxone, fentanyl test strips), and medications for opioid use disorder; establishing drug checking services and overdose prevention sites; legalizing and regulating the drug supply; and reducing stigma enacted by healthcare providers. CONCLUSION: PWUD in Oregon are aware of the rise of fentanyl and fentanyl pills and desire access to tools to reduce harm from fentanyl. As states in the Western USA face an inflection point of fentanyl in the drug supply, public health staff, behavioral health providers, and first responders can take action identified by the needs of PWUD.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Harm Reduct J\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Shin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"LaForge\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pope\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoover\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chisholm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Blazes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Byers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Branson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220711\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/prevention & control, *Illicit Drugs, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug supply, Ems, Fentanyl, Humans, Law enforcement, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, People who use drugs, Qualitative, Substance use\",\"pages\":\"76\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{shin_it_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {\\\"{It} wasn't here, and now it is. {It}'s everywhere\\\": fentanyl's rising presence in {Oregon}'s drug supply},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-022-00659-9},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Illicit fentanyl has contributed to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeastern and Midwestern USA, it has more recently reached the Western USA. For this study, we explored perspectives of people who use drugs (PWUD) on the changing drug supply in Oregon, experiences of and response to fentanyl-involved overdose, and recommendations from PWUD to reduce overdose risk within the context of illicit fentanyl's dramatic increase in the recreational drug supply over the past decade. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 PWUD in Oregon from May to June of 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: PWUD knew about fentanyl, expressed concern about fentanyl pills, and were aware of other illicit drugs containing fentanyl. Participants were aware of the increased risk of an overdose but remained reluctant to engage with professional first responders due to fear of arrest. Participants had recommendations for reducing fentanyl overdose risk, including increasing access to information, harm reduction supplies (e.g., naloxone, fentanyl test strips), and medications for opioid use disorder; establishing drug checking services and overdose prevention sites; legalizing and regulating the drug supply; and reducing stigma enacted by healthcare providers. CONCLUSION: PWUD in Oregon are aware of the rise of fentanyl and fentanyl pills and desire access to tools to reduce harm from fentanyl. As states in the Western USA face an inflection point of fentanyl in the drug supply, public health staff, behavioral health providers, and first responders can take action identified by the needs of PWUD.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\\n\\tauthor = {Shin, S. S. and LaForge, K. and Stack, E. and Pope, J. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Leahy, J. M. and Seaman, A. and Hoover, D. and Chisholm, L. and Blazes, C. and Baker, R. and Byers, M. and Branson, K. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220711},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/prevention \\\\& control, *Illicit Drugs, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug supply, Ems, Fentanyl, Humans, Law enforcement, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, People who use drugs, Qualitative, Substance use},\\n\\tpages = {76},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Shin, S. S.\",\"LaForge, K.\",\"Stack, E.\",\"Pope, J.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Larsen, J. E.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Seaman, A.\",\"Hoover, D.\",\"Chisholm, L.\",\"Blazes, C.\",\"Baker, R.\",\"Byers, M.\",\"Branson, K.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"shin_it_2022\",\"id\":\"shin_it_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"shin-laforge-stack-pope-leichtling-larsen-leahy-seaman-etal-itwasnthereandnowitisitseverywherefentanylsrisingpresenceinoregonsdrugsupply-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/prevention & control\",\"*Illicit Drugs\",\"*Opiate Overdose\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Drug supply\",\"Ems\",\"Fentanyl\",\"Humans\",\"Law enforcement\",\"Opioids\",\"Oregon\",\"Overdose\",\"People who use drugs\",\"Qualitative\",\"Substance use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Interim methadone - Effective but underutilized: A scoping review\",\"volume\":\"225\",\"issn\":\"1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108766\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Opioid treatment programs (OTPs) may provide interim methadone services - up to 120 days of methadone dosing without counseling. Regulatory requirements limit use of interim methadone services. We summarized the evidence on interim methadone and other strategies to minimize wait lists in OTPs. METHODS: A scoping review selected studies of interim methadone and strategies that facilitated access to methadone. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; if evidence was lacking, lesser quality evidence was included. RESULTS: Six studies examined interim methadone and three studies examined alternatives: low threshold services, an open access policy, and a medication first policy. The studies included four randomized clinical trials of interim methadone (with three follow-up reports and five secondary analyses), one prospective cohort of interim methadone, one retrospective cohort of interim methadone, one randomized trial of low threshold services and two pre-post assessments of changes in program or state policies. The clinical trials and observational cohorts reported reductions in heroin use during interim methadone and participants were more likely to enter OTPs than those on wait lists. Retention rates in interim methadone were similar to patients in active treatment. Studies testing strategies to facilitate access to methadone were effective without interim methadone's restrictions. CONCLUSION: Interim methadone appears to be effective and safe compared to wait list controls and provided similar outcomes to standard services. Interim methadone could increase access to OTPs. More research is needed on the alternative approaches to facilitate access to medication with comparisons to wait list controls and assessment of patient outcomes.\",\"journal\":\"Drug Alcohol Depend\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bougatsos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grusing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Interim methadone, *Methadone, *Methadone/therapeutic use, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Interim methadone, Methadone, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Waiting Lists\",\"pages\":\"108766\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mccarty_interim_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Interim methadone - {Effective} but underutilized: {A} scoping review},\\n\\tvolume = {225},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108766},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Opioid treatment programs (OTPs) may provide interim methadone services - up to 120 days of methadone dosing without counseling. Regulatory requirements limit use of interim methadone services. We summarized the evidence on interim methadone and other strategies to minimize wait lists in OTPs. METHODS: A scoping review selected studies of interim methadone and strategies that facilitated access to methadone. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; if evidence was lacking, lesser quality evidence was included. RESULTS: Six studies examined interim methadone and three studies examined alternatives: low threshold services, an open access policy, and a medication first policy. The studies included four randomized clinical trials of interim methadone (with three follow-up reports and five secondary analyses), one prospective cohort of interim methadone, one retrospective cohort of interim methadone, one randomized trial of low threshold services and two pre-post assessments of changes in program or state policies. The clinical trials and observational cohorts reported reductions in heroin use during interim methadone and participants were more likely to enter OTPs than those on wait lists. Retention rates in interim methadone were similar to patients in active treatment. Studies testing strategies to facilitate access to methadone were effective without interim methadone's restrictions. CONCLUSION: Interim methadone appears to be effective and safe compared to wait list controls and provided similar outcomes to standard services. Interim methadone could increase access to OTPs. More research is needed on the alternative approaches to facilitate access to medication with comparisons to wait list controls and assessment of patient outcomes.},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\\n\\tauthor = {McCarty, D. and Chan, B. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Interim methadone, *Methadone, *Methadone/therapeutic use, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Interim methadone, Methadone, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Waiting Lists},\\n\\tpages = {108766},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McCarty, D.\",\"Chan, B.\",\"Bougatsos, C.\",\"Grusing, S.\",\"Chou, R.\"],\"key\":\"mccarty_interim_2021\",\"id\":\"mccarty_interim_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mccarty-chan-bougatsos-grusing-chou-interimmethadoneeffectivebutunderutilizedascopingreview-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Interim methadone\",\"*Methadone\",\"*Methadone/therapeutic use\",\"*Opioid use disorder\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Humans\",\"Interim methadone\",\"Methadone\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Prospective Studies\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Waiting Lists\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Integrating Treatment at the Intersection of Opioid Use Disorder and Infectious Disease Epidemics in Medical Settings: A Call for Action After a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Workshop\",\"volume\":\"169\",\"issn\":\"0003-4819, 1539-3704\",\"shorttitle\":\"Integrating Treatment at the Intersection of Opioid Use Disorder and Infectious Disease Epidemics in Medical Settings\",\"url\":\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203\",\"doi\":\"10.7326/M18-1203\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Annals of Internal Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Springer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sandra\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"del\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Rio\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carlos\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Epidemics, Clinical Protocols, Communicable Diseases/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Community Mental Health Services, Comorbidity, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Inservice Training, Mass Screening, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Referral and Consultation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"335–336\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{springer_integrating_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Integrating {Treatment} at the {Intersection} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Infectious} {Disease} {Epidemics} in {Medical} {Settings}: {A} {Call} for {Action} {After} a {National} {Academies} of {Sciences}, {Engineering}, and {Medicine} {Workshop}},\\n\\tvolume = {169},\\n\\tissn = {0003-4819, 1539-3704},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Integrating {Treatment} at the {Intersection} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Infectious} {Disease} {Epidemics} in {Medical} {Settings}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203},\\n\\tdoi = {10.7326/M18-1203},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Springer, Sandra A. and Korthuis, P. Todd and del Rio, Carlos},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Epidemics, Clinical Protocols, Communicable Diseases/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Community Mental Health Services, Comorbidity, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Inservice Training, Mass Screening, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Referral and Consultation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {335--336},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Springer, S. A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"del Rio, C.\"],\"key\":\"springer_integrating_2018\",\"id\":\"springer_integrating_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"springer-korthuis-delrio-integratingtreatmentattheintersectionofopioidusedisorderandinfectiousdiseaseepidemicsinmedicalsettingsacallforactionafteranationalacademiesofsciencesengineeringandmedicineworkshop-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Epidemics\",\"Clinical Protocols\",\"Communicable Diseases/*drug therapy/*epidemiology\",\"Community Mental Health Services\",\"Comorbidity\",\"Health Services Accessibility\",\"Humans\",\"Inservice Training\",\"Mass Screening\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology\",\"Referral and Consultation\",\"Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy\",\"United States/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Integrated Models of Care for Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder: How Do We Prevent HIV and HCV?\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1548-3568, 1548-3576\",\"shorttitle\":\"Integrated Models of Care for Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Current HIV/AIDS Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Katherine\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bia\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Joshua\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Altice\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frederick\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Co-located care, *Harm Reduction, *Health Services, *Hepatitis C virus, *Integrated care, *Needle-Exchange Programs, *Opioid use disorder, *hiv, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*prevention & control, Hiv, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders/*therapy, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods, Primary Health Care/*methods\",\"pages\":\"266–275\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rich_integrated_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Integrated {Models} of {Care} for {Individuals} with {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}: {How} {Do} {We} {Prevent} {HIV} and {HCV}?},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Integrated {Models} of {Care} for {Individuals} with {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Rich, Katherine M. and Bia, Joshua and Altice, Frederick L. and Feinberg, Judith},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Co-located care, *Harm Reduction, *Health Services, *Hepatitis C virus, *Integrated care, *Needle-Exchange Programs, *Opioid use disorder, *hiv, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention \\\\& control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*prevention \\\\& control, Hiv, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders/*therapy, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods, Primary Health Care/*methods},\\n\\tpages = {266--275},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rich, K. M.\",\"Bia, J.\",\"Altice, F. L.\",\"Feinberg, J.\"],\"key\":\"rich_integrated_2018\",\"id\":\"rich_integrated_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rich-bia-altice-feinberg-integratedmodelsofcareforindividualswithopioidusedisorderhowdowepreventhivandhcv-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Co-located care\",\"*Harm Reduction\",\"*Health Services\",\"*Hepatitis C virus\",\"*Integrated care\",\"*Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"*Opioid use disorder\",\"*hiv\",\"HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*prevention & control\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*therapy\",\"Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods\",\"Primary Health Care/*methods\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Inpatient Addiction Medicine Consultation and Post-Hospital Substance Use Disorder Treatment Engagement: a Propensity-Matched Analysis\",\"volume\":\"34\",\"issn\":\"0884-8734, 1525-1497\",\"shorttitle\":\"Inpatient Addiction Medicine Consultation and Post-Hospital Substance Use Disorder Treatment Engagement\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"12\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of General Internal Medicine\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Honora\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dobbertin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Konrad\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lind\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bonnie\",\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nicolaidis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Graven\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dorfman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Claire\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Medicaid, *Propensity Score, *hospitalization, *substance use treatment, *substance-related disorders, Addiction Medicine/methods/*trends, Adolescent, Adult, Continuity of Patient Care/*trends, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Male, Medicaid, Medicaid/trends, Middle Aged, Oregon/epidemiology, Patient Discharge/*trends, Referral and Consultation/*trends, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult, hospitalization, substance use treatment, substance-related disorders\",\"pages\":\"2796–2803\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{englander_inpatient_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Inpatient {Addiction} {Medicine} {Consultation} and {Post}-{Hospital} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Engagement}: a {Propensity}-{Matched} {Analysis}},\\n\\tvolume = {34},\\n\\tissn = {0884-8734, 1525-1497},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Inpatient {Addiction} {Medicine} {Consultation} and {Post}-{Hospital} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Engagement}},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine},\\n\\tauthor = {Englander, Honora and Dobbertin, Konrad and Lind, Bonnie K. and Nicolaidis, Christina and Graven, Peter and Dorfman, Claire and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Medicaid, *Propensity Score, *hospitalization, *substance use treatment, *substance-related disorders, Addiction Medicine/methods/*trends, Adolescent, Adult, Continuity of Patient Care/*trends, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Male, Medicaid, Medicaid/trends, Middle Aged, Oregon/epidemiology, Patient Discharge/*trends, Referral and Consultation/*trends, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult, hospitalization, substance use treatment, substance-related disorders},\\n\\tpages = {2796--2803},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Englander, H.\",\"Dobbertin, K.\",\"Lind, B. K.\",\"Nicolaidis, C.\",\"Graven, P.\",\"Dorfman, C.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"englander_inpatient_2019\",\"id\":\"englander_inpatient_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"englander-dobbertin-lind-nicolaidis-graven-dorfman-korthuis-inpatientaddictionmedicineconsultationandposthospitalsubstanceusedisordertreatmentengagementapropensitymatchedanalysis-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Medicaid\",\"*Propensity Score\",\"*hospitalization\",\"*substance use treatment\",\"*substance-related disorders\",\"Addiction Medicine/methods/*trends\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Continuity of Patient Care/*trends\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Inpatients\",\"Male\",\"Medicaid\",\"Medicaid/trends\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Oregon/epidemiology\",\"Patient Discharge/*trends\",\"Referral and Consultation/*trends\",\"Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*therapy\",\"Treatment Outcome\",\"United States/epidemiology\",\"Young Adult\",\"hospitalization\",\"substance use treatment\",\"substance-related disorders\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Increasing Medicaid enrollment among formerly incarcerated adults\",\"volume\":\"56\",\"issn\":\"1475-6773 (Electronic) 0017-9124 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/1475-6773.13634\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental associations between the implementation of expanded Medicaid eligibility and prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance on Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data include person-level merged, longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections and the Wisconsin Medicaid program from 2013 to 2015. STUDY DESIGN: We use an interrupted time series design to estimate the association between each of two natural experiments and Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. First, in April 2014 the Wisconsin Medicaid program expanded eligibility to include all adults with income at or below 100% of the federal poverty level. Second, in January 2015, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections implemented prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance at all state correctional facilities. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We collected Medicaid enrollment, and state prison administrative and risk assessment data for all nonelderly adults incarcerated by the state who were released between January 2013 and December 2015. The full sample includes 24 235 individuals. Adults with a history of substance use comprise our secondary sample. This sample includes 12 877 individuals. The primary study outcome is Medicaid enrollment within the month of release. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicaid enrollment in the month of release from state prison grew from 8 percent of adults at baseline to 36 percent after the eligibility expansion (P-value \\\\textless .01) and to 61 percent (P-value \\\\textless .01) after the introduction of enrollment assistance. Results were similar for adults with a history of substance use. Black adults were 3.5 percentage points more likely to be enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release than White adults (P-value \\\\textless .01). CONCLUSIONS: Medicaid eligibility and prerelease enrollment assistance are associated with increased Medicaid enrollment upon release from prison. States should consider these two policies as potential tools for improving access to timely health care as individuals transition from prison to community.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"Health Serv Res\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Burns\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tyska\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Edition: 2021/02/11\",\"keywords\":\"*Medicaid, *adult, *health policy, *prisoners, *substance use disorders, Eligibility Determination/*legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid, Medicaid/*legislation & jurisprudence, Poverty, Prisoners/*statistics & numerical data, United States, Wisconsin, adult, health policy, prisoners, substance use disorders\",\"pages\":\"643–654\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{burns_increasing_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Increasing {Medicaid} enrollment among formerly incarcerated adults},\\n\\tvolume = {56},\\n\\tissn = {1475-6773 (Electronic) 0017-9124 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.13634},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental associations between the implementation of expanded Medicaid eligibility and prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance on Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data include person-level merged, longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections and the Wisconsin Medicaid program from 2013 to 2015. STUDY DESIGN: We use an interrupted time series design to estimate the association between each of two natural experiments and Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. First, in April 2014 the Wisconsin Medicaid program expanded eligibility to include all adults with income at or below 100\\\\% of the federal poverty level. Second, in January 2015, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections implemented prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance at all state correctional facilities. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We collected Medicaid enrollment, and state prison administrative and risk assessment data for all nonelderly adults incarcerated by the state who were released between January 2013 and December 2015. The full sample includes 24 235 individuals. Adults with a history of substance use comprise our secondary sample. This sample includes 12 877 individuals. The primary study outcome is Medicaid enrollment within the month of release. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicaid enrollment in the month of release from state prison grew from 8 percent of adults at baseline to 36 percent after the eligibility expansion (P-value {\\\\textless} .01) and to 61 percent (P-value {\\\\textless} .01) after the introduction of enrollment assistance. Results were similar for adults with a history of substance use. Black adults were 3.5 percentage points more likely to be enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release than White adults (P-value {\\\\textless} .01). CONCLUSIONS: Medicaid eligibility and prerelease enrollment assistance are associated with increased Medicaid enrollment upon release from prison. States should consider these two policies as potential tools for improving access to timely health care as individuals transition from prison to community.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\\n\\tauthor = {Burns, M. E. and Cook, S. T. and Brown, L. and Tyska, S. and Westergaard, R. P.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 2021/02/11},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Medicaid, *adult, *health policy, *prisoners, *substance use disorders, Eligibility Determination/*legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid, Medicaid/*legislation \\\\& jurisprudence, Poverty, Prisoners/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, United States, Wisconsin, adult, health policy, prisoners, substance use disorders},\\n\\tpages = {643--654},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Burns, M. E.\",\"Cook, S. T.\",\"Brown, L.\",\"Tyska, S.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\"],\"key\":\"burns_increasing_2021\",\"id\":\"burns_increasing_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"burns-cook-brown-tyska-westergaard-increasingmedicaidenrollmentamongformerlyincarceratedadults-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Medicaid\",\"*adult\",\"*health policy\",\"*prisoners\",\"*substance use disorders\",\"Eligibility Determination/*legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Humans\",\"Interrupted Time Series Analysis\",\"Medicaid\",\"Medicaid/*legislation & jurisprudence\",\"Poverty\",\"Prisoners/*statistics & numerical data\",\"United States\",\"Wisconsin\",\"adult\",\"health policy\",\"prisoners\",\"substance use disorders\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Implementing Treatment of Opioid-Use Disorder in Rural Settings: a Focus on HIV and Hepatitis C Prevention and Treatment\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1548-3568, 1548-3576\",\"shorttitle\":\"Implementing Treatment of Opioid-Use Disorder in Rural Settings\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"4\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Current HIV/AIDS Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Havens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walsh\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sharon\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fiellin\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Hepatitis C, *Opioid treatment, *Opioid treatment programs, *hiv, Drug Overdose, HIV Infections/*prevention & control, Health Plan Implementation/methods, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*prevention & control, Hiv, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics & numerical data, Opioid treatment, Opioid treatment programs, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Rural Population, United States/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"315–323\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{havens_implementing_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Implementing {Treatment} of {Opioid}-{Use} {Disorder} in {Rural} {Settings}: a {Focus} on {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Prevention} and {Treatment}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Implementing {Treatment} of {Opioid}-{Use} {Disorder} in {Rural} {Settings}},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Havens, Jennifer R. and Walsh, Sharon L. and Korthuis, P. Todd and Fiellin, David A.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C, *Opioid treatment, *Opioid treatment programs, *hiv, Drug Overdose, HIV Infections/*prevention \\\\& control, Health Plan Implementation/methods, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*prevention \\\\& control, Hiv, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Opioid treatment, Opioid treatment programs, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Rural Population, United States/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {315--323},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Havens, J. R.\",\"Walsh, S. L.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Fiellin, D. A.\"],\"key\":\"havens_implementing_2018\",\"id\":\"havens_implementing_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"havens-walsh-korthuis-fiellin-implementingtreatmentofopioidusedisorderinruralsettingsafocusonhivandhepatitiscpreventionandtreatment-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Hepatitis C\",\"*Opioid treatment\",\"*Opioid treatment programs\",\"*hiv\",\"Drug Overdose\",\"HIV Infections/*prevention & control\",\"Health Plan Implementation/methods\",\"Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Hepatitis C\",\"Hepatitis C/*prevention & control\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Opioid treatment\",\"Opioid treatment programs\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"Rural Population\",\"United States/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Impact of a vaccine intervention on county-level rates of acute hepatitis B in West Virginia, 2011-2018\",\"volume\":\"137\",\"issn\":\"1096-0260 (Electronic) 0091-7435 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106121\",\"abstract\":\"The rate of acute hepatitis B in West Virginia (WV) has been increasing since 2006. To reduce new infections, WV implemented a vaccine intervention (WV Pilot Project), which provided over 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults in 18 counties. The objectives of this study were to describe yearly changes in acute hepatitis B incidence and assess county-level impact of the WV Pilot Project using geospatial methods. County rates of acute hepatitis B and vaccine doses per 100,000 population were visualized biannually from 2011 to 2018. Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation were used to detect county-level clustering. Significant differences in the median rate of acute hepatitis B pre and post intervention in counties receiving vaccine were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and bootstrapping. A Bland-Altman graph visualized significant differences in county-level rates of acute hepatitis B before and after the WV Pilot Project compared to the statewide estimate. Analyses identified significant geographic clustering of acute hepatitis B in southern WV across all four time-periods. Nine of the 18 (50%) counties receiving vaccine had significant declines in acute hepatitis B incidence compared to the statewide mean difference estimate. Findings suggest that increased dissemination of hepatitis B vaccine through local health departments and existing harm reduction services can reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B in states such as WV, which have been disproportionately affected by substance misuse.\",\"journal\":\"Prev Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tressler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7418051\",\"keywords\":\"*Cluster analysis, *Hepatitis B, *Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B vaccine, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention & control, *Vaccine intervention, Adult, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, West Virginia/epidemiology, declare.\",\"pages\":\"106121\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{tressler_impact_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Impact of a vaccine intervention on county-level rates of acute hepatitis {B} in {West} {Virginia}, 2011-2018},\\n\\tvolume = {137},\\n\\tissn = {1096-0260 (Electronic) 0091-7435 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106121},\\n\\tabstract = {The rate of acute hepatitis B in West Virginia (WV) has been increasing since 2006. To reduce new infections, WV implemented a vaccine intervention (WV Pilot Project), which provided over 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults in 18 counties. The objectives of this study were to describe yearly changes in acute hepatitis B incidence and assess county-level impact of the WV Pilot Project using geospatial methods. County rates of acute hepatitis B and vaccine doses per 100,000 population were visualized biannually from 2011 to 2018. Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation were used to detect county-level clustering. Significant differences in the median rate of acute hepatitis B pre and post intervention in counties receiving vaccine were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and bootstrapping. A Bland-Altman graph visualized significant differences in county-level rates of acute hepatitis B before and after the WV Pilot Project compared to the statewide estimate. Analyses identified significant geographic clustering of acute hepatitis B in southern WV across all four time-periods. Nine of the 18 (50\\\\%) counties receiving vaccine had significant declines in acute hepatitis B incidence compared to the statewide mean difference estimate. Findings suggest that increased dissemination of hepatitis B vaccine through local health departments and existing harm reduction services can reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B in states such as WV, which have been disproportionately affected by substance misuse.},\\n\\tjournal = {Prev Med},\\n\\tauthor = {Tressler, S. R. and Smith, G. S. and Hendricks, B. M.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7418051},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Cluster analysis, *Hepatitis B, *Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B vaccine, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, *Vaccine intervention, Adult, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, West Virginia/epidemiology, declare.},\\n\\tpages = {106121},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Tressler, S. R.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Hendricks, B. M.\"],\"key\":\"tressler_impact_2020\",\"id\":\"tressler_impact_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"tressler-smith-hendricks-impactofavaccineinterventiononcountylevelratesofacutehepatitisbinwestvirginia20112018-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Cluster analysis\",\"*Hepatitis B\",\"*Hepatitis B Vaccines\",\"*Hepatitis B vaccine\",\"*Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"*Vaccine intervention\",\"Adult\",\"Bayes Theorem\",\"Humans\",\"Pilot Projects\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"West Virginia/epidemiology\",\"declare.\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using EMS run data\",\"volume\":\"36\",\"issn\":\"1873-2585 (Electronic) 1047-2797 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.001\",\"abstract\":\"PURPOSE: The objective of our study was to incorporate stricter probable nonfatal opioid overdose case criteria, and advanced epidemiologic approaches to more reliably detect local clustering in nonfatal opioid overdose activity in EMS runs data. METHODS: Data were obtained using emsCharts for our study area in southwestern Pennsylvania from 2007 to 2018. Cases were identified as emergency medical service (EMS) responses where naloxone was administered, and improvement was noted in patient records between initial and final Glasgow Coma Score. A subsample of all-cause EMS responses sites were used as controls and exact matched to cases on sex and 10-year-age category. Clustering was assessed using difference in Ripley's K function for cases and controls and Kulldorff scan statistics. RESULTS: Difference in K functions indicated no significant difference in probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs across the study area compared to all-cause EMS runs. However, scan statistics did identify significant local clustering of probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs (maximum likelihood = 16.40, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight relevance of EMS data to detect community-level overdose activity and promote reliable use through stricter case definition criteria and advanced methodological approaches. Techniques examined have the potential to improve targeted delivery of neighborhood-level public health response activities using a near real-time data source.\",\"journal\":\"Ann Epidemiol\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pesarsick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gwilliam\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adeniran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudisill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC6733038\",\"keywords\":\"*Cluster analysis, *EMS runs, *Nonfatal overdose, Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/therapeutic use, Case-Control Studies, Cluster Analysis, Drug Overdose/*drug therapy, Emergency Medical Services/*statistics & numerical data, Geographic Information Systems/*statistics & numerical data, Humans, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pennsylvania, Spatial Analysis\",\"pages\":\"20–25\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{pesarsick_identifying_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using {EMS} run data},\\n\\tvolume = {36},\\n\\tissn = {1873-2585 (Electronic) 1047-2797 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.001},\\n\\tabstract = {PURPOSE: The objective of our study was to incorporate stricter probable nonfatal opioid overdose case criteria, and advanced epidemiologic approaches to more reliably detect local clustering in nonfatal opioid overdose activity in EMS runs data. METHODS: Data were obtained using emsCharts for our study area in southwestern Pennsylvania from 2007 to 2018. Cases were identified as emergency medical service (EMS) responses where naloxone was administered, and improvement was noted in patient records between initial and final Glasgow Coma Score. A subsample of all-cause EMS responses sites were used as controls and exact matched to cases on sex and 10-year-age category. Clustering was assessed using difference in Ripley's K function for cases and controls and Kulldorff scan statistics. RESULTS: Difference in K functions indicated no significant difference in probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs across the study area compared to all-cause EMS runs. However, scan statistics did identify significant local clustering of probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs (maximum likelihood = 16.40, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight relevance of EMS data to detect community-level overdose activity and promote reliable use through stricter case definition criteria and advanced methodological approaches. Techniques examined have the potential to improve targeted delivery of neighborhood-level public health response activities using a near real-time data source.},\\n\\tjournal = {Ann Epidemiol},\\n\\tauthor = {Pesarsick, J. and Gwilliam, M. and Adeniran, O. and Rudisill, T. and Smith, G. and Hendricks, B.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC6733038},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Cluster analysis, *EMS runs, *Nonfatal overdose, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \\\\& dosage/*adverse effects/therapeutic use, Case-Control Studies, Cluster Analysis, Drug Overdose/*drug therapy, Emergency Medical Services/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Geographic Information Systems/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pennsylvania, Spatial Analysis},\\n\\tpages = {20--25},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Pesarsick, J.\",\"Gwilliam, M.\",\"Adeniran, O.\",\"Rudisill, T.\",\"Smith, G.\",\"Hendricks, B.\"],\"key\":\"pesarsick_identifying_2019\",\"id\":\"pesarsick_identifying_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"pesarsick-gwilliam-adeniran-rudisill-smith-hendricks-identifyinghighriskareasfornonfatalopioidoverdoseaspatialcasecontrolstudyusingemsrundata-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Cluster analysis\",\"*EMS runs\",\"*Nonfatal overdose\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/therapeutic use\",\"Case-Control Studies\",\"Cluster Analysis\",\"Drug Overdose/*drug therapy\",\"Emergency Medical Services/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Geographic Information Systems/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Naloxone/*therapeutic use\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy\",\"Pennsylvania\",\"Spatial Analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Identifying Areas with Disproportionate Local Health Department Services Relative to Opioid Overdose, HIV and Hepatitis C Diagnosis Rates: A Study of Rural Illinois\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1660-4601\",\"shorttitle\":\"Identifying Areas with Disproportionate Local Health Department Services Relative to Opioid Overdose, HIV and Hepatitis C Diagnosis Rates\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph16060989\",\"abstract\":\"Background: U.S. rural populations have been disproportionately affected by the syndemic of opioid-use disorder (OUD) and the associated increase in overdoses and risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Local health departments (LHDs) can play a critical role in the response to this syndemic. We utilized two geospatial approaches to identify areas of discordance between LHD service availability and disease burden to inform service prioritization in rural settings. Methods: We surveyed rural Illinois LHDs to assess their OUD-related services, and calculated county-level opioid overdose, HIV, and hepatitis C diagnosis rates. Bivariate choropleth maps were created to display LHD service provision relative to disease burden in rural Illinois counties. Results: Most rural LHDs provided limited OUD-related services, although many LHDs provided HIV and HCV testing. Bivariate mapping showed rural counties with limited OUD treatment and HIV services and with corresponding higher outcome/disease rates to be dispersed throughout Illinois. Additionally, rural counties with limited LHD-offered hepatitis C services and high hepatitis C diagnosis rates were geographically concentrated in southern Illinois. Conclusions: Bivariate mapping can enable geographic targeting of resources to address the opioid crisis and related infectious disease by identifying areas with low LHD services relative to high disease burden.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McLuckie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Colleen\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ellis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kaitlin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Navon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Livia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walblay\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kelly\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodriguez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christofer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kolak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Marynia\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yen-Tyng\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zahnd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Whitney\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Public Health Practice, *Rural Population, *bivariate mapping, *geographic information system (GIS), *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus (HCV), *human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), *local health department (LHD), *opioid use disorder (OUD), *persons who inject drugs (PWID), *resource analysis, *rural health, Geographic Information Systems, HIV Infections/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Hepatitis C/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*complications/*epidemiology, bivariate mapping, geographic information system (GIS), harm reduction, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), local health department (LHD), opioid use disorder (OUD), persons who inject drugs (PWID), resource analysis, rural health\",\"pages\":\"989\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mcluckie_identifying_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Identifying {Areas} with {Disproportionate} {Local} {Health} {Department} {Services} {Relative} to {Opioid} {Overdose}, {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Diagnosis} {Rates}: {A} {Study} of {Rural} {Illinois}},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1660-4601},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Identifying {Areas} with {Disproportionate} {Local} {Health} {Department} {Services} {Relative} to {Opioid} {Overdose}, {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Diagnosis} {Rates}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph16060989},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: U.S. rural populations have been disproportionately affected by the syndemic of opioid-use disorder (OUD) and the associated increase in overdoses and risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Local health departments (LHDs) can play a critical role in the response to this syndemic. We utilized two geospatial approaches to identify areas of discordance between LHD service availability and disease burden to inform service prioritization in rural settings. Methods: We surveyed rural Illinois LHDs to assess their OUD-related services, and calculated county-level opioid overdose, HIV, and hepatitis C diagnosis rates. Bivariate choropleth maps were created to display LHD service provision relative to disease burden in rural Illinois counties. Results: Most rural LHDs provided limited OUD-related services, although many LHDs provided HIV and HCV testing. Bivariate mapping showed rural counties with limited OUD treatment and HIV services and with corresponding higher outcome/disease rates to be dispersed throughout Illinois. Additionally, rural counties with limited LHD-offered hepatitis C services and high hepatitis C diagnosis rates were geographically concentrated in southern Illinois. Conclusions: Bivariate mapping can enable geographic targeting of resources to address the opioid crisis and related infectious disease by identifying areas with low LHD services relative to high disease burden.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {McLuckie, Colleen and Pho, Mai and Ellis, Kaitlin and Navon, Livia and Walblay, Kelly and Jenkins, Wiley and Rodriguez, Christofer and Kolak, Marynia and Chen, Yen-Tyng and Schneider, John and Zahnd, Whitney},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Public Health Practice, *Rural Population, *bivariate mapping, *geographic information system (GIS), *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus (HCV), *human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), *local health department (LHD), *opioid use disorder (OUD), *persons who inject drugs (PWID), *resource analysis, *rural health, Geographic Information Systems, HIV Infections/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Hepatitis C/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*complications/*epidemiology, bivariate mapping, geographic information system (GIS), harm reduction, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), local health department (LHD), opioid use disorder (OUD), persons who inject drugs (PWID), resource analysis, rural health},\\n\\tpages = {989},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McLuckie, C.\",\"Pho, M.\",\"Ellis, K.\",\"Navon, L.\",\"Walblay, K.\",\"Jenkins, W.\",\"Rodriguez, C.\",\"Kolak, M.\",\"Chen, Y.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Zahnd, W.\"],\"key\":\"mcluckie_identifying_2019\",\"id\":\"mcluckie_identifying_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mcluckie-pho-ellis-navon-walblay-jenkins-rodriguez-kolak-etal-identifyingareaswithdisproportionatelocalhealthdepartmentservicesrelativetoopioidoverdosehivandhepatitiscdiagnosisratesastudyofruralillinois-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Public Health Practice\",\"*Rural Population\",\"*bivariate mapping\",\"*geographic information system (GIS)\",\"*harm reduction\",\"*hepatitis C virus (HCV)\",\"*human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\",\"*local health department (LHD)\",\"*opioid use disorder (OUD)\",\"*persons who inject drugs (PWID)\",\"*resource analysis\",\"*rural health\",\"Geographic Information Systems\",\"HIV Infections/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology\",\"Hepatitis C/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology\",\"Humans\",\"Illinois/epidemiology\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*complications/*epidemiology\",\"bivariate mapping\",\"geographic information system (GIS)\",\"harm reduction\",\"hepatitis C virus (HCV)\",\"human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\",\"local health department (LHD)\",\"opioid use disorder (OUD)\",\"persons who inject drugs (PWID)\",\"resource analysis\",\"rural health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"\\\"I've been tomoreof my friends'funeralsthanI've been to my friends' weddings\\\": Witnessing and responding to overdose in rural Northern New England\",\"issn\":\"1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jrh.12660\",\"abstract\":\"PURPOSE: Overdose is a leading cause of death among people who use drugs (PWUDs), but policies to reduce fatal overdose have had mixed results. Summaries of naloxone access and Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) in prior studies provide limited information about local context. Witnessing overdoses may also be an important consideration in providing services to PWUDs, as it contributes to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which complicate substance use disorder treatment. METHODS: We aim to estimate the prevalence and correlates of witnessing and responding to an overdose, while exploring overdose context among rural PWUD. The Drug Injection Surveillance and Care Enhancement for Rural Northern New England (DISCERNNE) mixed-methods study characterized substance use and risk behaviors in 11 rural Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire counties between 2018 and 2019. PWUD completed surveys (n = 589) and in-depth interviews (n = 22). FINDINGS: Among the survey participants, 84% had ever witnessed an overdose, which was associated with probable PTSD symptoms. Overall, 51% had ever called 911 for an overdose, though some experienced criminal legal system consequences despite GSL. Although naloxone access varied, 43% had ever used naloxone to reverse an overdose. CONCLUSIONS: PWUD in Northern New England commonly witnessed an overdose, which they experienced as traumatic. Participants were willing to respond to overdoses, but faced barriers to effective overdose response, including limited naloxone access and criminal legal system consequences. Equipping PWUDs with effective overdose response tools (education and naloxone) and enacting policies that further protect PWUDs from criminal legal system consequences could reduce overdose mortality.\",\"journal\":\"J Rural Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nolte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Drew\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dowd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Del\",\"Toro-Mejias\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bianchet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220317\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Friends, Good Samaritan Laws, Humans, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, New England, New England/epidemiology, naloxone access, opioid overdose, rural health\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{nolte_ive_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {\\\"{I}'ve been tomoreof my friends'{funeralsthanI}'ve been to my friends' weddings\\\": {Witnessing} and responding to overdose in rural {Northern} {New} {England}},\\n\\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12660},\\n\\tabstract = {PURPOSE: Overdose is a leading cause of death among people who use drugs (PWUDs), but policies to reduce fatal overdose have had mixed results. Summaries of naloxone access and Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) in prior studies provide limited information about local context. Witnessing overdoses may also be an important consideration in providing services to PWUDs, as it contributes to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which complicate substance use disorder treatment. METHODS: We aim to estimate the prevalence and correlates of witnessing and responding to an overdose, while exploring overdose context among rural PWUD. The Drug Injection Surveillance and Care Enhancement for Rural Northern New England (DISCERNNE) mixed-methods study characterized substance use and risk behaviors in 11 rural Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire counties between 2018 and 2019. PWUD completed surveys (n = 589) and in-depth interviews (n = 22). FINDINGS: Among the survey participants, 84\\\\% had ever witnessed an overdose, which was associated with probable PTSD symptoms. Overall, 51\\\\% had ever called 911 for an overdose, though some experienced criminal legal system consequences despite GSL. Although naloxone access varied, 43\\\\% had ever used naloxone to reverse an overdose. CONCLUSIONS: PWUD in Northern New England commonly witnessed an overdose, which they experienced as traumatic. Participants were willing to respond to overdoses, but faced barriers to effective overdose response, including limited naloxone access and criminal legal system consequences. Equipping PWUDs with effective overdose response tools (education and naloxone) and enacting policies that further protect PWUDs from criminal legal system consequences could reduce overdose mortality.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Nolte, K. and Romo, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Drew, A. and Dowd, P. and Del Toro-Mejias, L. and Bianchet, E. and Friedmann, P. D.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220317},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Friends, Good Samaritan Laws, Humans, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, New England, New England/epidemiology, naloxone access, opioid overdose, rural health},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Nolte, K.\",\"Romo, E.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Drew, A.\",\"Dowd, P.\",\"Del Toro-Mejias, L.\",\"Bianchet, E.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\"],\"key\":\"nolte_ive_2022\",\"id\":\"nolte_ive_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"nolte-romo-stopka-drew-dowd-deltoromejias-bianchet-friedmann-ivebeentomoreofmyfriendsfuneralsthanivebeentomyfriendsweddingswitnessingandrespondingtooverdoseinruralnorthernnewengland-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Friends\",\"Good Samaritan Laws\",\"Humans\",\"Naloxone/therapeutic use\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use\",\"New England\",\"New England/epidemiology\",\"naloxone access\",\"opioid overdose\",\"rural health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"“I Was Raised in Addiction”: Constructions of the Self and the Other in Discourses of Addiction and Recovery\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"1049-7323, 1552-7557\",\"shorttitle\":\"“I Was Raised in Addiction”\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/1049732320948829\",\"abstract\":\"The aim of this article is to address how conceptualizations of addiction shape the lived experiences of people who use drugs (PWUDs) during the current opioid epidemic. Using a discourse analytic approach, we examine interview transcripts from 27 PWUDs in rural Appalachian Ohio. We investigate the ways in which participants talk about their substance use, what these linguistic choices reveal about their conceptions of self and other PWUDs, and how participants’ discursive caches might be constrained by or defined within broader social discourses. We highlight three subject positions enacted by participants during the interviews: addict as victim of circumstance, addict as good Samaritan, and addict as motivated for change. We argue participants leverage these positions to contrast themselves with a reified addict-other whose identity carries socially ascribed characteristics of being blameworthy, immoral, callous, and complicit. We implicate these processes in the perpetuation of intragroup stigma and discuss implications for intervention.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"14\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Qualitative Health Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sibley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Adams\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schalkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Richard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emma\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piscalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathryn\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivian\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Behavior, Addictive, *Ohio, *Substance-Related Disorders, *addiction, *discourse analysis, *harm reduction, *opioids, *qualitative methods, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use disorders, Analgesics, Opioid, Appalachian Region, Humans, Ohio, Social Stigma, addiction, discourse analysis, harm reduction, opioids, qualitative methods, rural health, stigma, substance use disorders\",\"pages\":\"2278–2290\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sibley_i_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {“{I} {Was} {Raised} in {Addiction}”: {Constructions} of the {Self} and the {Other} in {Discourses} of {Addiction} and {Recovery}},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {1049-7323, 1552-7557},\\n\\tshorttitle = {“{I} {Was} {Raised} in {Addiction}”},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/1049732320948829},\\n\\tabstract = {The aim of this article is to address how conceptualizations of addiction shape the lived experiences of people who use drugs (PWUDs) during the current opioid epidemic. Using a discourse analytic approach, we examine interview transcripts from 27 PWUDs in rural Appalachian Ohio. We investigate the ways in which participants talk about their substance use, what these linguistic choices reveal about their conceptions of self and other PWUDs, and how participants’ discursive caches might be constrained by or defined within broader social discourses. We highlight three subject positions enacted by participants during the interviews: addict as victim of circumstance, addict as good Samaritan, and addict as motivated for change. We argue participants leverage these positions to contrast themselves with a reified addict-other whose identity carries socially ascribed characteristics of being blameworthy, immoral, callous, and complicit. We implicate these processes in the perpetuation of intragroup stigma and discuss implications for intervention.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {14},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Qualitative Health Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Sibley, Adams L. and Schalkoff, Christine A. and Richard, Emma L. and Piscalko, Hannah M. and Brook, Daniel L. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Behavior, Addictive, *Ohio, *Substance-Related Disorders, *addiction, *discourse analysis, *harm reduction, *opioids, *qualitative methods, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use disorders, Analgesics, Opioid, Appalachian Region, Humans, Ohio, Social Stigma, addiction, discourse analysis, harm reduction, opioids, qualitative methods, rural health, stigma, substance use disorders},\\n\\tpages = {2278--2290},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sibley, A. L.\",\"Schalkoff, C. A.\",\"Richard, E. L.\",\"Piscalko, H. M.\",\"Brook, D. L.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Go, V. F.\"],\"key\":\"sibley_i_2020\",\"id\":\"sibley_i_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sibley-schalkoff-richard-piscalko-brook-lancaster-miller-go-iwasraisedinaddictionconstructionsoftheselfandtheotherindiscoursesofaddictionandrecovery-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Behavior\",\"Addictive\",\"*Ohio\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders\",\"*addiction\",\"*discourse analysis\",\"*harm reduction\",\"*opioids\",\"*qualitative methods\",\"*rural health\",\"*stigma\",\"*substance use disorders\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Appalachian Region\",\"Humans\",\"Ohio\",\"Social Stigma\",\"addiction\",\"discourse analysis\",\"harm reduction\",\"opioids\",\"qualitative methods\",\"rural health\",\"stigma\",\"substance use disorders\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"I Don't Believe a Person Has to Die When Trying to Get High: Overdose Prevention and Response Strategies in Rural Illinois\",\"volume\":\"20\",\"issn\":\"1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674402\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph20021648\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Overdose is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people who inject drugs. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl is now a major driver of opioid overdose deaths. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants (19 persons who inject drugs and 4 service providers) from rural southern Illinois. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and theoretical sampling methods. RESULTS: Participants were concerned about the growing presence of fentanyl in both opioids and stimulants, and many disclosed overdose experiences. Strategies participants reported using to lower overdose risk included purchasing drugs from trusted sellers and modifying drug use practices by partially injecting and/or changing the route of transmission. Approximately half of persons who inject drugs sampled had heard of fentanyl test strips, however fentanyl test strip use was low. To reverse overdoses, participants reported using cold water baths. Use of naloxone to reverse overdose was low. Barriers to naloxone access and use included fear of arrest and opioid withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: People who inject drugs understood fentanyl to be a potential contaminant in their drug supply and actively engaged in harm reduction techniques to try to prevent overdose. Interventions to increase harm reduction education and information about and access to fentanyl test strips and naloxone would be beneficial.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Int J Environ Res Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Felsher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jaiswal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Townsend\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muncan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bennett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ompad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20230116\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose, *Drug Users, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Fentanyl, Humans, Illinois, Naloxone/therapeutic use, harm reduction, overdose, people who inject drugs, polydrug use\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{walters_i_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {I {Don}'t {Believe} a {Person} {Has} to {Die} {When} {Trying} to {Get} {High}: {Overdose} {Prevention} and {Response} {Strategies} in {Rural} {Illinois}},\\n\\tvolume = {20},\\n\\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674402},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph20021648},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Overdose is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people who inject drugs. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl is now a major driver of opioid overdose deaths. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants (19 persons who inject drugs and 4 service providers) from rural southern Illinois. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and theoretical sampling methods. RESULTS: Participants were concerned about the growing presence of fentanyl in both opioids and stimulants, and many disclosed overdose experiences. Strategies participants reported using to lower overdose risk included purchasing drugs from trusted sellers and modifying drug use practices by partially injecting and/or changing the route of transmission. Approximately half of persons who inject drugs sampled had heard of fentanyl test strips, however fentanyl test strip use was low. To reverse overdoses, participants reported using cold water baths. Use of naloxone to reverse overdose was low. Barriers to naloxone access and use included fear of arrest and opioid withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: People who inject drugs understood fentanyl to be a potential contaminant in their drug supply and actively engaged in harm reduction techniques to try to prevent overdose. Interventions to increase harm reduction education and information about and access to fentanyl test strips and naloxone would be beneficial.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Felsher, M. and Frank, D. and Jaiswal, J. and Townsend, T. and Muncan, B. and Bennett, A. S. and Friedman, S. R. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T. and Fletcher, S. and Ompad, D. C.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20230116},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Drug Users, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Fentanyl, Humans, Illinois, Naloxone/therapeutic use, harm reduction, overdose, people who inject drugs, polydrug use},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Walters, S. M.\",\"Felsher, M.\",\"Frank, D.\",\"Jaiswal, J.\",\"Townsend, T.\",\"Muncan, B.\",\"Bennett, A. S.\",\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Jenkins, W.\",\"Pho, M. T.\",\"Fletcher, S.\",\"Ompad, D. C.\"],\"key\":\"walters_i_2023\",\"id\":\"walters_i_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"walters-felsher-frank-jaiswal-townsend-muncan-bennett-friedman-etal-idontbelieveapersonhastodiewhentryingtogethighoverdosepreventionandresponsestrategiesinruralillinois-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674402\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose\",\"*Drug Users\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/drug therapy\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Fentanyl\",\"Humans\",\"Illinois\",\"Naloxone/therapeutic use\",\"harm reduction\",\"overdose\",\"people who inject drugs\",\"polydrug use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":5,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"\\\"I am not a junkie\\\": Social categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103999\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Substance use stigma is a form of group-based exclusion, and delineating pathways from stigma to poor health requires a deeper understanding of the social dynamics of people who use drugs (PWUD). Outside of recovery, scant research has examined the role of social identity in addiction. Framed by Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory, this qualitative study investigated strategies of within-group categorization and differentiation among PWUD and the roles these social categories may play in shaping intragroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. METHODS: Data come from the Rural Opioid Initiative, a multi-site study of the overdose epidemic in rural United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with people who reported using opioids or injecting any drug (n=355) living in 65 counties across 10 states. Interviews focused on participants' biographical histories, past and current drug use, risk behaviors, and experiences with healthcare providers and law enforcement. Social categories and dimensions along which categories were evaluated were inductively identified using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified seven social categories that were commonly appraised by participants along eight evaluative dimensions. Categories included drug of choice, route of administration, method of attainment, gender, age, genesis of use, and recovery approach. Categories were evaluated by participants based on ascribed characteristics of morality, destructiveness, aversiveness, control, functionality, victimhood, recklessness, and determination. Participants performed nuanced identity work during interviews, including reifying social categories, defining 'addict' prototypicality, reflexively comparing self to other, and disidentifying from the PWUD supra-category. CONCLUSION: We identify several facets of identity, both behavioral and demographic, along which people who use drugs perceive salient social boundaries. Beyond an addiction-recovery binary, identity is shaped by multiple aspects of the social self in substance use. Patterns of categorization and differentiation revealed negative intragroup attitudes, including stigma, that may hinder solidary-building and collective action in this marginalized group.\",\"journal\":\"Int J Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sibley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rains\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nolte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Piscalko\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schalkoff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bianchet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dowd\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jaeb\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fredericksen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20230309\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Opioids, Qualitative Research, Rural health, Social Stigma, Social identity, Stigma\",\"pages\":\"103999\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sibley_i_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {\\\"{I} am not a junkie\\\": {Social} categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103999},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Substance use stigma is a form of group-based exclusion, and delineating pathways from stigma to poor health requires a deeper understanding of the social dynamics of people who use drugs (PWUD). Outside of recovery, scant research has examined the role of social identity in addiction. Framed by Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory, this qualitative study investigated strategies of within-group categorization and differentiation among PWUD and the roles these social categories may play in shaping intragroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. METHODS: Data come from the Rural Opioid Initiative, a multi-site study of the overdose epidemic in rural United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with people who reported using opioids or injecting any drug (n=355) living in 65 counties across 10 states. Interviews focused on participants' biographical histories, past and current drug use, risk behaviors, and experiences with healthcare providers and law enforcement. Social categories and dimensions along which categories were evaluated were inductively identified using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified seven social categories that were commonly appraised by participants along eight evaluative dimensions. Categories included drug of choice, route of administration, method of attainment, gender, age, genesis of use, and recovery approach. Categories were evaluated by participants based on ascribed characteristics of morality, destructiveness, aversiveness, control, functionality, victimhood, recklessness, and determination. Participants performed nuanced identity work during interviews, including reifying social categories, defining 'addict' prototypicality, reflexively comparing self to other, and disidentifying from the PWUD supra-category. CONCLUSION: We identify several facets of identity, both behavioral and demographic, along which people who use drugs perceive salient social boundaries. Beyond an addiction-recovery binary, identity is shaped by multiple aspects of the social self in substance use. Patterns of categorization and differentiation revealed negative intragroup attitudes, including stigma, that may hinder solidary-building and collective action in this marginalized group.},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Sibley, A. L. and Baker, R. and Levander, X. A. and Rains, A. and Walters, S. M. and Nolte, K. and Colston, D. C. and Piscalko, H. M. and Schalkoff, C. A. and Bianchet, E. and Chen, S. and Dowd, P. and Jaeb, M. and Friedmann, P. D. and Fredericksen, R. J. and Seal, D. W. and Go, V. F.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20230309},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Opioids, Qualitative Research, Rural health, Social Stigma, Social identity, Stigma},\\n\\tpages = {103999},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sibley, A. L.\",\"Baker, R.\",\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Rains, A.\",\"Walters, S. M.\",\"Nolte, K.\",\"Colston, D. C.\",\"Piscalko, H. M.\",\"Schalkoff, C. A.\",\"Bianchet, E.\",\"Chen, S.\",\"Dowd, P.\",\"Jaeb, M.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\",\"Fredericksen, R. J.\",\"Seal, D. W.\",\"Go, V. F.\"],\"key\":\"sibley_i_2023\",\"id\":\"sibley_i_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sibley-baker-levander-rains-walters-nolte-colston-piscalko-etal-iamnotajunkiesocialcategorizationanddifferentiationamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Humans\",\"Opioids\",\"Qualitative Research\",\"Rural health\",\"Social Stigma\",\"Social identity\",\"Stigma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"How the rural risk environment underpins hepatitis C risk: Qualitative findings from rural southern Illinois, United States\",\"volume\":\"112\",\"issn\":\"1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103930\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has increased among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the United States with disproportionate burden in rural areas. We use the Risk Environment framework to explore potential economic, physical, social, and political determinants of hepatitis C in rural southern Illinois. METHODS: Nineteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWID from August 2019 through February 2020 (i.e., pre-COVID-19 pandemic) and four with key informants who professionally worked with PWID. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded using qualitative software. We followed a grounded theory approach for coding and analyses. RESULTS: We identify economic, physical, policy, and social factors that may influence HCV transmission risk and serve as barriers to HCV care. Economic instability and lack of economic opportunities, a lack of physically available HCV prevention and treatment services, structural stigma such as policies that criminalize drug use, and social stigma emerged in interviews as potential risks for transmission and barriers to care. CONCLUSION: The rural risk environment framework acknowledges the importance of community and structural factors that influence HCV infection and other disease transmission and care. We find that larger structural factors produce vulnerabilities and reduce access to resources, which negatively impact hepatitis C disease outcomes.\",\"journal\":\"Int J Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Felsher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jaiswal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bennett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ouellet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ompad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20230113\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/epidemiology, *covid-19, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Injection drug use, Pandemics, Rural risk environment, United States/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"103930\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{walters_how_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {How the rural risk environment underpins hepatitis {C} risk: {Qualitative} findings from rural southern {Illinois}, {United} {States}},\\n\\tvolume = {112},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103930},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has increased among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the United States with disproportionate burden in rural areas. We use the Risk Environment framework to explore potential economic, physical, social, and political determinants of hepatitis C in rural southern Illinois. METHODS: Nineteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWID from August 2019 through February 2020 (i.e., pre-COVID-19 pandemic) and four with key informants who professionally worked with PWID. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded using qualitative software. We followed a grounded theory approach for coding and analyses. RESULTS: We identify economic, physical, policy, and social factors that may influence HCV transmission risk and serve as barriers to HCV care. Economic instability and lack of economic opportunities, a lack of physically available HCV prevention and treatment services, structural stigma such as policies that criminalize drug use, and social stigma emerged in interviews as potential risks for transmission and barriers to care. CONCLUSION: The rural risk environment framework acknowledges the importance of community and structural factors that influence HCV infection and other disease transmission and care. We find that larger structural factors produce vulnerabilities and reduce access to resources, which negatively impact hepatitis C disease outcomes.},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Frank, D. and Felsher, M. and Jaiswal, J. and Fletcher, S. and Bennett, A. S. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ompad, D. C. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20230113},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/epidemiology, *covid-19, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Injection drug use, Pandemics, Rural risk environment, United States/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {103930},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Walters, S. M.\",\"Frank, D.\",\"Felsher, M.\",\"Jaiswal, J.\",\"Fletcher, S.\",\"Bennett, A. S.\",\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Ouellet, L. J.\",\"Ompad, D. C.\",\"Jenkins, W.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"walters_how_2023\",\"id\":\"walters_how_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"walters-frank-felsher-jaiswal-fletcher-bennett-friedman-ouellet-etal-howtheruralriskenvironmentunderpinshepatitiscriskqualitativefindingsfromruralsouthernillinoisunitedstates-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Users\",\"*Hepatitis C/drug therapy\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/complications/epidemiology\",\"*covid-19\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hepatitis C\",\"Humans\",\"Illinois/epidemiology\",\"Injection drug use\",\"Pandemics\",\"Rural risk environment\",\"United States/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":4,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"How the evolving epidemics of opioid misuse and HIV infection may be changing the risk of oral sexually transmitted infection risk through microbiome modulation\",\"volume\":\"46\",\"issn\":\"1040-841X, 1549-7828\",\"url\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Critical Reviews in Microbiology\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lauren\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rodriguez\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christofer\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Choat\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lesli\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Bacteria/metabolism, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, HIV Infections/*epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Microbiota/*physiology, Mouth Diseases/*microbiology, Mouth Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Oral microbiome, United States/epidemiology, immune function, opioid, sexually transmitted infection\",\"pages\":\"49–60\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jenkins_how_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {How the evolving epidemics of opioid misuse and {HIV} infection may be changing the risk of oral sexually transmitted infection risk through microbiome modulation},\\n\\tvolume = {46},\\n\\tissn = {1040-841X, 1549-7828},\\n\\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology},\\n\\tauthor = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Beach, Lauren B. and Rodriguez, Christofer and Choat, Lesli},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Bacteria/metabolism, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, HIV Infections/*epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Microbiota/*physiology, Mouth Diseases/*microbiology, Mouth Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Oral microbiome, United States/epidemiology, immune function, opioid, sexually transmitted infection},\\n\\tpages = {49--60},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Beach, L. B.\",\"Rodriguez, C.\",\"Choat, L.\"],\"key\":\"jenkins_how_2020\",\"id\":\"jenkins_how_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jenkins-beach-rodriguez-choat-howtheevolvingepidemicsofopioidmisuseandhivinfectionmaybechangingtheriskoforalsexuallytransmittedinfectionriskthroughmicrobiomemodulation-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683\"},\"keyword\":[\"Bacteria/metabolism\",\"Bacterial Physiological Phenomena\",\"HIV Infections/*epidemiology\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Microbiota/*physiology\",\"Mouth Diseases/*microbiology\",\"Mouth Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Oral microbiome\",\"United States/epidemiology\",\"immune function\",\"opioid\",\"sexually transmitted infection\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hepatitis C Virus Transmission Clusters in Public Health and Correctional Settings, Wisconsin, USA, 2016–20171\",\"volume\":\"27\",\"issn\":\"1080-6040, 1080-6059\",\"url\":\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm\",\"doi\":\"10.3201/eid2702.202957\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Emerging Infectious Diseases\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hochstatter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karli\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tully\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Damien\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Power\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karen\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koepke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akhtar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wajiha\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Prieve\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Audrey\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Whyte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bean\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Allen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Todd\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Female, Hepacivirus/genetics, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Phylogeny, Prisons, Public Health, Retrospective Studies, United States, Wisconsin, Wisconsin/epidemiology, global hepatitis outbreak surveillance technology, hepatitis, injection drug use, molecular epidemiology, phylogenetics, transmission clusters, viruses\",\"pages\":\"480–489\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hochstatter_hepatitis_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Hepatitis {C} {Virus} {Transmission} {Clusters} in {Public} {Health} and {Correctional} {Settings}, {Wisconsin}, {USA}, 2016–20171},\\n\\tvolume = {27},\\n\\tissn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059},\\n\\turl = {https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3201/eid2702.202957},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},\\n\\tauthor = {Hochstatter, Karli R. and Tully, Damien C. and Power, Karen A. and Koepke, Ruth and Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Prieve, Audrey F. and Whyte, Thomas and Bean, David J. and Seal, David W. and Allen, Todd M. and Westergaard, Ryan P.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Female, Hepacivirus/genetics, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Phylogeny, Prisons, Public Health, Retrospective Studies, United States, Wisconsin, Wisconsin/epidemiology, global hepatitis outbreak surveillance technology, hepatitis, injection drug use, molecular epidemiology, phylogenetics, transmission clusters, viruses},\\n\\tpages = {480--489},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hochstatter, K. R.\",\"Tully, D. C.\",\"Power, K. A.\",\"Koepke, R.\",\"Akhtar, W. Z.\",\"Prieve, A. F.\",\"Whyte, T.\",\"Bean, D. J.\",\"Seal, D. W.\",\"Allen, T. M.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\"],\"key\":\"hochstatter_hepatitis_2021\",\"id\":\"hochstatter_hepatitis_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hochstatter-tully-power-koepke-akhtar-prieve-whyte-bean-etal-hepatitiscvirustransmissionclustersinpublichealthandcorrectionalsettingswisconsinusa201620171-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Users\",\"*Hepatitis C/epidemiology\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology\",\"Female\",\"Hepacivirus/genetics\",\"Hepatitis C virus\",\"Humans\",\"Phylogeny\",\"Prisons\",\"Public Health\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"United States\",\"Wisconsin\",\"Wisconsin/epidemiology\",\"global hepatitis outbreak surveillance technology\",\"hepatitis\",\"injection drug use\",\"molecular epidemiology\",\"phylogenetics\",\"transmission clusters\",\"viruses\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":2,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hepatitis C Treatment Knowledge and Practice Among Family Medicine Physicians in Wisconsin During the Current Hepatitis C Epidemic\",\"volume\":\"120\",\"issn\":\"2379-3961 (Electronic) 1098-1861 (Linking)\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Curative treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) exists, making elimination of HCV possible. However, most people with HCV have not received treatment. One barrier is limited access to treatment providers. HCV treatment can be effectively provided by primary care providers and, since 2017, Wisconsin Medicaid allows nonspecialists to prescribe treatment. We surveyed family medicine physicians in Wisconsin to evaluate capacity for the provision of HCV treatment. METHODS: We mailed a survey to family medicine physicians in Wisconsin from June 25, 2018 through September 7, 2018. Physicians were asked whether they prescribe HCV treatment and about their knowledge regarding HCV treatment and relevant statewide Medicaid policy. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated physician characteristics associated with prescribing HCV treatment. RESULTS: Of 1,333 physicians surveyed, 600 (45%) responded. Few respondents reported prescribing HCV treatment independently (1%; n = 4) or in consultation with a specialist (6%; n = 35). Only 6% (n = 36) reported having a \\\"great deal\\\" of knowledge about HCV treatment. Most (86%; n = 515) were not aware that family medicine physicians can now prescribe HCV treatment covered by Medicaid. Physicians who practiced in offices affiliated with health systems were less likely to prescribe HCV treatment than physicians who practiced in an independent office or a Rural Health Clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Among family medicine physicians in Wisconsin, experience with and knowledge of HCV treatment was limited. Developing knowledge and skills among primary care providers is needed to expand treatment access and make progress toward HCV elimination. Studies are needed to evaluate treatment access in primary care offices affiliated with health systems.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"WMJ\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koepke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akhtar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seal\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salisbury-Afshar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Epidemics, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Physicians, Family Practice, Hepacivirus, Humans, Physicians, Family, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Wisconsin/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"106–113\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koepke_hepatitis_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Hepatitis {C} {Treatment} {Knowledge} and {Practice} {Among} {Family} {Medicine} {Physicians} in {Wisconsin} {During} the {Current} {Hepatitis} {C} {Epidemic}},\\n\\tvolume = {120},\\n\\tissn = {2379-3961 (Electronic) 1098-1861 (Linking)},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Curative treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) exists, making elimination of HCV possible. However, most people with HCV have not received treatment. One barrier is limited access to treatment providers. HCV treatment can be effectively provided by primary care providers and, since 2017, Wisconsin Medicaid allows nonspecialists to prescribe treatment. We surveyed family medicine physicians in Wisconsin to evaluate capacity for the provision of HCV treatment. METHODS: We mailed a survey to family medicine physicians in Wisconsin from June 25, 2018 through September 7, 2018. Physicians were asked whether they prescribe HCV treatment and about their knowledge regarding HCV treatment and relevant statewide Medicaid policy. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated physician characteristics associated with prescribing HCV treatment. RESULTS: Of 1,333 physicians surveyed, 600 (45\\\\%) responded. Few respondents reported prescribing HCV treatment independently (1\\\\%; n = 4) or in consultation with a specialist (6\\\\%; n = 35). Only 6\\\\% (n = 36) reported having a \\\"great deal\\\" of knowledge about HCV treatment. Most (86\\\\%; n = 515) were not aware that family medicine physicians can now prescribe HCV treatment covered by Medicaid. Physicians who practiced in offices affiliated with health systems were less likely to prescribe HCV treatment than physicians who practiced in an independent office or a Rural Health Clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Among family medicine physicians in Wisconsin, experience with and knowledge of HCV treatment was limited. Developing knowledge and skills among primary care providers is needed to expand treatment access and make progress toward HCV elimination. Studies are needed to evaluate treatment access in primary care offices affiliated with health systems.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {WMJ},\\n\\tauthor = {Koepke, R. and Akhtar, W. Z. and Kung, V. M. and Seal, D. W. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Westergaard, R. P.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Epidemics, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Physicians, Family Practice, Hepacivirus, Humans, Physicians, Family, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Wisconsin/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {106--113},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koepke, R.\",\"Akhtar, W. Z.\",\"Kung, V. M.\",\"Seal, D. W.\",\"Salisbury-Afshar, E.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\"],\"key\":\"koepke_hepatitis_2021\",\"id\":\"koepke_hepatitis_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koepke-akhtar-kung-seal-salisburyafshar-westergaard-hepatitisctreatmentknowledgeandpracticeamongfamilymedicinephysiciansinwisconsinduringthecurrenthepatitiscepidemic-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Epidemics\",\"*Hepatitis C/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Physicians\",\"Family Practice\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Humans\",\"Physicians\",\"Family\",\"Practice Patterns\",\"Physicians'\",\"Wisconsin/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Persons Who Inject Drugs and Have Evidence of Hepatitis C Infection\",\"volume\":\"134\",\"issn\":\"0033-3549, 1468-2877\",\"url\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/0033354919874088\",\"abstract\":\"Objectives: Despite recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) for all adults at increased risk of infection, several US states have reported increases in HAV and HBV infections among persons who inject drugs. We investigated hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among a sample of persons who reported injecting drugs and had evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: We searched the Wisconsin Immunization Registry for the vaccination records of persons who underwent HCV testing at syringe services programs from January 1 through August 31, 2018, and were reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health as having positive HCV antibody test results and a history of injection drug use. We calculated the percentage of persons who were vaccinated according to national recommendations. Results: Of 215 persons reported, 204 (94.9%) had a client record in the Wisconsin Immunization Registry. Of these 204 persons, 66 (32.4%) had received ≥1 dose of hepatitis A vaccine, 46 (22.5%) had received 2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine, and 115 (56.4%) had received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine coverage decreased with increasing age, from 88.0% (22 of 25) among adults aged 20-24 to 30.3% (10 of 33) among adults aged 35-39. Conclusions: These findings suggest that most persons who inject drugs in Wisconsin are susceptible to HAV infection and that most persons aged ≥35 who inject drugs are susceptible to HBV infection. In addition to routine vaccination of children, targeted hepatitis vaccination programs should focus on adults who inject drugs to help prevent future infections.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Public Health Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koepke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ruth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Danielle\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akhtar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wajiha\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mitchell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kailynn\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Guilfoyle\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sheila\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schauer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephanie\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vergeront\"],\"firstnames\":[\"James\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*hepatitis A, *hepatitis B, *immunization information system, *injection drug use, *vaccination coverage, Adult, Female, Hepatitis A Vaccines/administration & dosage, Hepatitis A/*epidemiology, Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration & dosage, Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification, Hepatitis B/*epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/immunology, Vaccination Coverage/*statistics & numerical data, Wisconsin/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"651–659\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koepke_hepatitis_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Hepatitis {A} and {Hepatitis} {B} {Vaccination} {Coverage} {Among} {Persons} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} and {Have} {Evidence} of {Hepatitis} {C} {Infection}},\\n\\tvolume = {134},\\n\\tissn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877},\\n\\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1177/0033354919874088},\\n\\tabstract = {Objectives: \\n              Despite recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) for all adults at increased risk of infection, several US states have reported increases in HAV and HBV infections among persons who inject drugs. We investigated hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among a sample of persons who reported injecting drugs and had evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods: \\n              We searched the Wisconsin Immunization Registry for the vaccination records of persons who underwent HCV testing at syringe services programs from January 1 through August 31, 2018, and were reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health as having positive HCV antibody test results and a history of injection drug use. We calculated the percentage of persons who were vaccinated according to national recommendations. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results: \\n              Of 215 persons reported, 204 (94.9\\\\%) had a client record in the Wisconsin Immunization Registry. Of these 204 persons, 66 (32.4\\\\%) had received ≥1 dose of hepatitis A vaccine, 46 (22.5\\\\%) had received 2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine, and 115 (56.4\\\\%) had received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine coverage decreased with increasing age, from 88.0\\\\% (22 of 25) among adults aged 20-24 to 30.3\\\\% (10 of 33) among adults aged 35-39. \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions: \\n              These findings suggest that most persons who inject drugs in Wisconsin are susceptible to HAV infection and that most persons aged ≥35 who inject drugs are susceptible to HBV infection. In addition to routine vaccination of children, targeted hepatitis vaccination programs should focus on adults who inject drugs to help prevent future infections.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Public Health Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Koepke, Ruth and Sill, Danielle N. and Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Mitchell, Kailynn P. and Guilfoyle, Sheila M. and Westergaard, Ryan P. and Schauer, Stephanie L. and Vergeront, James M.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*hepatitis A, *hepatitis B, *immunization information system, *injection drug use, *vaccination coverage, Adult, Female, Hepatitis A Vaccines/administration \\\\& dosage, Hepatitis A/*epidemiology, Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration \\\\& dosage, Hepatitis B virus/isolation \\\\& purification, Hepatitis B/*epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/immunology, Vaccination Coverage/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Wisconsin/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {651--659},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koepke, R.\",\"Sill, D. N.\",\"Akhtar, W. Z.\",\"Mitchell, K. P.\",\"Guilfoyle, S. M.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\",\"Schauer, S. L.\",\"Vergeront, J. M.\"],\"key\":\"koepke_hepatitis_2019\",\"id\":\"koepke_hepatitis_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koepke-sill-akhtar-mitchell-guilfoyle-westergaard-schauer-vergeront-hepatitisaandhepatitisbvaccinationcoverageamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsandhaveevidenceofhepatitiscinfection-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088\"},\"keyword\":[\"*hepatitis A\",\"*hepatitis B\",\"*immunization information system\",\"*injection drug use\",\"*vaccination coverage\",\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Hepatitis A Vaccines/administration & dosage\",\"Hepatitis A/*epidemiology\",\"Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration & dosage\",\"Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification\",\"Hepatitis B/*epidemiology\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Population Surveillance\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/immunology\",\"Vaccination Coverage/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Wisconsin/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Health Care Utilization of Opioid Overdose Decedents with No Opioid Analgesic Prescription History\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"issn\":\"1099-3460, 1468-2869\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Urban Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abbasi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ali\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salisbury-Afshar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jovanov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dejan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Berberet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Craig\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arunkumar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ponni\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Aks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steven\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Layden\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jennifer\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Controlled substance monitoring programs, *Drug overdose prescription opioids, *Fentanyl, *Heroin, *Opioid overdose, Adult, African Americans/statistics & numerical data, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Black or African American/statistics & numerical data, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Chicago/epidemiology, Controlled substance monitoring programs, Drug Overdose/epidemiology/*mortality, Drug overdose prescription opioids, Female, Fentanyl, Fentanyl/*poisoning, Heroin, Heroin/*poisoning, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid overdose, Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*mortality, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics & numerical data, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data, Public Health, Risk Factors\",\"pages\":\"38–48\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{abbasi_health_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Health {Care} {Utilization} of {Opioid} {Overdose} {Decedents} with {No} {Opioid} {Analgesic} {Prescription} {History}},\\n\\tvolume = {96},\\n\\tissn = {1099-3460, 1468-2869},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Urban Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Abbasi, Ali B. and Salisbury-Afshar, Elizabeth and Jovanov, Dejan and Berberet, Craig and Arunkumar, Ponni and Aks, Steven E. and Layden, Jennifer E. and Pho, Mai T.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Controlled substance monitoring programs, *Drug overdose prescription opioids, *Fentanyl, *Heroin, *Opioid overdose, Adult, African Americans/statistics \\\\& numerical data, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Black or African American/statistics \\\\& numerical data, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Chicago/epidemiology, Controlled substance monitoring programs, Drug Overdose/epidemiology/*mortality, Drug overdose prescription opioids, Female, Fentanyl, Fentanyl/*poisoning, Heroin, Heroin/*poisoning, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid overdose, Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*mortality, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Public Health, Risk Factors},\\n\\tpages = {38--48},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Abbasi, A. B.\",\"Salisbury-Afshar, E.\",\"Jovanov, D.\",\"Berberet, C.\",\"Arunkumar, P.\",\"Aks, S. E.\",\"Layden, J. E.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"abbasi_health_2019\",\"id\":\"abbasi_health_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"abbasi-salisburyafshar-jovanov-berberet-arunkumar-aks-layden-pho-healthcareutilizationofopioidoverdosedecedentswithnoopioidanalgesicprescriptionhistory-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Controlled substance monitoring programs\",\"*Drug overdose prescription opioids\",\"*Fentanyl\",\"*Heroin\",\"*Opioid overdose\",\"Adult\",\"African Americans/statistics & numerical data\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/*poisoning\",\"Black or African American/statistics & numerical data\",\"Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use\",\"Chicago/epidemiology\",\"Controlled substance monitoring programs\",\"Drug Overdose/epidemiology/*mortality\",\"Drug overdose prescription opioids\",\"Female\",\"Fentanyl\",\"Fentanyl/*poisoning\",\"Heroin\",\"Heroin/*poisoning\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods\",\"Opioid overdose\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*mortality\",\"Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Practice Patterns\",\"Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Public Health\",\"Risk Factors\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices among those who obtain syringes from pharmacies and directly and indirectly from syringe services programs in rural New England\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-022-00358-7\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Among people who inject drugs (PWID), obtaining syringes via syringe services programs (SSPs) and pharmacies reduces injection sharing practices associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Whether indirect use of SSPs via secondary exchange confers a similar benefit remains unknown, particularly in rural settings. We compared HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices by primary syringe source among a sample of rural PWID. METHODS: Data are from a cross-sectional study of adults who use drugs recruited from eleven rural counties in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts using respondent-driven sampling (2018-2019). Study staff performed HCV antibody testing. An audio computer-assisted self-interview assessed sociodemographic characteristics, past 30-day injection practices, and past 30-day primary syringe source. Primary syringe source was classified as direct SSP, pharmacy, indirect SSP (secondary exchange), or \\\"other\\\" (friend/acquaintance, street seller, partner/relative, found them). Mixed effects modified Poisson models assessed the association of primary syringe source with HCV seroprevalence and injection sharing practices. RESULTS: Among 397 PWID, the most common primary syringe source was \\\"other\\\" (33%), then pharmacies (27%), SSPs (22%), and secondary exchange (18%). In multivariable models, compared with those obtaining most syringes from \\\"other\\\" sources, those obtaining most syringes from pharmacies had a lower HCV seroprevalence [adjusted prevalence ratio (APR):0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.9985]; however, the upper bound of the 95% CI was close to 1.0. Compared with those obtaining most syringes from other sources, PWID obtaining most syringes directly from SSPs or pharmacies were less likely to report borrowing used syringes [APR(SSP):0.60, 95% CI 0.43-0.85 and APR(Pharmacies):0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.93], borrowing used injection equipment [APR(SSP):0.59, 95% CI 0.50-0.69 and APR (Pharmacies):0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.98], and backloading [APR(SSP):0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.88 and APR(Pharmacies):0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91]. Potential inverse associations between obtaining most syringes via secondary exchange and injection sharing practices did not reach the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: PWID in rural New England largely relied on informal syringe sources (i.e., secondary exchange or sources besides SSPs/pharmacies). Those obtaining most syringes from an SSP or pharmacy were less likely to share injection equipment/syringes and had a lower HCV seroprevalence, which suggests using these sources reduces the risk of new HCV infections or serves as proxy for past injection behavior.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Addict Sci Clin Pract\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Romo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudolph\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jesdale\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20230103\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention & control, *Pharmacies, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/complications, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Needle Sharing, Needle-Exchange Programs, New England, Pharmacy, Rural, Secondary exchange, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Syringe services programs, Syringes\",\"pages\":\"2\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{romo_hcv_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {{HCV} serostatus and injection sharing practices among those who obtain syringes from pharmacies and directly and indirectly from syringe services programs in rural {New} {England}},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00358-7},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Among people who inject drugs (PWID), obtaining syringes via syringe services programs (SSPs) and pharmacies reduces injection sharing practices associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Whether indirect use of SSPs via secondary exchange confers a similar benefit remains unknown, particularly in rural settings. We compared HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices by primary syringe source among a sample of rural PWID. METHODS: Data are from a cross-sectional study of adults who use drugs recruited from eleven rural counties in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts using respondent-driven sampling (2018-2019). Study staff performed HCV antibody testing. An audio computer-assisted self-interview assessed sociodemographic characteristics, past 30-day injection practices, and past 30-day primary syringe source. Primary syringe source was classified as direct SSP, pharmacy, indirect SSP (secondary exchange), or \\\"other\\\" (friend/acquaintance, street seller, partner/relative, found them). Mixed effects modified Poisson models assessed the association of primary syringe source with HCV seroprevalence and injection sharing practices. RESULTS: Among 397 PWID, the most common primary syringe source was \\\"other\\\" (33\\\\%), then pharmacies (27\\\\%), SSPs (22\\\\%), and secondary exchange (18\\\\%). In multivariable models, compared with those obtaining most syringes from \\\"other\\\" sources, those obtaining most syringes from pharmacies had a lower HCV seroprevalence [adjusted prevalence ratio (APR):0.85, 95\\\\% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.9985]; however, the upper bound of the 95\\\\% CI was close to 1.0. Compared with those obtaining most syringes from other sources, PWID obtaining most syringes directly from SSPs or pharmacies were less likely to report borrowing used syringes [APR(SSP):0.60, 95\\\\% CI 0.43-0.85 and APR(Pharmacies):0.70, 95\\\\% CI 0.52-0.93], borrowing used injection equipment [APR(SSP):0.59, 95\\\\% CI 0.50-0.69 and APR (Pharmacies):0.81, 95\\\\% CI 0.68-0.98], and backloading [APR(SSP):0.65, 95\\\\% CI 0.48-0.88 and APR(Pharmacies):0.78, 95\\\\% CI 0.67-0.91]. Potential inverse associations between obtaining most syringes via secondary exchange and injection sharing practices did not reach the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: PWID in rural New England largely relied on informal syringe sources (i.e., secondary exchange or sources besides SSPs/pharmacies). Those obtaining most syringes from an SSP or pharmacy were less likely to share injection equipment/syringes and had a lower HCV seroprevalence, which suggests using these sources reduces the risk of new HCV infections or serves as proxy for past injection behavior.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\\n\\tauthor = {Romo, E. and Rudolph, A. E. and Stopka, T. J. and Wang, B. and Jesdale, B. M. and Friedmann, P. D.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20230103},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, *Pharmacies, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/complications, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Needle Sharing, Needle-Exchange Programs, New England, Pharmacy, Rural, Secondary exchange, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Syringe services programs, Syringes},\\n\\tpages = {2},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Romo, E.\",\"Rudolph, A. E.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Wang, B.\",\"Jesdale, B. M.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\"],\"key\":\"romo_hcv_2023\",\"id\":\"romo_hcv_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"romo-rudolph-stopka-wang-jesdale-friedmann-hcvserostatusandinjectionsharingpracticesamongthosewhoobtainsyringesfrompharmaciesanddirectlyandindirectlyfromsyringeservicesprogramsinruralnewengland-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153\"},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Infections/epidemiology\",\"*Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"*Pharmacies\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology/complications\",\"Adult\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hepatitis C virus\",\"Humans\",\"Needle Sharing\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"New England\",\"Pharmacy\",\"Rural\",\"Secondary exchange\",\"Seroepidemiologic Studies\",\"Syringe services programs\",\"Syringes\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Harm Reduction and Adaptations Among PWUD in Rural Oregon During COVID-19\",\"issn\":\"1090-7165, 1573-3254\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"AIDS and Behavior\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andrew\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stack\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Erin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gray\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mary\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pope\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Justine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gelberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Infections/prevention & control, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *covid-19, Covid-19, Harm Reduction, Harm reduction, Humans, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Syringe services programs\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{seaman_harm_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Harm {Reduction} and {Adaptations} {Among} {PWUD} in {Rural} {Oregon} {During} {COVID}-19},\\n\\tissn = {1090-7165, 1573-3254},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {AIDS and Behavior},\\n\\tauthor = {Seaman, Andrew and Leichtling, Gillian and Stack, Erin and Gray, Mary and Pope, Justine and Larsen, Jessica E. and Leahy, Judith M. and Gelberg, Lillian and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/prevention \\\\& control, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *covid-19, Covid-19, Harm Reduction, Harm reduction, Humans, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Syringe services programs},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Seaman, A.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Stack, E.\",\"Gray, M.\",\"Pope, J.\",\"Larsen, J. E.\",\"Leahy, J. M.\",\"Gelberg, L.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"seaman_harm_2021\",\"id\":\"seaman_harm_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"seaman-leichtling-stack-gray-pope-larsen-leahy-gelberg-etal-harmreductionandadaptationsamongpwudinruraloregonduringcovid19-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4\"},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Infections/prevention & control\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous\",\"*covid-19\",\"Covid-19\",\"Harm Reduction\",\"Harm reduction\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Oregon\",\"Rural\",\"Rural Population\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"Syringe services programs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Geographic variation in amputation rates among patients with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease in the rural state of West Virginia identifies areas for improved care\",\"volume\":\"71\",\"issn\":\"1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.215\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: Amputation is a devastating but preventable complication of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Multiple studies have focused on disparities in amputation rates based on race and socioeconomic status, but few focus on amputation trends in rural populations. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of major and minor amputation among patients admitted with diabetes and/or PAD in a rural, Appalachian state, and to identify geographic areas with higher than expected major and minor amputations using advanced spatial analysis while controlling for comorbidities and rurality. METHODS: Patient hospital admissions of West Virginia residents with diagnoses of diabetes and/or PAD and with or without an amputation procedure were identified from the West Virginia Health Care Authority State Inpatient Database from 2011 to 2016 using relevant International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition and 10the edition codes. Bayesian spatial hierarchical modeling was conducted to identify areas of high risk, while controlling for important confounders for amputation. RESULTS: Overall, there were 5557 amputations among 459,452 hospital admissions with diabetes and/or PAD from 2011 to 2016. The majority of the amputations were minor (61.7%; n = 3430), with a prevalence of 7.5 per 1000 and 40.4% (n = 2248) were major, with a prevalence of 4.9 per 1000. Geographic analysis found significant variation in risk for both major and minor amputation across the state, even after adjusting for the prevalence of risk factors. Analyses indicated an increased risk of amputation in the central and northeastern regions of West Virginia at the county level, although zip code-level patterns of amputation varied, with high-risk areas identified primarily in the northeastern and south central regions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant geographic variation in risk of amputation across West Virginia, even after adjusting for disease-related risk factors, suggesting priority areas for further investigation. The level of granularity obtained using advanced spatial analyses rather than traditional methods demonstrate the value of this approach, particularly when risk estimates are used to inform policy or public health intervention.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"J Vasc Surg\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Minc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Misra\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ren\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thibault\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Marone\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7186153\",\"keywords\":\"*Amputation, *Diabetes, *Peripheral arterial disease, *Rural health, *Spatial analysis, Aged, Amputation/*statistics & numerical data, Diabetes Complications/*surgery, Female, Humans, Lower Extremity/*surgery, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/*surgery, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data, Prevalence, Rural Population, West Virginia\",\"pages\":\"1708–1717 e5\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{minc_geographic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Geographic variation in amputation rates among patients with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease in the rural state of {West} {Virginia} identifies areas for improved care},\\n\\tvolume = {71},\\n\\tissn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.215},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Amputation is a devastating but preventable complication of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Multiple studies have focused on disparities in amputation rates based on race and socioeconomic status, but few focus on amputation trends in rural populations. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of major and minor amputation among patients admitted with diabetes and/or PAD in a rural, Appalachian state, and to identify geographic areas with higher than expected major and minor amputations using advanced spatial analysis while controlling for comorbidities and rurality. METHODS: Patient hospital admissions of West Virginia residents with diagnoses of diabetes and/or PAD and with or without an amputation procedure were identified from the West Virginia Health Care Authority State Inpatient Database from 2011 to 2016 using relevant International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition and 10the edition codes. Bayesian spatial hierarchical modeling was conducted to identify areas of high risk, while controlling for important confounders for amputation. RESULTS: Overall, there were 5557 amputations among 459,452 hospital admissions with diabetes and/or PAD from 2011 to 2016. The majority of the amputations were minor (61.7\\\\%; n = 3430), with a prevalence of 7.5 per 1000 and 40.4\\\\% (n = 2248) were major, with a prevalence of 4.9 per 1000. Geographic analysis found significant variation in risk for both major and minor amputation across the state, even after adjusting for the prevalence of risk factors. Analyses indicated an increased risk of amputation in the central and northeastern regions of West Virginia at the county level, although zip code-level patterns of amputation varied, with high-risk areas identified primarily in the northeastern and south central regions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant geographic variation in risk of amputation across West Virginia, even after adjusting for disease-related risk factors, suggesting priority areas for further investigation. The level of granularity obtained using advanced spatial analyses rather than traditional methods demonstrate the value of this approach, particularly when risk estimates are used to inform policy or public health intervention.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {J Vasc Surg},\\n\\tauthor = {Minc, S. D. and Hendricks, B. and Misra, R. and Ren, Y. and Thibault, D. and Marone, L. and Smith, G. S.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7186153},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Amputation, *Diabetes, *Peripheral arterial disease, *Rural health, *Spatial analysis, Aged, Amputation/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Diabetes Complications/*surgery, Female, Humans, Lower Extremity/*surgery, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/*surgery, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Prevalence, Rural Population, West Virginia},\\n\\tpages = {1708--1717 e5},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Minc, S. D.\",\"Hendricks, B.\",\"Misra, R.\",\"Ren, Y.\",\"Thibault, D.\",\"Marone, L.\",\"Smith, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"minc_geographic_2020\",\"id\":\"minc_geographic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"minc-hendricks-misra-ren-thibault-marone-smith-geographicvariationinamputationratesamongpatientswithdiabetesandorperipheralarterialdiseaseintheruralstateofwestvirginiaidentifiesareasforimprovedcare-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Amputation\",\"*Diabetes\",\"*Peripheral arterial disease\",\"*Rural health\",\"*Spatial analysis\",\"Aged\",\"Amputation/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Diabetes Complications/*surgery\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Lower Extremity/*surgery\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Peripheral Arterial Disease/*surgery\",\"Practice Patterns\",\"Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Prevalence\",\"Rural Population\",\"West Virginia\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Finding paths with the greatest chance of success: enabling and focusing lung cancer screening and cessation in resource-constrained areas\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"22186751, 22264477\",\"shorttitle\":\"Finding paths with the greatest chance of success\",\"url\":\"http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282\",\"doi\":\"10.21037/tlcr.2018.09.11\",\"number\":\"S3\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Translational Lung Cancer Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gilbert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Li-Shiun\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carnahan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Leslie\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"S261–S264\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jenkins_finding_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Finding paths with the greatest chance of success: enabling and focusing lung cancer screening and cessation in resource-constrained areas},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {22186751, 22264477},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Finding paths with the greatest chance of success},\\n\\turl = {http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282},\\n\\tdoi = {10.21037/tlcr.2018.09.11},\\n\\tnumber = {S3},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Translational Lung Cancer Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Gilbert, David and Chen, Li-Shiun and Carnahan, Leslie R.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {S261--S264},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Gilbert, D.\",\"Chen, L.\",\"Carnahan, L. R.\"],\"key\":\"jenkins_finding_2018\",\"id\":\"jenkins_finding_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jenkins-gilbert-chen-carnahan-findingpathswiththegreatestchanceofsuccessenablingandfocusinglungcancerscreeningandcessationinresourceconstrainedareas-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths\",\"volume\":\"48\",\"issn\":\"1097-9891 (Electronic) 0095-2990 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Methamphetamine-related deaths have been rising along with those involving synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs). However, the extent to which methamphetamine involvement in deaths differs from those changes occurring in synthetic opioid involvement is unknown.Objectives: To determine the patterns and temporal changes in methamphetamine-related deaths with and without other drug involvement.Methods: Data from all methamphetamine-related deaths in West Virginia from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed. Quasi-Poisson regression analyses over time were conducted to compare the rates of change in death counts among methamphetamine and fentanyl//FA subgroups.Results: A total of 815 methamphetamine-related deaths were analyzed; 572 (70.2%) were male and 527 (64.7%) involved an opioid. The proportion of methamphetamine only deaths stayed relatively flat over time although the actual numbers of deaths increased. Combined fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine were involved in 337 deaths (41.3%) and constituted the largest increase from 2013 to 2018. The modeling of monthly death counts in 2017-2018 found that the average number of deaths involving fentanyl without methamphetamine significantly declined (rate of change -0.025, p \\\\textless .001), while concomitant fentanyl with methamphetamine and methamphetamine only death counts increased significantly (rate of change 0.056 and 0.057, respectively, p \\\\textless .001).Conclusions: Fentanyl and FAs played an increasingly significant role in methamphetamine-related deaths. The accelerating number of deaths involving fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine indicates the importance of stimulants and opioids in unintentional deaths. Comprehensive surveillance efforts should continue to track substance use patterns to ensure that appropriate prevention programs are undertaken.\",\"number\":\"2\",\"journal\":\"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Groth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rucker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20211109\",\"keywords\":\"*Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Methamphetamine/adverse effects, *death, *fentanyl, *opioid, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Female, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, Male\",\"pages\":\"226–234\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dai_fentanyl_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Fentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths},\\n\\tvolume = {48},\\n\\tissn = {1097-9891 (Electronic) 0095-2990 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Methamphetamine-related deaths have been rising along with those involving synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs). However, the extent to which methamphetamine involvement in deaths differs from those changes occurring in synthetic opioid involvement is unknown.Objectives: To determine the patterns and temporal changes in methamphetamine-related deaths with and without other drug involvement.Methods: Data from all methamphetamine-related deaths in West Virginia from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed. Quasi-Poisson regression analyses over time were conducted to compare the rates of change in death counts among methamphetamine and fentanyl//FA subgroups.Results: A total of 815 methamphetamine-related deaths were analyzed; 572 (70.2\\\\%) were male and 527 (64.7\\\\%) involved an opioid. The proportion of methamphetamine only deaths stayed relatively flat over time although the actual numbers of deaths increased. Combined fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine were involved in 337 deaths (41.3\\\\%) and constituted the largest increase from 2013 to 2018. The modeling of monthly death counts in 2017-2018 found that the average number of deaths involving fentanyl without methamphetamine significantly declined (rate of change -0.025, p {\\\\textless} .001), while concomitant fentanyl with methamphetamine and methamphetamine only death counts increased significantly (rate of change 0.056 and 0.057, respectively, p {\\\\textless} .001).Conclusions: Fentanyl and FAs played an increasingly significant role in methamphetamine-related deaths. The accelerating number of deaths involving fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine indicates the importance of stimulants and opioids in unintentional deaths. Comprehensive surveillance efforts should continue to track substance use patterns to ensure that appropriate prevention programs are undertaken.},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\tjournal = {Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse},\\n\\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Groth, C. P. and Rucker, T. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R. and Smith, G. S.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20211109},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Methamphetamine/adverse effects, *death, *fentanyl, *opioid, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Female, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, Male},\\n\\tpages = {226--234},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dai, Z.\",\"Abate, M. A.\",\"Groth, C. P.\",\"Rucker, T.\",\"Kraner, J. C.\",\"Mock, A. R.\",\"Smith, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"dai_fentanyl_2022\",\"id\":\"dai_fentanyl_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dai-abate-groth-rucker-kraner-mock-smith-fentanylandotheropioidinvolvementinmethamphetaminerelateddeaths-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Central Nervous System Stimulants\",\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology\",\"*Methamphetamine\",\"*Methamphetamine/adverse effects\",\"*death\",\"*fentanyl\",\"*opioid\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/adverse effects\",\"Female\",\"Fentanyl/adverse effects\",\"Humans\",\"Male\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths\",\"volume\":\"196\",\"issn\":\"1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: To describe and analyze the involvement of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs) in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of all WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2017 were performed, including comparisons of demographic and toxicological characteristics among total deaths, deaths in which fentanyl/FAs were present, deaths in which they were absent, heroin-related deaths, and prescription opioid-related deaths. RESULTS: Most of the 8813 drug-related deaths were overdoses, with about 11% resulting from transportation/other injuries in which drugs were contributors. Prescription opioid presence (without fentanyl) decreased by 75% from 2005-14 to 2015-17 (3545 deaths to 859 deaths, respectively), while fentanyl involvement in the deaths increased by 122% between these periods (487 to 1082 deaths). Ten FAs were identified (427 instances) after 2015. Alprazolam and ethanol were among the top five most frequently identified substances across years. Fentanyl, heroin and cocaine replaced oxycodone, diazepam and hydrocodone in the top five beginning in 2015. Few decedents had a prescription for fentanyl after 2015, with fewer prescriptions also present for other controlled substances identified. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl, rapidly emerging FAs, and other illicit drugs in recent years pose a serious health threat even though prescription opioid-related deaths decreased over the same time period.\",\"journal\":\"Drug Alcohol Depend\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC6447047\",\"keywords\":\"*Death, *Fentanyl, *Fentanyl analog, *Illicit drug, *Prescription opioid, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Databases, Factual/trends, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/*mortality, Female, Fentanyl/*analogs & derivatives/*poisoning, Humans, Illicit Drugs/*poisoning, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality/trends, Retrospective Studies, United States/epidemiology, West Virginia/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dai_fentanyl_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths},\\n\\tvolume = {196},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: To describe and analyze the involvement of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs) in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of all WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2017 were performed, including comparisons of demographic and toxicological characteristics among total deaths, deaths in which fentanyl/FAs were present, deaths in which they were absent, heroin-related deaths, and prescription opioid-related deaths. RESULTS: Most of the 8813 drug-related deaths were overdoses, with about 11\\\\% resulting from transportation/other injuries in which drugs were contributors. Prescription opioid presence (without fentanyl) decreased by 75\\\\% from 2005-14 to 2015-17 (3545 deaths to 859 deaths, respectively), while fentanyl involvement in the deaths increased by 122\\\\% between these periods (487 to 1082 deaths). Ten FAs were identified (427 instances) after 2015. Alprazolam and ethanol were among the top five most frequently identified substances across years. Fentanyl, heroin and cocaine replaced oxycodone, diazepam and hydrocodone in the top five beginning in 2015. Few decedents had a prescription for fentanyl after 2015, with fewer prescriptions also present for other controlled substances identified. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl, rapidly emerging FAs, and other illicit drugs in recent years pose a serious health threat even though prescription opioid-related deaths decreased over the same time period.},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\\n\\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Smith, G. S. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC6447047},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Death, *Fentanyl, *Fentanyl analog, *Illicit drug, *Prescription opioid, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Databases, Factual/trends, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/*mortality, Female, Fentanyl/*analogs \\\\& derivatives/*poisoning, Humans, Illicit Drugs/*poisoning, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality/trends, Retrospective Studies, United States/epidemiology, West Virginia/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dai, Z.\",\"Abate, M. A.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Kraner, J. C.\",\"Mock, A. R.\"],\"key\":\"dai_fentanyl_2019\",\"id\":\"dai_fentanyl_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dai-abate-smith-kraner-mock-fentanylandfentanylanaloginvolvementindrugrelateddeaths-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Death\",\"*Fentanyl\",\"*Fentanyl analog\",\"*Illicit drug\",\"*Prescription opioid\",\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/*poisoning\",\"Databases\",\"Factual/trends\",\"Drug Overdose/diagnosis/*mortality\",\"Female\",\"Fentanyl/*analogs & derivatives/*poisoning\",\"Humans\",\"Illicit Drugs/*poisoning\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Mortality/trends\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"United States/epidemiology\",\"West Virginia/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Factors that influence enrollment in syringe services programs in rural areas: a qualitative study among program clients in Appalachian Kentucky\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-021-00518-z\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Enrolling sufficient number of people who inject drugs (PWID) into syringe services programs (SSP) is important to curtail outbreaks of drug-related harms. Still, little is known about barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment in rural areas with no history of such programs. This study's purpose was to develop a grounded theory of the role of the risk environment and individual characteristics of PWID in shaping SSP enrollment in rural Kentucky. METHODS: We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 41 clients of 5 SSPs that were established in rural counties in Appalachian Kentucky in 2017-2018. Interviews covered PWID needs, the process of becoming aware of SSPs, and barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment. Applying constructivist grounded theory methods and guided by the Intersectional Risk Environment Framework (IREF), we applied open, axial and selective coding to develop the grounded theory. RESULTS: Stigma, a feature of IREF's meso-level social domain, is the main factor hampering SSP enrollment. PWID hesitated to visit SSPs because of internalized stigma and because of anticipated stigma from police, friends, family and healthcare providers. Fear of stigma was often mitigated or amplified by a constellation of meso-level environmental factors related to healthcare (e.g., SSPs) and social (PWID networks) domains and by PWID's individual characteristics. SSPs mitigated stigma as a barrier to enrollment by providing low threshold services in a friendly atmosphere, and by offering their clients program IDs to protect them from paraphernalia charges. SSP clients spread positive information about the program within PWID networks and helped their hesitant peers to enroll by accompanying them to SSPs. Individual characteristics, including child custody, employment or high social status, made certain PWID more susceptible to drug-related stigma and hence more likely to delay SSP enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Features of the social and healthcare environments operating at the meso-level, as well as PWID's individual characteristics, appear to enhance or mitigate the effect of stigma as a barrier to SSP enrollment. SSPs opening in locations with high stigma against PWID need to ensure low threshold and friendly services, protect their clients from police and mobilize PWID networks to promote enrollment.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Harm Reduct J\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Batty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fadanelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lockard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8244225\",\"keywords\":\"*People who inject drugs, *Rural Appalachia, *Stigma, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringe services programs, *Syringes, Child, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, People who inject drugs, Rural Appalachia, Social Stigma, Stigma, Syringe services programs\",\"pages\":\"68\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ibragimov_factors_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Factors that influence enrollment in syringe services programs in rural areas: a qualitative study among program clients in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00518-z},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Enrolling sufficient number of people who inject drugs (PWID) into syringe services programs (SSP) is important to curtail outbreaks of drug-related harms. Still, little is known about barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment in rural areas with no history of such programs. This study's purpose was to develop a grounded theory of the role of the risk environment and individual characteristics of PWID in shaping SSP enrollment in rural Kentucky. METHODS: We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 41 clients of 5 SSPs that were established in rural counties in Appalachian Kentucky in 2017-2018. Interviews covered PWID needs, the process of becoming aware of SSPs, and barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment. Applying constructivist grounded theory methods and guided by the Intersectional Risk Environment Framework (IREF), we applied open, axial and selective coding to develop the grounded theory. RESULTS: Stigma, a feature of IREF's meso-level social domain, is the main factor hampering SSP enrollment. PWID hesitated to visit SSPs because of internalized stigma and because of anticipated stigma from police, friends, family and healthcare providers. Fear of stigma was often mitigated or amplified by a constellation of meso-level environmental factors related to healthcare (e.g., SSPs) and social (PWID networks) domains and by PWID's individual characteristics. SSPs mitigated stigma as a barrier to enrollment by providing low threshold services in a friendly atmosphere, and by offering their clients program IDs to protect them from paraphernalia charges. SSP clients spread positive information about the program within PWID networks and helped their hesitant peers to enroll by accompanying them to SSPs. Individual characteristics, including child custody, employment or high social status, made certain PWID more susceptible to drug-related stigma and hence more likely to delay SSP enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Features of the social and healthcare environments operating at the meso-level, as well as PWID's individual characteristics, appear to enhance or mitigate the effect of stigma as a barrier to SSP enrollment. SSPs opening in locations with high stigma against PWID need to ensure low threshold and friendly services, protect their clients from police and mobilize PWID networks to promote enrollment.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\\n\\tauthor = {Ibragimov, U. and Cooper, K. E. and Batty, E. and Ballard, A. M. and Fadanelli, M. and Gross, S. B. and Klein, E. M. and Lockard, S. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8244225},\\n\\tkeywords = {*People who inject drugs, *Rural Appalachia, *Stigma, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringe services programs, *Syringes, Child, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, People who inject drugs, Rural Appalachia, Social Stigma, Stigma, Syringe services programs},\\n\\tpages = {68},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Cooper, K. E.\",\"Batty, E.\",\"Ballard, A. M.\",\"Fadanelli, M.\",\"Gross, S. B.\",\"Klein, E. M.\",\"Lockard, S.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\"],\"key\":\"ibragimov_factors_2021\",\"id\":\"ibragimov_factors_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ibragimov-cooper-batty-ballard-fadanelli-gross-klein-lockard-etal-factorsthatinfluenceenrollmentinsyringeservicesprogramsinruralareasaqualitativestudyamongprogramclientsinappalachiankentucky-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*People who inject drugs\",\"*Rural Appalachia\",\"*Stigma\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology\",\"*Syringe services programs\",\"*Syringes\",\"Child\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"People who inject drugs\",\"Rural Appalachia\",\"Social Stigma\",\"Stigma\",\"Syringe services programs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Factors associated with perceived ease of access to syringes in Appalachian North Carolina\",\"issn\":\"1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jrh.12698\",\"abstract\":\"PURPOSE: To examine associations between perceived ease of syringe access, syringe sources, injection behaviors, and law enforcement (LE) interactions among people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Appalachian North Carolina (NC). METHODS: Using respondent-driven sampling, a diverse sample of 309 self-reported PWID were recruited from rural Appalachian NC. Data were collected via audio computer-assisted self-interview technology from February 2019 through March 2020. Respondents reported demographics, sources of syringes, LE interactions, and injection behaviors. Univariate, bivariate, and linear regression analyses were performed. FINDINGS: Respondents most often obtained syringes from pharmacies and syringe service programs (SSPs). Twenty-one percent disagreed that it was easy to obtain sterile syringes, with 28% reporting low or no access to an SSP. PWID who reported longer physical distances to an SSP had greater difficulty accessing syringes (P\\\\textless.001). PWID who reported greater ease of access to syringes reported engaging in receptive syringe sharing less often (P\\\\textless.01). PWID who were stopped and searched by LE more often reported injecting drugs somebody else prepared with nonsterile supplies more often (P\\\\textless.01). Participants shared used injection supplies more than twice as often than they shared used syringes. CONCLUSIONS: These results underscore the importance of SSPs to mitigate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in rural areas. Supporting mobile SSP services in rural areas could increase access to sterile syringes and injection supplies. SSPs should educate PWID about the importance of not sharing injection supplies. Pharmacies could increase syringe access in areas where SSPs do not operate.\",\"journal\":\"J Rural Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Carpenter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hennessy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ostrach\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220712\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Infections, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Appalachian Region, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, North Carolina/epidemiology, Pwid, Syringes, access, harm reduction, injecting, syringe service program\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{carpenter_factors_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Factors associated with perceived ease of access to syringes in {Appalachian} {North} {Carolina}},\\n\\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12698},\\n\\tabstract = {PURPOSE: To examine associations between perceived ease of syringe access, syringe sources, injection behaviors, and law enforcement (LE) interactions among people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Appalachian North Carolina (NC). METHODS: Using respondent-driven sampling, a diverse sample of 309 self-reported PWID were recruited from rural Appalachian NC. Data were collected via audio computer-assisted self-interview technology from February 2019 through March 2020. Respondents reported demographics, sources of syringes, LE interactions, and injection behaviors. Univariate, bivariate, and linear regression analyses were performed. FINDINGS: Respondents most often obtained syringes from pharmacies and syringe service programs (SSPs). Twenty-one percent disagreed that it was easy to obtain sterile syringes, with 28\\\\% reporting low or no access to an SSP. PWID who reported longer physical distances to an SSP had greater difficulty accessing syringes (P{\\\\textless}.001). PWID who reported greater ease of access to syringes reported engaging in receptive syringe sharing less often (P{\\\\textless}.01). PWID who were stopped and searched by LE more often reported injecting drugs somebody else prepared with nonsterile supplies more often (P{\\\\textless}.01). Participants shared used injection supplies more than twice as often than they shared used syringes. CONCLUSIONS: These results underscore the importance of SSPs to mitigate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in rural areas. Supporting mobile SSP services in rural areas could increase access to sterile syringes and injection supplies. SSPs should educate PWID about the importance of not sharing injection supplies. Pharmacies could increase syringe access in areas where SSPs do not operate.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Carpenter, D. M. and Zule, W. A. and Hennessy, C. M. and Evon, D. M. and Hurt, C. B. and Ostrach, B.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220712},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Appalachian Region, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, North Carolina/epidemiology, Pwid, Syringes, access, harm reduction, injecting, syringe service program},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Carpenter, D. M.\",\"Zule, W. A.\",\"Hennessy, C. M.\",\"Evon, D. M.\",\"Hurt, C. B.\",\"Ostrach, B.\"],\"key\":\"carpenter_factors_2022\",\"id\":\"carpenter_factors_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"carpenter-zule-hennessy-evon-hurt-ostrach-factorsassociatedwithperceivedeaseofaccesstosyringesinappalachiannorthcarolina-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251\"},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Infections\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology\",\"Appalachian Region\",\"Hcv\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"North Carolina/epidemiology\",\"Pwid\",\"Syringes\",\"access\",\"harm reduction\",\"injecting\",\"syringe service program\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Exploring how hospitalization can alter hepatitis c virus treatment prioritization and trajectories in people who use drugs: A qualitative analysis\",\"issn\":\"1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/08897077.2021.1932699\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hospitalization can be a time for PWUD to engage in addiction treatment, but little is known about how hospitalization shapes HCV treatment readiness. We aimed to describe how hospitalization and addiction medicine consult service (AMCS) can alter HCV prioritization of inpatient PWUD with HCV. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews (n = 27) of hospitalized adults with addiction and HCV infection seen by an AMCS at a single, urban, academic center. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded iteratively at the semantic level, and analyzed for themes. Results: Of the 27 participants, most identified as Caucasian (85%), male gender (67%), and they primarily used opioids (78%); approximately half (48%) reported HCV diagnosis over 5 years ago. We identified three main themes around hospitalization altering the prioritizations and HCV treatment preferences for PWUD: (1) HCV treatment non-engaged (2) HCV treatment urgency, and (3) HCV treatment in the future. Those wanting to treat HCV-whether urgently or in the future-shared the overlapping theme of hospitalization as a reachable moment for their addiction and HCV. These participants recognized the long-term benefits of addressing HCV and connected their hospitalization to substance use. Conclusion: In our study, PWUD with HCV expressed varying and competing priorities and life circumstances contributing to three main HCV treatment trajectories. Our results suggest ways hospitalization can serve as an HCV touchpoint for PWUD, especially in the context of addressing substance use, and could be used when designing and implementing targeted interventions to improve the HCV care continuum for PWUD.\",\"journal\":\"Subst Abus\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vega\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8695635\",\"keywords\":\"*Hepatitis C/complications/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Substance-related disorders, addiction medicine, hepatitis C, hospitalization, qualitative research\",\"pages\":\"1–8\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{levander_exploring_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Exploring how hospitalization can alter hepatitis c virus treatment prioritization and trajectories in people who use drugs: {A} qualitative analysis},\\n\\tissn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1932699},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hospitalization can be a time for PWUD to engage in addiction treatment, but little is known about how hospitalization shapes HCV treatment readiness. We aimed to describe how hospitalization and addiction medicine consult service (AMCS) can alter HCV prioritization of inpatient PWUD with HCV. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews (n = 27) of hospitalized adults with addiction and HCV infection seen by an AMCS at a single, urban, academic center. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded iteratively at the semantic level, and analyzed for themes. Results: Of the 27 participants, most identified as Caucasian (85\\\\%), male gender (67\\\\%), and they primarily used opioids (78\\\\%); approximately half (48\\\\%) reported HCV diagnosis over 5 years ago. We identified three main themes around hospitalization altering the prioritizations and HCV treatment preferences for PWUD: (1) HCV treatment non-engaged (2) HCV treatment urgency, and (3) HCV treatment in the future. Those wanting to treat HCV-whether urgently or in the future-shared the overlapping theme of hospitalization as a reachable moment for their addiction and HCV. These participants recognized the long-term benefits of addressing HCV and connected their hospitalization to substance use. Conclusion: In our study, PWUD with HCV expressed varying and competing priorities and life circumstances contributing to three main HCV treatment trajectories. Our results suggest ways hospitalization can serve as an HCV touchpoint for PWUD, especially in the context of addressing substance use, and could be used when designing and implementing targeted interventions to improve the HCV care continuum for PWUD.},\\n\\tjournal = {Subst Abus},\\n\\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Vega, T. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8695635},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C/complications/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Substance-related disorders, addiction medicine, hepatitis C, hospitalization, qualitative research},\\n\\tpages = {1--8},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Vega, T. A.\",\"Seaman, A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Englander, H.\"],\"key\":\"levander_exploring_2021\",\"id\":\"levander_exploring_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-exploringhowhospitalizationcanalterhepatitiscvirustreatmentprioritizationandtrajectoriesinpeoplewhousedrugsaqualitativeanalysis-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Hepatitis C/complications/drug therapy\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders/therapy\",\"Adult\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hospitalization\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Substance-related disorders\",\"addiction medicine\",\"hepatitis C\",\"hospitalization\",\"qualitative research\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Estimating the impact of stimulant use on initiation of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in two clinical trials and real-world populations\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-023-00364-3\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Co-use of stimulants and opioids is rapidly increasing. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have established the efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), but stimulant use may decrease the likelihood of initiating MOUD treatment. Furthermore, trial participants may not represent \\\"real-world\\\" populations who would benefit from treatment. METHODS: We conducted a two-stage analysis. First, associations between stimulant use (time-varying urine drug screens for cocaine, methamphetamine, or amphetamines) and initiation of buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) were estimated across two RCTs (CTN-0051 X:BOT and CTN-0067 CHOICES) using adjusted Cox regression models. Second, results were generalized to three target populations who would benefit from MOUD: Housed adults identifying the need for OUD treatment, as characterized by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH); adults entering OUD treatment, as characterized by Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS); and adults living in rural regions of the U.S. with high rates of injection drug use, as characterized by the Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI). Generalizability analyses adjusted for differences in demographic characteristics, substance use, housing status, and depression between RCT and target populations using inverse probability of selection weighting. RESULTS: Analyses included 673 clinical trial participants, 139 NSDUH respondents (weighted to represent 661,650 people), 71,751 TEDS treatment episodes, and 1,933 ROI participants. The majority were aged 30-49 years, male, and non-Hispanic White. In RCTs, stimulant use reduced the likelihood of MOUD initiation by 32% (adjusted HR [aHR] = 0.68, 95% CI 0.49-0.94, p = 0.019). Stimulant use associations were slightly attenuated and non-significant among housed adults needing treatment (25% reduction, aHR = 0.75, 0.48-1.18, p = 0.215) and adults entering OUD treatment (28% reduction, aHR = 0.72, 0.51-1.01, p = 0.061). The association was more pronounced, but still non-significant among rural people injecting drugs (39% reduction, aHR = 0.61, 0.35-1.06, p = 0.081). Stimulant use had a larger negative impact on XR-NTX initiation compared to buprenorphine, especially in the rural population (76% reduction, aHR = 0.24, 0.08-0.69, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant use is a barrier to buprenorphine or XR-NTX initiation in clinical trials and real-world populations that would benefit from OUD treatment. Interventions to address stimulant use among patients with OUD are urgently needed, especially among rural people injecting drugs, who already suffer from limited access to MOUD.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Addict Sci Clin Pract\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Foot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Arah\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Humphreys\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudolph\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"X.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20230214\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cocaine, Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, Generalizability, Humans, Male, Medications for opioid use disorder, Methamphetamine, Naltrexone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Stimulants, Transportability\",\"pages\":\"11\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cook_estimating_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Estimating the impact of stimulant use on initiation of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in two clinical trials and real-world populations},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-023-00364-3},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Co-use of stimulants and opioids is rapidly increasing. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have established the efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), but stimulant use may decrease the likelihood of initiating MOUD treatment. Furthermore, trial participants may not represent \\\"real-world\\\" populations who would benefit from treatment. METHODS: We conducted a two-stage analysis. First, associations between stimulant use (time-varying urine drug screens for cocaine, methamphetamine, or amphetamines) and initiation of buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) were estimated across two RCTs (CTN-0051 X:BOT and CTN-0067 CHOICES) using adjusted Cox regression models. Second, results were generalized to three target populations who would benefit from MOUD: Housed adults identifying the need for OUD treatment, as characterized by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH); adults entering OUD treatment, as characterized by Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS); and adults living in rural regions of the U.S. with high rates of injection drug use, as characterized by the Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI). Generalizability analyses adjusted for differences in demographic characteristics, substance use, housing status, and depression between RCT and target populations using inverse probability of selection weighting. RESULTS: Analyses included 673 clinical trial participants, 139 NSDUH respondents (weighted to represent 661,650 people), 71,751 TEDS treatment episodes, and 1,933 ROI participants. The majority were aged 30-49 years, male, and non-Hispanic White. In RCTs, stimulant use reduced the likelihood of MOUD initiation by 32\\\\% (adjusted HR [aHR] = 0.68, 95\\\\% CI 0.49-0.94, p = 0.019). Stimulant use associations were slightly attenuated and non-significant among housed adults needing treatment (25\\\\% reduction, aHR = 0.75, 0.48-1.18, p = 0.215) and adults entering OUD treatment (28\\\\% reduction, aHR = 0.72, 0.51-1.01, p = 0.061). The association was more pronounced, but still non-significant among rural people injecting drugs (39\\\\% reduction, aHR = 0.61, 0.35-1.06, p = 0.081). Stimulant use had a larger negative impact on XR-NTX initiation compared to buprenorphine, especially in the rural population (76\\\\% reduction, aHR = 0.24, 0.08-0.69, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant use is a barrier to buprenorphine or XR-NTX initiation in clinical trials and real-world populations that would benefit from OUD treatment. Interventions to address stimulant use among patients with OUD are urgently needed, especially among rural people injecting drugs, who already suffer from limited access to MOUD.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\\n\\tauthor = {Cook, R. R. and Foot, C. and Arah, O. A. and Humphreys, K. and Rudolph, K. E. and Luo, S. X. and Tsui, J. I. and Levander, X. A. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20230214},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cocaine, Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, Generalizability, Humans, Male, Medications for opioid use disorder, Methamphetamine, Naltrexone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Stimulants, Transportability},\\n\\tpages = {11},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cook, R. R.\",\"Foot, C.\",\"Arah, O. A.\",\"Humphreys, K.\",\"Rudolph, K. E.\",\"Luo, S. X.\",\"Tsui, J. I.\",\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"cook_estimating_2023\",\"id\":\"cook_estimating_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cook-foot-arah-humphreys-rudolph-luo-tsui-levander-etal-estimatingtheimpactofstimulantuseoninitiationofbuprenorphineandextendedreleasenaltrexoneintwoclinicaltrialsandrealworldpopulations-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Cocaine\",\"Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use\",\"Extended-release naltrexone\",\"Generalizability\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Medications for opioid use disorder\",\"Methamphetamine\",\"Naltrexone/therapeutic use\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use\",\"Stimulants\",\"Transportability\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance: A machine learning approach\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1932-6203\",\"shorttitle\":\"Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance\",\"url\":\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0223318\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"PLOS ONE\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ward\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patrick\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slavova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Svetla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bunn\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Terry\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kavuluru\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ramakanth\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"editor\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pławiak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Paweł\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"Cause of Death, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality, Humans, International Classification of Diseases, Kentucky/epidemiology, Machine Learning, Public Health Surveillance\",\"pages\":\"e0223318\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ward_enhancing_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance: {A} machine learning approach},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1932-6203},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance},\\n\\turl = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0223318},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\\n\\tauthor = {Ward, Patrick J. and Rock, Peter J. and Slavova, Svetla and Young, April M. and Bunn, Terry L. and Kavuluru, Ramakanth},\\n\\teditor = {Pławiak, Paweł},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {Cause of Death, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality, Humans, International Classification of Diseases, Kentucky/epidemiology, Machine Learning, Public Health Surveillance},\\n\\tpages = {e0223318},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ward, P. J.\",\"Rock, P. J.\",\"Slavova, S.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Bunn, T. L.\",\"Kavuluru, R.\"],\"editor_short\":[\"Pławiak, P.\"],\"key\":\"ward_enhancing_2019\",\"id\":\"ward_enhancing_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ward-rock-slavova-young-bunn-kavuluru-enhancingtimelinessofdrugoverdosemortalitysurveillanceamachinelearningapproach-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318\"},\"keyword\":[\"Cause of Death\",\"Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality\",\"Humans\",\"International Classification of Diseases\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Machine Learning\",\"Public Health Surveillance\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Emergence of wasp dope in rural Appalachian Kentucky\",\"issn\":\"0965-2140, 1360-0443\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/add.15291\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Addiction\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Livingston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Melvin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vickers‐Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rachel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Opioid-Related Disorders, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Wasps, Animals, Appalachia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Rural Population, injection drug use, methamphetamine, people who inject drugs, pyrethroid, rural, substance use\",\"pages\":\"add.15291\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{young_emergence_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Emergence of wasp dope in rural {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},\\n\\tissn = {0965-2140, 1360-0443},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/add.15291},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Addiction},\\n\\tauthor = {Young, April M. and Livingston, Melvin and Vickers‐Smith, Rachel and Cooper, Hannah L. F.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Wasps, Animals, Appalachia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Rural Population, injection drug use, methamphetamine, people who inject drugs, pyrethroid, rural, substance use},\\n\\tpages = {add.15291},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Young, A. M.\",\"Livingston, M.\",\"Vickers‐Smith, R.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\"],\"key\":\"young_emergence_2020\",\"id\":\"young_emergence_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"young-livingston-vickerssmith-cooper-emergenceofwaspdopeinruralappalachiankentucky-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Opioid-Related Disorders\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous\",\"*Wasps\",\"Animals\",\"Appalachia\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Male\",\"Rural Population\",\"injection drug use\",\"methamphetamine\",\"people who inject drugs\",\"pyrethroid\",\"rural\",\"substance use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Effectiveness of and Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder for Adolescents and Young Adults: A Scoping Review\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000000898\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: A scoping review assessed access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and treatment outcomes among adolescents (12 - 17 years) and young adults (18 - 25 years). METHODS: Studies addressing adolescent and young adult opioid use disorder and treatment with MOUD on patient outcomes (eg, retention in care) were included. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized. Investigators extracted key information, summarized findings, noted methodological weaknesses, and tabled the details. RESULTS: The search identified 4 randomized trials (N = 241), 1 systematic review with 52 studies (total N = 125,994), and 5 retrospective analyses of health insurance claims. The trials reported buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone reduced opioid use. Return to use was observed when pharmacotherapy ceased. A systematic review concluded that adolescents and young adults had lower retention in care than older adults. The observational studies found that adolescents were unlikely to receive MOUD. There was some evidence that non-Hispanic Black adolescents and young adults were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to receive MOUD. CONCLUSIONS: MOUD therapies reduce opioid use among adolescent and young adults but few receive MOUD. MOUD services for adolescents and young adults should be developed and tested. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to develop appropriate clinical guidelines for using MOUD with adolescents and young adults.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"J Addict Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Buchheit\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bougatsos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grusing\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chou\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Aged, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"e157–e164\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{mccarty_effectiveness_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Effectiveness of and {Access} to {Medications} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} for {Adolescents} and {Young} {Adults}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000898},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A scoping review assessed access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and treatment outcomes among adolescents (12 - 17 years) and young adults (18 - 25 years). METHODS: Studies addressing adolescent and young adult opioid use disorder and treatment with MOUD on patient outcomes (eg, retention in care) were included. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized. Investigators extracted key information, summarized findings, noted methodological weaknesses, and tabled the details. RESULTS: The search identified 4 randomized trials (N = 241), 1 systematic review with 52 studies (total N = 125,994), and 5 retrospective analyses of health insurance claims. The trials reported buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone reduced opioid use. Return to use was observed when pharmacotherapy ceased. A systematic review concluded that adolescents and young adults had lower retention in care than older adults. The observational studies found that adolescents were unlikely to receive MOUD. There was some evidence that non-Hispanic Black adolescents and young adults were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to receive MOUD. CONCLUSIONS: MOUD therapies reduce opioid use among adolescent and young adults but few receive MOUD. MOUD services for adolescents and young adults should be developed and tested. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to develop appropriate clinical guidelines for using MOUD with adolescents and young adults.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\\n\\tauthor = {McCarty, D. and Chan, B. and Buchheit, B. M. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Aged, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {e157--e164},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"McCarty, D.\",\"Chan, B.\",\"Buchheit, B. M.\",\"Bougatsos, C.\",\"Grusing, S.\",\"Chou, R.\"],\"key\":\"mccarty_effectiveness_2022\",\"id\":\"mccarty_effectiveness_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"mccarty-chan-buchheit-bougatsos-grusing-chou-effectivenessofandaccesstomedicationsforopioidusedisorderforadolescentsandyoungadultsascopingreview-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Adolescent\",\"Aged\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Health Services Accessibility\",\"Humans\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Dismantling War on Drugs Policies in COVID-19's Aftermath\",\"volume\":\"112\",\"issn\":\"1541-0048 (Electronic) 0090-0036 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.2105/AJPH.2021.306680\",\"number\":\"S1\",\"journal\":\"Am J Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cloud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fanucchi\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lofwall\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8842201\",\"keywords\":\"*Public Policy, Administration/legislation & jurisprudence/standards, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization &, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid Epidemic/statistics & numerical data, SARS-CoV-2, United States, United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, administration\",\"pages\":\"S24–S27\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_dismantling_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Dismantling {War} on {Drugs} {Policies} in {COVID}-19's {Aftermath}},\\n\\tvolume = {112},\\n\\tissn = {1541-0048 (Electronic) 0090-0036 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2021.306680},\\n\\tnumber = {S1},\\n\\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, H. L. F. and Cloud, D. H. and Fanucchi, L. C. and Lofwall, M. and Young, A. M.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8842201},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Public Policy, Administration/legislation \\\\& jurisprudence/standards, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation \\\\& jurisprudence/*organization \\\\&, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid Epidemic/statistics \\\\& numerical data, SARS-CoV-2, United States, United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, administration},\\n\\tpages = {S24--S27},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Cloud, D. H.\",\"Fanucchi, L. C.\",\"Lofwall, M.\",\"Young, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"cooper_dismantling_2022\",\"id\":\"cooper_dismantling_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-cloud-fanucchi-lofwall-young-dismantlingwarondrugspoliciesincovid19saftermath-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Public Policy\",\"Administration/legislation & jurisprudence/standards\",\"COVID-19/*epidemiology\",\"Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization &\",\"Humans\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods\",\"Opioid Epidemic/statistics & numerical data\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"United States\",\"United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services\",\"administration\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Differences between occupational and non-occupational-related motor vehicle collisions in West Virginia: A cross-sectional and spatial analysis\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0227388\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle collisions comprise the majority of occupational-related fatalities in the United States and West Virginia has one of the highest occupational-related fatality rates in the nation. The purpose of this study was to compare work and non-work-related collisions, crash locations, and the characteristics of in-state and out-of-state drivers \\\\textgreater/=18 years of age who were fatally injured in work-related collisions in West Virginia. METHODOLOGY: Data were from the 2000-2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Work and non-work-related crashes and characteristics in-state vs. out-of-state drivers were compared using binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Crash locations were compared via spatial analyses using kernel density estimations. RESULTS: Among the 5,835 individuals fatally injured in crashes, 209 were designated 'at work'. The odds of being a work-related crash were 85% lower [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04, 0.49] among those testing positive for alcohol, but 2.5 times greater (OR = 2.56; 95% CI: 1.16, 5.65) among those holding a commercial driver's license. The odds of being an in-state driver were 75% lower (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.53) among those wearing a safety belt, but 2.7 times greater among workers testing drug positive (OR = 2.67; 95% CI: 1.10, 6.52). In-state drivers were also less likely to be driving a large truck or be involved in single vehicle collisions and less likely to experience crashes on weekends, nights, or on highways. Spatial patterns of crash locations varied slightly between workers and non-workers. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related crashes differed greatly from non-work-related crashes in West Virginia. Stark differences existed between in-state and out-of-state workers and their crashes. Various avenues for workplace safety interventions exist, including seatbelt initiatives and drug testing policies for non-commercial drivers, which could help mitigate West Virginia's elevated, occupational-related, traffic fatality rate.\",\"number\":\"12\",\"journal\":\"PLoS One\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rudisill\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Menon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2019\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC6938377\",\"keywords\":\"Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data, Adolescent, Adult, Automobile Driving/*statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethanol, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Seat Belts, Spatial Analysis, Substance Abuse Detection, West Virginia, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"e0227388\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rudisill_differences_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Differences between occupational and non-occupational-related motor vehicle collisions in {West} {Virginia}: {A} cross-sectional and spatial analysis},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0227388},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle collisions comprise the majority of occupational-related fatalities in the United States and West Virginia has one of the highest occupational-related fatality rates in the nation. The purpose of this study was to compare work and non-work-related collisions, crash locations, and the characteristics of in-state and out-of-state drivers {\\\\textgreater}/=18 years of age who were fatally injured in work-related collisions in West Virginia. METHODOLOGY: Data were from the 2000-2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Work and non-work-related crashes and characteristics in-state vs. out-of-state drivers were compared using binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Crash locations were compared via spatial analyses using kernel density estimations. RESULTS: Among the 5,835 individuals fatally injured in crashes, 209 were designated 'at work'. The odds of being a work-related crash were 85\\\\% lower [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.15; 95\\\\% confidence interval (CI): 0.04, 0.49] among those testing positive for alcohol, but 2.5 times greater (OR = 2.56; 95\\\\% CI: 1.16, 5.65) among those holding a commercial driver's license. The odds of being an in-state driver were 75\\\\% lower (OR = 0.25; 95\\\\% CI: 0.12, 0.53) among those wearing a safety belt, but 2.7 times greater among workers testing drug positive (OR = 2.67; 95\\\\% CI: 1.10, 6.52). In-state drivers were also less likely to be driving a large truck or be involved in single vehicle collisions and less likely to experience crashes on weekends, nights, or on highways. Spatial patterns of crash locations varied slightly between workers and non-workers. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related crashes differed greatly from non-work-related crashes in West Virginia. Stark differences existed between in-state and out-of-state workers and their crashes. Various avenues for workplace safety interventions exist, including seatbelt initiatives and drug testing policies for non-commercial drivers, which could help mitigate West Virginia's elevated, occupational-related, traffic fatality rate.},\\n\\tnumber = {12},\\n\\tjournal = {PLoS One},\\n\\tauthor = {Rudisill, T. M. and Menon, S. and Hendricks, B. and Zhu, M. and Smith, G. S.},\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC6938377},\\n\\tkeywords = {Accidents, Traffic/prevention \\\\& control/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Adolescent, Adult, Automobile Driving/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethanol, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Seat Belts, Spatial Analysis, Substance Abuse Detection, West Virginia, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {e0227388},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rudisill, T. M.\",\"Menon, S.\",\"Hendricks, B.\",\"Zhu, M.\",\"Smith, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"rudisill_differences_2019\",\"id\":\"rudisill_differences_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rudisill-menon-hendricks-zhu-smith-differencesbetweenoccupationalandnonoccupationalrelatedmotorvehiclecollisionsinwestvirginiaacrosssectionalandspatialanalysis-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Accidents\",\"Traffic/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Automobile Driving/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Ethanol\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Seat Belts\",\"Spatial Analysis\",\"Substance Abuse Detection\",\"West Virginia\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Designing and validating a Markov model for hospital-based addiction consult service impact on 12-month drug and non-drug related mortality\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0256793\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) engage hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in care and help meet their goals for substance use treatment. Little is known about how ACS affect mortality for patients with OUD. The objective of this study was to design and validate a model that estimates the impact of ACS care on 12-month mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We developed a Markov model of referral to an ACS, post-discharge engagement in SUD care, and 12-month drug-related and non-drug related mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. We populated our model using Oregon Medicaid data and validated it using international modeling standards. RESULTS: There were 6,654 patients with OUD hospitalized from April 2015 through December 2017. There were 114 (1.7%) drug-related deaths and 408 (6.1%) non-drug related deaths at 12 months. Bayesian logistic regression models estimated four percent (4%, 95% CI = 2%, 6%) of patients were referred to an ACS. Of those, 47% (95% CI = 37%, 57%) engaged in post-discharge OUD care, versus 20% not referred to an ACS (95% CI = 16%, 24%). The risk of drug-related death at 12 months among patients in post-discharge OUD care was 3% (95% CI = 0%, 7%) versus 6% not in care (95% CI = 2%, 10%). The risk of non-drug related death was 7% (95% CI = 1%, 13%) among patients in post-discharge OUD treatment, versus 9% not in care (95% CI = 5%, 13%). We validated our model by evaluating its predictive, external, internal, face and cross validity. DISCUSSION: Our novel Markov model reflects trajectories of care and survival for patients hospitalized with OUD. This model can be used to evaluate the impact of other clinical and policy changes to improve patient survival.\",\"number\":\"9\",\"journal\":\"PLoS One\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barocas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McConnell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8432751\",\"keywords\":\"*Markov Chains, Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*mortality, Oregon/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"e0256793\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{king_designing_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Designing and validating a {Markov} model for hospital-based addiction consult service impact on 12-month drug and non-drug related mortality},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256793},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) engage hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in care and help meet their goals for substance use treatment. Little is known about how ACS affect mortality for patients with OUD. The objective of this study was to design and validate a model that estimates the impact of ACS care on 12-month mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We developed a Markov model of referral to an ACS, post-discharge engagement in SUD care, and 12-month drug-related and non-drug related mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. We populated our model using Oregon Medicaid data and validated it using international modeling standards. RESULTS: There were 6,654 patients with OUD hospitalized from April 2015 through December 2017. There were 114 (1.7\\\\%) drug-related deaths and 408 (6.1\\\\%) non-drug related deaths at 12 months. Bayesian logistic regression models estimated four percent (4\\\\%, 95\\\\% CI = 2\\\\%, 6\\\\%) of patients were referred to an ACS. Of those, 47\\\\% (95\\\\% CI = 37\\\\%, 57\\\\%) engaged in post-discharge OUD care, versus 20\\\\% not referred to an ACS (95\\\\% CI = 16\\\\%, 24\\\\%). The risk of drug-related death at 12 months among patients in post-discharge OUD care was 3\\\\% (95\\\\% CI = 0\\\\%, 7\\\\%) versus 6\\\\% not in care (95\\\\% CI = 2\\\\%, 10\\\\%). The risk of non-drug related death was 7\\\\% (95\\\\% CI = 1\\\\%, 13\\\\%) among patients in post-discharge OUD treatment, versus 9\\\\% not in care (95\\\\% CI = 5\\\\%, 13\\\\%). We validated our model by evaluating its predictive, external, internal, face and cross validity. DISCUSSION: Our novel Markov model reflects trajectories of care and survival for patients hospitalized with OUD. This model can be used to evaluate the impact of other clinical and policy changes to improve patient survival.},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\tjournal = {PLoS One},\\n\\tauthor = {King, C. A. and Englander, H. and Korthuis, P. T. and Barocas, J. A. and McConnell, K. J. and Morris, C. D. and Cook, R.},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8432751},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Markov Chains, Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*mortality, Oregon/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {e0256793},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"King, C. A.\",\"Englander, H.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Barocas, J. A.\",\"McConnell, K. J.\",\"Morris, C. D.\",\"Cook, R.\"],\"key\":\"king_designing_2021\",\"id\":\"king_designing_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"king-englander-korthuis-barocas-mcconnell-morris-cook-designingandvalidatingamarkovmodelforhospitalbasedaddictionconsultserviceimpacton12monthdrugandnondrugrelatedmortality-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Markov Chains\",\"Adult\",\"Cohort Studies\",\"Female\",\"Hospitalization\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*mortality\",\"Oregon/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Criminal justice outcomes over 5 years after randomization to buprenorphine‐naloxone or methadone treatment for opioid use disorder\",\"volume\":\"114\",\"issn\":\"0965-2140, 1360-0443\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/add.14620\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Addiction\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zhu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yuhui\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Yoo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Caroline\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Huang\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Yih‐Ing\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Arrests, *buprenorphine treatment, *criminal justice outcomes, *incarcerations, *longitudinal, *methadone treatment, *opioid use disorder, *pharmacotherapy, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*therapeutic use, Arrests, Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination/*therapeutic use, California, Criminal Law/*statistics & numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Patient Outcome Assessment, buprenorphine treatment, criminal justice outcomes, incarcerations, longitudinal, methadone treatment, opioid use disorder, pharmacotherapy\",\"pages\":\"1396–1404\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evans_criminal_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Criminal justice outcomes over 5 years after randomization to buprenorphine‐naloxone or methadone treatment for opioid use disorder},\\n\\tvolume = {114},\\n\\tissn = {0965-2140, 1360-0443},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/add.14620},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Addiction},\\n\\tauthor = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Zhu, Yuhui and Yoo, Caroline and Huang, David and Hser, Yih‐Ing},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Arrests, *buprenorphine treatment, *criminal justice outcomes, *incarcerations, *longitudinal, *methadone treatment, *opioid use disorder, *pharmacotherapy, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*therapeutic use, Arrests, Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination/*therapeutic use, California, Criminal Law/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Patient Outcome Assessment, buprenorphine treatment, criminal justice outcomes, incarcerations, longitudinal, methadone treatment, opioid use disorder, pharmacotherapy},\\n\\tpages = {1396--1404},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Zhu, Y.\",\"Yoo, C.\",\"Huang, D.\",\"Hser, Y.\"],\"key\":\"evans_criminal_2019\",\"id\":\"evans_criminal_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evans-zhu-yoo-huang-hser-criminaljusticeoutcomesover5yearsafterrandomizationtobuprenorphinenaloxoneormethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Arrests\",\"*buprenorphine treatment\",\"*criminal justice outcomes\",\"*incarcerations\",\"*longitudinal\",\"*methadone treatment\",\"*opioid use disorder\",\"*pharmacotherapy\",\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/*therapeutic use\",\"Arrests\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Naloxone Drug Combination/*therapeutic use\",\"California\",\"Criminal Law/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Female\",\"Follow-Up Studies\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Methadone/*therapeutic use\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy\",\"Patient Outcome Assessment\",\"buprenorphine treatment\",\"criminal justice outcomes\",\"incarcerations\",\"longitudinal\",\"methadone treatment\",\"opioid use disorder\",\"pharmacotherapy\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"COVID‐19 During the Opioid Epidemic – Exacerbation of Stigma and Vulnerabilities\",\"volume\":\"37\",\"issn\":\"0890-765X, 1748-0361\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jrh.12442\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"The Journal of Rural Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Rebecca\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bresett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Ham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fletcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Scott\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jerel\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schneider\"],\"firstnames\":[\"John\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ouellet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Larry\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*COVID-19. drug abuse, *Social Stigma, *health disparities, *policy, *social determinants of health, COVID-19. drug abuse, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Criminal Law/organization & administration, Health Services Accessibility/organization & administration, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology, Pandemics, Rural Health Services/*organization & administration, SARS-CoV-2, Socioeconomic Factors, United States/epidemiology, health disparities, policy, social determinants of health\",\"pages\":\"172–174\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jenkins_covid19_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {{COVID}‐19 {During} the {Opioid} {Epidemic} – {Exacerbation} of {Stigma} and {Vulnerabilities}},\\n\\tvolume = {37},\\n\\tissn = {0890-765X, 1748-0361},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12442},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {The Journal of Rural Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Bolinski, Rebecca and Bresett, John and Van Ham, Brent and Fletcher, Scott and Walters, Suzan and Friedman, Samuel R and Ezell, Jerel M. and Pho, Mai and Schneider, John and Ouellet, Larry},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*COVID-19. drug abuse, *Social Stigma, *health disparities, *policy, *social determinants of health, COVID-19. drug abuse, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Criminal Law/organization \\\\& administration, Health Services Accessibility/organization \\\\& administration, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology, Pandemics, Rural Health Services/*organization \\\\& administration, SARS-CoV-2, Socioeconomic Factors, United States/epidemiology, health disparities, policy, social determinants of health},\\n\\tpages = {172--174},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Bolinski, R.\",\"Bresett, J.\",\"Van Ham, B.\",\"Fletcher, S.\",\"Walters, S.\",\"Friedman, S. R\",\"Ezell, J. M.\",\"Pho, M.\",\"Schneider, J.\",\"Ouellet, L.\"],\"key\":\"jenkins_covid19_2021\",\"id\":\"jenkins_covid19_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jenkins-bolinski-bresett-vanham-fletcher-walters-friedman-ezell-etal-covid19duringtheopioidepidemicexacerbationofstigmaandvulnerabilities-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442\"},\"keyword\":[\"*COVID-19. drug abuse\",\"*Social Stigma\",\"*health disparities\",\"*policy\",\"*social determinants of health\",\"COVID-19. drug abuse\",\"COVID-19/*epidemiology\",\"Criminal Law/organization & administration\",\"Health Services Accessibility/organization & administration\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid Epidemic\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology\",\"Pandemics\",\"Rural Health Services/*organization & administration\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"Socioeconomic Factors\",\"United States/epidemiology\",\"health disparities\",\"policy\",\"social determinants of health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"COVID-19 and treating incarcerated populations for opioid use disorder\",\"volume\":\"124\",\"issn\":\"1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108216\",\"abstract\":\"The Franklin County Sheriff's Office (FCSO), in Greenfield, Massachusetts, is among the first jails nationwide to provide correctional populations with access to all three medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD, i.e., buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, FCSO quickly implemented comprehensive mitigation policies and adapted MOUD programming. Two major challenges for implementation of the MOUD program were the mandated rapid release of nonviolent pretrial individuals, many of whom were being treated with MOUD and released too quickly to conduct continuity of care planning; and establishing how to deliver physically distanced MOUD services in jail. FCSO implemented and adapted a hub-and-spoke MOUD model, developed telehealth capacity, and experimented with take-home MOUD at release to facilitate continuity-of-care as individuals re-entered the community. Experiences underscore how COVID-19 accelerated the uptake and diffusion of technology-infused OUD treatment and other innovations in criminal justice settings. Looking forward, to address both opioid use disorder and COVID-19, jails and prisons need to develop capacity to implement mitigation strategies, including universal and rapid COVID-19 testing of staff and incarcerated individuals, and be resourced to provide evidence-based addiction treatment. FCSO quickly pivoted and adapted MOUD programming because of its history of applying public health approaches to address the opioid epidemic. Utilizing public health strategies can enable prisons and jails to mitigate the harms of the co-occurring epidemics of OUD and COVID-19, both of which disproportionately affect criminal justice populations, for persons who are incarcerated and the communities to which they return.\",\"journal\":\"J Subst Abuse Treat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Donelan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hayes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Potee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schwartz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC7708799\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine, *Criminal justice settings, *Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Methadone, *Naltrexone, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/rehabilitation, *Prisoners, *covid-19, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Covid-19, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Massachusetts, Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Prisons/organization & administration, Public Health, Telemedicine/organization & administration\",\"pages\":\"108216\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{donelan_covid-19_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 and treating incarcerated populations for opioid use disorder},\\n\\tvolume = {124},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108216},\\n\\tabstract = {The Franklin County Sheriff's Office (FCSO), in Greenfield, Massachusetts, is among the first jails nationwide to provide correctional populations with access to all three medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD, i.e., buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, FCSO quickly implemented comprehensive mitigation policies and adapted MOUD programming. Two major challenges for implementation of the MOUD program were the mandated rapid release of nonviolent pretrial individuals, many of whom were being treated with MOUD and released too quickly to conduct continuity of care planning; and establishing how to deliver physically distanced MOUD services in jail. FCSO implemented and adapted a hub-and-spoke MOUD model, developed telehealth capacity, and experimented with take-home MOUD at release to facilitate continuity-of-care as individuals re-entered the community. Experiences underscore how COVID-19 accelerated the uptake and diffusion of technology-infused OUD treatment and other innovations in criminal justice settings. Looking forward, to address both opioid use disorder and COVID-19, jails and prisons need to develop capacity to implement mitigation strategies, including universal and rapid COVID-19 testing of staff and incarcerated individuals, and be resourced to provide evidence-based addiction treatment. FCSO quickly pivoted and adapted MOUD programming because of its history of applying public health approaches to address the opioid epidemic. Utilizing public health strategies can enable prisons and jails to mitigate the harms of the co-occurring epidemics of OUD and COVID-19, both of which disproportionately affect criminal justice populations, for persons who are incarcerated and the communities to which they return.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\\n\\tauthor = {Donelan, C. J. and Hayes, E. and Potee, R. A. and Schwartz, L. and Evans, E. A.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC7708799},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Criminal justice settings, *Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Methadone, *Naltrexone, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/rehabilitation, *Prisoners, *covid-19, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Covid-19, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Massachusetts, Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Prisons/organization \\\\& administration, Public Health, Telemedicine/organization \\\\& administration},\\n\\tpages = {108216},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Donelan, C. J.\",\"Hayes, E.\",\"Potee, R. A.\",\"Schwartz, L.\",\"Evans, E. A.\"],\"key\":\"donelan_covid-19_2021\",\"id\":\"donelan_covid-19_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"donelan-hayes-potee-schwartz-evans-covid19andtreatingincarceratedpopulationsforopioidusedisorder-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine\",\"*Criminal justice settings\",\"*Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD)\",\"*Methadone\",\"*Naltrexone\",\"*Opioid use disorder\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/rehabilitation\",\"*Prisoners\",\"*covid-19\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use\",\"Covid-19\",\"Criminal justice settings\",\"Humans\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD)\",\"Methadone\",\"Methadone/*therapeutic use\",\"Naltrexone\",\"Naltrexone/*therapeutic use\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Prisons/organization & administration\",\"Public Health\",\"Telemedicine/organization & administration\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"COVID-19 and People Who Use Drugs - A Commentary\",\"volume\":\"7\",\"issn\":\"23264403\",\"url\":\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011\",\"doi\":\"10.14485/HBPR.7.5.11\",\"number\":\"5\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Health Behavior and Policy Review\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Suzan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Covid-19, of interest., people who use drugs, prevention and treatment\",\"pages\":\"489–497\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{walters_covid-19_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 and {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} - {A} {Commentary}},\\n\\tvolume = {7},\\n\\tissn = {23264403},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011},\\n\\tdoi = {10.14485/HBPR.7.5.11},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Health Behavior and Policy Review},\\n\\tauthor = {Walters, Suzan},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Covid-19, of interest., people who use drugs, prevention and treatment},\\n\\tpages = {489--497},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Walters, S.\"],\"key\":\"walters_covid-19_2020\",\"id\":\"walters_covid-19_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"walters-covid19andpeoplewhousedrugsacommentary-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011\"},\"keyword\":[\"Covid-19\",\"of interest.\",\"people who use drugs\",\"prevention and treatment\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"COVID-19 and Opioid Use in Appalachian Kentucky: Challenges and Silver Linings\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"issn\":\"2641-7804 (Electronic) 2641-7804 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.13023/jah.0204.03\",\"abstract\":\"Appalachian Kentucky is currently fighting two public health emergencies-COVID-19 and the opioid epidemic-leaving the area strapped for resources to care for these ongoing crises. During this time, people who use opioids (PWUO) have increased vulnerability to fatal overdoses and drug-related harms (e.g., HIV). Disruption of already limited services posed by COVID-19 could have an especially detrimental impact on the health of PWUO. Though the COVID-19 pandemic is jeopardizing hard-won progress in fighting the opioid epidemic, innovations in state policy and service delivery brought about by the pandemic may improve the health of PWUO long-term if they are retained.\",\"number\":\"4\",\"journal\":\"J Appalach Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vickers-Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8330514\",\"keywords\":\"Appalachia, Covid-19, drug market, opioids, rural, social services\",\"pages\":\"11–16\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vickers-smith_covid-19_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 and {Opioid} {Use} in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {Challenges} and {Silver} {Linings}},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\tissn = {2641-7804 (Electronic) 2641-7804 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.13023/jah.0204.03},\\n\\tabstract = {Appalachian Kentucky is currently fighting two public health emergencies-COVID-19 and the opioid epidemic-leaving the area strapped for resources to care for these ongoing crises. During this time, people who use opioids (PWUO) have increased vulnerability to fatal overdoses and drug-related harms (e.g., HIV). Disruption of already limited services posed by COVID-19 could have an especially detrimental impact on the health of PWUO. Though the COVID-19 pandemic is jeopardizing hard-won progress in fighting the opioid epidemic, innovations in state policy and service delivery brought about by the pandemic may improve the health of PWUO long-term if they are retained.},\\n\\tnumber = {4},\\n\\tjournal = {J Appalach Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Vickers-Smith, R. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Young, A. M.},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8330514},\\n\\tkeywords = {Appalachia, Covid-19, drug market, opioids, rural, social services},\\n\\tpages = {11--16},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vickers-Smith, R.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Young, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"vickers-smith_covid-19_2020\",\"id\":\"vickers-smith_covid-19_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vickerssmith-cooper-young-covid19andopioiduseinappalachiankentuckychallengesandsilverlinings-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Appalachia\",\"Covid-19\",\"drug market\",\"opioids\",\"rural\",\"social services\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Contraception and Healthcare Utilization by Reproductive-Age Women Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities: a Cross-Sectional Survey\",\"issn\":\"1525-1497 (Electronic) 0884-8734 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11606-022-07558-6\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Women who use drugs (WWUD) have low rates of contraceptive use and high rates of unintended pregnancy. Drug use is common among women in rural U.S. communities, with limited data on how they utilize reproductive, substance use disorder (SUD), and healthcare services. OBJECTIVE: We determined contraceptive use prevalence among WWUD in rural communities then compared estimates to women from similar rural areas. We investigated characteristics of those using contraceptives, and associations between contraceptive use and SUD treatment, healthcare utilization, and substance use. DESIGN: Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI) - cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) involving eight rural U.S. regions (January 2018-March 2020); National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) - nationally-representative U.S. household reproductive health survey (2017-2019). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 18-49 with prior 30-day non-prescribed opioid and/or non-opioid injection drug use; fecundity determined by self-reported survey responses. MAIN MEASURES: Unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of medical/procedural contraceptive use; chi-squared tests and multi-level linear regressions to test associations. KEY RESULTS: Of 855 women in the ROI, 36.8% (95% CI 33.7-40.1, unweighted) and 38.6% (95% CI 30.7-47.2, weighted) reported contraceptive use, compared to 66% of rural women in the NSFG sample. Among the ROI women, 27% had received prior 30-day SUD treatment via outpatient counseling or inpatient program and these women had increased odds of contraceptive use (aOR 1.50 [95% CI 1.08-2.06]). There was a positive association between contraception use and recent medications for opioid use disorder (aOR 1.34 [95% CI 0.95-1.88]) and prior 6-month primary care utilization (aOR 1.32 [95% CI 0.96-1.82]) that did not meet the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSION: WWUD in rural areas reported low contraceptive use; those who recently received SUD treatment had greater odds of contraceptive use. Improvements are needed in expanding reproductive and preventive health within SUD treatment and primary care services in rural communities.\",\"journal\":\"J Gen Intern Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Foot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Magnusson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Salisbury-Afshar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220615\",\"keywords\":\"*Contraception, *Rural Population, Contraceptive Agents/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Pregnancy, contraception, opioid-related disorders, rural health services, substance use, women's health\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{levander_contraception_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Contraception and {Healthcare} {Utilization} by {Reproductive}-{Age} {Women} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Communities}: a {Cross}-{Sectional} {Survey}},\\n\\tissn = {1525-1497 (Electronic) 0884-8734 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11606-022-07558-6},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Women who use drugs (WWUD) have low rates of contraceptive use and high rates of unintended pregnancy. Drug use is common among women in rural U.S. communities, with limited data on how they utilize reproductive, substance use disorder (SUD), and healthcare services. OBJECTIVE: We determined contraceptive use prevalence among WWUD in rural communities then compared estimates to women from similar rural areas. We investigated characteristics of those using contraceptives, and associations between contraceptive use and SUD treatment, healthcare utilization, and substance use. DESIGN: Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI) - cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) involving eight rural U.S. regions (January 2018-March 2020); National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) - nationally-representative U.S. household reproductive health survey (2017-2019). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 18-49 with prior 30-day non-prescribed opioid and/or non-opioid injection drug use; fecundity determined by self-reported survey responses. MAIN MEASURES: Unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of medical/procedural contraceptive use; chi-squared tests and multi-level linear regressions to test associations. KEY RESULTS: Of 855 women in the ROI, 36.8\\\\% (95\\\\% CI 33.7-40.1, unweighted) and 38.6\\\\% (95\\\\% CI 30.7-47.2, weighted) reported contraceptive use, compared to 66\\\\% of rural women in the NSFG sample. Among the ROI women, 27\\\\% had received prior 30-day SUD treatment via outpatient counseling or inpatient program and these women had increased odds of contraceptive use (aOR 1.50 [95\\\\% CI 1.08-2.06]). There was a positive association between contraception use and recent medications for opioid use disorder (aOR 1.34 [95\\\\% CI 0.95-1.88]) and prior 6-month primary care utilization (aOR 1.32 [95\\\\% CI 0.96-1.82]) that did not meet the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSION: WWUD in rural areas reported low contraceptive use; those who recently received SUD treatment had greater odds of contraceptive use. Improvements are needed in expanding reproductive and preventive health within SUD treatment and primary care services in rural communities.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Gen Intern Med},\\n\\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Foot, C. A. and Magnusson, S. L. and Cook, R. R. and Ezell, J. M. and Feinberg, J. and Go, V. F. and Lancaster, K. E. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Smith, G. S. and Westergaard, R. P. and Young, A. M. and Tsui, J. I. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220615},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Contraception, *Rural Population, Contraceptive Agents/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Pregnancy, contraception, opioid-related disorders, rural health services, substance use, women's health},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Foot, C. A.\",\"Magnusson, S. L.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"Ezell, J. M.\",\"Feinberg, J.\",\"Go, V. F.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Salisbury-Afshar, E.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Tsui, J. I.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"levander_contraception_2022\",\"id\":\"levander_contraception_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"levander-foot-magnusson-cook-ezell-feinberg-go-lancaster-etal-contraceptionandhealthcareutilizationbyreproductiveagewomenwhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Contraception\",\"*Rural Population\",\"Contraceptive Agents/therapeutic use\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Patient Acceptance of Health Care\",\"Pregnancy\",\"contraception\",\"opioid-related disorders\",\"rural health services\",\"substance use\",\"women's health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Commentary on Fraser et al. (2018): Evidence base for harm reduction services-the urban-rural divide\",\"volume\":\"113\",\"issn\":\"09652140\",\"shorttitle\":\"Commentary on Fraser <i>et al</i> . (2018)\",\"url\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/add.14052\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Addiction\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kathryn\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malvestutto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carlos\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivian\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Epidemics, *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus, *medication-assisted treatment, *opioid use, *people who inject drugs, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, United States, hepatitis C virus, medication-assisted treatment, opioid use, people who inject drugs, syringe service programs\",\"pages\":\"183–184\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lancaster_commentary_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Commentary on {Fraser} et al. (2018): {Evidence} base for harm reduction services-the urban-rural divide},\\n\\tvolume = {113},\\n\\tissn = {09652140},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Commentary on {Fraser} \\\\textit{et al} . (2018)},\\n\\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/add.14052},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Addiction},\\n\\tauthor = {Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Malvestutto, Carlos D. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Epidemics, *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus, *medication-assisted treatment, *opioid use, *people who inject drugs, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, United States, hepatitis C virus, medication-assisted treatment, opioid use, people who inject drugs, syringe service programs},\\n\\tpages = {183--184},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lancaster, K. E.\",\"Malvestutto, C. D.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Go, V. F.\"],\"key\":\"lancaster_commentary_2018\",\"id\":\"lancaster_commentary_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"lancaster-malvestutto-miller-go-commentaryonfraseretal2018evidencebaseforharmreductionservicestheurbanruraldivide-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Epidemics\",\"*harm reduction\",\"*hepatitis C virus\",\"*medication-assisted treatment\",\"*opioid use\",\"*people who inject drugs\",\"*syringe service programs\",\"Harm Reduction\",\"Hepatitis C/*epidemiology\",\"Humans\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/*epidemiology\",\"United States\",\"hepatitis C virus\",\"medication-assisted treatment\",\"opioid use\",\"people who inject drugs\",\"syringe service programs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Clinical and demographic factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a rural heart failure population\",\"volume\":\"229\",\"issn\":\"1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109060\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Heart failure is becoming increasingly common among patients under 50 years of age, particularly in African Americans and patients with stimulant use disorder. Yet the sources of these disparities remain poorly understood. This study identified key demographic and clinical factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a largely rural heart failure patient registry. METHODS: Patient records reporting a diagnosis of heart failure between January 2008 and March 2020 were requested from West Virginia University Hospital Systems (n=37,872). Odds of stimulant use disorder were estimated by demographic group (age, race, sex), insurance carrier, and clinical comorbidities using logistic regression. RESULTS: Multivariable regression analysis identified higher odds of stimulant use disorder among Black/African Americans (1.95 [1.32, 2.77]) and patients who report drinking one or more alcoholic drinks per week (2.23 [1.72, 2.88]). Lower odds of stimulant use disorder were identified among patients with hypertension (0.59 [0.47, 0.73]), or diabetes (0.65 [0.52, 0.81]).. Likewise, lower odds of stimulant use disorder were noted among females, patients older than 30 years of age and those not enrolled in Medicaid. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the alarming extent to which Medicaid enrollees, Black/African Americans, people aged 18-24 and 25-44, or persons with a past alcohol use disorder diagnosis are associated with stimulant use disorder among heart failure populations living in largely rural areas. Additionally, they emphasize the need to develop policies and refine clinical care that affects this vulnerable population's prognoses.\",\"number\":\"Pt A\",\"journal\":\"Drug Alcohol Depend\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sokos\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kimble\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Adeniran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"O.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Osman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bianco\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*African Americans, *Heart Failure/epidemiology, *Heart failure, *Rural, *Stimulant use disorder, Demography, Female, Humans, Medicaid, Rural Population, United States\",\"pages\":\"109060\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hendricks_clinical_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Clinical and demographic factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a rural heart failure population},\\n\\tvolume = {229},\\n\\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109060},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Heart failure is becoming increasingly common among patients under 50 years of age, particularly in African Americans and patients with stimulant use disorder. Yet the sources of these disparities remain poorly understood. This study identified key demographic and clinical factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a largely rural heart failure patient registry. METHODS: Patient records reporting a diagnosis of heart failure between January 2008 and March 2020 were requested from West Virginia University Hospital Systems (n=37,872). Odds of stimulant use disorder were estimated by demographic group (age, race, sex), insurance carrier, and clinical comorbidities using logistic regression. RESULTS: Multivariable regression analysis identified higher odds of stimulant use disorder among Black/African Americans (1.95 [1.32, 2.77]) and patients who report drinking one or more alcoholic drinks per week (2.23 [1.72, 2.88]). Lower odds of stimulant use disorder were identified among patients with hypertension (0.59 [0.47, 0.73]), or diabetes (0.65 [0.52, 0.81]).. Likewise, lower odds of stimulant use disorder were noted among females, patients older than 30 years of age and those not enrolled in Medicaid. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the alarming extent to which Medicaid enrollees, Black/African Americans, people aged 18-24 and 25-44, or persons with a past alcohol use disorder diagnosis are associated with stimulant use disorder among heart failure populations living in largely rural areas. Additionally, they emphasize the need to develop policies and refine clinical care that affects this vulnerable population's prognoses.},\\n\\tnumber = {Pt A},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\\n\\tauthor = {Hendricks, B. and Sokos, G. and Kimble, W. and Dai, Z. and Adeniran, O. and Osman, M. and Smith, G. S. and Bianco, C.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*African Americans, *Heart Failure/epidemiology, *Heart failure, *Rural, *Stimulant use disorder, Demography, Female, Humans, Medicaid, Rural Population, United States},\\n\\tpages = {109060},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hendricks, B.\",\"Sokos, G.\",\"Kimble, W.\",\"Dai, Z.\",\"Adeniran, O.\",\"Osman, M.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Bianco, C.\"],\"key\":\"hendricks_clinical_2021\",\"id\":\"hendricks_clinical_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hendricks-sokos-kimble-dai-adeniran-osman-smith-bianco-clinicalanddemographicfactorsassociatedwithstimulantusedisorderinaruralheartfailurepopulation-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*African Americans\",\"*Heart Failure/epidemiology\",\"*Heart failure\",\"*Rural\",\"*Stimulant use disorder\",\"Demography\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Medicaid\",\"Rural Population\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Childhood adversity and mental health comorbidity in men and women with opioid use disorders\",\"volume\":\"102\",\"issn\":\"03064603\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Addictive Behaviors\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goff\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sarah\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Upchurch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dawn\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Grella\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christine\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"March\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), *DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, *DSM-5 opioid use disorder, *Gender differences, *National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Adolescent, Adult, Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events/*psychology, Adverse Childhood Experiences/*psychology, Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), Aged, Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder/*epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, DSM-5 opioid use disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Gender differences, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/epidemiology, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Personality Disorders/epidemiology, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult\",\"pages\":\"106149\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evans_childhood_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Childhood adversity and mental health comorbidity in men and women with opioid use disorders},\\n\\tvolume = {102},\\n\\tissn = {03064603},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Addictive Behaviors},\\n\\tauthor = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Goff, Sarah L. and Upchurch, Dawn M. and Grella, Christine E.},\\n\\tmonth = mar,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), *DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, *DSM-5 opioid use disorder, *Gender differences, *National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Adolescent, Adult, Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events/*psychology, Adverse Childhood Experiences/*psychology, Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), Aged, Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder/*epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, DSM-5 opioid use disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Gender differences, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/epidemiology, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Personality Disorders/epidemiology, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult},\\n\\tpages = {106149},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Goff, S. L.\",\"Upchurch, D. M.\",\"Grella, C. E.\"],\"key\":\"evans_childhood_2020\",\"id\":\"evans_childhood_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evans-goff-upchurch-grella-childhoodadversityandmentalhealthcomorbidityinmenandwomenwithopioidusedisorders-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)\",\"*DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders\",\"*DSM-5 opioid use disorder\",\"*Gender differences\",\"*National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III)\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events/*psychology\",\"Adverse Childhood Experiences/*psychology\",\"Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)\",\"Aged\",\"Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Comorbidity\",\"Conduct Disorder/*epidemiology\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders\",\"DSM-5 opioid use disorder\",\"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\",\"Female\",\"Gender differences\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Middle Aged\",\"Mood Disorders/epidemiology\",\"National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III)\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Personality Disorders/epidemiology\",\"Prevalence\",\"Sex Factors\",\"Stress Disorders\",\"Post-Traumatic/epidemiology\",\"United States/epidemiology\",\"Young Adult\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterizing the Rural Opioid Use Environment in Kentucky Using Google Earth: Virtual Audit\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1438-8871\",\"shorttitle\":\"Characterizing the Rural Opioid Use Environment in Kentucky Using Google Earth\",\"url\":\"https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923\",\"doi\":\"10.2196/14923\",\"abstract\":\"Background The opioid epidemic has ravaged rural communities in the United States. Despite extensive literature relating the physical environment to substance use in urban areas, little is known about the role of physical environment on the opioid epidemic in rural areas. Objective This study aimed to examine the reliability of Google Earth to collect data on the physical environment related to substance use in rural areas. Methods Systematic virtual audits were performed in 5 rural Kentucky counties using Google Earth between 2017 and 2018 to capture land use, health care facilities, entertainment venues, and businesses. In-person audits were performed for a subset of the census blocks. Results We captured 533 features, most of which were images taken before 2015 (71.8%, 383/533). Reliability between the virtual audits and the gold standard was high for health care facilities (\\\\textgreater83%), entertainment venues (\\\\textgreater95%), and businesses (\\\\textgreater61%) but was poor for land use features (\\\\textgreater18%). Reliability between the virtual audit and in-person audit was high for health care facilities (83%) and entertainment venues (62%) but was poor for land use (0%) and businesses (12.5%). Conclusions Poor reliability for land use features may reflect difficulty characterizing features that require judgment or natural changes in the environment that are not reflective of the Google Earth imagery because it was captured several years before the audit was performed. Virtual Google Earth audits were an efficient way to collect rich neighborhood data that are generally not available from other sources. However, these audits should use caution when the images in the observation area are dated.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"10\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Medical Internet Research\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crawford\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Natalie\",\"Danielle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Haardöerfer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Regine\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McKinnon\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Izraelle\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jones-Harrell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carla\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[\"von\"],\"lastnames\":[\"Hellens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Sierra\",\"Shantel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*User-Computer Interface, *built environment, *opioid-related disorders, *rural health, Humans, Kentucky, Medical Audit, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Reproducibility of Results, Rural Population, United States, built environment, opioid-related disorders, rural health\",\"pages\":\"e14923\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{crawford_characterizing_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterizing the {Rural} {Opioid} {Use} {Environment} in {Kentucky} {Using} {Google} {Earth}: {Virtual} {Audit}},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1438-8871},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Characterizing the {Rural} {Opioid} {Use} {Environment} in {Kentucky} {Using} {Google} {Earth}},\\n\\turl = {https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923},\\n\\tdoi = {10.2196/14923},\\n\\tabstract = {Background \\n              The opioid epidemic has ravaged rural communities in the United States. Despite extensive literature relating the physical environment to substance use in urban areas, little is known about the role of physical environment on the opioid epidemic in rural areas. \\n             \\n             \\n              Objective \\n              This study aimed to examine the reliability of Google Earth to collect data on the physical environment related to substance use in rural areas. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods \\n              Systematic virtual audits were performed in 5 rural Kentucky counties using Google Earth between 2017 and 2018 to capture land use, health care facilities, entertainment venues, and businesses. In-person audits were performed for a subset of the census blocks. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results \\n              We captured 533 features, most of which were images taken before 2015 (71.8\\\\%, 383/533). Reliability between the virtual audits and the gold standard was high for health care facilities ({\\\\textgreater}83\\\\%), entertainment venues ({\\\\textgreater}95\\\\%), and businesses ({\\\\textgreater}61\\\\%) but was poor for land use features ({\\\\textgreater}18\\\\%). Reliability between the virtual audit and in-person audit was high for health care facilities (83\\\\%) and entertainment venues (62\\\\%) but was poor for land use (0\\\\%) and businesses (12.5\\\\%). \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions \\n              Poor reliability for land use features may reflect difficulty characterizing features that require judgment or natural changes in the environment that are not reflective of the Google Earth imagery because it was captured several years before the audit was performed. Virtual Google Earth audits were an efficient way to collect rich neighborhood data that are generally not available from other sources. However, these audits should use caution when the images in the observation area are dated.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {10},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},\\n\\tauthor = {Crawford, Natalie Danielle and Haardöerfer, Regine and Cooper, Hannah and McKinnon, Izraelle and Jones-Harrell, Carla and Ballard, April and von Hellens, Sierra Shantel and Young, April},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*User-Computer Interface, *built environment, *opioid-related disorders, *rural health, Humans, Kentucky, Medical Audit, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Reproducibility of Results, Rural Population, United States, built environment, opioid-related disorders, rural health},\\n\\tpages = {e14923},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Crawford, N. D.\",\"Haardöerfer, R.\",\"Cooper, H.\",\"McKinnon, I.\",\"Jones-Harrell, C.\",\"Ballard, A.\",\"von Hellens, S. S.\",\"Young, A.\"],\"key\":\"crawford_characterizing_2019\",\"id\":\"crawford_characterizing_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"crawford-haarderfer-cooper-mckinnon-jonesharrell-ballard-vonhellens-young-characterizingtheruralopioiduseenvironmentinkentuckyusinggoogleearthvirtualaudit-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923\"},\"keyword\":[\"*User-Computer Interface\",\"*built environment\",\"*opioid-related disorders\",\"*rural health\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky\",\"Medical Audit\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Reproducibility of Results\",\"Rural Population\",\"United States\",\"built environment\",\"opioid-related disorders\",\"rural health\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Changes in Medicaid Acceptance by Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities After Implementation of Federal Parity\",\"volume\":\"58\",\"issn\":\"0025-7079\",\"url\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"2\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Medical Care\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geissler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kimberley\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data, Healthcare Disparities/*statistics & numerical data, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration/standards, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/*statistics & numerical data, Substance-Related Disorders/*therapy, United States\",\"pages\":\"101–107\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{geissler_changes_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Changes in {Medicaid} {Acceptance} by {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment} {Facilities} {After} {Implementation} of {Federal} {Parity}},\\n\\tvolume = {58},\\n\\tissn = {0025-7079},\\n\\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {2},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Medical Care},\\n\\tauthor = {Geissler, Kimberley H. and Evans, Elizabeth A.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Healthcare Disparities/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid/legislation \\\\& jurisprudence/*organization \\\\& administration/standards, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Substance-Related Disorders/*therapy, United States},\\n\\tpages = {101--107},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Geissler, K. H.\",\"Evans, E. A.\"],\"key\":\"geissler_changes_2020\",\"id\":\"geissler_changes_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"geissler-evans-changesinmedicaidacceptancebysubstanceabusetreatmentfacilitiesafterimplementationoffederalparity-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242\"},\"keyword\":[\"Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Healthcare Disparities/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Interrupted Time Series Analysis\",\"Medicaid/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & administration/standards\",\"Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Substance-Related Disorders/*therapy\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Challenges posed by COVID‐19 to people who inject drugs and lessons from other outbreaks\",\"volume\":\"23\",\"issn\":\"1758-2652, 1758-2652\",\"url\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/jia2.25583\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"7\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Journal of the International AIDS Society\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Vasylyeva\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tetyana\",\"I\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smyrnov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Pavlo\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Strathdee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Steffanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Samuel\",\"R\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Betacoronavirus, *covid-19, *harm reduction, *inequality, *infectious disease, *outbreak, *people who inject drugs, Adult, Coronavirus Infections/*complications, Covid-19, Disease Outbreaks, Drug Overdose/epidemiology, HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology, Homeless Persons/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Ill-Housed Persons/statistics & numerical data, Injections/adverse effects, Male, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral/*complications, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications, Unsafe Sex/statistics & numerical data, harm reduction, inequality, infectious disease, outbreak, people who inject drugs\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{vasylyeva_challenges_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Challenges posed by {COVID}‐19 to people who inject drugs and lessons from other outbreaks},\\n\\tvolume = {23},\\n\\tissn = {1758-2652, 1758-2652},\\n\\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/jia2.25583},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Journal of the International AIDS Society},\\n\\tauthor = {Vasylyeva, Tetyana I and Smyrnov, Pavlo and Strathdee, Steffanie and Friedman, Samuel R},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Betacoronavirus, *covid-19, *harm reduction, *inequality, *infectious disease, *outbreak, *people who inject drugs, Adult, Coronavirus Infections/*complications, Covid-19, Disease Outbreaks, Drug Overdose/epidemiology, HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology, Homeless Persons/statistics \\\\& numerical data, Humans, Ill-Housed Persons/statistics \\\\& numerical data, Injections/adverse effects, Male, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral/*complications, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications, Unsafe Sex/statistics \\\\& numerical data, harm reduction, inequality, infectious disease, outbreak, people who inject drugs},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Vasylyeva, T. I\",\"Smyrnov, P.\",\"Strathdee, S.\",\"Friedman, S. R\"],\"key\":\"vasylyeva_challenges_2020\",\"id\":\"vasylyeva_challenges_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"vasylyeva-smyrnov-strathdee-friedman-challengesposedbycovid19topeoplewhoinjectdrugsandlessonsfromotheroutbreaks-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Betacoronavirus\",\"*covid-19\",\"*harm reduction\",\"*inequality\",\"*infectious disease\",\"*outbreak\",\"*people who inject drugs\",\"Adult\",\"Coronavirus Infections/*complications\",\"Covid-19\",\"Disease Outbreaks\",\"Drug Overdose/epidemiology\",\"HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology\",\"Homeless Persons/statistics & numerical data\",\"Humans\",\"Ill-Housed Persons/statistics & numerical data\",\"Injections/adverse effects\",\"Male\",\"Pandemics\",\"Pneumonia\",\"Viral/*complications\",\"Risk Factors\",\"SARS-CoV-2\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/*complications\",\"Unsafe Sex/statistics & numerical data\",\"harm reduction\",\"inequality\",\"infectious disease\",\"outbreak\",\"people who inject drugs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Challenges Facing a Rural Opioid Epidemic: Treatment and Prevention of HIV and Hepatitis C\",\"volume\":\"15\",\"issn\":\"1548-3568, 1548-3576\",\"shorttitle\":\"Challenges Facing a Rural Opioid Epidemic\",\"url\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"3\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Current HIV/AIDS Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schranz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Asher\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barrett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jessica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christopher\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Malvestutto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carlos\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Hepatitis C, *Opiate-related disorders, *Rural health, *Substance abuse, intravenous, *hiv, Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control, Hiv, Humans, Needle Sharing/adverse effects, Opiate-related disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Rural Health/*statistics & numerical data, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, Substance abuse, intravenous, United States/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"245–254\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{schranz_challenges_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Challenges {Facing} a {Rural} {Opioid} {Epidemic}: {Treatment} and {Prevention} of {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C}},\\n\\tvolume = {15},\\n\\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Challenges {Facing} a {Rural} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\\n\\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Schranz, Asher J. and Barrett, Jessica and Hurt, Christopher B. and Malvestutto, Carlos and Miller, William C.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C, *Opiate-related disorders, *Rural health, *Substance abuse, intravenous, *hiv, Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention \\\\& control, Hiv, Humans, Needle Sharing/adverse effects, Opiate-related disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Rural Health/*statistics \\\\& numerical data, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, Substance abuse, intravenous, United States/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {245--254},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Schranz, A. J.\",\"Barrett, J.\",\"Hurt, C. B.\",\"Malvestutto, C.\",\"Miller, W. C.\"],\"key\":\"schranz_challenges_2018\",\"id\":\"schranz_challenges_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"schranz-barrett-hurt-malvestutto-miller-challengesfacingaruralopioidepidemictreatmentandpreventionofhivandhepatitisc-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Hepatitis C\",\"*Opiate-related disorders\",\"*Rural health\",\"*Substance abuse\",\"intravenous\",\"*hiv\",\"Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use\",\"HIV Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hepatitis C\",\"Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Needle Sharing/adverse effects\",\"Opiate-related disorders\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis\",\"Rural Health/*statistics & numerical data\",\"Rural Population\",\"Rural health\",\"Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/*epidemiology\",\"Substance abuse\",\"intravenous\",\"United States/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Causes of Death in the 12 months After Hospital Discharge Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder\",\"issn\":\"1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000000915\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Patients with substance use disorders are seven times more likely hospitalized than the general population. However, causes of death for recently hospitalized patients with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) are not well described. This study describes causes of death in the year post-discharge among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We analyzed data from participants who were at least 18 years old, with Medicaid insurance, and had a diagnosis of OUD during a general hospital admission in Oregon between April 2015 and December 2017. RESULTS: During the study window, 6,654 Oregon Medicaid patients with an OUD diagnosis were hospitalized. Patients were predominately female (56.7%) and White (72.2%), an average age of 44.2 years (SD = 15.4 years) and average hospital length of stay of 6.5 days (SD = 10.9 days). In the 12 months post-discharge, 522 patients died (7.8%); 301 patients from a drug or substance related cause (4.5%), including 71 from drug overdose (1.1%). Stated another way, of those who died within 12 months, 58% of deaths were attributed to drug-related causes, including 13.6% of deaths attributed to overdose; 42% died of non-drug related causes. Drug-related death was the most frequent cause of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients with OUD are at high risk of death, from drug and non-drug related causes, in the year after discharge. Future research should consider not only overdose, but a more comprehensive definition of drug-related death in understanding post-discharge mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD, and care systems should work to mitigate the risk of death in this population.\",\"journal\":\"J Addict Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20210910\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Cause of Death, Female, Hospitals, Humans, Patient Discharge, United States/epidemiology\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{king_causes_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Causes of {Death} in the 12 months {After} {Hospital} {Discharge} {Among} {Patients} {With} {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\\n\\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000915},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with substance use disorders are seven times more likely hospitalized than the general population. However, causes of death for recently hospitalized patients with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) are not well described. This study describes causes of death in the year post-discharge among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We analyzed data from participants who were at least 18 years old, with Medicaid insurance, and had a diagnosis of OUD during a general hospital admission in Oregon between April 2015 and December 2017. RESULTS: During the study window, 6,654 Oregon Medicaid patients with an OUD diagnosis were hospitalized. Patients were predominately female (56.7\\\\%) and White (72.2\\\\%), an average age of 44.2 years (SD = 15.4 years) and average hospital length of stay of 6.5 days (SD = 10.9 days). In the 12 months post-discharge, 522 patients died (7.8\\\\%); 301 patients from a drug or substance related cause (4.5\\\\%), including 71 from drug overdose (1.1\\\\%). Stated another way, of those who died within 12 months, 58\\\\% of deaths were attributed to drug-related causes, including 13.6\\\\% of deaths attributed to overdose; 42\\\\% died of non-drug related causes. Drug-related death was the most frequent cause of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients with OUD are at high risk of death, from drug and non-drug related causes, in the year after discharge. Future research should consider not only overdose, but a more comprehensive definition of drug-related death in understanding post-discharge mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD, and care systems should work to mitigate the risk of death in this population.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\\n\\tauthor = {King, C. and Cook, R. and Korthuis, P. T. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20210910},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Cause of Death, Female, Hospitals, Humans, Patient Discharge, United States/epidemiology},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"King, C.\",\"Cook, R.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Morris, C. D.\",\"Englander, H.\"],\"key\":\"king_causes_2021\",\"id\":\"king_causes_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"king-cook-korthuis-morris-englander-causesofdeathinthe12monthsafterhospitaldischargeamongpatientswithopioidusedisorder-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Adolescent\",\"Adult\",\"Aftercare\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/adverse effects\",\"Cause of Death\",\"Female\",\"Hospitals\",\"Humans\",\"Patient Discharge\",\"United States/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Capacity for sustainment of recently established syringe service programs in Appalachian Kentucky: The central role of staff champions\",\"issn\":\"1465-3362 (Electronic) 0959-5236 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/dar.13436\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: Ensuring adequate harm reduction infrastructure in rural areas is imperative, as drug-related epidemics expand into them. Here, we explore the capacity for sustainment of syringe service programs (SSP) in Appalachian Kentucky. METHODS: We interviewed all staff (n = 16) of all SSPs (n = 7) in two Kentucky health districts in 2018-2019 using semi-structured one-on-one qualitative interviews; local departments of health (DOH) operated the SSPs. Interview domains encompassed: (i) SSP establishment; (ii) day-to-day operations, participation and health impacts; (iii) perceived prospects for sustainment; and (iv) perceived influences on #i-#iii. We analysed verbatim transcripts using thematic analytic methods; Schell's 'capacity for sustainment' constructs were treated as sensitising concepts during the analysis. RESULTS: Most community members, law enforcement and DOH staff opposed SSPs before they opened, because of stigma and concerns about enabling and needlestick injuries; DOH staff also opposed SSPs because they believed they lacked the capacity to operate them. Training, technical assistance, visible evidence of the programs' public health impact and contact with SSP participants transformed DOH staff into program champions. As champions, SSP staff developed programs that had strong capacity for sustainment, as defined by Schell (e.g. visible public health impact, stable funding, political support). Staff reported that the SSPs had high prospects for sustainment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As in SSPs that opened in cities decades ago, staff in emerging SSPs in these rural areas appear to have become crucial champions for these controversial programs, and may serve as vital resources for expanding harm reduction programming more broadly in these underserved areas.\",\"journal\":\"Drug Alcohol Rev\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fadanelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lockard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Batty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"*Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringes, *harm reduction, *rural areas, *sustainment, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, harm reduction, rural areas, sustainment, syringe service programs\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_capacity_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Capacity for sustainment of recently established syringe service programs in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {The} central role of staff champions},\\n\\tissn = {1465-3362 (Electronic) 0959-5236 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/dar.13436},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Ensuring adequate harm reduction infrastructure in rural areas is imperative, as drug-related epidemics expand into them. Here, we explore the capacity for sustainment of syringe service programs (SSP) in Appalachian Kentucky. METHODS: We interviewed all staff (n = 16) of all SSPs (n = 7) in two Kentucky health districts in 2018-2019 using semi-structured one-on-one qualitative interviews; local departments of health (DOH) operated the SSPs. Interview domains encompassed: (i) SSP establishment; (ii) day-to-day operations, participation and health impacts; (iii) perceived prospects for sustainment; and (iv) perceived influences on \\\\#i-\\\\#iii. We analysed verbatim transcripts using thematic analytic methods; Schell's 'capacity for sustainment' constructs were treated as sensitising concepts during the analysis. RESULTS: Most community members, law enforcement and DOH staff opposed SSPs before they opened, because of stigma and concerns about enabling and needlestick injuries; DOH staff also opposed SSPs because they believed they lacked the capacity to operate them. Training, technical assistance, visible evidence of the programs' public health impact and contact with SSP participants transformed DOH staff into program champions. As champions, SSP staff developed programs that had strong capacity for sustainment, as defined by Schell (e.g. visible public health impact, stable funding, political support). Staff reported that the SSPs had high prospects for sustainment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As in SSPs that opened in cities decades ago, staff in emerging SSPs in these rural areas appear to have become crucial champions for these controversial programs, and may serve as vital resources for expanding harm reduction programming more broadly in these underserved areas.},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Rev},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, H. L. F. and Gross, S. and Klein, E. and Fadanelli, M. and Ballard, A. and Lockard, S. and Batty, E. and Young, A. and Ibragimov, U.},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringes, *harm reduction, *rural areas, *sustainment, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, harm reduction, rural areas, sustainment, syringe service programs},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Gross, S.\",\"Klein, E.\",\"Fadanelli, M.\",\"Ballard, A.\",\"Lockard, S.\",\"Batty, E.\",\"Young, A.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\"],\"key\":\"cooper_capacity_2022\",\"id\":\"cooper_capacity_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-gross-klein-fadanelli-ballard-lockard-batty-young-etal-capacityforsustainmentofrecentlyestablishedsyringeserviceprogramsinappalachiankentuckythecentralroleofstaffchampions-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology\",\"*Syringes\",\"*harm reduction\",\"*rural areas\",\"*sustainment\",\"*syringe service programs\",\"Harm Reduction\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"harm reduction\",\"rural areas\",\"sustainment\",\"syringe service programs\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Cancer Screening among Rural People Who Use Drugs: Colliding Risks and Barriers\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/ijerph19084555\",\"abstract\":\"Rural cancer disparities are associated with lesser healthcare access and screening adherence. The opioid epidemic may increase disparities as people who use drugs (PWUD) frequently experience healthcare-associated stigmatizing experiences which discourage seeking routine care. Rural PWUD were recruited to complete surveys and interviews exploring cancer (cervical, breast, colorectal, lung) risk, screening history, and healthcare experiences. From July 2020-July 2021 we collected 37 surveys and 8 interviews. Participants were 24.3% male, 86.5% White race, and had a mean age of 44.8 years. Females were less likely to report seeing a primary care provider on a regular basis, and more likely to report stigmatizing healthcare experiences. A majority of females reporting receiving recommendations and screens for cervical and breast cancer, but only a minority were adherent. Similarly, only a minority of males and females reported receiving screening tests for colorectal and lung cancer. Screening rates for all cancers were substantially below those for the US generally and rural areas specifically. Interviews confirmed stigmatizing healthcare experiences and suggested screening barriers and possible solutions. The opioid epidemic involves millions of individuals and is disproportionately experienced in rural communities. To avoid exacerbating existing rural cancer disparities, methods to engage PWUD in cancer screening need to be developed.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"journal\":\"Int J Environ Res Public Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rose\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Molina\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Y.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lee\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Luckey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Ham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"April\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220410\",\"keywords\":\"*Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis, *Early Detection of Cancer, *cancer screening and adherence, *rural cancer disparities, *rural cancer screening, Adult, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Rural Population, cancer screening and adherence, rural cancer disparities, rural cancer screening\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{jenkins_cancer_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Cancer {Screening} among {Rural} {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs}: {Colliding} {Risks} and {Barriers}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19084555},\\n\\tabstract = {Rural cancer disparities are associated with lesser healthcare access and screening adherence. The opioid epidemic may increase disparities as people who use drugs (PWUD) frequently experience healthcare-associated stigmatizing experiences which discourage seeking routine care. Rural PWUD were recruited to complete surveys and interviews exploring cancer (cervical, breast, colorectal, lung) risk, screening history, and healthcare experiences. From July 2020-July 2021 we collected 37 surveys and 8 interviews. Participants were 24.3\\\\% male, 86.5\\\\% White race, and had a mean age of 44.8 years. Females were less likely to report seeing a primary care provider on a regular basis, and more likely to report stigmatizing healthcare experiences. A majority of females reporting receiving recommendations and screens for cervical and breast cancer, but only a minority were adherent. Similarly, only a minority of males and females reported receiving screening tests for colorectal and lung cancer. Screening rates for all cancers were substantially below those for the US generally and rural areas specifically. Interviews confirmed stigmatizing healthcare experiences and suggested screening barriers and possible solutions. The opioid epidemic involves millions of individuals and is disproportionately experienced in rural communities. To avoid exacerbating existing rural cancer disparities, methods to engage PWUD in cancer screening need to be developed.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Jenkins, W. D. and Rose, J. and Molina, Y. and Lee, M. and Bolinski, R. and Luckey, G. and Van Ham, B.},\\n\\tmonth = apr,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220410},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis, *Early Detection of Cancer, *cancer screening and adherence, *rural cancer disparities, *rural cancer screening, Adult, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Rural Population, cancer screening and adherence, rural cancer disparities, rural cancer screening},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Rose, J.\",\"Molina, Y.\",\"Lee, M.\",\"Bolinski, R.\",\"Luckey, G.\",\"Van Ham, B.\"],\"key\":\"jenkins_cancer_2022\",\"id\":\"jenkins_cancer_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"jenkins-rose-molina-lee-bolinski-luckey-vanham-cancerscreeningamongruralpeoplewhousedrugscollidingrisksandbarriers-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis\",\"*Early Detection of Cancer\",\"*cancer screening and adherence\",\"*rural cancer disparities\",\"*rural cancer screening\",\"Adult\",\"Female\",\"Health Services Accessibility\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Mass Screening\",\"Rural Population\",\"cancer screening and adherence\",\"rural cancer disparities\",\"rural cancer screening\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the U.S. opioid epidemic: A case study of the rural risk environment in Appalachian Kentucky\",\"volume\":\"85\",\"issn\":\"09553959\",\"shorttitle\":\"Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the U.S. opioid epidemic\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102701\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"International Journal of Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"LF\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cloud\"],\"firstnames\":[\"David\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Patricia\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fadanelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Monica\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Green\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Travis\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Meter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Connor\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Beane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stephanie\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Umedjon\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Buprenorphine, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, implementation chasm, pharmacists, risk environment, rural areas\",\"pages\":\"102701\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{cooper_buprenorphine_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the {U}.{S}. opioid epidemic: {A} case study of the rural risk environment in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},\\n\\tvolume = {85},\\n\\tissn = {09553959},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the {U}.{S}. opioid epidemic},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102701},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Cooper, Hannah LF and Cloud, David H. and Freeman, Patricia R. and Fadanelli, Monica and Green, Travis and Van Meter, Connor and Beane, Stephanie and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Young, April M.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Buprenorphine, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, implementation chasm, pharmacists, risk environment, rural areas},\\n\\tpages = {102701},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Cooper, H. L.\",\"Cloud, D. H.\",\"Freeman, P. R.\",\"Fadanelli, M.\",\"Green, T.\",\"Van Meter, C.\",\"Beane, S.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Young, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"cooper_buprenorphine_2020\",\"id\":\"cooper_buprenorphine_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"cooper-cloud-freeman-fadanelli-green-vanmeter-beane-ibragimov-etal-buprenorphinedispensinginanepicenteroftheusopioidepidemicacasestudyoftheruralriskenvironmentinappalachiankentucky-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Appalachian Region/epidemiology\",\"Buprenorphine\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Opioid Epidemic\",\"implementation chasm\",\"pharmacists\",\"risk environment\",\"rural areas\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Brief report: Cause of death among people discharged from infective endocarditis related hospitalization-West Virginia, 2016-2019\",\"volume\":\"45\",\"issn\":\"1932-8737 (Electronic) 0160-9289 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/clc.23812\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compare proportion of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among West Virginia Medicaid enrollees who were discharged from infective endocarditis (IE) hospitalization with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis. METHODS: The proportions of cause-specific deaths among those who were discharged from IE-related hospitalizations were compared by OUD diagnosis. RESULTS: The top three underlying causes of death discharged from IE hospitalization were accidental drug poisoning, mental and behavioral disorders due to polysubstance use, and cardiovascular diseases. Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the proportion has increased seven times from 2016 to 2019 among the OUD deaths while it doubled among the non-OUD deaths. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the increase is higher in those with OUD diagnosis. OUD is becoming a significantly negative impactor on the survival outcome among IE patients. It is of growing importance to deliver medication for OUD treatment and harm reduction efforts to IE patients in a timely manner, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic persists.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Clin Cardiol\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hendricks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhandari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220309\",\"keywords\":\"*Endocarditis, Bacterial, *Endocarditis/diagnosis, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *covid-19, Cause of Death, Hospitalization, Humans, Medicaid, Pandemics, Patient Discharge, Retrospective Studies, United States, West Virginia/epidemiology, infective endocarditis, opioid use disorder\",\"pages\":\"536–539\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dai_brief_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Brief report: {Cause} of death among people discharged from infective endocarditis related hospitalization-{West} {Virginia}, 2016-2019},\\n\\tvolume = {45},\\n\\tissn = {1932-8737 (Electronic) 0160-9289 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1002/clc.23812},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compare proportion of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among West Virginia Medicaid enrollees who were discharged from infective endocarditis (IE) hospitalization with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis. METHODS: The proportions of cause-specific deaths among those who were discharged from IE-related hospitalizations were compared by OUD diagnosis. RESULTS: The top three underlying causes of death discharged from IE hospitalization were accidental drug poisoning, mental and behavioral disorders due to polysubstance use, and cardiovascular diseases. Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the proportion has increased seven times from 2016 to 2019 among the OUD deaths while it doubled among the non-OUD deaths. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the increase is higher in those with OUD diagnosis. OUD is becoming a significantly negative impactor on the survival outcome among IE patients. It is of growing importance to deliver medication for OUD treatment and harm reduction efforts to IE patients in a timely manner, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic persists.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Clin Cardiol},\\n\\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Smith, G. S. and Hendricks, B. and Bhandari, R.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220309},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Endocarditis, Bacterial, *Endocarditis/diagnosis, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *covid-19, Cause of Death, Hospitalization, Humans, Medicaid, Pandemics, Patient Discharge, Retrospective Studies, United States, West Virginia/epidemiology, infective endocarditis, opioid use disorder},\\n\\tpages = {536--539},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dai, Z.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Hendricks, B.\",\"Bhandari, R.\"],\"key\":\"dai_brief_2022\",\"id\":\"dai_brief_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dai-smith-hendricks-bhandari-briefreportcauseofdeathamongpeopledischargedfrominfectiveendocarditisrelatedhospitalizationwestvirginia20162019-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Endocarditis\",\"Bacterial\",\"*Endocarditis/diagnosis\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*covid-19\",\"Cause of Death\",\"Hospitalization\",\"Humans\",\"Medicaid\",\"Pandemics\",\"Patient Discharge\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"United States\",\"West Virginia/epidemiology\",\"infective endocarditis\",\"opioid use disorder\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Buprenorphine Coverage in the Medicare Part D Program for 2007 to 2018\",\"volume\":\"321\",\"issn\":\"0098-7484\",\"url\":\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jama.2018.20391\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"6\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"JAMA\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kirbee\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geddes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jonah\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Priest\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kelsey\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2019\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine, *Medicare Part D, Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data/*trends, United States\",\"pages\":\"607\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hartung_buprenorphine_2019,\\n\\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Coverage} in the {Medicare} {Part} {D} {Program} for 2007 to 2018},\\n\\tvolume = {321},\\n\\tissn = {0098-7484},\\n\\turl = {http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2018.20391},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {6},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA},\\n\\tauthor = {Hartung, Daniel M. and Johnston, Kirbee and Geddes, Jonah and Leichtling, Gillian and Priest, Kelsey C. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2019},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Medicare Part D, Insurance Coverage/statistics \\\\& numerical data/*trends, United States},\\n\\tpages = {607},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hartung, D. M.\",\"Johnston, K.\",\"Geddes, J.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Priest, K. C.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"hartung_buprenorphine_2019\",\"id\":\"hartung_buprenorphine_2019\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hartung-johnston-geddes-leichtling-priest-korthuis-buprenorphinecoverageinthemedicarepartdprogramfor2007to2018-2019\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine\",\"*Medicare Part D\",\"Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data/*trends\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Breaching Trust: A Qualitative Study of Healthcare Experiences of People Who Use Drugs in a Rural Setting\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fsoc.2020.593925\",\"abstract\":\"Background: Increased drug use has disproportionately impacted rural areas across the U.S. People who use drugs are at risk of overdose and other medical complications, including infectious diseases. Understanding barriers to healthcare access for this often stigmatized population is key to reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in rural settings where resources may be limited. Methods: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs, including 17 who inject drugs, in rural southern Illinois between June 2018 and February 2019. Interviews were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach where themes are coded and organized as they emerge from the data. Results: Participants reported breaches of trust by healthcare providers, often involving law enforcement and Emergency Medical Services, that dissuaded them from accessing medical care. Participants described experiences of mistreatment in emergency departments, with one account of forced catheterization. They further recounted disclosures of protected health information by healthcare providers, including communicating drug test results to law enforcement and sharing details of counseling sessions with community members without consent. Participants also described a hesitancy common among people who use drugs to call emergency medical services for an overdose due to fear of arrest. Conclusion: Breaches of trust by healthcare providers in rural communities discouraged people who use drugs from accessing medical care until absolutely necessary, if at all. These experiences may worsen healthcare outcomes and further stigmatize this marginalized community. Structural changes including reforming and clarifying law enforcement's role in Emergency Departments as well as instituting diversion policies during arrests may help rebuild trust in these communities. Other possible areas for intervention include stigma training and harm reduction education for emergency medicine providers, as well as developing and implementing referral systems between Emergency Departments and local harm reduction providers and medically assisted drug treatment programs.\",\"journal\":\"Front Sociol\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ellis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ouellet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rosentel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2020\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8022503\",\"keywords\":\"access, barriers, drugs, healthcare, inject, opioid, rural, stigma\",\"pages\":\"593925\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ellis_breaching_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {Breaching {Trust}: {A} {Qualitative} {Study} of {Healthcare} {Experiences} of {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in a {Rural} {Setting}},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fsoc.2020.593925},\\n\\tabstract = {Background: Increased drug use has disproportionately impacted rural areas across the U.S. People who use drugs are at risk of overdose and other medical complications, including infectious diseases. Understanding barriers to healthcare access for this often stigmatized population is key to reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in rural settings where resources may be limited. Methods: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs, including 17 who inject drugs, in rural southern Illinois between June 2018 and February 2019. Interviews were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach where themes are coded and organized as they emerge from the data. Results: Participants reported breaches of trust by healthcare providers, often involving law enforcement and Emergency Medical Services, that dissuaded them from accessing medical care. Participants described experiences of mistreatment in emergency departments, with one account of forced catheterization. They further recounted disclosures of protected health information by healthcare providers, including communicating drug test results to law enforcement and sharing details of counseling sessions with community members without consent. Participants also described a hesitancy common among people who use drugs to call emergency medical services for an overdose due to fear of arrest. Conclusion: Breaches of trust by healthcare providers in rural communities discouraged people who use drugs from accessing medical care until absolutely necessary, if at all. These experiences may worsen healthcare outcomes and further stigmatize this marginalized community. Structural changes including reforming and clarifying law enforcement's role in Emergency Departments as well as instituting diversion policies during arrests may help rebuild trust in these communities. Other possible areas for intervention include stigma training and harm reduction education for emergency medicine providers, as well as developing and implementing referral systems between Emergency Departments and local harm reduction providers and medically assisted drug treatment programs.},\\n\\tjournal = {Front Sociol},\\n\\tauthor = {Ellis, K. and Walters, S. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ezell, J. and Rosentel, K. and Pho, M. T.},\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8022503},\\n\\tkeywords = {access, barriers, drugs, healthcare, inject, opioid, rural, stigma},\\n\\tpages = {593925},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ellis, K.\",\"Walters, S.\",\"Friedman, S. R.\",\"Ouellet, L. J.\",\"Ezell, J.\",\"Rosentel, K.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"ellis_breaching_2020\",\"id\":\"ellis_breaching_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ellis-walters-friedman-ouellet-ezell-rosentel-pho-breachingtrustaqualitativestudyofhealthcareexperiencesofpeoplewhousedrugsinaruralsetting-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"access\",\"barriers\",\"drugs\",\"healthcare\",\"inject\",\"opioid\",\"rural\",\"stigma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Attitudes toward harm reduction and low-threshold healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative interviews with people who use drugs in rural southern Illinois\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-022-00710-9\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Chronic health conditions associated with long-term drug use may pose additional risks to people who use drugs (PWUD) when coupled with COVID-19 infection. Despite this, PWUD, especially those living in rural areas, may be less likely to seek out health services. Previous research has highlighted the increased disease burden of COVID-19 among PWUD. Our manuscript supplements this literature by exploring unique attitudes of PWUD living in rural areas toward the pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination, and the role of harm reduction (HR) organizations in raising health awareness among PWUD. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 PWUD living in rural southern Illinois. Audio recordings were professionally transcribed. A preliminary codebook was created based on interview domains. Two trained coders conducted iterative coding of the transcripts, and new codes were added through line-by-line coding and thematic grouping. RESULTS: Twenty participants (45% female, mean age of 38) completed interviews between June and November 2021. Participants reported negative impacts of the pandemic on mental health, financial wellbeing, and drug quality. However, the health impacts of COVID-19 were often described as less concerning than its impacts on these other aspects of life. Many expressed doubt in the severity of COVID-19 infection. Among the 16 unvaccinated participants who reported receiving most of their information from the internet or word of mouth, uncertainty about vaccine contents and distrust of healthcare and government institutions engendered wariness of the vaccination. Distrust of healthcare providers was related to past stigmatization and judgement, but did not extend to the local HR organization, which was unanimously endorsed as a positive institution. Among participants who did not access services directly from the HR organization, secondary distribution of HR supplies by other PWUD was a universally cited form of health maintenance. Participants expressed interest in low-threshold healthcare, including COVID-19 vaccination, should it be offered in the local HR organization's office and mobile units. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and related public health measures have affected this community in numerous ways. Integrating healthcare services into harm reduction infrastructures and mobilizing secondary distributors of supplies may promote greater engagement with vaccination programs and other healthcare services. TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04427202.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Harm Reduct J\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Rains\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"York\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bolinski\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ezell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ouellet\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20221119\",\"keywords\":\"*Harm Reduction, *covid-19, Access to health services, Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Covid-19, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Harm reduction, Humans, Low-threshold healthcare, Male, Pandemics, People who use drugs, Qualitative analysis, Rural, Secondary distribution\",\"pages\":\"128\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{rains_attitudes_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Attitudes toward harm reduction and low-threshold healthcare during the {COVID}-19 pandemic: qualitative interviews with people who use drugs in rural southern {Illinois}},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-022-00710-9},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic health conditions associated with long-term drug use may pose additional risks to people who use drugs (PWUD) when coupled with COVID-19 infection. Despite this, PWUD, especially those living in rural areas, may be less likely to seek out health services. Previous research has highlighted the increased disease burden of COVID-19 among PWUD. Our manuscript supplements this literature by exploring unique attitudes of PWUD living in rural areas toward the pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination, and the role of harm reduction (HR) organizations in raising health awareness among PWUD. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 PWUD living in rural southern Illinois. Audio recordings were professionally transcribed. A preliminary codebook was created based on interview domains. Two trained coders conducted iterative coding of the transcripts, and new codes were added through line-by-line coding and thematic grouping. RESULTS: Twenty participants (45\\\\% female, mean age of 38) completed interviews between June and November 2021. Participants reported negative impacts of the pandemic on mental health, financial wellbeing, and drug quality. However, the health impacts of COVID-19 were often described as less concerning than its impacts on these other aspects of life. Many expressed doubt in the severity of COVID-19 infection. Among the 16 unvaccinated participants who reported receiving most of their information from the internet or word of mouth, uncertainty about vaccine contents and distrust of healthcare and government institutions engendered wariness of the vaccination. Distrust of healthcare providers was related to past stigmatization and judgement, but did not extend to the local HR organization, which was unanimously endorsed as a positive institution. Among participants who did not access services directly from the HR organization, secondary distribution of HR supplies by other PWUD was a universally cited form of health maintenance. Participants expressed interest in low-threshold healthcare, including COVID-19 vaccination, should it be offered in the local HR organization's office and mobile units. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and related public health measures have affected this community in numerous ways. Integrating healthcare services into harm reduction infrastructures and mobilizing secondary distributors of supplies may promote greater engagement with vaccination programs and other healthcare services. TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04427202.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\\n\\tauthor = {Rains, A. and York, M. and Bolinski, R. and Ezell, J. and Ouellet, L. J. and Jenkins, W. D. and Pho, M. T.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20221119},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Harm Reduction, *covid-19, Access to health services, Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Covid-19, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Harm reduction, Humans, Low-threshold healthcare, Male, Pandemics, People who use drugs, Qualitative analysis, Rural, Secondary distribution},\\n\\tpages = {128},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Rains, A.\",\"York, M.\",\"Bolinski, R.\",\"Ezell, J.\",\"Ouellet, L. J.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"rains_attitudes_2022\",\"id\":\"rains_attitudes_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"rains-york-bolinski-ezell-ouellet-jenkins-pho-attitudestowardharmreductionandlowthresholdhealthcareduringthecovid19pandemicqualitativeinterviewswithpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsouthernillinois-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Harm Reduction\",\"*covid-19\",\"Access to health services\",\"Adult\",\"COVID-19 Vaccines\",\"Covid-19\",\"Delivery of Health Care\",\"Female\",\"Harm reduction\",\"Humans\",\"Low-threshold healthcare\",\"Male\",\"Pandemics\",\"People who use drugs\",\"Qualitative analysis\",\"Rural\",\"Secondary distribution\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Attitudes toward pharmacy-based HCV/HIV testing among people who use drugs in rural Kentucky\",\"volume\":\"38\",\"issn\":\"1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jrh.12564\",\"abstract\":\"PURPOSE: Rural areas of the United States have experienced outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among people who use drugs (PWUD). Pharmacy-based interventions may play a crucial role in prevention and entry into care, especially when traditional health care access is limited. The willingness of rural PWUD to use pharmacies for HIV/HCV-related services remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the factors associated with the perceived likelihood of participating in free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing among PWUD living in rural Kentucky. METHODS: Baseline data from the CARE2HOPE study in five Appalachian counties in eastern Kentucky were used. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and completed interviewer-administered surveys. Guided by the Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilization, we examined distributions and correlates of items regarding willingness to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV/HCV testing using logistic regression. Analyses included individuals who reported being HIV (N = 304) or HCV (N = 185) negative. FINDINGS: Seventy-five percent of PWUD reported being \\\"very likely\\\" to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV testing and 80% for HCV testing. Two factors were associated with being less willing to participate in free HIV testing: PWUD who previously tested for HIV (OR: 0.47, CI: 0.25-0.88) and PWUD who obtained a high school diploma or equivalent compared to those who completed less (OR: 0.50, CI: 0.26-0.99). CONCLUSION: Free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing was invariably acceptable among most of the rural PWUD in our sample, suggesting that pharmacies might be acceptable testing venues for this population.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"J Rural Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Duong\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Delcher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8418619\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, HIV Testing, HIV/HCV testing, Hepacivirus, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, injection drug use, pharmacy services, rural health care\",\"pages\":\"93–99\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{duong_attitudes_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Attitudes toward pharmacy-based {HCV}/{HIV} testing among people who use drugs in rural {Kentucky}},\\n\\tvolume = {38},\\n\\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12564},\\n\\tabstract = {PURPOSE: Rural areas of the United States have experienced outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among people who use drugs (PWUD). Pharmacy-based interventions may play a crucial role in prevention and entry into care, especially when traditional health care access is limited. The willingness of rural PWUD to use pharmacies for HIV/HCV-related services remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the factors associated with the perceived likelihood of participating in free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing among PWUD living in rural Kentucky. METHODS: Baseline data from the CARE2HOPE study in five Appalachian counties in eastern Kentucky were used. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and completed interviewer-administered surveys. Guided by the Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilization, we examined distributions and correlates of items regarding willingness to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV/HCV testing using logistic regression. Analyses included individuals who reported being HIV (N = 304) or HCV (N = 185) negative. FINDINGS: Seventy-five percent of PWUD reported being \\\"very likely\\\" to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV testing and 80\\\\% for HCV testing. Two factors were associated with being less willing to participate in free HIV testing: PWUD who previously tested for HIV (OR: 0.47, CI: 0.25-0.88) and PWUD who obtained a high school diploma or equivalent compared to those who completed less (OR: 0.50, CI: 0.26-0.99). CONCLUSION: Free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing was invariably acceptable among most of the rural PWUD in our sample, suggesting that pharmacies might be acceptable testing venues for this population.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Duong, M. and Delcher, C. and Freeman, P. R. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8418619},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, HIV Testing, HIV/HCV testing, Hepacivirus, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, injection drug use, pharmacy services, rural health care},\\n\\tpages = {93--99},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Duong, M.\",\"Delcher, C.\",\"Freeman, P. R.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\"],\"key\":\"duong_attitudes_2022\",\"id\":\"duong_attitudes_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"duong-delcher-freeman-young-cooper-attitudestowardpharmacybasedhcvhivtestingamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralkentucky-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology\",\"*Hepatitis C/diagnosis/epidemiology\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*Pharmacies\",\"*Pharmacy\",\"HIV Testing\",\"HIV/HCV testing\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Patient Acceptance of Health Care\",\"injection drug use\",\"pharmacy services\",\"rural health care\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Association of Methamphetamine and Opioid Use With Nonfatal Overdose in Rural Communities\",\"volume\":\"5\",\"issn\":\"2574-3805\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544\",\"doi\":\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544\",\"abstract\":\"Overdoses continue to increase in the US, but the contribution of methamphetamine use is understudied in rural communities.To estimate the prevalence of methamphetamine use and its correlates among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural US communities and to determine whether methamphetamine use is associated with increased nonfatal overdoses.From January 2018 through March 2020, the National Rural Opioid Initiative conducted cross-sectional surveys of PWUD in rural communities in 10 states (Illinois, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Participants included rural PWUD who reported any past-30-day injection drug use or noninjection opioid use to get high. A modified chain-referral sampling strategy identified seeds who referred others using drugs. Data analysis was performed from May 2021 to January 2022.Use of methamphetamine alone, opioids alone, or both.Unweighted and weighted prevalence of methamphetamine use, any past-180-day nonfatal overdose, and number of lifetime nonfatal overdoses.Among the 3048 participants, 1737 (57%) were male, 2576 (85%) were White, and 225 (7.4%) were American Indian; the mean (SD) age was 36 (10) years. Most participants (1878 of 2970 participants with any opioid or methamphetamine use [63%]) reported co-use of methamphetamine and opioids, followed by opioids alone (702 participants [24%]), and methamphetamine alone (390 participants [13%]). The estimated unweighted prevalence of methamphetamine use was 80% (95% CI, 64%-90%), and the estimated weighted prevalence was 79% (95% CI, 57%-91%). Nonfatal overdose was greatest in people using both methamphetamine and opioids (395 of 2854 participants with nonmissing overdose data [22%]) vs opioids alone (99 participants [14%]) or methamphetamine alone (23 participants [6%]). Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids was associated with greater nonfatal overdose compared with opioid use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.08-1.94; P = .01) and methamphetamine use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 3.26; 95% CI, 2.06-5.14; P &lt; .001). Those with co-use had a mean (SD) of 2.4 (4.2) (median [IQR], 1 [0-3]) lifetime overdoses compared with 1.7 (3.5) (median [IQR], 0 [0-2]) among those using opioids alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.43; P = .04), and 1.1 (2.9) (median [IQR], 0 [0-1]) among those using methamphetamine alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.45-2.27; P &lt; .001). Participants with co-use most often reported having tried and failed to access substance use treatment: 827 participants (44%) for both, 117 participants (30%) for methamphetamine alone, and 252 participants (36%) for opioids alone (χ22 = 33.8; P &lt; .001). Only 66 participants (17%) using methamphetamine alone had naloxone.These findings suggest that harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment interventions must address both methamphetamine and opioids to decrease overdose in rural communities.\",\"number\":\"8\",\"urldate\":\"2023-01-20\",\"journal\":\"JAMA Network Open\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Foot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Canyon\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Tsui\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\",\"I.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Thomas\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leahy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Wiley\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Heidi\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Hannah\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Judith\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Zule\"],\"firstnames\":[\"William\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vivian\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Estadt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Angela\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nance\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gordon\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Ryan\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Van\",\"Ham\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brent\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Randall\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"April\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Rural Population\",\"pages\":\"e2226544\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{korthuis_association_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Association of {Methamphetamine} and {Opioid} {Use} {With} {Nonfatal} {Overdose} in {Rural} {Communities}},\\n\\tvolume = {5},\\n\\tissn = {2574-3805},\\n\\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544},\\n\\tabstract = {Overdoses continue to increase in the US, but the contribution of methamphetamine use is understudied in rural communities.To estimate the prevalence of methamphetamine use and its correlates among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural US communities and to determine whether methamphetamine use is associated with increased nonfatal overdoses.From January 2018 through March 2020, the National Rural Opioid Initiative conducted cross-sectional surveys of PWUD in rural communities in 10 states (Illinois, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Participants included rural PWUD who reported any past-30-day injection drug use or noninjection opioid use to get high. A modified chain-referral sampling strategy identified seeds who referred others using drugs. Data analysis was performed from May 2021 to January 2022.Use of methamphetamine alone, opioids alone, or both.Unweighted and weighted prevalence of methamphetamine use, any past-180-day nonfatal overdose, and number of lifetime nonfatal overdoses.Among the 3048 participants, 1737 (57\\\\%) were male, 2576 (85\\\\%) were White, and 225 (7.4\\\\%) were American Indian; the mean (SD) age was 36 (10) years. Most participants (1878 of 2970 participants with any opioid or methamphetamine use [63\\\\%]) reported co-use of methamphetamine and opioids, followed by opioids alone (702 participants [24\\\\%]), and methamphetamine alone (390 participants [13\\\\%]). The estimated unweighted prevalence of methamphetamine use was 80\\\\% (95\\\\% CI, 64\\\\%-90\\\\%), and the estimated weighted prevalence was 79\\\\% (95\\\\% CI, 57\\\\%-91\\\\%). Nonfatal overdose was greatest in people using both methamphetamine and opioids (395 of 2854 participants with nonmissing overdose data [22\\\\%]) vs opioids alone (99 participants [14\\\\%]) or methamphetamine alone (23 participants [6\\\\%]). Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids was associated with greater nonfatal overdose compared with opioid use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95\\\\% CI, 1.08-1.94; P = .01) and methamphetamine use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 3.26; 95\\\\% CI, 2.06-5.14; P \\\\&lt; .001). Those with co-use had a mean (SD) of 2.4 (4.2) (median [IQR], 1 [0-3]) lifetime overdoses compared with 1.7 (3.5) (median [IQR], 0 [0-2]) among those using opioids alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95\\\\% CI, 1.01-1.43; P = .04), and 1.1 (2.9) (median [IQR], 0 [0-1]) among those using methamphetamine alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.81; 95\\\\% CI, 1.45-2.27; P \\\\&lt; .001). Participants with co-use most often reported having tried and failed to access substance use treatment: 827 participants (44\\\\%) for both, 117 participants (30\\\\%) for methamphetamine alone, and 252 participants (36\\\\%) for opioids alone (χ22 = 33.8; P \\\\&lt; .001). Only 66 participants (17\\\\%) using methamphetamine alone had naloxone.These findings suggest that harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment interventions must address both methamphetamine and opioids to decrease overdose in rural communities.},\\n\\tnumber = {8},\\n\\turldate = {2023-01-20},\\n\\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\\n\\tauthor = {Korthuis, P. Todd and Cook, Ryan R. and Foot, Canyon A. and Leichtling, Gillian and Tsui, Judith I. and Stopka, Thomas J. and Leahy, Judith and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Baker, Robin and Chan, Brian and Crane, Heidi M. and Cooper, Hannah L. and Feinberg, Judith and Zule, William A. and Go, Vivian F. and Estadt, Angela T. and Nance, Robin M. and Smith, Gordon S. and Westergaard, Ryan P. and Van Ham, Brent and Brown, Randall and Young, April M.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Rural Population},\\n\\tpages = {e2226544},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"Foot, C. A.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Tsui, J. I.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Leahy, J.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Baker, R.\",\"Chan, B.\",\"Crane, H. M.\",\"Cooper, H. L.\",\"Feinberg, J.\",\"Zule, W. A.\",\"Go, V. F.\",\"Estadt, A. T.\",\"Nance, R. M.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\",\"Van Ham, B.\",\"Brown, R.\",\"Young, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"korthuis_association_2022\",\"id\":\"korthuis_association_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"korthuis-cook-foot-leichtling-tsui-stopka-leahy-jenkins-etal-associationofmethamphetamineandopioidusewithnonfataloverdoseinruralcommunities-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose/epidemiology\",\"*Methamphetamine\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology\",\"Adult\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Rural Population\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Association between treatment setting and outcomes among oregon medicaid patients with opioid use disorder: a retrospective cohort study\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-022-00318-1\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Residential treatment is a common approach for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), however, few studies have directly compared it to outpatient treatment. The objective of this study was to compare OUD outcomes among individuals receiving residential and outpatient treatment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used linked data from a state Medicaid program, vital statistics, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS) to compare OUD-related health outcomes among individuals treated in a residential or outpatient setting between 2014 and 2017. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models examined the association between treatment setting and outcomes (i.e., opioid overdose, non-overdose opioid-related and all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and treatment retention) controlling for patient characteristics, co-morbidities, and use of medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD). Interaction models evaluated how MOUD use modified associations between treatment setting and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 3293 individuals treated for OUD, 957 (29%) received treatment in a residential facility. MOUD use was higher among those treated as an outpatient (43%) compared to residential (19%). The risk of opioid overdose (aHR 1.39; 95% CI 0.73-2.64) or an opioid-related emergency department encounter or admission (aHR 1.02; 95% CI 0.80-1.29) did not differ between treatment settings. Independent of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in overdose risk (aHR 0.45; 95% CI 0.23-0.89). Residential care was associated with greater odds of retention at 6-months (aOR 1.71; 95% CI 1.32-2.21) but not 1-year. Residential treatment was only associated with improved retention for individuals not receiving MOUD (6-month aOR 2.05; 95% CI 1.56-2.71) with no benefit observed in those who received MOUD (aOR 0.75; 95% CI 0.46-1.29; interaction p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to outpatient treatment, residential treatment was not associated with reductions in opioid overdose or opioid-related ED encounters/hospitalizations. Regardless of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in opioid overdose risk.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Addict Sci Clin Pract\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Markwardt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Johnston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geddes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Baker\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hildebran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ghitza\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220819\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Medicaid, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Residential treatment, Retrospective Studies, Treatment, United States/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"45\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hartung_association_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Association between treatment setting and outcomes among oregon medicaid patients with opioid use disorder: a retrospective cohort study},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00318-1},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Residential treatment is a common approach for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), however, few studies have directly compared it to outpatient treatment. The objective of this study was to compare OUD outcomes among individuals receiving residential and outpatient treatment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used linked data from a state Medicaid program, vital statistics, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS) to compare OUD-related health outcomes among individuals treated in a residential or outpatient setting between 2014 and 2017. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models examined the association between treatment setting and outcomes (i.e., opioid overdose, non-overdose opioid-related and all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and treatment retention) controlling for patient characteristics, co-morbidities, and use of medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD). Interaction models evaluated how MOUD use modified associations between treatment setting and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 3293 individuals treated for OUD, 957 (29\\\\%) received treatment in a residential facility. MOUD use was higher among those treated as an outpatient (43\\\\%) compared to residential (19\\\\%). The risk of opioid overdose (aHR 1.39; 95\\\\% CI 0.73-2.64) or an opioid-related emergency department encounter or admission (aHR 1.02; 95\\\\% CI 0.80-1.29) did not differ between treatment settings. Independent of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in overdose risk (aHR 0.45; 95\\\\% CI 0.23-0.89). Residential care was associated with greater odds of retention at 6-months (aOR 1.71; 95\\\\% CI 1.32-2.21) but not 1-year. Residential treatment was only associated with improved retention for individuals not receiving MOUD (6-month aOR 2.05; 95\\\\% CI 1.56-2.71) with no benefit observed in those who received MOUD (aOR 0.75; 95\\\\% CI 0.46-1.29; interaction p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to outpatient treatment, residential treatment was not associated with reductions in opioid overdose or opioid-related ED encounters/hospitalizations. Regardless of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in opioid overdose risk.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\\n\\tauthor = {Hartung, D. M. and Markwardt, S. and Johnston, K. and Geddes, J. and Baker, R. and Leichtling, G. and Hildebran, C. and Chan, B. and Cook, R. R. and McCarty, D. and Ghitza, U. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220819},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Medicaid, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Residential treatment, Retrospective Studies, Treatment, United States/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {45},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hartung, D. M.\",\"Markwardt, S.\",\"Johnston, K.\",\"Geddes, J.\",\"Baker, R.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Hildebran, C.\",\"Chan, B.\",\"Cook, R. R.\",\"McCarty, D.\",\"Ghitza, U.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"hartung_association_2022\",\"id\":\"hartung_association_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hartung-markwardt-johnston-geddes-baker-leichtling-hildebran-chan-etal-associationbetweentreatmentsettingandoutcomesamongoregonmedicaidpatientswithopioidusedisorderaretrospectivecohortstudy-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Opiate Overdose\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/therapy\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Humans\",\"Medicaid\",\"Medications for opioid use disorder\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Oregon\",\"Residential treatment\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Treatment\",\"United States/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Acceptability and Effectiveness of Hepatitis C Care at Syringe Service Programs for People Who Inject Drugs in New York City\",\"volume\":\"56\",\"issn\":\"1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/10826084.2021.1892142\",\"abstract\":\"Introduction/Objectives: The incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection is rising among people who inject drugs (PWID). Even in the context of known HCV prevention and treatment strategies, some PWID remain unengaged in HCV care. This study aimed to identify and characterize experiences and perceptions of PWID regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of HCV testing and treatment at a local syringe service program (SSP). Methods: A total of 36 PWID participated in semi-structured interviews at an SSP in New York City. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded by three coders, following a constructivist grounded theory approach. Relevant themes were identified as they emerged from the data. Results: Interviews with PWID revealed three themes related to the impact of SSPs on HCV care: (1) non-stigmatizing SSP environments, (2) the role of SSPs in improving HCV knowledge, and (3) acceptability of SSPs as sites for HCV care among PWID. Discussion: This paper contributes to the ongoing understanding that SSPs provide a well-accepted source of HCV services for PWID. Participants believed that SSPs are accessible and effective sites for HCV care, and suggested that stigma among PWID continues to affect receipt of HCV care in traditional settings. Conclusions: Understanding attitudes and beliefs of PWID regarding the effectiveness of SSPs as sites for HCV care is crucial for the development of focused strategies to reduce HCV transmission, and to ultimately achieve HCV elimination. Given this, further research is warranted investigating how best to improve HCV care at harm reduction sites such as SSPs.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"Subst Use Misuse\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Muncan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jordan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Perlman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ompad\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Walters\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8514132\",\"keywords\":\"*Cluster, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C/prevention & control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Syringe service programs, *people who inject drugs, *stigma, Cluster, Hepatitis C, Humans, New York City, Syringe service programs, Syringes, people who inject drugs, stigma\",\"pages\":\"728–737\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{muncan_acceptability_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Acceptability and {Effectiveness} of {Hepatitis} {C} {Care} at {Syringe} {Service} {Programs} for {People} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} in {New} {York} {City}},\\n\\tvolume = {56},\\n\\tissn = {1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2021.1892142},\\n\\tabstract = {Introduction/Objectives: The incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection is rising among people who inject drugs (PWID). Even in the context of known HCV prevention and treatment strategies, some PWID remain unengaged in HCV care. This study aimed to identify and characterize experiences and perceptions of PWID regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of HCV testing and treatment at a local syringe service program (SSP). Methods: A total of 36 PWID participated in semi-structured interviews at an SSP in New York City. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded by three coders, following a constructivist grounded theory approach. Relevant themes were identified as they emerged from the data. Results: Interviews with PWID revealed three themes related to the impact of SSPs on HCV care: (1) non-stigmatizing SSP environments, (2) the role of SSPs in improving HCV knowledge, and (3) acceptability of SSPs as sites for HCV care among PWID. Discussion: This paper contributes to the ongoing understanding that SSPs provide a well-accepted source of HCV services for PWID. Participants believed that SSPs are accessible and effective sites for HCV care, and suggested that stigma among PWID continues to affect receipt of HCV care in traditional settings. Conclusions: Understanding attitudes and beliefs of PWID regarding the effectiveness of SSPs as sites for HCV care is crucial for the development of focused strategies to reduce HCV transmission, and to ultimately achieve HCV elimination. Given this, further research is warranted investigating how best to improve HCV care at harm reduction sites such as SSPs.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {Subst Use Misuse},\\n\\tauthor = {Muncan, B. and Jordan, A. E. and Perlman, D. C. and Frank, D. and Ompad, D. C. and Walters, S. M.},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8514132},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Cluster, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C/prevention \\\\& control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Syringe service programs, *people who inject drugs, *stigma, Cluster, Hepatitis C, Humans, New York City, Syringe service programs, Syringes, people who inject drugs, stigma},\\n\\tpages = {728--737},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Muncan, B.\",\"Jordan, A. E.\",\"Perlman, D. C.\",\"Frank, D.\",\"Ompad, D. C.\",\"Walters, S. M.\"],\"key\":\"muncan_acceptability_2021\",\"id\":\"muncan_acceptability_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"muncan-jordan-perlman-frank-ompad-walters-acceptabilityandeffectivenessofhepatitisccareatsyringeserviceprogramsforpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinnewyorkcity-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Cluster\",\"*Hepatitis C\",\"*Hepatitis C/prevention & control\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous\",\"*Syringe service programs\",\"*people who inject drugs\",\"*stigma\",\"Cluster\",\"Hepatitis C\",\"Humans\",\"New York City\",\"Syringe service programs\",\"Syringes\",\"people who inject drugs\",\"stigma\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A Vulnerability Assessment for a Future HIV Outbreak Associated With Injection Drug Use in Illinois, 2017-2018\",\"volume\":\"6\",\"issn\":\"2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fsoc.2021.652672\",\"abstract\":\"The current opioid crisis and the increase in injection drug use (IDU) have led to outbreaks of HIV in communities across the country. These outbreaks have prompted country and statewide examination into identifying factors to determine areas at risk of a future HIV outbreak. Based on methodology used in a prior nationwide county-level analysis by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we examined Illinois at the ZIP code level (n = 1,383). Combined acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons \\\\textless40 years of age was used as an outcome proxy measure for IDU. Local and statewide data sources were used to identify variables that are potentially predictive of high risk for HIV/HCV transmission that fell within three main groups: health outcomes, access/resources, and the social/economic/physical environment. A multivariable negative binomial regression was performed with population as an offset. The vulnerability score for each ZIP code was created using the final regression model that consisted of 11 factors, six risk factors, and five protective factors. ZIP codes identified with the highest vulnerability ranking (top 10%) were distributed across the state yet focused in the rural southern region. The most populous county, Cook County, had only one vulnerable ZIP code. This analysis reveals more areas vulnerable to future outbreaks compared to past national analyses and provides more precise indications of vulnerability at the ZIP code level. The ability to assess the risk at sub-county level allows local jurisdictions to more finely tune surveillance and preventive measures and target activities in these high-risk areas. The final model contained a mix of protective and risk factors revealing a heightened level of complexity underlying the relationship between characteristics that impact HCV risk. Following this analysis, Illinois prioritized recommendations to include increasing access to harm reduction services, specifically sterile syringe services, naloxone access, infectious disease screening and increased linkage to care for HCV and opioid use disorder.\",\"journal\":\"Front Sociol\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bergo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Epstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoferka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kolak\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pho\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8170011\",\"keywords\":\"Hiv, commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential, conflict of interest., hepatitis C (HCV) infection, infectious disease, injection drug abuse, outbreak, vulnerability analysis\",\"pages\":\"652672\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bergo_vulnerability_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {A {Vulnerability} {Assessment} for a {Future} {HIV} {Outbreak} {Associated} {With} {Injection} {Drug} {Use} in {Illinois}, 2017-2018},\\n\\tvolume = {6},\\n\\tissn = {2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3389/fsoc.2021.652672},\\n\\tabstract = {The current opioid crisis and the increase in injection drug use (IDU) have led to outbreaks of HIV in communities across the country. These outbreaks have prompted country and statewide examination into identifying factors to determine areas at risk of a future HIV outbreak. Based on methodology used in a prior nationwide county-level analysis by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we examined Illinois at the ZIP code level (n = 1,383). Combined acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons {\\\\textless}40 years of age was used as an outcome proxy measure for IDU. Local and statewide data sources were used to identify variables that are potentially predictive of high risk for HIV/HCV transmission that fell within three main groups: health outcomes, access/resources, and the social/economic/physical environment. A multivariable negative binomial regression was performed with population as an offset. The vulnerability score for each ZIP code was created using the final regression model that consisted of 11 factors, six risk factors, and five protective factors. ZIP codes identified with the highest vulnerability ranking (top 10\\\\%) were distributed across the state yet focused in the rural southern region. The most populous county, Cook County, had only one vulnerable ZIP code. This analysis reveals more areas vulnerable to future outbreaks compared to past national analyses and provides more precise indications of vulnerability at the ZIP code level. The ability to assess the risk at sub-county level allows local jurisdictions to more finely tune surveillance and preventive measures and target activities in these high-risk areas. The final model contained a mix of protective and risk factors revealing a heightened level of complexity underlying the relationship between characteristics that impact HCV risk. Following this analysis, Illinois prioritized recommendations to include increasing access to harm reduction services, specifically sterile syringe services, naloxone access, infectious disease screening and increased linkage to care for HCV and opioid use disorder.},\\n\\tjournal = {Front Sociol},\\n\\tauthor = {Bergo, C. J. and Epstein, J. R. and Hoferka, S. and Kolak, M. A. and Pho, M. T.},\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8170011},\\n\\tkeywords = {Hiv, commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential, conflict of interest., hepatitis C (HCV) infection, infectious disease, injection drug abuse, outbreak, vulnerability analysis},\\n\\tpages = {652672},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bergo, C. J.\",\"Epstein, J. R.\",\"Hoferka, S.\",\"Kolak, M. A.\",\"Pho, M. T.\"],\"key\":\"bergo_vulnerability_2021\",\"id\":\"bergo_vulnerability_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bergo-epstein-hoferka-kolak-pho-avulnerabilityassessmentforafuturehivoutbreakassociatedwithinjectiondruguseinillinois20172018-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Hiv\",\"commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential\",\"conflict of interest.\",\"hepatitis C (HCV) infection\",\"infectious disease\",\"injection drug abuse\",\"outbreak\",\"vulnerability analysis\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders\",\"volume\":\"216\",\"issn\":\"03768716\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108193\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Drug and Alcohol Dependence\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Brian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Michele\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ayers\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chelsea\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Paynter\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kondo\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karli\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kansagara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Devan\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Amphetamine, *Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Cocaine, *Pharmacotherapy, *Stimulant, *Substance use disorder, *Systematic review, Amphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Antidepressive Agents, Cocaine, Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Female, Humans, Methadone, Naltrexone, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pharmacotherapy, Stimulant, Substance use disorder, Systematic review\",\"pages\":\"108193\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{chan_systematic_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders},\\n\\tvolume = {216},\\n\\tissn = {03768716},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108193},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},\\n\\tauthor = {Chan, Brian and Freeman, Michele and Ayers, Chelsea and Korthuis, P. Todd and Paynter, Robin and Kondo, Karli and Kansagara, Devan},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Amphetamine, *Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Cocaine, *Pharmacotherapy, *Stimulant, *Substance use disorder, *Systematic review, Amphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Antidepressive Agents, Cocaine, Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Female, Humans, Methadone, Naltrexone, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pharmacotherapy, Stimulant, Substance use disorder, Systematic review},\\n\\tpages = {108193},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Chan, B.\",\"Freeman, M.\",\"Ayers, C.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Paynter, R.\",\"Kondo, K.\",\"Kansagara, D.\"],\"key\":\"chan_systematic_2020\",\"id\":\"chan_systematic_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"chan-freeman-ayers-korthuis-paynter-kondo-kansagara-asystematicreviewandmetaanalysisofmedicationsforstimulantusedisordersinpatientswithcooccurringopioidusedisorders-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Amphetamine\",\"*Central Nervous System Stimulants\",\"*Cocaine\",\"*Pharmacotherapy\",\"*Stimulant\",\"*Substance use disorder\",\"*Systematic review\",\"Amphetamine\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid\",\"Antidepressive Agents\",\"Cocaine\",\"Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Female\",\"Humans\",\"Methadone\",\"Naltrexone\",\"Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology\",\"Pharmacotherapy\",\"Stimulant\",\"Substance use disorder\",\"Systematic review\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A statewide effort to reduce high-dose opioid prescribing through coordinated care organizations\",\"volume\":\"86\",\"issn\":\"03064603\",\"url\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.020\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"Addictive Behaviors\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hartung\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alley\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lindsey\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Gillian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"Todd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hildebran\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christi\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"keywords\":\"*Coordinated care, *Opioid, *Opioid policy, *Opioid safety interventions, *Pain Management, *Practice Patterns, Physicians', *Prescribing limits, *Tapering, Analgesics, Opioid/*administration & dosage, Community Health Services/*organization & administration, Coordinated care, Humans, Medicaid, Opioid, Opioid policy, Opioid safety interventions, Oregon, Organizational Policy, Prescribing limits, Tapering, United States\",\"pages\":\"32–39\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hartung_statewide_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {A statewide effort to reduce high-dose opioid prescribing through coordinated care organizations},\\n\\tvolume = {86},\\n\\tissn = {03064603},\\n\\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.020},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {Addictive Behaviors},\\n\\tauthor = {Hartung, Daniel M. and Alley, Lindsey and Leichtling, Gillian and Korthuis, P. Todd and Hildebran, Christi},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Coordinated care, *Opioid, *Opioid policy, *Opioid safety interventions, *Pain Management, *Practice Patterns, Physicians', *Prescribing limits, *Tapering, Analgesics, Opioid/*administration \\\\& dosage, Community Health Services/*organization \\\\& administration, Coordinated care, Humans, Medicaid, Opioid, Opioid policy, Opioid safety interventions, Oregon, Organizational Policy, Prescribing limits, Tapering, United States},\\n\\tpages = {32--39},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hartung, D. M.\",\"Alley, L.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Hildebran, C.\"],\"key\":\"hartung_statewide_2018\",\"id\":\"hartung_statewide_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hartung-alley-leichtling-korthuis-hildebran-astatewideefforttoreducehighdoseopioidprescribingthroughcoordinatedcareorganizations-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Coordinated care\",\"*Opioid\",\"*Opioid policy\",\"*Opioid safety interventions\",\"*Pain Management\",\"*Practice Patterns\",\"Physicians'\",\"*Prescribing limits\",\"*Tapering\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/*administration & dosage\",\"Community Health Services/*organization & administration\",\"Coordinated care\",\"Humans\",\"Medicaid\",\"Opioid\",\"Opioid policy\",\"Opioid safety interventions\",\"Oregon\",\"Organizational Policy\",\"Prescribing limits\",\"Tapering\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A qualitative study on pharmacy policies toward over-the-counter syringe sales in a rural epicenter of US drug-related epidemics\",\"volume\":\"19\",\"issn\":\"1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12954-021-00569-2\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Expanding access to sterile syringes in rural areas is vital, as injection-related epidemics expand beyond metropolitan areas globally. While pharmacies have potential to be an easily accessible source of sterile syringes, research in cities has identified moral, legal and ethical barriers that preclude over-the-counter (OTC) sales to people who inject drugs (PWID). The current study builds on prior urban-based research by elucidating (1) pharmacy OTC policies and (2) pharmacists' rationale for, and barriers and facilitators to, OTC syringe sales in a US rural area hard hit by drug-related epidemics. METHODS: We conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with pharmacists recruited from two Eastern Kentucky health districts. Interview domains included experiences with, and attitudes toward, selling OTC syringes to PWID. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to analyze verbatim transcripts. RESULTS: Most pharmacists operated \\\"restrictive OTC\\\" pharmacies (n = 8), where patients were required to have a prescription or proof of medical need to purchase a syringe. The remainder (n = 6) operated \\\"open OTC\\\" pharmacies, which allowed OTC syringe sales to most patients. Both groups believed their pharmacy policies protected their community and pharmacy from further drug-related harm, but diverging policies emerged because of stigma toward PWID, perceptions of Kentucky law, and belief OTC syringe sales were harmful rather than protective to the community. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that restrictive OTC pharmacy policies are rooted in stigmatizing views of PWID. Anti-stigma education about substance use disorder (SUD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Hepatitis C (HCV) is likely needed to truly shift restrictive pharmacy policy.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Harm Reduct J\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fadanelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Freeman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8742380\",\"keywords\":\"*Epidemics/prevention & control, *HIV Infections/prevention & control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitudes, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, People who inject drugs, Pharmacy, Policy, Qualitative, Risk environment framework, Rural, Syringe sale, Syringes\",\"pages\":\"1\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{fadanelli_qualitative_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {A qualitative study on pharmacy policies toward over-the-counter syringe sales in a rural epicenter of {US} drug-related epidemics},\\n\\tvolume = {19},\\n\\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00569-2},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Expanding access to sterile syringes in rural areas is vital, as injection-related epidemics expand beyond metropolitan areas globally. While pharmacies have potential to be an easily accessible source of sterile syringes, research in cities has identified moral, legal and ethical barriers that preclude over-the-counter (OTC) sales to people who inject drugs (PWID). The current study builds on prior urban-based research by elucidating (1) pharmacy OTC policies and (2) pharmacists' rationale for, and barriers and facilitators to, OTC syringe sales in a US rural area hard hit by drug-related epidemics. METHODS: We conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with pharmacists recruited from two Eastern Kentucky health districts. Interview domains included experiences with, and attitudes toward, selling OTC syringes to PWID. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to analyze verbatim transcripts. RESULTS: Most pharmacists operated \\\"restrictive OTC\\\" pharmacies (n = 8), where patients were required to have a prescription or proof of medical need to purchase a syringe. The remainder (n = 6) operated \\\"open OTC\\\" pharmacies, which allowed OTC syringe sales to most patients. Both groups believed their pharmacy policies protected their community and pharmacy from further drug-related harm, but diverging policies emerged because of stigma toward PWID, perceptions of Kentucky law, and belief OTC syringe sales were harmful rather than protective to the community. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that restrictive OTC pharmacy policies are rooted in stigmatizing views of PWID. Anti-stigma education about substance use disorder (SUD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Hepatitis C (HCV) is likely needed to truly shift restrictive pharmacy policy.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\\n\\tauthor = {Fadanelli, M. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Freeman, P. R. and Ballard, A. M. and Ibragimov, U. and Young, A. M.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8742380},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Epidemics/prevention \\\\& control, *HIV Infections/prevention \\\\& control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitudes, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, People who inject drugs, Pharmacy, Policy, Qualitative, Risk environment framework, Rural, Syringe sale, Syringes},\\n\\tpages = {1},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Fadanelli, M.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\",\"Freeman, P. R.\",\"Ballard, A. M.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Young, A. M.\"],\"key\":\"fadanelli_qualitative_2022\",\"id\":\"fadanelli_qualitative_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"fadanelli-cooper-freeman-ballard-ibragimov-young-aqualitativestudyonpharmacypoliciestowardoverthecountersyringesalesinaruralepicenterofusdrugrelatedepidemics-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Epidemics/prevention & control\",\"*HIV Infections/prevention & control\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"*Pharmacies\",\"*Pharmacy\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous\",\"Attitude of Health Personnel\",\"Attitudes\",\"Hcv\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"People who inject drugs\",\"Pharmacy\",\"Policy\",\"Qualitative\",\"Risk environment framework\",\"Rural\",\"Syringe sale\",\"Syringes\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance\",\"volume\":\"21\",\"issn\":\"1472-6939\",\"shorttitle\":\"A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic\",\"url\":\"https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Background The opioid epidemic has enabled rapid and unsurpassed use of big data on people with opioid use disorder to design initiatives to battle the public health crisis, generally without adequate input from impacted communities. Efforts informed by big data are saving lives, yielding significant benefits. Uses of big data may also undermine public trust in government and cause other unintended harms. Objectives We aimed to identify concerns and recommendations regarding how to use big data on opioid use in ethical ways. Methods We conducted focus groups and interviews in 2019 with 39 big data stakeholders (gatekeepers, researchers, patient advocates) who had interest in or knowledge of the Public Health Data Warehouse maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Results Concerns regarding big data on opioid use are rooted in potential privacy infringements due to linkage of previously distinct data systems, increased profiling and surveillance capabilities, limitless lifespan, and lack of explicit informed consent. Also problematic is the inability of affected groups to control how big data are used, the potential of big data to increase stigmatization and discrimination of those affected despite data anonymization, and uses that ignore or perpetuate biases. Participants support big data processes that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions. Recommendations for ethical big data governance offer ways to narrow the big data divide (e.g., prioritize health equity, set off-limits topics/methods, recognize blind spots), enact shared data governance (e.g., establish community advisory boards), cultivate public trust and earn social license for big data uses (e.g., institute safeguards and other stewardship responsibilities, engage the public, communicate the greater good), and refocus ethical approaches. Conclusions Using big data to address the opioid epidemic poses ethical concerns which, if unaddressed, may undermine its benefits. Findings can inform guidelines on how to conduct ethical big data governance and in ways that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-03-01\",\"journal\":\"BMC Medical Ethics\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Delorme\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Elizabeth\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cyr\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Karl\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Goldstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2020\",\"keywords\":\"*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Big Data, *Big data, *Data governance, *Opioid epidemic, *Public health ethics, *Qualitative methods, Big data, Data Anonymization, Data governance, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Public health ethics, Qualitative Research, Qualitative methods\",\"pages\":\"101\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{evans_qualitative_2020,\\n\\ttitle = {A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance},\\n\\tvolume = {21},\\n\\tissn = {1472-6939},\\n\\tshorttitle = {A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic},\\n\\turl = {https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract \\n             \\n              Background \\n              The opioid epidemic has enabled rapid and unsurpassed use of big data on people with opioid use disorder to design initiatives to battle the public health crisis, generally without adequate input from impacted communities. Efforts informed by big data are saving lives, yielding significant benefits. Uses of big data may also undermine public trust in government and cause other unintended harms. \\n             \\n             \\n              Objectives \\n              We aimed to identify concerns and recommendations regarding how to use big data on opioid use in ethical ways. \\n             \\n             \\n              Methods \\n              We conducted focus groups and interviews in 2019 with 39 big data stakeholders (gatekeepers, researchers, patient advocates) who had interest in or knowledge of the Public Health Data Warehouse maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. \\n             \\n             \\n              Results \\n              Concerns regarding big data on opioid use are rooted in potential privacy infringements due to linkage of previously distinct data systems, increased profiling and surveillance capabilities, limitless lifespan, and lack of explicit informed consent. Also problematic is the inability of affected groups to control how big data are used, the potential of big data to increase stigmatization and discrimination of those affected despite data anonymization, and uses that ignore or perpetuate biases. Participants support big data processes that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions. Recommendations for ethical big data governance offer ways to narrow the big data divide (e.g., prioritize health equity, set off-limits topics/methods, recognize blind spots), enact shared data governance (e.g., establish community advisory boards), cultivate public trust and earn social license for big data uses (e.g., institute safeguards and other stewardship responsibilities, engage the public, communicate the greater good), and refocus ethical approaches. \\n             \\n             \\n              Conclusions \\n              Using big data to address the opioid epidemic poses ethical concerns which, if unaddressed, may undermine its benefits. Findings can inform guidelines on how to conduct ethical big data governance and in ways that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-03-01},\\n\\tjournal = {BMC Medical Ethics},\\n\\tauthor = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Delorme, Elizabeth and Cyr, Karl and Goldstein, Daniel M.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2020},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Big Data, *Big data, *Data governance, *Opioid epidemic, *Public health ethics, *Qualitative methods, Big data, Data Anonymization, Data governance, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Public health ethics, Qualitative Research, Qualitative methods},\\n\\tpages = {101},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Delorme, E.\",\"Cyr, K.\",\"Goldstein, D. M.\"],\"key\":\"evans_qualitative_2020\",\"id\":\"evans_qualitative_2020\",\"bibbaseid\":\"evans-delorme-cyr-goldstein-aqualitativestudyofbigdataandtheopioidepidemicrecommendationsfordatagovernance-2020\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Analgesics\",\"Opioid/adverse effects\",\"*Big Data\",\"*Big data\",\"*Data governance\",\"*Opioid epidemic\",\"*Public health ethics\",\"*Qualitative methods\",\"Big data\",\"Data Anonymization\",\"Data governance\",\"Humans\",\"Opioid Epidemic\",\"Public health ethics\",\"Qualitative Research\",\"Qualitative methods\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A qualitative analysis of rural syringe service program fidelity in Appalachian Kentucky: Staff and participant perspectives\",\"issn\":\"1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/jrh.12715\",\"abstract\":\"PURPOSE: As drug-related epidemics have expanded from cities to rural areas, syringe service programs (SSPs) and other harm reduction programs have been slow to follow. The recent implementation of SSPs in rural areas demands attention to program fidelity based on core components of SSP success. METHODS: Semistructured interviews conducted with clients and staff at 5 SSPs in 5 counties within 2 Central Appalachian health districts. Interviews covered fidelity of SSP implementation to 6 core components: (1) meet needs for harm reduction supplies; (2) education and counseling for sexual, injection, and overdose risks; (3) cooperation between SSPs and local law enforcement; (4) provide other health and social services; (5) ensure low threshold access to services; and (6) promote dignity, the impact of poor fidelity on vulnerability to drug-related harms, and the risk environment's influence on program fidelity. We applied thematic methods to analyze the data. FINDINGS: Rural SSPs were mostly faithful to the 6 core components. Deviations from core components can be attributed to certain characteristics of the local rural risk environment outlined in the risk environment model, including geographic remoteness, lack of resources and underdeveloped infrastructure, and stigma against people who inject drugs (PWID) CONCLUSIONS: As drug-related epidemics continue to expand outside cities, scaling up SSPs to serve rural PWID is essential. Future research should explore whether the risk environment features identified also influence SSP fidelity in other rural areas and develop and test strategies to strengthen core components in these vulnerable areas.\",\"journal\":\"J Rural Health\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Batty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fadanelli\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gross\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ballard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lockard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Oser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220918\",\"keywords\":\"*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/psychology, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, Syringes, harm reduction, hepatitis C, rural\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{batty_qualitative_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {A qualitative analysis of rural syringe service program fidelity in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {Staff} and participant perspectives},\\n\\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12715},\\n\\tabstract = {PURPOSE: As drug-related epidemics have expanded from cities to rural areas, syringe service programs (SSPs) and other harm reduction programs have been slow to follow. The recent implementation of SSPs in rural areas demands attention to program fidelity based on core components of SSP success. METHODS: Semistructured interviews conducted with clients and staff at 5 SSPs in 5 counties within 2 Central Appalachian health districts. Interviews covered fidelity of SSP implementation to 6 core components: (1) meet needs for harm reduction supplies; (2) education and counseling for sexual, injection, and overdose risks; (3) cooperation between SSPs and local law enforcement; (4) provide other health and social services; (5) ensure low threshold access to services; and (6) promote dignity, the impact of poor fidelity on vulnerability to drug-related harms, and the risk environment's influence on program fidelity. We applied thematic methods to analyze the data. FINDINGS: Rural SSPs were mostly faithful to the 6 core components. Deviations from core components can be attributed to certain characteristics of the local rural risk environment outlined in the risk environment model, including geographic remoteness, lack of resources and underdeveloped infrastructure, and stigma against people who inject drugs (PWID) CONCLUSIONS: As drug-related epidemics continue to expand outside cities, scaling up SSPs to serve rural PWID is essential. Future research should explore whether the risk environment features identified also influence SSP fidelity in other rural areas and develop and test strategies to strengthen core components in these vulnerable areas.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\\n\\tauthor = {Batty, E. J. and Ibragimov, U. and Fadanelli, M. and Gross, S. and Cooper, K. and Klein, E. and Ballard, A. M. and Young, A. M. and Lockard, A. S. and Oser, C. B. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220918},\\n\\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/psychology, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, Syringes, harm reduction, hepatitis C, rural},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Batty, E. J.\",\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Fadanelli, M.\",\"Gross, S.\",\"Cooper, K.\",\"Klein, E.\",\"Ballard, A. M.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Lockard, A. S.\",\"Oser, C. B.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\"],\"key\":\"batty_qualitative_2022\",\"id\":\"batty_qualitative_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"batty-ibragimov-fadanelli-gross-cooper-klein-ballard-young-etal-aqualitativeanalysisofruralsyringeserviceprogramfidelityinappalachiankentuckystaffandparticipantperspectives-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151\"},\"keyword\":[\"*HIV Infections/epidemiology\",\"*Substance Abuse\",\"Intravenous/epidemiology/psychology\",\"Appalachian Region/epidemiology\",\"Hiv\",\"Humans\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Needle-Exchange Programs\",\"Syringes\",\"harm reduction\",\"hepatitis C\",\"rural\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A hepatitis C elimination model in healthcare for the homeless organization: A novel reflexive laboratory algorithm and equity assessment\",\"volume\":\"96\",\"issn\":\"1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103359\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Reaching World Health Organization hepatitis C (HCV) elimination targets requires diagnosis and treatment of people who use drugs (PWUD) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). PWUD experience challenges engaging in HCV treatment, including needing multiple provider and laboratory appointments. Women, minoritized racial communities, and homeless individuals are less likely to complete treatment. METHODS: We implemented a streamlined opt-out HCV screening and linkage-to-care program in two healthcare for the homeless clinics and a medically supported withdrawal center. Front-line staff initiated a single-order reflex laboratory bundle combining screening, confirmation, and pre-treatment laboratory evaluation from a single blood draw. Multinomial logistic regression models identified characteristics influencing movement through each stage of the HCV treatment cascade. Multiple logistic regression models identified patient characteristics associated with HCV care cascade progression and Cox proportional hazards models assessed time to initiation of DAAs. RESULTS: Of 11,035 clients engaged in services between May 2017 and March 2020, 3,607 (32.7%) were screened. Of those screened, 1,020 (28.3%) were HCV PCR positive. Of those with detectable RNA, 712 (69.8%) initiated treatment and 670 (94.1%) completed treatment. Of those initiating treatment, 407 (57.2%) achieved SVR12. There were eight treatment failures and six reinfections. In the unadjusted model, the bundle intervention was associated with increased care cascade progression, and in the survival analysis, decreased time to initiation; these differences were attenuated in the adjusted model. Women were less likely to complete treatment and SVR12 labs than men. Homelessness increased likelihood of screening and diagnosis but was negatively associated with completing SVR12 labs. Presence of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses predicted increased care cascade progression. CONCLUSIONS: The laboratory bundle and referral pathways improved treatment initiation, time to initiation, and movement across the cascade. Despite overall population improvements, women and homeless individuals experienced important gaps across the HCV care cascade.\",\"journal\":\"Int J Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Geduldig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ronan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Chan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Priest\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8720290\",\"keywords\":\"*Gender, *HCV Elimination, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Homeless Persons, *Ill-Housed Persons, *People Who Inject Drugs, *People experiencing homelessness, *Race, Algorithms, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Gender, HCV Elimination, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Laboratories, Male, People Who Inject Drugs, People experiencing homelessness, Race\",\"pages\":\"103359\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{seaman_hepatitis_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {A hepatitis {C} elimination model in healthcare for the homeless organization: {A} novel reflexive laboratory algorithm and equity assessment},\\n\\tvolume = {96},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103359},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Reaching World Health Organization hepatitis C (HCV) elimination targets requires diagnosis and treatment of people who use drugs (PWUD) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). PWUD experience challenges engaging in HCV treatment, including needing multiple provider and laboratory appointments. Women, minoritized racial communities, and homeless individuals are less likely to complete treatment. METHODS: We implemented a streamlined opt-out HCV screening and linkage-to-care program in two healthcare for the homeless clinics and a medically supported withdrawal center. Front-line staff initiated a single-order reflex laboratory bundle combining screening, confirmation, and pre-treatment laboratory evaluation from a single blood draw. Multinomial logistic regression models identified characteristics influencing movement through each stage of the HCV treatment cascade. Multiple logistic regression models identified patient characteristics associated with HCV care cascade progression and Cox proportional hazards models assessed time to initiation of DAAs. RESULTS: Of 11,035 clients engaged in services between May 2017 and March 2020, 3,607 (32.7\\\\%) were screened. Of those screened, 1,020 (28.3\\\\%) were HCV PCR positive. Of those with detectable RNA, 712 (69.8\\\\%) initiated treatment and 670 (94.1\\\\%) completed treatment. Of those initiating treatment, 407 (57.2\\\\%) achieved SVR12. There were eight treatment failures and six reinfections. In the unadjusted model, the bundle intervention was associated with increased care cascade progression, and in the survival analysis, decreased time to initiation; these differences were attenuated in the adjusted model. Women were less likely to complete treatment and SVR12 labs than men. Homelessness increased likelihood of screening and diagnosis but was negatively associated with completing SVR12 labs. Presence of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses predicted increased care cascade progression. CONCLUSIONS: The laboratory bundle and referral pathways improved treatment initiation, time to initiation, and movement across the cascade. Despite overall population improvements, women and homeless individuals experienced important gaps across the HCV care cascade.},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Seaman, A. and King, C. A. and Kaser, T. and Geduldig, A. and Ronan, W. and Cook, R. and Chan, B. and Levander, X. A. and Priest, K. C. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8720290},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Gender, *HCV Elimination, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Homeless Persons, *Ill-Housed Persons, *People Who Inject Drugs, *People experiencing homelessness, *Race, Algorithms, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Gender, HCV Elimination, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Laboratories, Male, People Who Inject Drugs, People experiencing homelessness, Race},\\n\\tpages = {103359},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Seaman, A.\",\"King, C. A.\",\"Kaser, T.\",\"Geduldig, A.\",\"Ronan, W.\",\"Cook, R.\",\"Chan, B.\",\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Priest, K. C.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"seaman_hepatitis_2021\",\"id\":\"seaman_hepatitis_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"seaman-king-kaser-geduldig-ronan-cook-chan-levander-etal-ahepatitisceliminationmodelinhealthcareforthehomelessorganizationanovelreflexivelaboratoryalgorithmandequityassessment-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Gender\",\"*HCV Elimination\",\"*Hepatitis C\",\"*Hepatitis C\",\"Chronic/drug therapy\",\"*Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy\",\"*Homeless Persons\",\"*Ill-Housed Persons\",\"*People Who Inject Drugs\",\"*People experiencing homelessness\",\"*Race\",\"Algorithms\",\"Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use\",\"Delivery of Health Care\",\"Female\",\"Gender\",\"HCV Elimination\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hepatitis C\",\"Humans\",\"Laboratories\",\"Male\",\"People Who Inject Drugs\",\"People experiencing homelessness\",\"Race\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA\",\"volume\":\"22\",\"issn\":\"1745-6215 (Electronic) 1745-6215 (Linking)\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. METHODS: We recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models. RESULTS: Most participants were male (55%) and preferred methamphetamine (36%) over heroin (35%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.99). CONCLUSIONS: Beyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Trials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hetrick\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Elman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bielavitz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alexander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brown\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Waddell\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lancaster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"December\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pmcid\":\"PMC8690874\",\"keywords\":\"*Motivation, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Injection drug use, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Ohio, Opioid, Participant retention, Recruitment, Rural, Substance use\",\"pages\":\"948\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hetrick_cross-sectional_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural {USA}},\\n\\tvolume = {22},\\n\\tissn = {1745-6215 (Electronic) 1745-6215 (Linking)},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. METHODS: We recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models. RESULTS: Most participants were male (55\\\\%) and preferred methamphetamine (36\\\\%) over heroin (35\\\\%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95\\\\% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95\\\\% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95\\\\% CI: 1.51, 2.99). CONCLUSIONS: Beyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Trials},\\n\\tauthor = {Hetrick, A. T. and Young, A. M. and Elman, M. R. and Bielavitz, S. and Alexander, R. L. and Brown, M. and Waddell, E. N. and Korthuis, P. T. and Lancaster, K. E.},\\n\\tmonth = dec,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpmcid = {PMC8690874},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Motivation, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Injection drug use, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Ohio, Opioid, Participant retention, Recruitment, Rural, Substance use},\\n\\tpages = {948},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hetrick, A. T.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Elman, M. R.\",\"Bielavitz, S.\",\"Alexander, R. L.\",\"Brown, M.\",\"Waddell, E. N.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Lancaster, K. E.\"],\"key\":\"hetrick_cross-sectional_2021\",\"id\":\"hetrick_cross-sectional_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hetrick-young-elman-bielavitz-alexander-brown-waddell-korthuis-etal-acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"*Motivation\",\"*Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"Cross-Sectional Studies\",\"Humans\",\"Injection drug use\",\"Kentucky/epidemiology\",\"Male\",\"Ohio\",\"Opioid\",\"Participant retention\",\"Recruitment\",\"Rural\",\"Substance use\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characteristics of xylazine-related deaths in West Virginia-Xylazine-related deaths\",\"volume\":\"32\",\"issn\":\"1521-0391 (Electronic) 1055-0496 (Print) 1055-0496 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/ajad.13365\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The involvement of xylazine, a veterinary drug, in West Virginia (WV) human drug-related deaths was examined. METHODS: WV drug deaths from 2019 (when xylazine was first identified) to mid-2021. Characteristics including toxicology findings were compared between xylazine and nonxylazine deaths. RESULTS: Of 3292 drug deaths, 117 involved xylazine, and the proportions of deaths with it have increased (1% [2019] to 5% [mid-2021)]. Xylazine decedents had more cointoxicants, with fentanyl (98%) predominant followed by methamphetamine. Xylazine decedents had a significantly greater history of drug or alcohol misuse and hepatic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: In one of the largest analyses of xylazine-involved deaths in a predominantly rural state, identification of xylazine was increasing with multiple cointoxicants (especially fentanyl), and was present in a few deaths with only one other substance involved. Health professionals should be aware of possible enhanced toxicity from xylazine ingestion especially since naloxone does not reverse xylazine's adverse effects.\",\"number\":\"3\",\"journal\":\"Am J Addict\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Sibbesen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lundstrom\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20221212\",\"keywords\":\"*Drug Overdose, *Xylazine/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, West Virginia/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"309–313\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{sibbesen_characteristics_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Characteristics of xylazine-related deaths in {West} {Virginia}-{Xylazine}-related deaths},\\n\\tvolume = {32},\\n\\tissn = {1521-0391 (Electronic) 1055-0496 (Print) 1055-0496 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1111/ajad.13365},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The involvement of xylazine, a veterinary drug, in West Virginia (WV) human drug-related deaths was examined. METHODS: WV drug deaths from 2019 (when xylazine was first identified) to mid-2021. Characteristics including toxicology findings were compared between xylazine and nonxylazine deaths. RESULTS: Of 3292 drug deaths, 117 involved xylazine, and the proportions of deaths with it have increased (1\\\\% [2019] to 5\\\\% [mid-2021)]. Xylazine decedents had more cointoxicants, with fentanyl (98\\\\%) predominant followed by methamphetamine. Xylazine decedents had a significantly greater history of drug or alcohol misuse and hepatic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: In one of the largest analyses of xylazine-involved deaths in a predominantly rural state, identification of xylazine was increasing with multiple cointoxicants (especially fentanyl), and was present in a few deaths with only one other substance involved. Health professionals should be aware of possible enhanced toxicity from xylazine ingestion especially since naloxone does not reverse xylazine's adverse effects.},\\n\\tnumber = {3},\\n\\tjournal = {Am J Addict},\\n\\tauthor = {Sibbesen, J. and Abate, M. A. and Dai, Z. and Smith, G. S. and Lundstrom, E. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20221212},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Xylazine/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, West Virginia/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {309--313},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Sibbesen, J.\",\"Abate, M. A.\",\"Dai, Z.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Lundstrom, E.\",\"Kraner, J. C.\",\"Mock, A. R.\"],\"key\":\"sibbesen_characteristics_2023\",\"id\":\"sibbesen_characteristics_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"sibbesen-abate-dai-smith-lundstrom-kraner-mock-characteristicsofxylazinerelateddeathsinwestvirginiaxylazinerelateddeaths-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Drug Overdose\",\"*Xylazine/adverse effects\",\"Fentanyl/adverse effects\",\"Humans\",\"West Virginia/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Jail-based reentry programming to support continued treatment with medications for opioid use disorder: Qualitative perspectives and experiences among jail staff in Massachusetts\",\"volume\":\"109\",\"issn\":\"1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103823\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Individuals with opioid use disorder released to communities after incarceration experience an elevated risk for overdose death. Massachusetts is the first state to mandate county jails to deliver all FDA approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). The present study considered perspectives around coordination of post-release care among jail staff engaged in MOUD programs focused on coordination of care to the community. METHODS: Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 jail staff involved in implementation of MOUD programs. Interview guide development, and coding and analysis of qualitative data were guided by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Deductive and inductive approaches were used for coding and themes were organized using the EPIS. RESULTS: Salient themes in the inner context focused on the elements of reentry planning that influence coordination of post-release care including timing of initiation, staff knowledge about availability of MOUD in community settings, and internal collaborations. Findings on bridging factors highlighted the importance of interagency communication to follow pre-scheduled release dates and use of bridge scripts to minimize the gap in treatment during the transition. Use of navigators was an additional factor that influenced MOUD initiation and engagement in community settings. Outer context findings indicated partnerships with community providers and timely reinstatement of health insurance coverage as critical factors that influence coordination of post-release care. CONCLUSIONS: Coordination of MOUD post-release continuity of care requires training supporting staff in reentry planning as well as resources to enhance internal collaborations and bridging partnerships between in-jail MOUD programs and community MOUD providers. In addition, efforts to reduce systemic barriers related to unanticipated timing of release and reinstatement of health insurance coverage are needed to optimize seamless post-release care.\",\"journal\":\"Int J Drug Policy\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Matsumoto\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Santelices\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Evans\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Pivovarova\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stopka\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ferguson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Friedmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"November\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220819\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/prevention & control/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts, Medication for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Post-release coordination of care\",\"pages\":\"103823\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{matsumoto_jail-based_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Jail-based reentry programming to support continued treatment with medications for opioid use disorder: {Qualitative} perspectives and experiences among jail staff in {Massachusetts}},\\n\\tvolume = {109},\\n\\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103823},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with opioid use disorder released to communities after incarceration experience an elevated risk for overdose death. Massachusetts is the first state to mandate county jails to deliver all FDA approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). The present study considered perspectives around coordination of post-release care among jail staff engaged in MOUD programs focused on coordination of care to the community. METHODS: Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 jail staff involved in implementation of MOUD programs. Interview guide development, and coding and analysis of qualitative data were guided by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Deductive and inductive approaches were used for coding and themes were organized using the EPIS. RESULTS: Salient themes in the inner context focused on the elements of reentry planning that influence coordination of post-release care including timing of initiation, staff knowledge about availability of MOUD in community settings, and internal collaborations. Findings on bridging factors highlighted the importance of interagency communication to follow pre-scheduled release dates and use of bridge scripts to minimize the gap in treatment during the transition. Use of navigators was an additional factor that influenced MOUD initiation and engagement in community settings. Outer context findings indicated partnerships with community providers and timely reinstatement of health insurance coverage as critical factors that influence coordination of post-release care. CONCLUSIONS: Coordination of MOUD post-release continuity of care requires training supporting staff in reentry planning as well as resources to enhance internal collaborations and bridging partnerships between in-jail MOUD programs and community MOUD providers. In addition, efforts to reduce systemic barriers related to unanticipated timing of release and reinstatement of health insurance coverage are needed to optimize seamless post-release care.},\\n\\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\\n\\tauthor = {Matsumoto, A. and Santelices, C. and Evans, E. A. and Pivovarova, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},\\n\\tmonth = nov,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220819},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/prevention \\\\& control/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts, Medication for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Post-release coordination of care},\\n\\tpages = {103823},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Matsumoto, A.\",\"Santelices, C.\",\"Evans, E. A.\",\"Pivovarova, E.\",\"Stopka, T. J.\",\"Ferguson, W. J.\",\"Friedmann, P. D.\"],\"key\":\"matsumoto_jail-based_2022\",\"id\":\"matsumoto_jail-based_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"matsumoto-santelices-evans-pivovarova-stopka-ferguson-friedmann-jailbasedreentryprogrammingtosupportcontinuedtreatmentwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorderqualitativeperspectivesandexperiencesamongjailstaffinmassachusetts-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Drug Overdose/prevention & control/drug therapy\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"EPIS framework\",\"Humans\",\"Jails\",\"Massachusetts\",\"Medication for opioid use disorder\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment\",\"Opioid use disorder\",\"Post-release coordination of care\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Expanding Inpatient Addiction Consult Services Through Accountable Care Organizations for Medicaid Enrollees: A Modeling Study\",\"volume\":\"16\",\"issn\":\"1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988\",\"doi\":\"10.1097/ADM.0000000000000972\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) care for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder, including opioid use disorder (OUD). Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) could enhance access to ACS. This study extends data from Oregon's only ACS to Oregon's 15 regional Medicaid Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) to illustrate the potential value of enhanced in- and out-patient care for hospitalized patients with OUD. The study objectives were to estimate the effects of (1) expanding ACS care through CCOs in Oregon, and (2) increasing community treatment access within CCOs, on post-discharge OUD treatment engagement. METHODS: We used a validated Markov model, populated with Oregon Medicaid data from April 2015 to December 2017, to estimate study objectives. RESULTS: Oregon Medicaid patients hospitalized with OUD with care billed to a CCO (n = 5878) included 1298 (22.1%) patients engaged in post-discharge OUD treatment. Simulation of referral to an ACS increased post-discharge OUD treatment engagement to 47.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 45.7%, 48.3%), or 2684 patients (95% CI 2610, 2758). Ten of fifteen (66.7%) CCOs had fewer than 20% of patients engage in post-discharge OUD care. Without ACS, increasing outpatient treatment such that 20% of patients engage increased the patients engaging in post-discharge OUD care from 12.9% or 296 patients in care at baseline to 20% (95% CI 18.1%, 21.4%) or 453 (95% CI 416, 491). DISCUSSION: ACOs can improve care for patients hospitalized with OUD. Implementing ACS in ACO networks can potentially improve post-discharge OUD treatment engagement, but community treatment systems must be prepared to accept more patients as inpatient addiction care improves.\",\"number\":\"5\",\"journal\":\"J Addict Med\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"King\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Morris\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Englander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220208\",\"keywords\":\"*Accountable Care Organizations, *Opioid-Related Disorders/therapy, Aftercare, Humans, Inpatients, Medicaid, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation, United States\",\"pages\":\"570–576\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{king_expanding_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Expanding {Inpatient} {Addiction} {Consult} {Services} {Through} {Accountable} {Care} {Organizations} for {Medicaid} {Enrollees}: {A} {Modeling} {Study}},\\n\\tvolume = {16},\\n\\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000972},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) care for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder, including opioid use disorder (OUD). Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) could enhance access to ACS. This study extends data from Oregon's only ACS to Oregon's 15 regional Medicaid Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) to illustrate the potential value of enhanced in- and out-patient care for hospitalized patients with OUD. The study objectives were to estimate the effects of (1) expanding ACS care through CCOs in Oregon, and (2) increasing community treatment access within CCOs, on post-discharge OUD treatment engagement. METHODS: We used a validated Markov model, populated with Oregon Medicaid data from April 2015 to December 2017, to estimate study objectives. RESULTS: Oregon Medicaid patients hospitalized with OUD with care billed to a CCO (n = 5878) included 1298 (22.1\\\\%) patients engaged in post-discharge OUD treatment. Simulation of referral to an ACS increased post-discharge OUD treatment engagement to 47.0\\\\% (95\\\\% confidence interval [CI] 45.7\\\\%, 48.3\\\\%), or 2684 patients (95\\\\% CI 2610, 2758). Ten of fifteen (66.7\\\\%) CCOs had fewer than 20\\\\% of patients engage in post-discharge OUD care. Without ACS, increasing outpatient treatment such that 20\\\\% of patients engage increased the patients engaging in post-discharge OUD care from 12.9\\\\% or 296 patients in care at baseline to 20\\\\% (95\\\\% CI 18.1\\\\%, 21.4\\\\%) or 453 (95\\\\% CI 416, 491). DISCUSSION: ACOs can improve care for patients hospitalized with OUD. Implementing ACS in ACO networks can potentially improve post-discharge OUD treatment engagement, but community treatment systems must be prepared to accept more patients as inpatient addiction care improves.},\\n\\tnumber = {5},\\n\\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\\n\\tauthor = {King, C. A. and Cook, R. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220208},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Accountable Care Organizations, *Opioid-Related Disorders/therapy, Aftercare, Humans, Inpatients, Medicaid, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation, United States},\\n\\tpages = {570--576},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"King, C. A.\",\"Cook, R.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"McCarty, D.\",\"Morris, C. D.\",\"Englander, H.\"],\"key\":\"king_expanding_2022\",\"id\":\"king_expanding_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"king-cook-korthuis-mccarty-morris-englander-expandinginpatientaddictionconsultservicesthroughaccountablecareorganizationsformedicaidenrolleesamodelingstudy-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Accountable Care Organizations\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/therapy\",\"Aftercare\",\"Humans\",\"Inpatients\",\"Medicaid\",\"Patient Discharge\",\"Referral and Consultation\",\"United States\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Correlates of Recent HIV Testing Among People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Areas: A Multi-site Cross-Sectional Study, 2018-2020\",\"issn\":\"1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10461-023-04140-x\",\"abstract\":\"The Rural Opioid Initiative surveyed 2693 people who inject drugs (PWID) in eight rural U.S. areas in 2018-2020 about self-reported HIV testing in the past 6 months. Correlates of interest included receipt of any drug-related services, incarceration history, and structural barriers to care (e.g., lack of insurance, proximity to syringe service programs [SSP]). Overall, 20% of participants reported receiving an HIV test within the past 6 months. Multivariable generalized estimating equations showed that attending substance use disorder (SUD) treatment (OR 2.11, 95%CI [1.58, 2.82]), having health insurance (OR 1.42, 95%CI [1.01, 2.00]) and recent incarceration (OR 1.49, 95%CI [1.08, 2.04]) were positively associated with HIV testing, while experiencing a resource barrier to healthcare (inability to pay, lack of transportation, inconvenient hours, or lack of child care) had inverse (OR 0.73, 95%CI [0.56, 0.94]) association with HIV testing. We found that the prevalence of HIV testing among rural PWID is low, indicating an unmet need for testing. While SUD treatment or incarceration may increase chances for HIV testing for rural PWID, other avenues for expanding HIV testing, such as SSP, need to be explored.\",\"journal\":\"AIDS Behav\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ibragimov\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Livingston\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Young\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Akhtar\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jenkins\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Crane\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Westergaard\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nance\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Miller\"],\"firstnames\":[\"W.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bresett\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Khoury\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hurt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"B.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Go\"],\"firstnames\":[\"V.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nolte\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cooper\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\",\"L.\",\"F.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20230729\",\"keywords\":\"Barriers to services, HIV testing, Pwid, Rural\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{ibragimov_correlates_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Correlates of {Recent} {HIV} {Testing} {Among} {People} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}: {A} {Multi}-site {Cross}-{Sectional} {Study}, 2018-2020},\\n\\tissn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-023-04140-x},\\n\\tabstract = {The Rural Opioid Initiative surveyed 2693 people who inject drugs (PWID) in eight rural U.S. areas in 2018-2020 about self-reported HIV testing in the past 6 months. Correlates of interest included receipt of any drug-related services, incarceration history, and structural barriers to care (e.g., lack of insurance, proximity to syringe service programs [SSP]). Overall, 20\\\\% of participants reported receiving an HIV test within the past 6 months. Multivariable generalized estimating equations showed that attending substance use disorder (SUD) treatment (OR 2.11, 95\\\\%CI [1.58, 2.82]), having health insurance (OR 1.42, 95\\\\%CI [1.01, 2.00]) and recent incarceration (OR 1.49, 95\\\\%CI [1.08, 2.04]) were positively associated with HIV testing, while experiencing a resource barrier to healthcare (inability to pay, lack of transportation, inconvenient hours, or lack of child care) had inverse (OR 0.73, 95\\\\%CI [0.56, 0.94]) association with HIV testing. We found that the prevalence of HIV testing among rural PWID is low, indicating an unmet need for testing. While SUD treatment or incarceration may increase chances for HIV testing for rural PWID, other avenues for expanding HIV testing, such as SSP, need to be explored.},\\n\\tjournal = {AIDS Behav},\\n\\tauthor = {Ibragimov, U. and Livingston, M. D. and Young, A. M. and Feinberg, J. and Korthuis, P. T. and Akhtar, W. Z. and Jenkins, W. D. and Crane, H. M. and Westergaard, R. P. and Nance, R. and Miller, W. C. and Bresett, J. and Khoury, D. and Hurt, C. B. and Go, V. F. and Nolte, K. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20230729},\\n\\tkeywords = {Barriers to services, HIV testing, Pwid, Rural},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Ibragimov, U.\",\"Livingston, M. D.\",\"Young, A. M.\",\"Feinberg, J.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"Akhtar, W. Z.\",\"Jenkins, W. D.\",\"Crane, H. M.\",\"Westergaard, R. P.\",\"Nance, R.\",\"Miller, W. C.\",\"Bresett, J.\",\"Khoury, D.\",\"Hurt, C. B.\",\"Go, V. F.\",\"Nolte, K.\",\"Cooper, H. L. F.\"],\"key\":\"ibragimov_correlates_2023\",\"id\":\"ibragimov_correlates_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ibragimov-livingston-young-feinberg-korthuis-akhtar-jenkins-crane-etal-correlatesofrecenthivtestingamongpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinruralareasamultisitecrosssectionalstudy20182020-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742\"},\"keyword\":[\"Barriers to services\",\"HIV testing\",\"Pwid\",\"Rural\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Treatment retention, return to use, and recovery support following COVID-19 relaxation of methadone take-home dosing in two rural opioid treatment programs: A mixed methods analysis\",\"volume\":\"141\",\"issn\":\"1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108801\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVES: In March 2020, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration permitted Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs) to relax restrictions on take-home methadone and promoted telehealth to minimize potential exposures to COVID-19. We assessed the effects of COVID-19-related changes on take-home methadone dosing in two OTPs serving five rural Oregon counties. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods convergent design. The OTPs extracted urine drug test (UDT) results, take-home methadone regimens, and treatment retention from the electronic health record (EHR) for patients (n = 377). A mixed-effects negative binomial regression model assessed patient-level differences in take-home doses before and after the COVID-19 policy changes and the associations with treatment discontinuation, and UDT positivity. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 32) explored patient reactions to increased take-home dosing and reduced clinic visits to provide context for quantitative findings. RESULTS: The number of take-home doses increased in the post-COVID-19 period for patients engaged in treatment for more than 180 days (median: 8 vs 13 take-home doses per month, p = 0.011). Take-homes did not increase for patients with fewer days of treatment. Each percentage point increase in take-home dosing above what would be expected without COVID-19 policy changes was negatively associated with the percent of UDT positive for opioids (B = -0.12, CI [-0.21, -0.04], p = 0.005) and the probability of treatment discontinuation (aOR = 0.97, CI [0.95, 0.99], p = 0.003). Qualitative analysis revealed three themes explaining how increased take-home dosing supported recovery: 1) value of feeling trusted with increased responsibility; 2) reduced travel time permitted increased employment and recreation; and 3) reduced exposure to individuals less stable in recovery and potential triggers. CONCLUSIONS: Take-home methadone dose relaxations were associated with increased methadone take-home doses, improved retention, and decreased UDT opioid positive results among clinically stable patients. Qualitative findings suggest that fewer take-home restrictions are feasible and desirable and do not pose safety or public health harms.\",\"journal\":\"J Subst Abuse Treat\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"K.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Foot\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Levander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"X.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Terashima\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McIlveen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"W.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"McCarty\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220508\",\"keywords\":\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid treatment, Rural\",\"pages\":\"108801\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{hoffman_treatment_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Treatment retention, return to use, and recovery support following {COVID}-19 relaxation of methadone take-home dosing in two rural opioid treatment programs: {A} mixed methods analysis},\\n\\tvolume = {141},\\n\\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108801},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: In March 2020, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration permitted Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs) to relax restrictions on take-home methadone and promoted telehealth to minimize potential exposures to COVID-19. We assessed the effects of COVID-19-related changes on take-home methadone dosing in two OTPs serving five rural Oregon counties. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods convergent design. The OTPs extracted urine drug test (UDT) results, take-home methadone regimens, and treatment retention from the electronic health record (EHR) for patients (n = 377). A mixed-effects negative binomial regression model assessed patient-level differences in take-home doses before and after the COVID-19 policy changes and the associations with treatment discontinuation, and UDT positivity. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 32) explored patient reactions to increased take-home dosing and reduced clinic visits to provide context for quantitative findings. RESULTS: The number of take-home doses increased in the post-COVID-19 period for patients engaged in treatment for more than 180 days (median: 8 vs 13 take-home doses per month, p = 0.011). Take-homes did not increase for patients with fewer days of treatment. Each percentage point increase in take-home dosing above what would be expected without COVID-19 policy changes was negatively associated with the percent of UDT positive for opioids (B = -0.12, CI [-0.21, -0.04], p = 0.005) and the probability of treatment discontinuation (aOR = 0.97, CI [0.95, 0.99], p = 0.003). Qualitative analysis revealed three themes explaining how increased take-home dosing supported recovery: 1) value of feeling trusted with increased responsibility; 2) reduced travel time permitted increased employment and recreation; and 3) reduced exposure to individuals less stable in recovery and potential triggers. CONCLUSIONS: Take-home methadone dose relaxations were associated with increased methadone take-home doses, improved retention, and decreased UDT opioid positive results among clinically stable patients. Qualitative findings suggest that fewer take-home restrictions are feasible and desirable and do not pose safety or public health harms.},\\n\\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\\n\\tauthor = {Hoffman, K. A. and Foot, C. and Levander, X. A. and Cook, R. and Terashima, J. P. and McIlveen, J. W. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D.},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220508},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid treatment, Rural},\\n\\tpages = {108801},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Hoffman, K. A.\",\"Foot, C.\",\"Levander, X. A.\",\"Cook, R.\",\"Terashima, J. P.\",\"McIlveen, J. W.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\",\"McCarty, D.\"],\"key\":\"hoffman_treatment_2022\",\"id\":\"hoffman_treatment_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"hoffman-foot-levander-cook-terashima-mcilveen-korthuis-mccarty-treatmentretentionreturntouseandrecoverysupportfollowingcovid19relaxationofmethadonetakehomedosingintworuralopioidtreatmentprogramsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation\",\"*covid-19\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/therapeutic use\",\"Covid-19\",\"Humans\",\"Medication for opioid use disorder\",\"Methadone\",\"Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods\",\"Opioid treatment\",\"Rural\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"A randomized controlled trial for a peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis c treatment intervention for people who use drugs in rural communities: study protocol for the \\\"peer tele-HCV\\\" study\",\"volume\":\"18\",\"issn\":\"1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13722-023-00384-z\",\"abstract\":\"BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission is primarily driven by injection drug use, and acute HCV infection rates are increased in rural communities with substantial barriers to care. Treatment of HCV in persons who use drugs (PWUD) is cost effective, decreases high risk behaviors and HCV transmission, and achieves high rates of treatment completion and sustained viral response. Adapting HCV care delivery to utilize peer support specialists, telemedicine technology, and streamlined testing and treatment strategies can better reach rural populations living with HCV. METHODS: This is an open label, two-arm, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial designed to test the superiority of peer-facilitated and streamlined telemedicine HCV care (peer tele-HCV) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC) among PWUD in rural Oregon. In the intervention arm, peers conduct HCV screening in the community, facilitate pretreatment evaluation and linkage to telemedicine hepatitis C treatment providers, and support participants in HCV medication adherence. For participants assigned to EUC, peers facilitate pretreatment evaluation and referral to community-based treatment providers. The primary outcome is sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes include: (1) HCV treatment initiation, (2) HCV treatment completion, (3) engagement with harm reduction resources, (4) rates of substance use, and (5) engagement in addiction treatment resources. The primary and secondary outcomes are analyzed using intention-to-treat (ITT) comparisons between telemedicine and EUC. A qualitative analysis will assess patient, peer, and clinician experiences of peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis C treatment. DISCUSSION: This study uses a novel peer-based telemedicine delivery model with streamlined testing protocols to improve access to HCV treatment in rural communities with high rates of injection drug use and ongoing disease transmission. We hypothesize that the peer tele-HCV model will increase treatment initiation, treatment completion, SVR12 rates, and engagement with harm reduction services compared to EUC. Trial registration This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04798521).\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"Addict Sci Clin Pract\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Herink\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seaman\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Leichtling\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gailey\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thomas\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Korthuis\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20230527\",\"keywords\":\"*Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Telemedicine, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Direct acting antivirals, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Peer-facilitated treatment, People who use drugs, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Rural Population, Telehealth\",\"pages\":\"35\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{herink_randomized_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {A randomized controlled trial for a peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis c treatment intervention for people who use drugs in rural communities: study protocol for the \\\"peer tele-{HCV}\\\" study},\\n\\tvolume = {18},\\n\\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-023-00384-z},\\n\\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission is primarily driven by injection drug use, and acute HCV infection rates are increased in rural communities with substantial barriers to care. Treatment of HCV in persons who use drugs (PWUD) is cost effective, decreases high risk behaviors and HCV transmission, and achieves high rates of treatment completion and sustained viral response. Adapting HCV care delivery to utilize peer support specialists, telemedicine technology, and streamlined testing and treatment strategies can better reach rural populations living with HCV. METHODS: This is an open label, two-arm, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial designed to test the superiority of peer-facilitated and streamlined telemedicine HCV care (peer tele-HCV) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC) among PWUD in rural Oregon. In the intervention arm, peers conduct HCV screening in the community, facilitate pretreatment evaluation and linkage to telemedicine hepatitis C treatment providers, and support participants in HCV medication adherence. For participants assigned to EUC, peers facilitate pretreatment evaluation and referral to community-based treatment providers. The primary outcome is sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes include: (1) HCV treatment initiation, (2) HCV treatment completion, (3) engagement with harm reduction resources, (4) rates of substance use, and (5) engagement in addiction treatment resources. The primary and secondary outcomes are analyzed using intention-to-treat (ITT) comparisons between telemedicine and EUC. A qualitative analysis will assess patient, peer, and clinician experiences of peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis C treatment. DISCUSSION: This study uses a novel peer-based telemedicine delivery model with streamlined testing protocols to improve access to HCV treatment in rural communities with high rates of injection drug use and ongoing disease transmission. We hypothesize that the peer tele-HCV model will increase treatment initiation, treatment completion, SVR12 rates, and engagement with harm reduction services compared to EUC. Trial registration This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04798521).},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\\n\\tauthor = {Herink, M. C. and Seaman, A. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Gailey, T. and Cook, R. and Thomas, A. and Korthuis, P. T.},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20230527},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Telemedicine, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Direct acting antivirals, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Peer-facilitated treatment, People who use drugs, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Rural Population, Telehealth},\\n\\tpages = {35},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Herink, M. C.\",\"Seaman, A.\",\"Leichtling, G.\",\"Larsen, J. E.\",\"Gailey, T.\",\"Cook, R.\",\"Thomas, A.\",\"Korthuis, P. T.\"],\"key\":\"herink_randomized_2023\",\"id\":\"herink_randomized_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"herink-seaman-leichtling-larsen-gailey-cook-thomas-korthuis-arandomizedcontrolledtrialforapeerfacilitatedtelemedicinehepatitisctreatmentinterventionforpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesstudyprotocolforthepeertelehcvstudy-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Hepatitis C\",\"Chronic/diagnosis/drug therapy\",\"*Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology\",\"*Telemedicine\",\"Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use\",\"Direct acting antivirals\",\"Hepacivirus\",\"Hepatitis C virus\",\"Humans\",\"Peer-facilitated treatment\",\"People who use drugs\",\"Pharmaceutical Preparations\",\"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic\",\"Rural Population\",\"Telehealth\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Characterization of Unintentional Deaths Among Buprenorphine Users\",\"volume\":\"84\",\"issn\":\"1938-4114 (Electronic) 1937-1888 (Print) 1937-1888 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687\",\"doi\":\"10.15288/jsad.22-00049\",\"abstract\":\"OBJECTIVE: Medications used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) reduce drug overdose risk. Buprenorphine is often the preferred treatment for OUD because of its high safety profile. Given expanding buprenorphine use, this study sought to examine buprenorphine-involved deaths (BIDs) and compare them with other drug-related deaths. METHOD: West Virginia drug-related deaths from 2005 to early 2020 were identified. Study data included decedent demographics, toxicology, autopsy findings, and medical and prescription histories. Characteristics of BIDs compared with other drug-related deaths were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Among 11,764 drug-related deaths, only 564 (4.8%) involved buprenorphine. Buprenorphine alone was present in 32 deaths, of which 20 were considered the direct cause of death (0.2% of all drug-related deaths). Significantly more BIDs involved five or more drugs (23%) compared with other opioid deaths (14.9%). Co-intoxicants found most frequently in BIDs were benzodiazepines (47.3%), methamphetamine (27.1%), and fentanyl (22.9%). Cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities were identified in 43% and 21% of BIDs, respectively. Of the 564 BIDs, a current buprenorphine prescription was present in 132 deaths (23.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite increasing buprenorphine use, BIDs comprised less than 5% of overall West Virginia drug-related deaths. Seldom was it the only drug found, and most decedents did not have current prescriptions for buprenorphine. Although buprenorphine is effective, with a wide safety margin, clinicians and patients should be aware that buprenorphine can be involved in overdose deaths, especially when buprenorphine is taken in combination with drugs such as benzodiazepines, methamphetamine, or fentanyl, and in persons with underlying cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities.\",\"number\":\"1\",\"journal\":\"J Stud Alcohol Drugs\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Dai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Z.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Limen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"N.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Abate\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kraner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mock\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Benzodiazepines, Fentanyl/therapeutic use, Humans\",\"pages\":\"171–179\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{dai_characterization_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Characterization of {Unintentional} {Deaths} {Among} {Buprenorphine} {Users}},\\n\\tvolume = {84},\\n\\tissn = {1938-4114 (Electronic) 1937-1888 (Print) 1937-1888 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687},\\n\\tdoi = {10.15288/jsad.22-00049},\\n\\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Medications used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) reduce drug overdose risk. Buprenorphine is often the preferred treatment for OUD because of its high safety profile. Given expanding buprenorphine use, this study sought to examine buprenorphine-involved deaths (BIDs) and compare them with other drug-related deaths. METHOD: West Virginia drug-related deaths from 2005 to early 2020 were identified. Study data included decedent demographics, toxicology, autopsy findings, and medical and prescription histories. Characteristics of BIDs compared with other drug-related deaths were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Among 11,764 drug-related deaths, only 564 (4.8\\\\%) involved buprenorphine. Buprenorphine alone was present in 32 deaths, of which 20 were considered the direct cause of death (0.2\\\\% of all drug-related deaths). Significantly more BIDs involved five or more drugs (23\\\\%) compared with other opioid deaths (14.9\\\\%). Co-intoxicants found most frequently in BIDs were benzodiazepines (47.3\\\\%), methamphetamine (27.1\\\\%), and fentanyl (22.9\\\\%). Cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities were identified in 43\\\\% and 21\\\\% of BIDs, respectively. Of the 564 BIDs, a current buprenorphine prescription was present in 132 deaths (23.4\\\\%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite increasing buprenorphine use, BIDs comprised less than 5\\\\% of overall West Virginia drug-related deaths. Seldom was it the only drug found, and most decedents did not have current prescriptions for buprenorphine. Although buprenorphine is effective, with a wide safety margin, clinicians and patients should be aware that buprenorphine can be involved in overdose deaths, especially when buprenorphine is taken in combination with drugs such as benzodiazepines, methamphetamine, or fentanyl, and in persons with underlying cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities.},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\\n\\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Limen, G. N. and Abate, M. A. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R. and Smith, G. S.},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Benzodiazepines, Fentanyl/therapeutic use, Humans},\\n\\tpages = {171--179},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Dai, Z.\",\"Limen, G. N.\",\"Abate, M. A.\",\"Kraner, J. C.\",\"Mock, A. R.\",\"Smith, G. S.\"],\"key\":\"dai_characterization_2023\",\"id\":\"dai_characterization_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"dai-limen-abate-kraner-mock-smith-characterizationofunintentionaldeathsamongbuprenorphineusers-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use\",\"*Drug Overdose\",\"*Methamphetamine\",\"*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy\",\"Analgesics\",\"Opioid/adverse effects\",\"Benzodiazepines\",\"Fentanyl/therapeutic use\",\"Humans\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Steep rise in drug use-associated infective endocarditis in West Virginia: Characteristics and healthcare utilization\",\"volume\":\"17\",\"issn\":\"1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224\",\"doi\":\"10.1371/journal.pone.0271510\",\"abstract\":\"INTRODUCTION: Life-threatening infections such as infective endocarditis (IE) are increasing simultaneously with the injection drug use epidemic in West Virginia (WV). We utilized a newly developed, statewide database to describe epidemiologic characteristics and healthcare utilization among patients with (DU-IE) and without (non-DU-IE) drug use-associated IE in WV over five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, observational study, incorporating manual review of electronic medical records, included all patients aged 18-90 years who had their first admission for IE in any of the four university-affiliated referral hospitals in WV during 2014-2018. IE was identified using ICD-10-CM codes and confirmed by chart review. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and healthcare utilization were compared between patients with DU-IE and non-DU-IE using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted with discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality vs. discharge alive as the outcome variable and drug use as the predictor variable. RESULTS: Overall 780 unique patients had confirmed first IE admission, with a six-fold increase during study period (p = .004). Most patients (70.9%) had used drugs before hospital admission, primarily by injection. Compared to patients with non-DU-IE, patients with DU-IE were significantly younger (median age: 33.9 vs. 64.1 years; p \\\\textless .001); were hospitalized longer (median: 25.5 vs. 15 days; p \\\\textless .001); had a higher proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (42.7% vs. 29.9%; p \\\\textless .001), psychiatric disorders (51.2% vs. 17.3%; p \\\\textless .001), cardiac surgeries (42.9% vs. 26.6%; p \\\\textless .001), and discharges against medical advice (19.9% vs. 1.4%; p \\\\textless .001). Multivariable regression analysis showed drug use was an independent predictor of the combined outcome of discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality (OR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.67-5.64). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This multisite study reveals a 681% increase in IE admissions in WV over five years primarily attributable to injection drug use, underscoring the urgent need for both prevention efforts and specialized strategies to improve outcomes.\",\"number\":\"7\",\"journal\":\"PLoS One\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bhandari\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alexander\"],\"firstnames\":[\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Annie\"],\"firstnames\":[\"F.\",\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kaleem\"],\"firstnames\":[\"U.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Irfan\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Balla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wiener\"],\"firstnames\":[\"R.\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Cook\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nanjundappa\"],\"firstnames\":[\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bates\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Thompson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Smith\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\",\"S.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Feinberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"J.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Fisher\"],\"firstnames\":[\"M.\",\"A.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"note\":\"Edition: 20220715\",\"keywords\":\"*Endocarditis, *Endocarditis, Bacterial/epidemiology, *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, *Staphylococcal Infections, *Substance-Related Disorders/complications, Adult, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, West Virginia/epidemiology\",\"pages\":\"e0271510\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{bhandari_steep_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Steep rise in drug use-associated infective endocarditis in {West} {Virginia}: {Characteristics} and healthcare utilization},\\n\\tvolume = {17},\\n\\tissn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0271510},\\n\\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Life-threatening infections such as infective endocarditis (IE) are increasing simultaneously with the injection drug use epidemic in West Virginia (WV). We utilized a newly developed, statewide database to describe epidemiologic characteristics and healthcare utilization among patients with (DU-IE) and without (non-DU-IE) drug use-associated IE in WV over five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, observational study, incorporating manual review of electronic medical records, included all patients aged 18-90 years who had their first admission for IE in any of the four university-affiliated referral hospitals in WV during 2014-2018. IE was identified using ICD-10-CM codes and confirmed by chart review. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and healthcare utilization were compared between patients with DU-IE and non-DU-IE using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted with discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality vs. discharge alive as the outcome variable and drug use as the predictor variable. RESULTS: Overall 780 unique patients had confirmed first IE admission, with a six-fold increase during study period (p = .004). Most patients (70.9\\\\%) had used drugs before hospital admission, primarily by injection. Compared to patients with non-DU-IE, patients with DU-IE were significantly younger (median age: 33.9 vs. 64.1 years; p {\\\\textless} .001); were hospitalized longer (median: 25.5 vs. 15 days; p {\\\\textless} .001); had a higher proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (42.7\\\\% vs. 29.9\\\\%; p {\\\\textless} .001), psychiatric disorders (51.2\\\\% vs. 17.3\\\\%; p {\\\\textless} .001), cardiac surgeries (42.9\\\\% vs. 26.6\\\\%; p {\\\\textless} .001), and discharges against medical advice (19.9\\\\% vs. 1.4\\\\%; p {\\\\textless} .001). Multivariable regression analysis showed drug use was an independent predictor of the combined outcome of discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality (OR: 2.99; 95\\\\% CI: 1.67-5.64). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This multisite study reveals a 681\\\\% increase in IE admissions in WV over five years primarily attributable to injection drug use, underscoring the urgent need for both prevention efforts and specialized strategies to improve outcomes.},\\n\\tnumber = {7},\\n\\tjournal = {PLoS One},\\n\\tauthor = {Bhandari, R. and Alexander, T. and Annie, F. H. and Kaleem, U. and Irfan, A. and Balla, S. and Wiener, R. C. and Cook, C. and Nanjundappa, A. and Bates, M. and Thompson, E. and Smith, G. S. and Feinberg, J. and Fisher, M. A.},\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tnote = {Edition: 20220715},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Endocarditis, *Endocarditis, Bacterial/epidemiology, *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, *Staphylococcal Infections, *Substance-Related Disorders/complications, Adult, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, West Virginia/epidemiology},\\n\\tpages = {e0271510},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bhandari, R.\",\"Alexander, T.\",\"Annie, F. H.\",\"Kaleem, U.\",\"Irfan, A.\",\"Balla, S.\",\"Wiener, R. C.\",\"Cook, C.\",\"Nanjundappa, A.\",\"Bates, M.\",\"Thompson, E.\",\"Smith, G. S.\",\"Feinberg, J.\",\"Fisher, M. A.\"],\"key\":\"bhandari_steep_2022\",\"id\":\"bhandari_steep_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bhandari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-cook-etal-steepriseindruguseassociatedinfectiveendocarditisinwestvirginiacharacteristicsandhealthcareutilization-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Endocarditis\",\"*Endocarditis\",\"Bacterial/epidemiology\",\"*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus\",\"*Staphylococcal Infections\",\"*Substance-Related Disorders/complications\",\"Adult\",\"Humans\",\"Patient Acceptance of Health Care\",\"Retrospective Studies\",\"Risk Factors\",\"West Virginia/epidemiology\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Healthcare disparities in vascular surgery: A critical review\",\"volume\":\"74\",\"issn\":\"1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Print) 0741-5214 (Linking)\",\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.055\",\"abstract\":\"Health disparities in vascular surgical care have existed for decades. Persons categorized as Black undergo a nearly twofold greater risk-adjusted rate of leg amputations. Persons categorized as Black, Latinx, and women have hemodialysis initiated via autogenous fistula less often than male persons categorized as White. Persons categorized as Black, Latino, Latina, or Latinx, and women are less likely to undergo carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis and repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. New approaches are needed to address these disparities. We suggest surgeons use data to identify groups that would most benefit from medical care and then partner with community organizations or individuals to create lasting health benefits. Surgeons alone cannot rectify the structural inequalities present in American society. However, all surgeons should contribute to ensuring that all people have access to high-quality vascular surgical care.\",\"number\":\"2S\",\"journal\":\"J Vasc Surg\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Barshes\"],\"firstnames\":[\"N.\",\"R.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Minc\"],\"firstnames\":[\"S.\",\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"keywords\":\"*Health Status Disparities, *Surgeons, *Vascular Surgical Procedures, Amputation, Culturally Competent Care/ethnology, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Healthcare disparities, Humans, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Race Factors, Racial disparities, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Social Determinants of Health/*ethnology, Societies, Medical, Vascular Diseases/diagnosis/ethnology/*surgery\",\"pages\":\"6S–14S e1\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{barshes_healthcare_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Healthcare disparities in vascular surgery: {A} critical review},\\n\\tvolume = {74},\\n\\tissn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Print) 0741-5214 (Linking)},\\n\\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.055},\\n\\tabstract = {Health disparities in vascular surgical care have existed for decades. Persons categorized as Black undergo a nearly twofold greater risk-adjusted rate of leg amputations. Persons categorized as Black, Latinx, and women have hemodialysis initiated via autogenous fistula less often than male persons categorized as White. Persons categorized as Black, Latino, Latina, or Latinx, and women are less likely to undergo carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis and repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. New approaches are needed to address these disparities. We suggest surgeons use data to identify groups that would most benefit from medical care and then partner with community organizations or individuals to create lasting health benefits. Surgeons alone cannot rectify the structural inequalities present in American society. However, all surgeons should contribute to ensuring that all people have access to high-quality vascular surgical care.},\\n\\tnumber = {2S},\\n\\tjournal = {J Vasc Surg},\\n\\tauthor = {Barshes, N. R. and Minc, S. D.},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tkeywords = {*Health Status Disparities, *Surgeons, *Vascular Surgical Procedures, Amputation, Culturally Competent Care/ethnology, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Healthcare disparities, Humans, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Race Factors, Racial disparities, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Social Determinants of Health/*ethnology, Societies, Medical, Vascular Diseases/diagnosis/ethnology/*surgery},\\n\\tpages = {6S--14S e1},\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Barshes, N. R.\",\"Minc, S. D.\"],\"key\":\"barshes_healthcare_2021\",\"id\":\"barshes_healthcare_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"barshes-minc-healthcaredisparitiesinvascularsurgeryacriticalreview-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462\"},\"keyword\":[\"*Health Status Disparities\",\"*Surgeons\",\"*Vascular Surgical Procedures\",\"Amputation\",\"Culturally Competent Care/ethnology\",\"Female\",\"Health Knowledge\",\"Attitudes\",\"Practice/ethnology\",\"Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology\",\"Healthcare disparities\",\"Humans\",\"Male\",\"Patient Education as Topic\",\"Race Factors\",\"Racial disparities\",\"Risk Assessment\",\"Risk Factors\",\"Social Determinants of Health/*ethnology\",\"Societies\",\"Medical\",\"Vascular Diseases/diagnosis/ethnology/*surgery\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"display: none\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"2808357\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@article{ezell_youre_2022,
	title = {“{You}’re friends until everybody runs out of dope”: {A} framework for understanding tie meaning, purpose, and value in social networks},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0378-8733},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2022.07.003},
	abstract = {Background Social networks play a crucial role in mediating the risk environments of individuals, especially minoritized groups such as people who use opioids or who inject drugs (PWUD). However, conventional understandings of social networks may not fully account for how social networks manifest in contemporary and often fluid socio-relational contexts Furthermore, little is known about PWUD’s networks from an empirical perspective that considers these contextual dynamics and associated risk environments. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with PWUD in New York City, New York and rural southern Illinois, two opioid-related overdose hotspots, to contextualize the nature, scale, and potential outcomes/implications of PWUD’s social relationships. Results A total of 46 individuals were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 38 years old, and most were men (56.5\%). Most participants were White (84.5\%) or Black (8.7\%). Respondents described three primary social network types: family members, friends who were PWUD, and romantic/sexual partners. In general, both urban and rural PWUD described their family relationships as limited and tenuous, this largely attributable to them feeling stigmatized and outcast due to their drug use. Respondents described their friend networks as small, typically consisting of other PWUD, and indicated that they had limited trust for these individuals, contributing to social closure. Respondents further framed relationships with romantic/sexual partners, also typically PWUD, as often tumultuous, fragmented, and ambiguous in terms of partners’ drug use and sexual behaviors. In contrast, syringe services programs were viewed as highly useful in making PWUD feel socially affirmed. Conclusions Urban and rural PWUD described their social networks in similar ways, highlighting limited or fluid connectivity/depth in familial, friend, and romantic/sexual relationships. Equity and relationship-building paradigms that focus on cultural humility and restorative justice may be impactful in cultivating, mending, and sustaining healthy PWUD networks. Collectively, these dynamics call attention to a need to orient social network research towards contextualization and measurement of tie meaning, purpose, and value, metrics that we conceptualize and discuss here.},
	journal = {Social Networks},
	author = {Ezell, Jerel M. and Walters, Suzan M. and Olson, Brooke and Kaur, Aashna and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Schneider, John and Pho, Mai T.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Drug injection, Opioids, Qualitative, Risk environment, Social network analysis, Social support},
	pages = {115--130},
}



@article{richard_you_2020,
	title = {“{You} are not clean until you're not on anything”: {Perceptions} of medication-assisted treatment in rural {Appalachia}},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {09553959},
	shorttitle = {“{You} are not clean until you're not on anything”},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102704},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Richard, Emma L. and Schalkoff, Christine A. and Piscalko, Hannah M. and Brook, Daniel L. and Sibley, Adams L. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Appalachia, Appalachian Region, Humans, Medication-assisted treatment, Ohio, Opioid use disorder, Perception, Risk environment, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma},
	pages = {102704},
}



@article{fiddian-green_women-reported_2022,
	title = {Women-{Reported} {Barriers} and {Facilitators} of {Continued} {Engagement} with {Medications} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph19159346},
	abstract = {Opioid-related fatalities increased exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic and show little sign of abating. Despite decades of scientific evidence that sustained engagement with medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD) yields positive psychosocial outcomes, less than 30\% of people with OUD engage in MOUD. Treatment rates are lowest for women. The aim of this project was to identify women-specific barriers and facilitators to treatment engagement, drawing from the lived experience of women in treatment. Data are provided from a parent study that used a community-partnered participatory research approach to adapt an evidence-based digital storytelling intervention for supporting continued MOUD treatment engagement. The parent study collected qualitative data between August and December 2018 from 20 women in Western Massachusetts who had received MOUD for at least 90 days. Using constructivist grounded theory, we identified major themes and selected illustrative quotations. Key barriers identified in this project include: (1) MOUD-specific discrimination encountered via social media, and in workplace and treatment/recovery settings; and (2) fear, perceptions, and experiences with MOUD, including mental health medication synergies, internalization of MOUD-related stigma, expectations of treatment duration, and opioid-specific mistrust of providers. Women identified two key facilitators to MOUD engagement: (1) feeling "safe" within treatment settings and (2) online communities as a source of positive reinforcement. We conclude with women-specific recommendations for research and interventions to improve MOUD engagement and provide human-centered care for this historically marginalized population.},
	number = {15},
	journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
	author = {Fiddian-Green, A. and Gubrium, A. and Harrington, C. and Evans, E. A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220730},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/psychology, Pandemics, medications for opioid use disorder, qualitative methods, stigma and substance use, substance use treatment, women and opioid use disorder},
}



@article{cooper_when_2020,
	title = {When {Prescribing} {Isn}’t {Enough} — {Pharmacy}-{Level} {Barriers} to {Buprenorphine} {Access}},
	volume = {383},
	issn = {0028-4793, 1533-4406},
	url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908},
	doi = {10.1056/NEJMp2002908},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
	author = {Cooper, Hannah L.F. and Cloud, David H. and Young, April M. and Freeman, Patricia R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Health Policy, *Legislation, Drug, *Opiate Substitution Treatment, *Pharmacies, Appalachian Region, Buprenorphine/*supply \& distribution/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Medical Overuse/legislation \& jurisprudence, Narcotic Antagonists/*supply \& distribution/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacists, Physicians, Stereotyping, Trust, United States, United States Government Agencies},
	pages = {703--705},
}



@article{ballard_willingness_2021,
	title = {Willingness to {Participate} in {At}-{Home} {HIV} {Testing} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Opioids} in {Rural} {Appalachia}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1090-7165, 1573-3254},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {AIDS and Behavior},
	author = {Ballard, April M. and Haardöerfer, Regine and Prood, Nadya and Mbagwu, Chukwudi and Cooper, Hannah L. F. and Young, April M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*HIV Testing, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, HIV Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Hiv, Home-based testing, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/epidemiology/*psychology, Rural Health, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance-related disorders, Young Adult},
	pages = {699--708},
}



@article{jenkins_what_2020,
	title = {What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment?},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {09553959},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.014},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Jenkins, Richard A. and Hagan, Holly},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Humans, Opioid, Policy, Policy environment, Rural Population, Rural risk environment},
	pages = {102606},
}



@article{ballard_web-based_2019,
	title = {Web-{Based} {Eligibility} {Quizzes} to {Verify} {Opioid} {Use} and {County} {Residence} {Among} {Rural} {Young} {Adults}: {Eligibility} {Screening} {Results} from a {Feasibility} {Study}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1929-0748},
	shorttitle = {Web-{Based} {Eligibility} {Quizzes} to {Verify} {Opioid} {Use} and {County} {Residence} {Among} {Rural} {Young} {Adults}},
	url = {http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/},
	doi = {10.2196/12984},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {JMIR Research Protocols},
	author = {Ballard, April M and Cooper, Hannah LF and Young, April M},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Web-based methods, confidentiality, eligibility determination, internet, opioid use, recruitment, rural health, sampling methods, substance-related disorders, surveys and questionnaires},
	pages = {e12984},
}



@article{tressler_variations_2020,
	title = {Variations in {Hepatitis} {B} {Vaccine} {Series} {Completion} by {Setting} {Among} {Adults} at {Risk} in {West} {Virginia}},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {1873-2607 (Electronic) 0749-3797 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.022},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: West Virginia leads the nation with the highest rate of acute hepatitis B. From 2013 to 2015, the West Virginia hepatitis B Vaccination Pilot Project distributed more than 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults through local health department clinics and through outreach to correctional facilities and substance use treatment centers. This study aims to determine which setting type is associated with the greatest likelihood of at-risk adults receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. METHODS: Data for this retrospective cohort study were accessed, extracted, and analyzed in 2019 from Pilot Project participant forms initially completed from 2013 to 2015. Odds of receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses were calculated using bivariate, multivariable, and mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Data were available for 1,201 participants. In multivariable logistic regression, participants vaccinated at substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.37, 95\% CI=1.01, 1.86) and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.74, 95\% CI=1.98, 7.06) were more likely to receive the 3-dose series versus those vaccinated at local health department sexually transmitted disease clinics. Participants vaccinated through substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.79, 95\% CI=1.31, 2.44), correctional facilities (AOR=3.34, 95\% CI=2.09, 5.34), and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.97, 95\% CI=1.72, 9.16) were more likely to receive at least 2 doses. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B vaccination delivered at local health department family planning clinics, substance use treatment centers, or correctional facilities may increase vaccine dose completion in West Virginia.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Am J Prev Med},
	author = {Tressler, S. and Lilly, C. and Gross, D. and Hulsey, T. and Feinberg, J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC7988884},
	keywords = {*Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Adult, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, Vaccination, West Virginia/epidemiology},
	pages = {e189--e196},
}



@article{conway_validating_2021,
	title = {Validating the {Matching} of {Patients} in the {Linkage} of a {Large} {Hospital} {System}'s {EHR} with {State} and {National} {Death} {Databases}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1869-0327 (Electronic) 1869-0327 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1055/s-0040-1722220},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Though electronic health record (EHR) data have been linked to national and state death registries, such linkages have rarely been validated for an entire hospital system's EHR. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to validate West Virginia University Medicine's (WVU Medicine) linkage of its EHR to three external death registries: the Social Security Death Masterfile (SSDMF), the national death index (NDI), the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR). METHODS: Probabilistic matching was used to link patients to NDI and deterministic matching for the SSDMF and DHHR vital statistics records (WVDMF). In subanalysis, we used deaths recorded in Epic (n = 30,217) to further validate a subset of deaths captured by the SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF. RESULTS: Of the deaths captured by the SSDMF, 59.8 and 68.5\% were captured by NDI and WVDMF, respectively; for deaths captured by NDI this co-capture rate was 80 and 78\%, respectively, for the SSDMF and WVDMF. Kappa statistics were strongest for NDI and WVDMF (61.2\%) and NDI and SSDMF (60.6\%) and weakest for SSDMF and WVDMF (27.9\%). Of deaths recorded in Epic, 84.3, 85.5, and 84.4\% were captured by SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF, respectively. Less than 2\% of patients' deaths recorded in Epic were not found in any of the death registries. Finally, approximately 0.2\% of "decedents" in any death registry re-emerged in Epic at least 6 months after their death date, a very small percentage and thus further validating the linkages. CONCLUSION: NDI had greatest validity in capturing deaths in our EHR. As a similar, though slightly less capture and agreement rate in identifying deaths is observed for SSDMF and state vital statistics records, these registries may be reasonable alternatives to NDI for research and quality assurance studies utilizing entire EHRs from large hospital systems. Investigators should also be aware that there will be a very tiny fraction of "dead" patients re-emerging in the EHR.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Appl Clin Inform},
	author = {Conway, R. B. N. and Armistead, M. G. and Denney, M. J. and Smith, G. S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC7875675},
	keywords = {*Electronic Health Records, *Hospitals, Computer Systems, Databases, Factual, Humans, Registries},
	pages = {82--89},
}



@article{levander_utilising_2021,
	title = {Utilising an access to care integrated framework to explore the perceptions of hepatitis {C} treatment of hospital-based interventions among people who use drugs},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103356},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gaps remain in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade for people who use drugs (PWUD). Acute medical or surgical illnesses requiring hospitalisation are an opportunity to address addiction, but how inpatient strategies could affect HCV care accessibility for PWUD remains unknown. We explored patient perspectives of hospital-based interventions using an integrated framework of access to HCV care. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of hospitalised adults (n=27) with HCV and addiction admitted to an urban academic medical centre in the United States between June and November 2019. Individual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and dual-coded. We analysed data with coding specific for hospital-based interventions including screening, conducting HCV-related laboratory work-up, starting treatment, connecting with peers, and coordinating outpatient care. We analysed coded data at the semantic level for emergent themes using a framework approach based off an integrated framework of access to HCV care. RESULTS: The majority of participants primarily used opioids (78\%), were white (85\%) and men (67\%). Participants frequently reported HCV screening during previous hospitalisation with rare inpatient connection to HCV-related services. Participants expressed willingness to discuss HCV treatment candidacy during hospitalisation; however, lack of inpatient conversations led to perception that "nothing could be done" during admission. Participants expressed interest in completing inpatient HCV work-up to "get the ball rollin'" - consolidating care would enhance outpatient service permeability by reducing barriers. Others resisted HCV care coordination, preferring to focus on "immediate" issues including health conditions and addiction treatment. Participants also expressed openness to engaging with peers about HCV, noting shared drug use experience as critical to a peer relationship when discussing HCV. CONCLUSION: Hospitalised PWUD have varied priorities, necessitating adaptable interventions for addressing HCV. Hospitalisation can be an opportunity to address HCV access to care including identification of treatment eligibility, consolidation of care, and facilitation of HCV-related referrals.},
	journal = {Int J Drug Policy},
	author = {Levander, X. A. and Vega, T. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8568624},
	keywords = {*Hepatitis C virus, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Hospital, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Qualitative, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-related disorders, *Theoretical framework, Adult, Health Services Accessibility, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Hospitals, Humans, Male, Perception, Qualitative, Substance-related disorders, Theoretical framework, research funding from Gilead and Merck pharmaceuticals not directly related to, the conduct of this research. All other authors have no declarations of interest.},
	pages = {103356},
}



@article{cooper_using_2019,
	title = {Using {Web}-{Based} {Pin}-{Drop} {Maps} to {Capture} {Activity} {Spaces} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}: {Cross}-{Sectional} {Survey}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2369-2960},
	shorttitle = {Using {Web}-{Based} {Pin}-{Drop} {Maps} to {Capture} {Activity} {Spaces} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}},
	url = {https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593},
	doi = {10.2196/13593},
	abstract = {Background 
              Epicenters of harmful drug use are expanding to US rural areas, with rural young adults bearing a disproportionate burden. A large body of work suggests that place characteristics (eg, spatial access to health services) shape vulnerability to drug-related harms among urban residents. Research on the role of place characteristics in shaping these harms among rural residents is nascent, as are methods of gathering place-based data. 
             
             
              Objective 
              We (1) analyzed whether young rural adults who used drugs answered self-administered Web-based mapping items about locations where they engaged in risk behaviors and (2) determined the precision of mapped locations. 
             
             
              Methods 
              Eligible individuals had to report recently using opioids to get high; be aged between 18 and 35 years; and live in the 5-county rural Appalachian Kentucky study area. We used targeted outreach and peer-referral methods to recruit participants. The survey asked participants to drop a pin in interactive maps to mark where they completed the survey, and where they had slept most; used drugs most; and had sex most in the past 6 months. Precision was assessed by (1) determining whether mapped locations were within 100 m of a structure and (2) calculating the Euclidean distance between the pin-drop home location and the street address where participants reported sleeping most often. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for all variables; distributions of missingness for mapping items and for the Euclidean distance variable were explored across participant characteristics. 
             
             
              Results 
              Of the 151 participants, 88.7\% (134/151) completed all mapping items, and ≥92.1\% ({\textgreater}139/151) dropped a pin at each of the 4 locations queried. Missingness did not vary across most participant characteristics, except that lower percentages of full-time workers and peer-recruited participants mapped some locations. Two-thirds of the pin-drop sex and drug use locations were less than 100 m from a structure, as were 92.1\% (139/151) of pin-drop home locations. The median distance between the pin-drop and street-address home locations was 2.0 miles (25th percentile=0.8 miles; 75th percentile=5.5 miles); distances were shorter for high-school graduates, staff-recruited participants, and participants reporting no technical difficulties completing the survey. 
             
             
              Conclusions 
              Missingness for mapping items was low and unlikely to introduce bias, given that it varied across few participant characteristics. Precision results were mixed. In a rural study area of 1378 square miles, most pin-drop home addresses were near a structure; it is unsurprising that fewer drug and sex locations were near structures because most participants reported engaging in these activities outside at times. The error in pin-drop home locations, however, might be too large for some purposes. We offer several recommendations to strengthen future research, including gathering metadata on the extent to which participants zoom in on each map and recruiting participants via trusted staff.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {JMIR Public Health and Surveillance},
	author = {Cooper, Hannah Luke Fenimore and Crawford, Natalie D and Haardörfer, Regine and Prood, Nadya and Jones-Harrell, Carla and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Ballard, April M and Young, April M},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Web-based data collection, activity spaces, geospatial methods, risk environment, rural, substance use disorder},
	pages = {e13593},
}



@article{ibragimov_understanding_2020,
	title = {Understanding rural risk environments for drug-related harms: {Progress}, challenges, and steps forward},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102926},
	journal = {Int J Drug Policy},
	author = {Ibragimov, U. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC8215764},
	keywords = {*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Social Environment, Environment, Humans, Rural Population},
	pages = {102926},
}



@article{nichols_use_2019,
	title = {Use of single {IRBs} for multi-site studies: {A} case report and commentary from a {National} {Drug} {Abuse} {Treatment} {Clinical} {Trials} {Network} study},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {24518654},
	shorttitle = {Use of single {IRBs} for multi-site studies},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100319},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications},
	author = {Nichols, Ceilidh and Kunkel, Lynn E. and Baker, Robin and Jelstrom, Eve and Addis, Megan and Hoffman, Kim A. and McCarty, Dennis and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Clinical trial regulations, Institutional Review Boards, NIH IRB regulations, Single IRB},
	pages = {100319},
}



@article{evans_uncommon_2022,
	title = {Uncommon and preventable: {Perceptions} of diversion of medication for opioid use disorder in jail},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108746},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Correctional officials often cite diversion of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment (e.g., buprenorphine) as a reason for not offering MOUD treatment in jails and prisons, but it is poorly understood whether these fears are justified. We aimed to understand staff perceptions of medication diversion from jail-based MOUD programs and the factors that contribute to and prevent diversion. METHODS: We conducted qualitative analyses of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups performed in 2019-20 with 61 administrative, security, behavioral health, and clinical staff who implement MOUD programming in seven Massachusetts jails. RESULTS: Contrary to staff expectations, buprenorphine diversion was perceived to occur infrequently during MOUD program implementation. The MOUD program changed staff views of buprenorphine, i.e., as legitimate treatment instead of as illicit contraband. Also, the program was perceived to have disrupted the illicit buprenorphine market in jail and reduced related coercion. Proactive strategies were essential to prevent and respond to buprenorphine diversion. Key components of diversion prevention strategies included: staff who distinguished among different reasons for diversion; comprehensive and routinized but flexible dosing protocols; communication, education, and monitoring; patient involvement in assessing reasons for diversion; and written policies to adjudicate diversion consequences. CONCLUSION: With appropriate protocols, buprenorphine diversion within correctional programs designed to provide MOUD treatment is perceived to be uncommon and preventable. Promising practices in program design help limit medication diversion and inform correctional officials and lawmakers as they consider whether and how to provide MOUD treatment in correctional settings.},
	journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
	author = {Evans, E. A. and Pivovarova, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Santelices, C. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220223},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medication diversion, Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Prescription Drug Diversion/prevention \& control, Qualitative design},
	pages = {108746},
}



@article{wyse_twelve-month_2021,
	title = {Twelve-{Month} {Retention} in {Opioid} {Agonist} {Treatment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Among} {Patients} {With} and {Without} {HIV}},
	issn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10461-021-03452-0},
	abstract = {Although opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is associated with positive health outcomes, including improved HIV management, long-term retention in OAT remains low among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Using data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS), we identify variables independently associated with OAT retention overall and by HIV status. Among 7,334 patients with OUD, 13.7\% initiated OAT, and 27.8\% were retained 12-months later. Likelihood of initiation and retention did not vary by HIV status. Variables associated with improved likelihood of retention included receiving buprenorphine (relative to methadone), receiving both buprenorphine and methadone at some point over the 12-month period, or diagnosis of HCV. History of homelessness was associated with a lower likelihood of retention. Predictors of retention were largely distinct between patients with HIV and patients without HIV. Findings highlight the need for clinical, systems, and research initiatives to better understand and improve OAT retention.},
	journal = {AIDS Behav},
	author = {Wyse, J. J. and McGinnis, K. A. and Edelman, E. J. and Gordon, A. J. and Manhapra, A. and Fiellin, D. A. and Moore, B. A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Kennedy, A. J. and Oldfield, B. J. and Gaither, J. R. and Gordon, K. S. and Skanderson, M. and Barry, D. T. and Bryant, K. and Crystal, S. and Justice, A. C. and Kraemer, K. L.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*HIV Infections/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Hiv, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid-related disorders, Veteran health},
}



@article{mccarty_treatment_2018,
	title = {Treatment and {Prevention} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}: {Challenges} and {Opportunities}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093},
	shorttitle = {Treatment and {Prevention} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Annual Review of Public Health},
	author = {McCarty, Dennis and Priest, Kelsey C. and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*opioid agonist therapy, *opioid antagonist therapy, *opioid overdose prevention, *opioid use disorder, *treatment for opioid use disorder, Drug and Narcotic Control/methods, Health Education/organization \& administration, Humans, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention \& control/*therapy, United States, opioid agonist therapy, opioid antagonist therapy, opioid overdose prevention, opioid use disorder, treatment for opioid use disorder},
	pages = {525--541},
}



@article{friedman_toward_2022,
	title = {Toward a {Theory} of the {Underpinnings} and {Vulnerabilities} of {Structural} {Racism}: {Looking} {Upstream} from {Disease} {Inequities} among {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph19127453},
	abstract = {Structural racism is increasingly recognized as a key driver of health inequities and other adverse outcomes. This paper focuses on structural racism as an "upstream" institutionalized process, how it creates health inequities and how structural racism persists in spite of generations of efforts to end it. So far, "downstream" efforts to reduce these health inequities have had little success in eliminating them. Here, we attempt to increase public health awareness of structural racism and its institutionalization and sociopolitical supports so that research and action can address them. This paper presents both a theoretic and an analytic approach to how structural racism contributes to disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS and related diseases among oppressed populations. We first discuss differences in disease and health outcomes among people who use drugs (PWUD) and other groups at risk for HIV from different racial and ethnic populations. The paper then briefly analyzes the history of racism; how racial oppression, class, gender and other intersectional divisions interact to create health inequities; and how structural racism is institutionalized in ways that contribute to disease disparities among people who use drugs and other people. It examines the processes, institutions and other structures that reinforce structural racism, and how these, combined with processes that normalize racism, serve as barriers to efforts to counter and dismantle the structural racism that Black, indigenous and Latinx people have confronted for centuries. Finally, we discuss the implications of this analysis for public health research and action to undo racism and to enhance the health of populations who have suffered lifetimes of racial/ethnic oppression, with a focus on HIV/AIDS outcomes.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
	author = {Friedman, S. R. and Williams, L. D. and Jordan, A. E. and Walters, S. and Perlman, D. C. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Nikolopoulos, G. K. and Khan, M. R. and Peprah, E. and Ezell, J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220617},
	keywords = {*HIV Infections, *Racism, *capitalism, *hiv, *people who use drugs, *scapegoat, *substance use, Ethnicity, Hiv, Humans, Systemic Racism, United States, capitalism, people who use drugs, racism, scapegoat, substance use},
}



@article{chan_summit_2018,
	title = {The {SUMMIT} ambulatory-{ICU} primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center: study design and rationale},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1940-0640},
	shorttitle = {The {SUMMIT} ambulatory-{ICU} primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center},
	url = {https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Addiction Science \& Clinical Practice},
	author = {Chan, Brian and Edwards, Samuel T. and Devoe, Meg and Gil, Richard and Mitchell, Matthew and Englander, Honora and Nicolaidis, Christina and Kansagara, Devan and Saha, Somnath and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Complex care, *Health service delivery, *Homeless Persons, *Homelessness, *Ill-Housed Persons, *Partnered-research, *Patient Acceptance of Health Care, *Patient centered medical home, *Patient experience, *Primary care innovation, *Substance use, Adult, Advance Care Planning/organization \& administration, Aged, Chronic Disease/*therapy, Comorbidity, Complex care, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Health service delivery, Homelessness, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Motivational Interviewing/organization \& administration, Partnered-research, Patient Care Planning, Patient Care Team/*organization \& administration, Patient Satisfaction, Patient centered medical home, Patient experience, Primary Health Care/*organization \& administration, Primary care innovation, Research Design, Safety-net Providers/*organization \& administration, Social Work/organization \& administration, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance use, Urban Health Services},
	pages = {27},
}



@article{friedman_stigma_2022,
	title = {The stigma system: {How} sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1520-6629 (Electronic) 0090-4392 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1002/jcop.22581},
	abstract = {Stigma is a fundamental driver of adverse health outcomes. Although stigma is often studied at the individual level to focus on how stigma influences the mental and physical health of the stigmatized, considerable research has shown that stigma is multilevel and structural. This paper proposes a theoretical approach that synthesizes the literature on stigma with the literature on scapegoating and divide-and-rule as strategies that the wealthy and powerful use to maintain their power and wealth; the literatures on racial, gender, and other subordination; the literature on ideology and organization in sociopolitical systems; and the literature on resistance and rebellion against stigma, oppression and other forms of subordination. we develop a model of the "stigma system" as a dialectic of interacting and conflicting structures and processes. Understanding this system can help public health reorient stigma interventions to address the sources of stigma as well as the individual problems that stigma creates. On a broader level, this model can help those opposing stigma and its effects to develop alliances and strategies with which to oppose stigma and the processes that create it.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {J Community Psychol},
	author = {Friedman, S. R. and Williams, L. D. and Guarino, H. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Krawczyk, N. and Hamilton, L. and Walters, S. M. and Ezell, J. M. and Khan, M. and Di Iorio, J. and Yang, L. H. and Earnshaw, V. A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pmcid = {PMC8664901},
	keywords = {*Mental Disorders, *Public Health, Humans, Scapegoating, Social Stigma, divide and rule, domination, resistance, scapegoating, stigma, struggle, subordination},
	pages = {385--408},
}



@article{jenkins_rural_2022,
	title = {The {Rural} {Opioid} {Initiative} {Consortium} description: providing evidence to {Understand} the {Fourth} {Wave} of the {Opioid} {Crisis}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00322-5},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To characterize and address the opioid crisis disproportionately impacting rural U.S. regions. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (ROI) is a two-phase project to collect and harmonize quantitative and qualitative data and develop tailored interventions to address rural opioid use. The baseline quantitative survey data from people who use drugs (PWUD) characterizes the current opioid epidemic (2018-2020) in eight geographically diverse regions. RESULTS: Among 3,084 PWUD, 92\% reported ever injecting drugs, 86\% reported using opioids (most often heroin) and 74\% reported using methamphetamine to get high in the past 30 days; 53\% experienced homelessness in the prior 6 months; and 49\% had ever overdosed. Syringe service program use varied by region and 53\% had ever received an overdose kit or naloxone prescription. Less than half (48\%) ever received medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). CONCLUSIONS: The ROI combines data across eight rural regions to better understand drug use including drivers and potential interventions in rural areas with limited resources. Baseline ROI data demonstrate extensive overlap between opioid and methamphetamine use, high homelessness rates, inadequate access to MOUD, and other unmet needs among PWUD in the rural U.S. By combining data across studies, the ROI provides much greater statistical power to address research questions and better understand the syndemic of infectious diseases and drug use in rural settings including unmet treatment needs.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},
	author = {Jenkins, R. A. and Whitney, B. M. and Nance, R. M. and Allen, T. M. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Feinberg, J. and Fredericksen, R. and Friedmann, P. D. and Go, V. F. and Jenkins, W. D. and Korthuis, P. T. and Miller, W. C. and Pho, M. T. and Rudolph, A. E. and Seal, D. W. and Smith, G. S. and Stopka, T. J. and Westergaard, R. P. and Young, A. M. and Zule, W. A. and Delaney, J. A. C. and Tsui, J. I. and Crane, H. M. and Rural Opioid, Initiative},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220726},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Injection drug use, Methamphetamine, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, Overdose, Rural, Substance use},
	pages = {38},
}



@article{brook_relationship_2021,
	title = {The {Relationship} {Between} {Hepatitis} {C} {Virus} {Rates} and {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Access} in {Ohio}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2328-8957 (Print) 2328-8957 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217},
	doi = {10.1093/ofid/ofab242},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The United States is experiencing an epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections due to injection drug use, primarily of opioids and predominantly in rural areas. Buprenorphine, a medication for opioid use disorder, may indirectly prevent HCV transmission. We assessed the relationship of HCV rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study of the county-level (n = 88) relationship between HCV case rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. We fit adjusted negative binomial models between the county-level acute and total HCV incidence rates during 2013-2017 and 1) the number of patients in each county that could be served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing capacity) and 2) the number served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing frequency) from January-March, 2018. RESULTS: For each 10\% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity differed by 1\% (95\% CI: -1\%, 3\%). For each 10\% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity was 12\% (95\% CI: 7\%, 17\%) higher. For each 10\% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 1\% (95\% CI: -1\%, 3\%) higher. For each 10\% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 14\% (95\% CI: 7\%, 20\%) higher. CONCLUSIONS: Rural counties in Ohio have less office-based buprenorphine and higher acute HCV rates versus urban counties, but a similar relationship between office-based buprenorphine prescribing and HCV case rates. To adequately prevent and control HCV rates, certain rural counties may need more office-based buprenorphine prescribing in areas with high HCV case rates.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Open Forum Infect Dis},
	author = {Brook, D. L. and Hetrick, A. T. and Chettri, S. R. and Schalkoff, C. A. and Sibley, A. L. and Lancaster, K. E. and Go, V. F. and Miller, W. C. and Kline, D. M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Edition: 20210517},
	keywords = {Hcv, Ohio, buprenorphine, opioids},
	pages = {ofab242},
}



@article{friedman_opioidoverdose_2020,
	title = {The {Opioid}/{Overdose} {Crisis} as a {Dialectics} of {Pain}, {Despair}, and {One}-{Sided} {Struggle}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2296-2565 (Print) 2296-2565 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.540423},
	abstract = {The opioid/overdose crisis in the United States and Canada has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and has become a major field for research and interventions. It has embroiled pharmaceutical companies in lawsuits and possible bankruptcy filings. Effective interventions and policies toward this and future drug-related outbreaks may be improved by understanding the sociostructural roots of this outbreak. Much of the literature on roots of the opioid/overdose outbreak focuses on (1) the actions of pharmaceutical companies in inappropriately promoting the use of prescription opioids; (2) "deaths of despair" based on the deindustrialization of much of rural and urban Canada and the United States, and on the related marginalization and demoralization of those facing lifetimes of joblessness or precarious employment in poorly paid, often dangerous work; and (3) increase in occupationally-induced pain and injuries in the population. All three of these roots of the crisis-pharmaceutical misconduct and unethical marketing practices, despair based on deindustrialization and increased occupational pain-can be traced back, in part, to what has been called the "one-sided class war" that became prominent in the 1970s, became institutionalized as neo-liberalism in and since the 1980s, and may now be beginning to be challenged. We describe this one-sided class war, and how processes it sparked enabled pharmaceutical corporations in their misconduct, nurtured individualistic ideologies that fed into despair and drug use, weakened institutions that created social support in communities, and reduced barriers against injuries and other occupational pain at workplaces by reducing unionization, weakening surviving unions, and weakening the enforcement of rules about workplace safety and health. We then briefly discuss the implications of this analysis for programs and policies to mitigate or reverse the opioid/overdose outbreak.},
	journal = {Front Public Health},
	author = {Friedman, S. R. and Krawczyk, N. and Perlman, D. C. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Ompad, D. C. and Hamilton, L. and Nikolopoulos, G. and Guarino, H. and Cerda, M.},
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC7676222},
	keywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *despair, *one-sided class war, *opioids, *overdose, *pain, *social conflict, Canada, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Pain/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology, despair, one-sided class war, opioids, overdose, pain, social conflict},
	pages = {540423},
}



@article{stopka_opioid_2019,
	title = {The opioid epidemic in rural northern {New} {England}: {An} approach to epidemiologic, policy, and legal surveillance},
	volume = {128},
	issn = {00917435},
	shorttitle = {The opioid epidemic in rural northern {New} {England}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.028},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Preventive Medicine},
	author = {Stopka, Thomas J. and Jacque, Erin and Kelso, Patsy and Guhn-Knight, Haley and Nolte, Kerry and Hoskinson, Randall and Jones, Amanda and Harding, Joseph and Drew, Aurora and VanDonsel, Anne and Friedmann, Peter D.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Health policy, *New England, *Opioid epidemic, *Population Surveillance, *Rural, *Spatial epidemiology, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Epidemics/*legislation \& jurisprudence/*statistics \& numerical data, Female, Health Policy/*legislation \& jurisprudence, Health policy, Humans, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, New England, New Hampshire/epidemiology, Opioid epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural, Rural Population/*statistics \& numerical data, Spatial epidemiology, Vermont/epidemiology},
	pages = {105740},
}



@article{schalkoff_opioid_2020,
	title = {The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural {Appalachia}: {A} systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0889-7077, 1547-0164},
	shorttitle = {The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural {Appalachia}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555},
	doi = {10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Substance Abuse},
	author = {Schalkoff, Christine A. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Gaynes, Bradley N. and Wang, Vivian and Pence, Brian W. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Clinical Clerkship, *Drug epidemic, *Harm Reduction, *hepatitis C, *opioids, *rural Appalachia, *substance use, Adult, Curriculum, Drug Overdose/prevention \& control, Drug epidemic, Epidemics/*statistics \& numerical data, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural Population/*statistics \& numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, hepatitis C, opioids, rural Appalachia, substance use},
	pages = {35--69},
}



@article{stack_impacts_2020,
	title = {The {Impacts} of {COVID}-19 on {Mental} {Health}, {Substance} {Use}, and {Overdose} {Concerns} of {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Communities}},
	volume = {Publish Ahead of Print},
	issn = {1932-0620},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},
	author = {Stack, Erin and Leichtling, Gillian and Larsen, Jessica E. and Gray, Mary and Pope, Justine and Leahy, Judith M. and Gelberg, Lillian and Seaman, Andrew and Korthuis, Philip Todd},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *covid-19, Humans, Mental Health, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2},
}



@article{bolinski_impact_2022,
	title = {The {Impact} of the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} on {Drug} {Use} {Behaviors}, {Fentanyl} {Exposure}, and {Harm} {Reduction} {Service} {Support} among {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Settings}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph19042230},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the opioid overdose crisis in the US. Rural communities have been disproportionately affected by opioid use and people who use drugs in these settings may be acutely vulnerable to pandemic-related disruptions due to high rates of poverty, social isolation, and pervasive resource limitations. METHODS: We performed a mixed-methods study to assess the impact of the pandemic in a convenience sample of people who use drugs in rural Illinois. We conducted 50 surveys capturing demographics, drug availability, drug use, sharing practices, and mental health symptoms. In total, 19 qualitative interviews were performed to further explore COVID-19 knowledge, impact on personal and community life, drug acquisition and use, overdose, and protective substance use adaptations. RESULTS: Drug use increased during the pandemic, including the use of fentanyl products such as gel encapsulated "beans" and "buttons". Disruptions in supply, including the decreased availability of heroin, increased methamphetamine costs and a concomitant rise in local methamphetamine production, and possible fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine was reported. Participants reported increased drug use alone, experience and/or witness of overdose, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Consistent access to harm reduction services, including naloxone and fentanyl test strips, was highlighted as a source of hope and community resiliency. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic period was characterized by changing drug availability, increased overdose risk, and other drug-related harms faced by people who use drugs in rural areas. Our findings emphasize the importance of ensuring access to harm reduction services, including overdose prevention and drug checking for this vulnerable population.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
	author = {Bolinski, R. S. and Walters, S. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Ouellet, L. J. and Jenkins, W. D. and Almirol, E. and Van Ham, B. and Fletcher, S. and Johnson, C. and Schneider, J. A. and Ompad, D. and Pho, M. T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220216},
	keywords = {*COVID-19/epidemiology, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *covid-19, *fentanyl beans, *fentanyl buttons, *harm reduction, *methamphetamine, *pwid, *rural, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Fentanyl, Harm Reduction, Humans, Pandemics, Pwid, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, fentanyl beans, fentanyl buttons, methamphetamine, rural},
}



@article{minc_effect_2020,
	title = {The effect of rurality on the risk of primary amputation is amplified by race},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.090},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Primary amputation (ie, without attempted revascularization) is a devastating complication of peripheral artery disease. Racial disparities in primary amputation have been described; however, rural disparities have not been well investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of rurality on risk of primary amputation and to explore the effect of race on this relationship. METHODS: The national Vascular Quality Initiative amputation data set was used for analyses (N = 6795). The outcome of interest was primary amputation. Independent variables were race/ethnicity (non-Latinx whites vs nonwhites) and rural residence. Multivariable logistic regression examined impact of rurality and race/ethnicity on primary amputation after adjustment for relevant covariates and included an interaction for race/ethnicity by rural status. RESULTS: Primary amputation occurred in 49\% of patients overall (n = 3332), in 47\% of rural vs 49\% of urban patients (P = .322), and in 46\% of whites vs 53\% of nonwhites (P {\textless} .001). On multivariable analysis, nonwhites had a 21\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation overall (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.21; 95\% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.39). On subgroup analysis, rural nonwhites had two times higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than rural whites (AOR, 2.06; 95\% CI, 1.53-2.78) and a 52\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban nonwhites (AOR, 1.52; 95\% CI, 1.19-1.94). In the urban setting, nonwhites had a 21\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban whites (AOR, 1.21; 95\% CI, 1.05-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: In these analyses, rurality was associated with greater odds for primary amputation in nonwhite patients but not in white patients. The effect of race on primary amputation was significant in both urban and rural settings; however, the effect was significantly stronger in rural settings. These findings suggest that race/ethnicity has a compounding effect on rural health disparities and that strategies to improve health of rural communities need to consider the particular needs of nonwhite residents to reduce disparities.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Vasc Surg},
	author = {Minc, S. D. and Goodney, P. P. and Misra, R. and Thibault, D. and Smith, G. S. and Marone, L.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC7404623},
	keywords = {*Amputation, *Amputation disparities, *Peripheral artery disease, *Racial disparities, *Rural Health Services, *Rural disparities, *Rural health, Aged, Female, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology/*surgery, Race Factors, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rural Health/*ethnology, Urban Health Services, Urban Health/*ethnology},
	pages = {1011--1017},
}



@article{lancaster_syringe_2020,
	title = {Syringe {Service} {Program} {Utilization}, {Barriers}, and {Preferences} for {Design} in {Rural} {Appalachia}: {Differences} between {Men} and {Women} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1082-6084, 1532-2491},
	shorttitle = {Syringe {Service} {Program} {Utilization}, {Barriers}, and {Preferences} for {Design} in {Rural} {Appalachia}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741},
	doi = {10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741},
	language = {en},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Substance Use \& Misuse},
	author = {Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Cooper, Hannah L. F. and Browning, Christopher R. and Malvestutto, Carlos D. and Bridges, John F. P. and Young, April M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Adult, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Needle exchange programs, Needle-Exchange Programs/*organization \& administration/*statistics \& numerical, Sex Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/*psychology, Syringes/*supply \& distribution, Young Adult, data, gender, harm reduction, people who inject drugs, rural},
	pages = {2268--2277},
}



@article{evon_substance_2022,
	title = {Substance {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Providers}' {Knowledge} and {Opinions} {Toward} {Testing} and {Treatment} of {Chronic} {Hepatitis} {C} in {Rural} {North} {Carolina}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1935-942X (Print) 2163-8969 (Electronic) 1935-942X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261},
	doi = {10.1037/rmh0000200},
	abstract = {Poor access to care has made western North Carolina vulnerable to an outbreak of hepatitis C viral infection (HCV), particularly among persons who inject drugs (PWID). As substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers could potentially improve linkage to HCV testing and treatment, we sought to understand SUD providers, clinic and client characteristics; referral patterns; HCV knowledge; willingness to participate in additional trainings; and local linkage-to-care pathways for treatment of substance use and HCV. Online survey data were collected from 78 SUD providers serving PWID in eight western rural North Carolina counties. Providers' attitudes toward working with HCV+ clients were very positive. One-third of providers reported a low fund of knowledge regarding HCV, HCV treatment, and financial assistance opportunities. Non-prescribing providers rarely initiated discussions about HCV testing/treatment, but were receptive to training. Respondents indicated that HCV testing and treatment were best delivered at local health departments or primary care clinics but were open to other venues where PWID access care. The vast majority of prescribing and non-prescribing providers expressed interest in obtaining training in HCV treatments, how to obtain HCV medications and topics on advanced liver disease. Data from prescribing and non-prescribing SUD providers suggest opportunities to develop or expand integrated care models for HCV testing/treatment in PWID in rural Appalachian North Carolina.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Rural Ment Health},
	author = {Evon, D. M. and Hurt, C. B. and Carpenter, D. M. and Rhea, S. K. and Hennessy, C. M. and Zule, W. A.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220203},
	keywords = {hepatitis C virus, injection drug use, opioid, questionnaire, survey},
	pages = {162--173},
}



@article{button_substance_2022,
	title = {Substance use disorder treatment and technology access among people who use drugs in rural areas of the {United} {States}: {A} cross-sectional survey},
	issn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145},
	doi = {10.1111/jrh.12737},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate how technology access affected substance use disorder (SUD) treatment prior to COVID-19 for people who use drugs in rural areas. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (January 2018-March 2020) was a cross-sectional study of people with prior 30-day injection drug or nonprescribed opioid use from rural areas of 10 states. Using multivariable mixed-effect regression models, we examined associations between participant technology access and SUD treatment. FINDINGS: Of 3,026 participants, 71\% used heroin and 76\% used methamphetamine. Thirty-five percent had no cell phone and 10\% had no prior 30-day internet use. Having both a cell phone and the internet was associated with increased days of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use (aIRR 1.29 [95\% CI 1.11-1.52]) and a higher likelihood of SUD counseling in the prior 30 days (aOR 1.28 [95\% CI 1.05-1.57]). Lack of cell phone was associated with decreased days of MOUD (aIRR 0.77 [95\% CI 0.66-0.91]) and a lower likelihood of prior 30-day SUD counseling (aOR 0.77 [95\% CI 0.62-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Expanding US rural SUD treatment engagement via telemedicine may require increased cell phone and mobile network access.},
	journal = {J Rural Health},
	author = {Button, D. and Levander, X. A. and Cook, R. R. and Miller, W. C. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. M. and Tsui, J. I. and Ibragimov, U. and Jenkins, W. D. and Westergaard, R. P. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20221227},
	keywords = {addiction, opioids, rural health, telemedicine},
}



@article{korthuis_substance_2018,
	title = {Substance use and the {HIV} care continuum: important advances},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1940-0640},
	shorttitle = {Substance use and the {HIV} care continuum},
	url = {https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Addiction Science \& Clinical Practice},
	author = {Korthuis, P. Todd and Edelman, E. Jennifer},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Alcoholism/epidemiology/therapy, Anti-Retroviral Agents/*therapeutic use, Continuity of Patient Care/*organization \& administration, HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/therapy, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy},
	pages = {13, s13722--018--0114--4},
}



@article{walters_structural_2022,
	title = {Structural and community changes during {COVID}-19 and their effects on overdose precursors among rural people who use drugs: a mixed-methods analysis},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00303-8},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drug overdose rates in the United States have been steadily increasing, particularly in rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation strategies may have increased overdose risk for people who use drugs by impacting social, community, and structural factors. METHODS: The study included a quantitative survey focused on COVID-19 administered to 50 people who use drugs and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 17 people who use drugs, 12 of whom also participated in the quantitative survey. Descriptive statistics were run for the quantitative data. Qualitative coding was line-by-line then grouped thematically. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated during analysis. RESULTS: Findings demonstrate how COVID-19 disruptions at the structural and community level affected outcomes related to mental health and drug use at the individual level. Themes that emerged from the qualitative interviews were (1) lack of employment opportunities, (2) food and housing insecurity, (3) community stigma impacting health service use, (4) mental health strains, and (5) drug market disruptions. Structural and community changes increased anxiety, depression, and loneliness on the individual level, as well as changes in drug use patterns, all of which are likely to increase overdose risk. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic, and mitigation strategies aimed at curbing infection, disrupted communities and lives of people who use drugs. These disruptions altered individual drug use and mental health outcomes, which could increase risk for overdose. We recommend addressing structural and community factors, including developing multi-level interventions, to combat overdose. Trial registration Clinicaltrails.gov: NCT04427202. Registered June 11, 2020: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04427202?term=pho+mai\&draw=2\&rank=3.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},
	author = {Walters, S. M. and Bolinski, R. S. and Almirol, E. and Grundy, S. and Fletcher, S. and Schneider, J. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ompad, D. C. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220425},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Drug use, *Ecosocial theory, *Overdose, *Rural, *Social determinants of health, *Social ecological model, *Substance-Related Disorders, *covid-19, Covid-19, Drug use, Ecosocial theory, Humans, Overdose, Pandemics, Rural, Rural Population, Social determinants of health, Social ecological model, United States/epidemiology},
	pages = {24},
}



@article{ezell_stigmatize_2021,
	title = {Stigmatize the use, not the user? {Attitudes} on opioid use, drug injection, treatment, and overdose prevention in rural communities},
	volume = {268},
	issn = {02779536},
	shorttitle = {Stigmatize the use, not the user?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113470},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	author = {Ezell, Jerel M. and Walters, Suzan and Friedman, Samuel R. and Bolinski, Rebecca and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Schneider, John and Link, Bruce and Pho, Mai T.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/prevention \& control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Attitude, Discrimination, Drug injection, Drug use, Harm reduction, Health inequalities, Humans, Illinois, Opioids, Quality of Life, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma},
	pages = {113470},
}



@article{bolinski_social_2019,
	title = {Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities: a systematic review},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1869-6716, 1613-9860},
	shorttitle = {Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841},
	doi = {10.1093/tbm/ibz129},
	abstract = {Successful intervention in rural opioid misuse requires a better understanding of how local social norms and networks, and employment and medical care access, combine to facilitate or hinder individual use.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Translational Behavioral Medicine},
	author = {Bolinski, Rebecca and Ellis, Kaitlin and Zahnd, Whitney E and Walters, Suzan and McLuckie, Colleen and Schneider, John and Rodriguez, Christofer and Ezell, Jerel and Friedman, Samuel R and Pho, Mai and Jenkins, Wiley D},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Opioid, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Rural, *Rural Population, *Social Networking, *Social Norms, *Social Stigma, *Social networks, *Stigma, Humans, Opioid, Rural, Social networks, Social norms, Stigma},
	pages = {1224--1232},
}



@article{vega_sobriety_2021,
	title = {"{Sobriety} equals getting rid of hepatitis {C}": {A} qualitative study exploring the interplay of substance use disorder and hepatitis {C} among hospitalized adults},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108337},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) commonly experience complex illness, psychosocial stressors, housing insecurity, and stigma, which may play key roles in their struggles with addiction. In a study of hospitalized PWUD with hepatitis C virus infection (HCV), participants described treating HCV as "part of recovery." These findings led us to explore how hospitalization and acute illness altered patients' perceptions of substance use disorder (SUD) and HCV. METHODS: Researchers audio recorded in-depth semi-structured individual interviews of 27 hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV seen by an addiction consult service (ACS) at an urban academic medical center between June and November 2019. Research staff transcribed interviews and dual coded them deductively and inductively at the semantic level. Researchers used a matrix visualization to discern relationships among codes and conducted a thematic analysis. RESULTS: Many participants believed addictions treatment should precede an HCV cure for varying reasons. Some wanted to avoid reinfection; others believed "getting clean" afforded the mental clarity to address health issues, including HCV. Patients newly engaged in SUD treatment described HCV treatment as a "step towards recovery" and could serve as motivation to continue SUD treatment. Participants believed HCV cure could facilitate sobriety by "mentally putting drugs in the past" and was a future-oriented action toward "better health." Many participants described the compounded stigma of having HCV infection and SUD by multiple groups, including friends/family who do not use drugs, other drug users, and health care workers. CONCLUSION: Hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV believed addictions engagement should precede HCV treatment and HCV cure could play an important role in their "recovery" journey. Discussing HCV treatment during hospitalization may be an opportunity to support engagement in SUD treatment and targets an untreated patient population critical for achieving HCV elimination.},
	journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
	author = {Vega, T. A. and Levander, X. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8217723},
	keywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C virus, *Hospital, *Qualitative research, *Substance-Related Disorders, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Humans, Qualitative Research, Substance-related disorders},
	pages = {108337},
}



@article{king_simulating_2022,
	title = {Simulating the impact of {Addiction} {Consult} {Services} in the context of drug supply contamination, hospitalizations, and drug-related mortality},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103525},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is increasing in international drug supply chains, and IMF-related opioid overdose deaths are rising in North America. Hospitalizations among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are also rising; and, hospitalized patients are at increased risk of overdose and death following hospital discharge. Hospitalization is a key opportunity to engage patients with OUD. Addiction consult services (ACS) can provide effective treatment for patients hospitalized with OUD. This study aims to estimate the effect of increasing IMF contamination on drug-related death among patients hospitalized with OUD, and simulate the role of ACS expansion to mitigate these effects. METHODS: We used a Markov model to mirror care systems for adult patients hospitalized with OUD in Oregon, from the time of hospital admission through 12-months post-discharge, and simulated patients through modeled care systems to evaluate the expansion of Addiction Consult Services in the context of increasing IMF in the drug supply. RESULTS: In a simulated cohort of 10,000 patients, we estimate that 537 patients would die from drug-related causes within 12-months of hospital discharge. In the context of increased IMF in the drug supply, this estimate increased to 913. ACS referral at baseline was 4\%; increasing ACS referral to accommodate 10\%, 50\%, or 100\% of hospitalized OUD patients in the state reduces drug-related deaths to 904, 849, and 780, respectively. The number needed to treat for ACS to avoid one drug-related death in the context of increased IMF was 73. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals should expand interventions to help reduce IMF-related opioid overdoses, including through implementation of ACS. In the context of rising IMF-related deaths, ACS expansion could help connect patients to treatment, offer harm reduction interventions, or both, which can help reduce the risk of opioid-related death.},
	journal = {Int J Drug Policy},
	author = {King, C. A. and Cook, R. and Wheelock, H. and Korthuis, P. T. and Leahy, J. M. and Goff, A. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20211124},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Drug overdose, *Fentanyl, *Harm Reduction, *Hospitalization, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Opioid-related disorders, *Patient Discharge, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Hospitalization, Humans, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation},
	pages = {103525},
}



@article{jenkins_sexually_2021,
	title = {Sexually {Transmitted} {Infection} {Epidemiology} and {Care} in {Rural} {Areas}: {A} {Narrative} {Review}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001512},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although rural areas contain approximately 19\% of the US population, little research has explored sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk and how urban-developed interventions may be suitable in more population-thin areas. Although STI rates vary across rural areas, these areas share diminishing access to screening and limited rural-specific testing of STI interventions. METHODS: This narrative review uses a political ecology model of health and explores 4 domains influencing STI risk and screening: epidemiology, health services, political and economic, and social. Articles describing aspects of rural STI epidemiology, screening access and use, and intervention utility within these domains were found by a search of PubMed. RESULTS: Epidemiology contributes to risk via multiple means, such as the presence of increased-risk populations and the at-times disproportionate impact of the opioid/drug use epidemic. Rural health services are diminishing in quantity, often have lesser accessibility, and may be stigmatizing to those needing services. Local political and economic influences include funding decisions, variable enforcement of laws/statutes, and systemic prevention of harm reduction services. Social norms such as stigma and discrimination can prevent individuals from seeking appropriate care, and also lessen individual self-efficacy to reduce personal risk. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually transmitted infection in rural areas is significant in scope and facing diminished prevention opportunities and resources. Although many STI interventions have been developed and piloted, few have been tested to scale or operationalized in rural areas. By considering rural STI risk reduction within a holistic model, purposeful exploration of interventions tailored to rural environments may be explored.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Sex Transm Dis},
	author = {Jenkins, W. D. and Williams, L. D. and Pearson, W. S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8595853},
	keywords = {*Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Humans, Mass Screening, Risk Reduction Behavior, Rural Population},
	pages = {e236--e240},
}



@article{bhandari_sex_2022,
	title = {Sex {Differences} in {Characteristics} of {Patients} with {Infective} {Endocarditis}: {A} {Multicenter} {Study}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2077-0383 (Print) 2077-0383 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584},
	doi = {10.3390/jcm11123514},
	abstract = {Infectious diseases like infective endocarditis (IE) may manifest or progress differently between sexes. This study sought to identify the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics among male and female patients with IE. Data were obtained from a newly developed registry comprising all adult patients with first IE admission at the four major tertiary cardiovascular centers in West Virginia, USA during 2014-2018. Patient characteristics were compared between males and females using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A secondary analysis was restricted to IE patients with drug use only. Among 780 unique patients (390 males, 390 females), significantly more women (a) were younger than males (median age 34.9 vs. 41.4, p \&lt; 0.001); (b) reported drug use (77.7\% vs. 64.1\%, p \&lt; 0.001); (c) had tricuspid valve endocarditis (46.4\% vs. 30.8\%, p \&lt; 0.001); and (d) were discharged against medical advice (20\% vs. 9.5\%, p \&lt; 0.001). These differences persisted even within the subgroup of patients with drug use-associated IE. In a state with one of the highest incidences of drug use and overdose deaths, the significantly higher incident IE cases in younger women and higher proportion of women leaving treatment against medical advice are striking. Differential characteristics between male and female patients are important to inform strategies for specialized treatment and care.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {J Clin Med},
	author = {Bhandari, R. and Tiwari, S. and Alexander, T. and Annie, F. H. and Kaleem, U. and Irfan, A. and Balla, S. and Wiener, R. C. and Cook, C. and Nanjundappa, A. and Bates, M. and Thompson, E. and Smith, G. S. and Feinberg, J. and Fisher, M. A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220618},
	keywords = {West Virginia, electronic medical records, infective endocarditis, male-female differences, sex},
}



@article{kolak_rural_2020,
	title = {Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: {A} multidimensional, spatial perspective},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {09553959},
	shorttitle = {Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102727},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Kolak, Marynia A. and Chen, Yen-Tyng and Joyce, Sam and Ellis, Kaitlin and Defever, Kali and McLuckie, Colleen and Friedman, Sam and Pho, Mai T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Harm Reduction, Humans, Opioid overdose, Regionalization, Rural Population, Rural risk environment, Spatial analysis},
	pages = {102727},
}



@article{cloud_rural_2019,
	title = {Rural risk environments for hepatitis c among young adults in appalachian kentucky},
	volume = {72},
	issn = {09553959},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Cloud, David H. and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Prood, Nadya and Young, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Harm Reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Kentucky, *Opioid, *Risk environment, *Rural, *Rural Population, Adult, Appalachian Region, Female, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology/transmission, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Kentucky, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Risk environment, Risk-Taking, Rural, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications/epidemiology, Young Adult},
	pages = {47--54},
}



@article{levander_rural_2021,
	title = {Rural opioid treatment program patient perspectives on take-home methadone policy changes during {COVID}-19: a qualitative thematic analysis},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-021-00281-3},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the United States, methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly regulated. Federal agencies announced guidelines in March 2020 allowing for relaxation of take-home methadone dispensing at opioid treatment programs (OTPs) to improve treatment access and reduce COVID-19 transmission risk during the public health emergency. We explored patient perspectives at three OTPs serving rural communities on how take-home policy changes were received and implemented and how these changes impacted their addiction treatment and recovery. METHODS: We completed semi-structured individual qualitative interviews in 2 phases: (1) August-October 2020 and (2) November 2020-January 2021 (total n = 46), anticipating possible policy changes as the pandemic progressed. We interviewed patients with OUD enrolled at 3 rural OTPs in Oregon. Participants received varying take-home methadone allowances following the COVID-19-related policy changes. All interviews were conducted via phone, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We conducted a thematic analysis, iteratively coding transcripts, and deductively and inductively generating codes. RESULTS: The 46 participants included 50\% women and 89\% had Medicaid insurance. Three main themes emerged in the analysis, with no differences between study phases: (1) Adapting to changing OTP policies throughout the pandemic; (2) Recognizing the benefits, and occasional struggles, with increased take-home methadone dosing; and (3) Continuing policies and procedures post-pandemic. Participants described fears and anxieties around ongoing methadone access and safety concerns prior to OTP policy changes, but quickly adapted as protocols soon seemed "natural." The majority of participants acknowledged significant benefits to increased take-homes independent of reducing COVID-19 infection risk including feeling "more like a normal person," improved recovery support, reduced time traveling, and having more time with family and for work. Looking to a post-pandemic future, participants thought some COVID-19-related safety protocols should continue that would reduce risk of other infections, make OTP settings less stressful, and result in more individualized care. CONCLUSIONS: As the pandemic progressed, study participants adapted to rapidly changing OTP policies. Participants noted many unanticipated benefits to increased take-home methadone and other COVID-19 protocols including strengthened self-efficacy and recovery and reduced interpersonal conflict, with limited evidence of diversion. Patient perspectives should inform future policies to better address the ongoing overdose epidemic.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},
	author = {Levander, X. A. and Hoffman, K. A. and McIlveen, J. W. and McCarty, D. and Terashima, J. P. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8665717},
	keywords = {*Addiction medicine, *Analgesics, Opioid, *Methadone, *Qualitative research, *Rural, *Substance-related disorder, *covid-19, Addiction medicine, Covid-19, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Policy, Qualitative research, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Substance-related disorder, United States},
	pages = {72},
}



@article{rudisill_risk_2021,
	title = {Risk factors associated with driving under the influence of drugs in the {USA}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1475-5785 (Electronic) 1353-8047 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044015},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a burgeoning public health concern in the USA. Because little is known about individuals who engage in DUID, the purpose of this study was to analyse potential sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors associated with the behaviour. METHODS: Self-reported data from drivers {\textgreater}/=18 years of age who ever used drugs and participated in the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used. Characteristics of those who reported to engage and not engage in DUID were compared via frequencies, percentages and logistic regression analyses, which accounted for the multistage survey design. RESULTS: Among eligible respondents, 10.4\% (weighted n=117 275 154) reported DUID. DUID was higher among those aged 18-25 year (34\%), males (65\%), unmarried individuals (61\%), lesbian/gay/bisexuals (13\%), those whom abused or were drug dependent (45\%), engaged in numerous risky lifestyle behaviours (12\%) and those taking medication for a mental health issue (22\%). Nearly 20\% and 6\% of respondents engaged in DUID abused or were dependent on marijuana or methamphetamine, respectively. The adjusted odds of DUID were greatest among those 18-25 years of age (OR 3.7; 95\% CI 2.8 to 5.0), those never/not married (OR 1.8; 95\% CI 1.5 to 2.2), those who abused or were drug dependent (OR 4.0; 95\% CI 3.5 to 4.7), exhibited riskier lifestyle behaviours (OR 8.0; 95\% CI 5.9 to 11.0), were employed (OR 1.3; 95\% CI 1.1 to 1.6) or lesbian/gay/bisexuals (OR 1.4; 95\% CI 1.1 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: DUID was common among some population sub-groups who may benefit from intervention.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Inj Prev},
	author = {Rudisill, T. M. and Smith, G. S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8190186},
	keywords = {*Automobile Driving, *Driving Under the Influence, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *cross sectional study, *drugs, *risk factor research, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Young Adult},
	pages = {514--520},
}



@article{mcilveen_reduction_2021,
	title = {Reduction in {Oregon}'s {Medication} {Dosing} {Visits} {After} the {SARS}-{CoV}-2 {Relaxation} of {Restrictions} on {Take}-home {Medication}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000812},
	abstract = {To slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in opioid treatment programs (OTPs), SAMHSA notified State Opioid Treatment Authorities that stable patients could receive up to 27 days of take-homes, less stable patients could receive up to 13 days with fewer take-homes for other patients. An analysis assessed how the relaxed standards affected the number of patient dosing visits and the amount of take-home medications dispensed in Oregon's 20 public, nonprofit, and for-profit OTPs. OTPs reported the number of patients receiving take homes pre and post federal policy change at 3 time points: pre SARS-CoV-2 (February or first half of March), post 1 SARS-CoV-2 (March, April, or May), and post 2 SARS-CoV-2 (April, May, or June). The patients receiving each quantity of take-homes were counted and means calculated for visits and take-homes per patient per month. A negative binomial mixed-effects regression model assessed change in mean dosing visits per patient. During the pre SARS-CoV-2 period, OTPs served 7792 patients monthly with 120,513 medication visits and dispensed 44,883 take-home doses. Mean patient visits per month were 15.5 with 5.8 take-homes per patient per month. Following the policy change, medication visits declined 33\% and take-home medication increased 97\% with 10.4 mean visits per patient and 11.3 mean take-homes per patient. The negative binomial mixed-effects regression model estimated a 54\% reduction in mean visits per patient. The policy change had the intended effect. More research is needed to assess unintended consequences associated with increased access to take-home medication.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J Addict Med},
	author = {McIlveen, J. W. and Hoffman, K. and Priest, K. C. and Choi, D. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8339128},
	keywords = {*SARS-CoV-2, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Oregon},
	pages = {516--518},
}



@article{evans_recidivism_2022,
	title = {Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder},
	volume = {231},
	issn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109254},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) when offered in community-based settings, but evidence is limited for incarcerated populations, particularly in relation to recidivism. In Massachusetts, Franklin County jail (FCSO) was among the first to provide buprenorphine; adjacent Hampshire County jail (HCHC) offered it more recently. These jails present a natural experiment to determine whether outcomes are different between individuals who did and did not have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine in jail. METHODS: We examined outcomes of all incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder (n = 469) who did (FCSO n = 197) and did not (HCHC n = 272) have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine. The primary outcome was post-release recidivism, defined as time from jail exit to a recidivism event (incarceration, probation violation, arraignment). Using Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated site as a predictor, controlling for covariates. We also examined post-release deaths. RESULTS: Fewer FCSO than HCHC individuals recidivated (48.2\% vs. 62.5\%; p = 0.001); fewer FCSO individuals were re-arraigned (36.0\% vs. 47.1\%; p = 0.046) or re-incarcerated (21.3\% vs. 39.0\%; p {\textless} 0.0001). Recidivism risk was lower in the FCSO group (hazard ratio 0.71, 95\% confidence interval 0.56, 0.89; p = 0.003), net of covariates (adjusted hazard ratio 0.68, 95\% confidence interval 0.53, 0.86; p = 0.001). At each site, 3\% of participants died. CONCLUSIONS: Among incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder, risk of recidivism after jail exit is lower among those who were offered buprenorphine during incarceration. Findings support the growing movement in jails nationwide to offer buprenorphine and other agonist medications for opioid use disorder.},
	journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},
	author = {Evans, E. A. and Wilson, D. and Friedmann, P. D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220118},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Criminal justice settings, *Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), *Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Mortality, *Naltrexone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Recidivism, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), Mortality, Naltrexone, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Recidivism},
	pages = {109254},
}



@article{hochstatter_racial_2021,
	title = {Racial disparities in use of non-emergency outpatient care by {Medicaid}-eligible adults after release from prison: {Wisconsin}, 2015-2017},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108484},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Black individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are less likely to receive effective treatment and more likely to be incarcerated compared to White individuals. Despite this, research documenting racial disparities in healthcare use among people with SUD releasing from prison is limited. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study are to: 1) assess racial disparities in Medicaid enrollment among individuals released from prison with a history of substance use; and 2) characterize racial disparities in outpatient service use, emergency department (ED) use, and receipt of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among those who do enroll in Medicaid. METHODS: This study included individuals with a history of substance use that were released from Wisconsin state correctional facilities from April 2015 through June 2017. Medicaid enrollment and claims data were analyzed to compare healthcare utilization 6 months post-release between individuals identifying as Black, White, or other races. The total sample included 15,621 prison releases among 14,400 unique persons with a history of substance abuse. RESULTS: Among the 15,621 prison releases, 10,836 (69.4\%) were enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release. The proportion of prison releases among individuals of other races who enrolled in Medicaid (506/934, 54.2\%) was significantly lower than the proportion among Black individuals (3679/5306, 69.3\%) and White individuals (6651/9381, 70.9\%). Among the subset of 7685 releases enrolled in Medicaid for 6 months post-release, 5040 (65.6\%) had an outpatient visit within 6 months; 73.9\% of White, 51.3\% of Black, and 66.9\% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 0.324 times less likely (P {\textless} 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.591 times less likely (P = 0.004) to have an outpatient visit. Of the 7685 releases, 1016 (13.2\%) had an ED visit within 6 months; 12.0\% of White, 13.8\% of Black and 25.1\% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 1.23 times more likely (P = 0.019) and individuals of other races were 2.64 times more likely (P {\textless} 0.001) to have an ED visit. Black individuals were 0.100 times less likely (P {\textless} 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.435 times less likely (P = 0.016) to receive MOUD post-release compared to White individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Black adults with a history of substance use are significantly less likely than White adults to use non-emergency outpatient services after release from incarceration. Improving equitable access to outpatient services is needed to reduce health disparities across racial groups.},
	journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
	author = {Hochstatter, K. R. and Akhtar, W. Z. and El-Bassel, N. and Westergaard, R. P. and Burns, M. E.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Edition: 2021/05/31},
	keywords = {*Healthcare utilization, *Medicaid, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders, *Post-release, *Racial disparities, *Substance abuse, Adult, Ambulatory Care, Emergency Service, Hospital, Healthcare Disparities, Healthcare utilization, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Outpatients, Post-release, Prisons, Racial disparities, Substance abuse, United States, Wisconsin},
	pages = {108484},
}



@article{dai_quantifying_2020,
	title = {Quantifying enhanced risk from alcohol and other factors in polysubstance-related deaths},
	volume = {313},
	issn = {1872-6283 (Electronic) 0379-0738 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110352},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: To quantify how alcohol, polysubstance use and other factors influence opioid concentrations in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Multiple linear regression models were employed to identify relationships among alcohol, other factors, and the concentrations of four commonly identified opioids (fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone), accounting for demographic, toxicological and comorbid characteristics in WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2018. RESULTS: Alcohol concentrations of 0.08\% or above were associated with significant reductions in blood concentrations of fentanyl (27.5\%), hydrocodone (30.5\%) and methadone (32.4\%). Significantly lower predicted concentrations of all opioids studied were associated with multiple opioid vs. single opioid presence, with predicted concentration reductions ranging from 13.7\% for fentanyl to 65-66\% for hydrocodone and oxycodone. Benzodiazepine presence was associated with small, non-statistically significant changes in opioid concentrations, while stimulant presence was associated with statistically significant reductions in hydrocodone and oxycodone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Co-ingestion of alcohol, multiple opioids or stimulants were associated with significantly decreased predicted concentrations of commonly identified opioids in drug deaths. Further evidence is provided for enhanced risks from polysubstance use with opioids, which has important public health implications.},
	journal = {Forensic Sci Int},
	author = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Long, D. L. and Smith, G. S. and Halki, T. M. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC7374018},
	keywords = {*Blood Alcohol Content, Adult, Alcohol, Analgesics, Opioid/*blood, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants/blood, Coroners and Medical Examiners, Drug-related death, Female, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Linear Models, Lung Diseases/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Polysubstance use, Substance-Related Disorders/*blood/*mortality, West Virginia/epidemiology},
	pages = {110352},
}



@article{akhtar_prevalence_2020,
	title = {Prevalence of {Tobacco} {Use} {Among} {Rural}-{Dwelling} {Individuals} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2574-3805},
	url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499},
	doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0493},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	author = {Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Mundt, Marlon P. and Koepke, Ruth and Krechel, Sarah and Fiore, Michael C. and Seal, David W. and Westergaard, Ryan P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Rural Population/*statistics \& numerical data, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoking/*epidemiology/psychology, Wisconsin},
	pages = {e200493},
}



@article{evans_prevalence_2021,
	title = {Prevalence and {Correlates} of {Cannabis} {Use} in {Massachusetts} after {Cannabis} {Legalization} and before {Retail} {Sales}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {2159-9777 (Electronic) 0279-1072 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1080/02791072.2020.1850945},
	abstract = {We determined the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in Massachusetts after recreational use was passed, but before recreational cannabis stores opened. A cross-sectional, population-based survey of Massachusetts adults, age 18 years or older, (n = 3,022) was conducted in November-December, 2017. We estimated population-level prevalence and correlates of past 30-day cannabis use. 21.1\% [95\% CI: 18.6, 23.6] of Massachusetts adults reported past 30-day cannabis use. Among cannabis users, 56.0\% [CI 49.1, 62.9] reported non-medical cannabis use, 15.5\% [12.1, 18.9] reported medical cannabis use, and 28.5\% [CI 22.3, 34.8] reported both types of use. Men were more likely than women to use cannabis (Risk Ratio: 1.3 [CI 1.1, 1.6]), as were young adults (18-25 years old), those with lower socioeconomic status, non-parenting individuals, those who used alcohol (1.9 [CI 1.4, 2.6]) or other substances (1.7 [CI 1.3, 2.4]), and residents of Western Massachusetts (2.0 [1.3, 3.0]; ref: Boston area), the Northeast (1.8 [CI 1.2, 2.7]), and the Southeast (1.8 [CI 1.1, 2.7]). Cannabis is widely used in Massachusetts, with varying prevalence rates by gender, age, socioeconomic status, poly-substance use, and region. Findings may inform public health efforts and serve as a baseline for measuring health and social impacts of opening retail cannabis stores.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {J Psychoactive Drugs},
	author = {Evans, E. A. and Goldwater, E. and Stanek, E. J. and Brierley-Bowers, P. and Buchanan, D. and Whitehill, J. M.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Cannabis, *Massachusetts, *legalization, *marijuana, *non-medical cannabis, *prevalence, Adolescent, Adult, Cannabis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Legislation, Drug, Massachusetts, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Prevalence, Young Adult, legalization, marijuana, non-medical cannabis},
	pages = {158--167},
}



@article{chen_prescription_2019,
	title = {Prescription {Opioid} {Use} in a {Population}-{Based} {Sample} of {Young} {Black} {Men} {Who} {Have} {Sex} with {Men}: {A} {Longitudinal} {Cohort} {Study}},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1082-6084, 1532-2491},
	shorttitle = {Prescription {Opioid} {Use} in a {Population}-{Based} {Sample} of {Young} {Black} {Men} {Who} {Have} {Sex} with {Men}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400},
	doi = {10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Substance Use \& Misuse},
	author = {Chen, Yen-Tyng and Issema, Rodal S. and Khanna, Aditya S. and Pho, Mai T. and Schneider, John A. and {The UConnect Study Team}},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Black, *Prescription opioid use, *longitudinal analysis, *young men who have sex with men (YMSM), Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/*psychology, Black, Black or African American/*psychology, Chicago/epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Homosexuality, Male/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Prescription opioid use, Risk Factors, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Young Adult, longitudinal analysis, young men who have sex with men (YMSM)},
	pages = {1991--2000},
}



@article{hendricks_prescription_2021,
	title = {Prescription drug monitoring program policy reform: human and veterinary practitioner prescribing in {West} {Virginia}, 2008-2020},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1745-655X (Electronic) 0197-5897 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1057/s41271-021-00275-0},
	abstract = {No study has examined Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) data for West Virginia or among specialty practices, such as veterinary medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct time series modeling to describe the PDMP policy reform impact on prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers. We obtained data from the WV PDMP for 2008 through 2020 for the number of opioid prescriptions filled and providers. We estimated prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers separately based upon the top five opioids prescribed by veterinarians. We estimated temporal effects using a Bayesian log-normal time series model for humans and veterinarians separately. Throughout the study period prescribing rates increased significantly for veterinarians, and decreased for human providers, particularly during 2018 after implementation of the Opioid Reduction Act. Findings provide novel insight into the differential impact of policy on specialty practices and highlight decreasing human opioid prescribing observed elsewhere.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {J Public Health Policy},
	author = {Hendricks, B. and Rudisill, T. and Pesarsick, J. and Wen, S. and Dotson, T. and Wood, N. and Smith, G. S.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8386439},
	keywords = {*Prescription Drug Misuse, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Bayes Theorem, Drug misuse, Humans, Policy, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Prescription drug monitoring programs, Veterinarians, West Virginia},
	pages = {249--257},
}



@article{hurt_preparing_2018,
	title = {{PrEParing} {Providers}: {The} {Next} {Challenge} in {Implementing} {Human} {Immunodeficiency} {Virus} {Preexposure} {Prophylaxis}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000835},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Sex Transm Dis},
	author = {Hurt, C. B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pmcid = {PMC6009835},
	keywords = {Anti-HIV Agents/administration \& dosage, Delivery of Health Care/legislation \& jurisprudence/methods/*statistics \&, HIV Infections/*prevention \& control, HIV/drug effects, Health Personnel/*education/statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/legislation \& jurisprudence/*methods, Student Health Services/statistics \& numerical data, numerical data},
	pages = {459--461},
}



@article{walters_prep_2021,
	title = {{PrEP} {Care} {Continuum} {Engagement} {Among} {Persons} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}: {Rural} and {Urban} {Differences} in {Stigma} and {Social} {Infrastructure}},
	issn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1007/s10461-021-03488-2},
	abstract = {Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that prevents HIV acquisition, yet PrEP uptake has been low among people who inject drugs. Stigma has been identified as a fundamental driver of population health and may be a significant barrier to PrEP care engagement among PWID. However, there has been limited research on how stigma operates in rural and urban settings in relation to PrEP. Using in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 57) we explore PrEP continuum engagement among people actively injecting drugs in rural and urban settings. Urban participants had more awareness and knowledge. Willingness to use PrEP was similar in both settings. However, no participant was currently using PrEP. Stigmas against drug use, HIV, and sexualities were identified as barriers to PrEP uptake, particularly in the rural setting. Syringe service programs in the urban setting were highlighted as a welcoming space where PWID could socialize and therefore mitigate stigma and foster information sharing.},
	journal = {AIDS Behav},
	author = {Walters, S. M. and Frank, D. and Van Ham, B. and Jaiswal, J. and Muncan, B. and Earnshaw, V. and Schneider, J. and Friedman, S. R. and Ompad, D. C.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8501360},
	keywords = {*Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use, *Drug Users, *HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, *Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, *Social Capital, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, Continuity of Patient Care, Hiv, Humans, Persons who inject drugs (PWID), Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Rural, Social Stigma, Social infrastructure, Stigma, Third places, Urban},
}



@article{wyse_predictors_2019,
	title = {Predictors of timely opioid agonist treatment initiation among veterans with and without {HIV}},
	volume = {198},
	issn = {03768716},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.038},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},
	author = {Wyse, Jessica J. and Robbins, Jonathan L. and McGinnis, Kathleen A. and Edelman, E. Jennifer and Gordon, Adam J. and Manhapra, Ajay and Fiellin, David A. and Moore, Brent A. and Korthuis, P. Todd and Gaither, Julie R. and Gordon, Kirsha and Skanderson, Melissa and Barry, Declan T. and Crystal, Stephen and Justice, Amy and Kraemer, Kevin L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Methadone, *Opioid agonist therapy, *Opioid use disorder, *Veterans affairs hospital, *hiv, Adult, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Female, HIV Infections/*psychology, Hiv, Humans, Male, Methadone, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics \& numerical data, Opioid agonist therapy, Opioid use disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology/virology, Prevalence, Time-to-Treatment/*statistics \& numerical data, United States/epidemiology, Veterans affairs hospital, Veterans/psychology/*statistics \& numerical data},
	pages = {70--75},
}



@article{baltes_predictors_2020,
	title = {Predictors of skin and soft tissue infections among sample of rural residents who inject drugs},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1477-7517},
	url = {https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3},
	doi = {10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3},
	abstract = {Abstract 
             
              Introduction 
              Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for people who inject drugs (PWID). Studies demonstrate that certain injection practices correlate with SSTI incidence among PWID. The opioid epidemic in the USA has particularly affected rural communities, where access to prevention and treatment presents unique challenges. This study aims to estimate unsafe injection practices among rural-dwelling PWID; assess treatments utilized for injection related SSTIs; and gather data to help reduce the overall risk of injection-related SSTIs. 
             
             
              Methods 
              Thirteen questions specific to SSTIs and injection practices were added to a larger study assessing unmet health care needs among PWID and were administered at six syringe exchange programs in rural Wisconsin between May and July 2019. SSTI history prevalence was estimated based on infections reported within one-year prior of response and was compared to self-reported demographics and injection practices. 
             
             
              Results 
               
                Eighty responses were collected and analyzed. Respondents were white (77.5\%), males (60\%), between the ages 30 and 39 (42.5\%), and have a high school diploma or GED (38.75\%). The majority of respondents (77.5\%) reported no history of SSTI within the year prior to survey response. Females were over three times more likely to report SSTI history (OR = 3.07, 
                p 
                 = 0.038) compared to males. Water sources for drug dilution ( 
                p 
                 = 0.093) and frequency of injecting on first attempt ( 
                p 
                 = 0.037), but not proper skin cleaning method ( 
                p 
                 = 0.378), were significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injecting into skin ( 
                p 
                 = 0.038) or muscle ( 
                p 
                 = 0.001) was significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injection into veins was not significantly associated with SSTI ( 
                p 
                 = 0.333). 
               
             
             
              Conclusion 
              Higher-risk injection practices were common among participants reporting a history of SSTIs in this rural sample. Studies exploring socio-demographic factors influencing risky injection practices and general barriers to safer injection practices to prevent SSTIs are warranted. Dissemination of education materials targeting SSTI prevention and intervention among PWID not in treatment is warranted.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Harm Reduction Journal},
	author = {Baltes, Amelia and Akhtar, Wajiha and Birstler, Jen and Olson-Streed, Heidi and Eagen, Kellene and Seal, David and Westergaard, Ryan and Brown, Randall},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Heroin, *Injection drug use, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid, *People who inject drugs, *Public health, *Skin and soft tissue infections, *Soft Tissue Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Adult, Female, Heroin, Humans, Injection drug use, Male, Methamphetamine, Needle-Exchange Programs, Opioid, People who inject drugs, Public health, Rural Population, Skin and soft tissue infections},
	pages = {96},
}



@article{lipira_predictors_2021,
	title = {Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural {Oregon} findings from {NHBS} and the {OR}-{HOPE} study},
	volume = {227},
	issn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108912},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can be effectively administered by bystanders to prevent overdose. We determined the proportion of people who had naloxone and identified predictors of naloxone ownership among two samples of people who inject drugs (PWID) who use opioids in Portland and rural Western Oregon. BASIC PROCEDURES: We used data from participants in Portland's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS, N = 477) and the Oregon HIV/Hepatitis and Opioid Prevention and Engagement Study (OR-HOPE, N = 133). For each sample, we determined the proportion of participants who had naloxone and estimated unadjusted and adjusted relative risk of having naloxone associated with participant characteristics. MAIN FINDINGS: Sixty one percent of NHBS and 30 \% of OR-HOPE participants had naloxone. In adjusted analysis, having naloxone was associated with female gender, injecting goofballs (compared to heroin alone), housing stability, and overdose training in the urban NHBS sample, and having naloxone was associated with drug of choice, frequency of injection, and race in the rural OR-HOPE sample. In both samples, having naloxone was crudely associated with SSP use, but this was attenuated after adjustment. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Naloxone ownership was insufficient and highly variable among two samples of PWID who use opioids in Oregon. People who use methamphetamine, males, and people experiencing homelessness may be at increased risk for not having naloxone and SSP may play a key role in improving access.},
	journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},
	author = {Lipira, L. and Leichtling, G. and Cook, R. R. and Leahy, J. M. and Orellana, E. R. and Korthuis, P. T. and Menza, T. W.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8464511},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Naloxone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Opioids, *Overdose, *Regional, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, *idu, Female, Humans, Idu, Male, Naloxone, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Regional},
	pages = {108912},
}



@article{capizzi_population-based_2020,
	title = {Population-based trends in hospitalizations due to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, {Oregon}, 2008 to 2018},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0242165},
	abstract = {Background 
              Injection drug use has far-reaching social, economic, and health consequences. Serious bacterial infections, including skin/soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis, are particularly morbid and mortal consequences of injection drug use. 
             
             
              Methods 
               
                We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalizations among patients with a diagnosis code for substance use 
                and 
                a serious bacterial infection during the same hospital admission using Oregon Hospital Discharge Data. We examined trends in hospitalizations and costs of hospitalizations attributable to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2018. 
               
             
             
              Results 
               
                From 2008 to 2018, Oregon hospital discharge data included 4,084,743 hospitalizations among 2,090,359 patients. During the study period, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 980 to 6,265 per year, or from 0.26\% to 1.68\% of all hospitalizations ( 
                P 
                {\textless}0.001). The number of unique patients with an injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 839 to 5,055, or from 2.52\% to 8.46\% of all patients ( 
                P 
                {\textless}0.001). While hospitalizations for all injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased over the study period, bacteremia/sepsis hospitalizations rose most rapidly with an 18-fold increase. Opioid use diagnoses accounted for the largest percentage of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, but hospitalizations for amphetamine-type stimulant-related serious bacterial infections rose most rapidly with a 15-fold increase. People living with HIV and HCV experienced increases in hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection during the study period. Overall, the total cost of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased from \$16,305,129 in 2008 to \$150,879,237 in 2018 ( 
                P 
                {\textless}0.001). 
               
             
             
              Conclusions 
              In Oregon, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased dramatically and exacted a substantial cost on the health care system from 2008 to 2018. This increase in hospitalizations represents an opportunity to initiate substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction services to improve outcomes for people who inject drugs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Capizzi, Jeffrey and Leahy, Judith and Wheelock, Haven and Garcia, Jonathan and Strnad, Luke and Sikka, Monica and Englander, Honora and Thomas, Ann and Korthuis, P. Todd and Menza, Timothy William},
	editor = {Zaller, Nickolas D.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Bacterial Infections/complications/*epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Endocarditis/complications, Female, Health Care Costs, Hospitalization/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, North Carolina/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*epidemiology, Oregon/epidemiology, Osteomyelitis/complications, Retrospective Studies, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/*epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult},
	pages = {e0242165},
}



@article{villabona-arenas_phylogenetic_2020,
	title = {Phylogenetic interpretation during outbreaks requires caution},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2058-5276},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41564-020-0738-5},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Nature Microbiology},
	author = {Villabona-Arenas, Ch. Julián and Hanage, William P. and Tully, Damien C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Phylogeny, Humans, Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology, Viruses/*classification/*genetics},
	pages = {876--877},
}



@article{parry_pharmacist_2021,
	title = {Pharmacist attitudes and provision of harm reduction services in {North} {Carolina}: an exploratory study},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00517-0},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare providers in the United States and uniquely positioned to provide harm reduction services. The availability of pharmacy-based harm reduction services and pharmacist attitudes toward delivering these services have been understudied to date. We examine North Carolina (NC) pharmacists' experiences with and attitudes about harm reduction services and explore differences between rural and urban pharmacists. METHODS: A convenience sample of NC pharmacists participated in an anonymous, online survey regarding harm reduction services: non-prescription syringe sales; naloxone dispensing; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening. Urban-rural differences were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Three hundred pharmacists responded to the survey; 68 (23\%) practiced in rural counties. Dispensing non-prescription syringes and naloxone at least occasionally was reported by 77\% (n = 231) and 88\% (n = 263) pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy-delivered HIV or HCV screening was rare. Urban pharmacists dispensed naloxone more frequently than rural pharmacies (p = 0.04). Only 52\% of pharmacists agreed that persons who inject drugs should always be allowed to buy non-prescription syringes. Rural pharmacists' attitudes toward harm reduction services for persons who inject drugs were statistically, though marginally, less supportive when compared to urban pharmacists' attitudes. The most common barrier to non-prescription syringe access was requiring patients to provide proof of prescription injection medication use, which 21\% of pharmacists reported was required by their pharmacy's policy on non-prescription syringe sales. CONCLUSIONS: Although most pharmacies distributed naloxone and sold non-prescription syringes, pharmacy store policies and personal beliefs inhibited naloxone and non-prescription syringe dispensing. NC community pharmacies infrequently offer HIV and HCV screening. Paired with disseminating the evidence of the positive impact of harm reduction on individual and public health outcomes to NC pharmacists, institutional and systems changes to practice and policy may be important to promote harm reduction service availability, particularly for rural NC residents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: N/A.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Harm Reduct J},
	author = {Parry, R. A. and Zule, W. A. and Hurt, C. B. and Evon, D. M. and Rhea, S. K. and Carpenter, D. M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8265050},
	keywords = {*Community pharmacy services, *Drug Users, *Harm reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Intravenous, *Naloxone, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance abuse, *Syringes, *hiv, Attitude of Health Personnel, Community pharmacy services, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C, Hiv, Humans, Intravenous, Naloxone, North Carolina, Pharmacists, Substance abuse, Syringes},
	pages = {70},
}



@article{evans_perceived_2020,
	title = {Perceived {Benefits} and {Harms} of {Involuntary} {Civil} {Commitment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1748-720X (Electronic) 1073-1105 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1177/1073110520979382},
	abstract = {Involuntary civil commitment (ICC) to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) prevents imminent overdose, but also restricts autonomy and raises other ethical concerns. Using the Kass Public Health Ethics Framework, we identified ICC benefits and harms. Benefits include: protection of vulnerable, underserved patients; reduced legal consequences; resources for families; and "on-demand" treatment access. Harms include: stigmatizing and punitive experiences; heightened family conflict and social isolation; eroded patient self-determination; limited or no provision of OUD medications; and long-term overdose risk. To use ICC ethically, it should be recognized as comprising vulnerable patients worthy of added protections; be a last resort option; utilize consensual, humanizing processes; provide medications and other evidence-based-treatment; integrate with existing healthcare systems; and demonstrate effective outcomes before diffusion. ICC to OUD treatment carries significant potential harms that, if unaddressed, may outweigh its benefits. Findings can inform innovations for ensuring that ICC is used in an ethically responsible way.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {J Law Med Ethics},
	author = {Evans, E. A. and Harrington, C. and Roose, R. and Lemere, S. and Buchanan, D.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Caregivers/*psychology, Female, Health Personnel/*psychology, Humans, Involuntary Commitment/*ethics/legislation \& jurisprudence, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention \& control, Patients/*psychology, Public Health/*ethics, Qualitative Research},
	pages = {718--734},
}



@article{levander_covid-19-related_2022,
	title = {{COVID}-19-related policy changes for methadone take-home dosing: {A} multistate survey of opioid treatment program leadership},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636},
	doi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1986768},
	abstract = {Background: In the United States, methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder is dispensed via highly-regulated accredited opioid treatment programs (OTP). During the COVID-19 pandemic, federal regulations were loosened, allowing for greater use of take-home methadone doses. We sought to understand how OTP leaders responded to these policy changes. Methods: We distributed a multistate electronic survey from September to November 2020 of OTP leadership to members of the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) who self-identified as leaders of OTPs. We asked study participants about how their OTP(s) implemented COVID-19-related policy changes into their clinical practice focusing on provision of take-home methadone doses, factors used to determine patient stability, and potential concerns about increased take-home doses. We used Chi-square test to compare survey responses between characterizations of the OTPs. Results: Of 170 survey respondents (17\% response rate), the majority represented leadership of for-profit OTPs (69\%) and were in a Southern state (54\%). Routine allowances and practices related to take-home methadone doses varied across OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic: 80 (47\%) reported 14 days for newly enrolled patients (within past 90 days), 89 (52\%) reported 14 days for "less stable" patients, and 112 (66\%) reported 28 days for "stable" patients. Conclusions: We found that not all eligible OTP leaders adopted the practice of routinely allowing newly enrolled, "less stable," and "stable" patients on methadone to have increased take-home doses up to the limit allowed by federal regulations during COVID-19. The pandemic provides an opportunity to critically re-evaluate long-established methadone and OTP regulations in preparation for future emergencies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Subst Abus},
	author = {Levander, X. A. and Pytell, J. D. and Stoller, K. B. and Korthuis, P. T. and Chander, G.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20211019},
	keywords = {*Methadone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *covid-19, *opioid treatment programs, *opioid-related disorders, *survey, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Leadership, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Policy, SARS-CoV-2, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, opioid treatment programs, opioid-related disorders, survey},
	pages = {633--639},
}



@article{stack_covid-19_2022,
	title = {{COVID}-19 {Vaccination} {Status} and {Concerns} {Among} {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Oregon}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000001002},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and explore reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who use drugs (PWUDs), a population with increased COVID-19 transmission and morbidity. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with PWUDs in 7 Oregon counties from May 11 to June 25, 2021. Participants (n = 34) were recruited in partnership with syringe service programs and local community organizations staff, participant-referrals, and flyer advertising. Research staff conducted interviews via telephone to assess participants' acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, find knowledge gaps where new educational information about vaccination would be helpful, and identify who would be perceived as a trustworthy source of information. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis with a deductive approach. RESULTS: Most participants had not received the COVID-19 vaccine and were not planning on or were unsure about receiving it. Participants were mistrustful of the rapid COVID-19 vaccine development process, the agencies involved in the development, and vaccines in general. Participants shared varied and contrasting responses about who they would trust to provide information about the COVID-19 vaccine, including peer recovery support specialists, doctors, or other health care professionals, and specified federal agencies or media outlets. CONCLUSIONS: As addiction medicine and public health staff continue to respond to the evolving impacts of COVID-19, vaccination planning should be tailored to the unique needs of PWUD to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in this high-risk population.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {J Addict Med},
	author = {Stack, E. and Shin, S. and LaForge, K. and Pope, J. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Byers, M. and Leahy, J. M. and Hoover, D. and Chisholm, L. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220708},
	keywords = {*COVID-19 Vaccines, *COVID-19/prevention \& control, Health Personnel, Humans, Oregon/epidemiology, Vaccination},
	pages = {695--701},
}



@article{fadanelli_people_2020,
	title = {People, places, and stigma: {A} qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural {Kentucky}},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {09553959},
	shorttitle = {People, places, and stigma},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.001},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Fadanelli, Monica and Cloud, David H. and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Ballard, April M. and Prood, Nadya and Young, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachia, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioids, Overdose, Risk environment framework, Rural, Rural Population, Social Stigma, Stigma, Young Adult},
	pages = {102588},
}



@article{young_peer-based_2022,
	title = {Peer-based {Retention} {Of} people who {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Research} ({PROUD}-{R}(2)): a multisite, randomised, 12-month trial to compare efficacy of standard versus peer-based approaches to retain rural people who use drugs in research},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2044-6055 (Electronic) 2044-6055 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346},
	doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064400},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Rural communities bear a disproportionate share of the opioid and methamphetamine use disorder epidemics. Yet, rural people who use drugs (PWUD) are rarely included in trials testing new drug use prevention and treatment strategies. Numerous barriers impede rural PWUD trial engagement and advancing research methods to better retain rural PWUD in clinical trials is needed. This paper describes the Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)) study protocol to test the effectiveness of a peer-driven intervention to improve study retention among rural PWUD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The PROUD-R(2) study is being implemented in 21 rural counties in three states (Kentucky, Ohio and Oregon). People who are 18 years or older, reside in the study area and either used opioids or injected any drug to get high in the past 30 days are eligible for study inclusion. Participants are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to two arms, stratified by site to assure balance at each geographical location. The trial compares the effectiveness of two retention strategies. Participants randomised to the control arm provide detailed contact information and receive standard retention outreach by study staff (ie, contacts for locator information updates, appointment reminders). Participants randomised to the intervention arm are asked to recruit a 'study buddy' in addition to receiving standard retention outreach. Study buddies are invited to participate in a video training and instructed to remind their intervention participant of follow-up appointments and encourage retention. Assessments are completed by intervention, control and study buddy participants at 6 and 12 months after enrolment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol was approved by a central Institutional Review Board (University of Utah). Results of the study will be disseminated in academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals, online and print media, and in meetings with community stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03885024.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {BMJ Open},
	author = {Young, A. M. and Lancaster, K. E. and Bielavitz, S. and Elman, M. R. and Cook, R. R. and Leichtling, G. and Freeman, E. and Estadt, A. T. and Brown, M. and Alexander, R. and Barrie, C. and Conn, K. and Elzaghal, R. and Maybrier, L. and McDowell, R. and Neal, C. and Lapidus, J. and Waddell, E. N. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220615},
	keywords = {*Peer Group, *Rural Population, *Substance misuse, *public health, *statistics \& research methods, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Kentucky, Ohio, Public health, Statistics \& research methods, Substance misuse},
	pages = {e064400},
}



@article{stack_peer_2021,
	title = {Peer {Recovery} {Support} {Services} {Across} the {Continuum}: {In} {Community}, {Hospital}, {Corrections}, and {Treatment} and {Recovery} {Agency} {Settings} – {A} {Narrative} {Review}},
	volume = {Publish Ahead of Print},
	issn = {1932-0620},
	shorttitle = {Peer {Recovery} {Support} {Services} {Across} the {Continuum}},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-02},
	journal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},
	author = {Stack, Erin and Hildebran, Christi and Leichtling, Gillian and Waddell, Elizabeth Needham and Leahy, Judith M. and Martin, Eric and Korthuis, Phillip Todd},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Counseling, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Emergency Service, Hospital, Harm Reduction, Hospitals, Humans},
}



@article{hallvik_patient_2022,
	title = {Patient outcomes after opioid dose reduction among patients with chronic opioid therapy},
	volume = {163},
	issn = {1872-6623 (Electronic) 0304-3959 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002298},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT: The net effects of prescribing initiatives that encourage dose reductions are uncertain. We examined whether rapid dose reduction after high-dose chronic opioid therapy (COT) associates with suicide, overdose, or other opioid-related adverse events. This retrospective cohort study included Oregon Medicaid recipients with high-dose COT. Claims were linked with prescription data from the prescription drug monitoring program and death data from vital statistics, 2014 to 2017. Participants were placed into 4 mutually exclusive dose trajectory groups after the high-dose COT period, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of dose changes on patient outcomes in the following year. Of the 14,596 high-dose COT patients, 4191 (28.7\%) abruptly discontinued opioid prescriptions, 1648 (11.3\%) reduced opioid dose before discontinuing, 6480 (44.4\%) had a dose reduction but never discontinued, and 2277 (15.6\%) had a stable or increasing dose. Discontinuation, whether abrupt (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.63; 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-9.25) or with dose reduction (aHR 4.47, 95\% CI 1.68-11.88) significantly increased risk of suicide compared with those with stable or increasing dose. By contrast, discontinuation or dose reduction reduced the risk of overdose compared with those with a stable or increasing dose (aHR 0.36-0.62, 95\% CI 0.20-0.94). Patients with an abrupt discontinuation were more likely to overdose on heroin (vs. prescription opioids) than patients in other groups (P {\textless} 0.0001). Our study suggests that patients on COT require careful risk assessment and supportive interventions when considering opioid discontinuation or continuation at a high dose.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Pain},
	author = {Hallvik, S. E. and El Ibrahimi, S. and Johnston, K. and Geddes, J. and Leichtling, G. and Korthuis, P. T. and Hartung, D. M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pmcid = {PMC8494834},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology/prevention \& control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug Tapering, Humans, Retrospective Studies, United States},
	pages = {83--90},
}



@article{chan_opioid_2022,
	title = {Opioid treatment programs, telemedicine and {COVID}-19: {A} scoping review},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702},
	doi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1967836},
	abstract = {Background: Methadone and buprenorphine are effective medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) that are highly regulated in the United States. The on-going opioid crisis, and more recently COVID-19, has prompted reconsideration of these restrictions in order to sustain and improve treatment access, with renewed interest in telemedicine. We reviewed the evidence on use of telemedicine interventions and applicability to MOUD policy changes in the post-COVID-19 treatment landscape. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to April 2021 and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they examined telemedicine interventions and reported outcomes (e.g. treatment initiation, retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; other studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information and a second investigator verified data. We described the results qualitatively. Results: We identified nine studies: three controlled trials (two randomized), and six observational studies. Three studies evaluated patients treated with methadone and six studies with buprenorphine, including one study of pregnant women with OUD. All studies showed telemedicine approaches associated with similar outcomes (treatment retention, positive urine toxicology) compared to treatment as usual. Trials were limited by small samples sizes, lack of reporting harms, and most were conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; observational studies were limited by failure to control for confounding. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that telemedicine may enhance access to MOUD with similar effectiveness compared with face-to-face treatment. Few studies have been published since COVID-19, and it is unclear the potential impact of these interventions on the existing racial/ethnic disparities in treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic and need for social distancing led to temporary policy changes for prescribing of MOUD that could inform additional research in this area to support comprehensive policy reforms.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Subst Abus},
	author = {Chan, B. and Bougatsos, C. and Priest, K. C. and McCarty, D. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20210914},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *COVID-19/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, *Telemedicine, *buprenorphine, *covid-19, *methadone, *opioid use disorder, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Female, Humans, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Pregnancy, SARS-CoV-2, Systematic Reviews as Topic, Telemedicine, United States, buprenorphine, methadone, opioid use disorder},
	pages = {539--546},
}



@article{abbasi_opioid_2020,
	title = {Opioid {Prescribing} {Patterns} {Before} {Fatal} {Opioid} {Overdose}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {07493797},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.022},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
	author = {Abbasi, Ali B. and Salisbury-Afshar, Elizabeth and Berberet, Craig E. and Layden, Jennifer E. and Pho, Mai T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Drug Overdose/*mortality, Female, Humans, Illicit Drugs/poisoning, Illinois, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics \& numerical data, Prescription Drug Misuse/*statistics \& numerical data, Retrospective Studies},
	pages = {250--253},
}



@article{nolte_opioid_2020,
	title = {Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern {New} {England}: {A} mixed-methods approach},
	volume = {217},
	issn = {03768716},
	shorttitle = {Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern {New} {England}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108256},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},
	author = {Nolte, Kerry and Drew, Aurora L. and Friedmann, Peter D. and Romo, Eric and Kinney, Linda M. and Stopka, Thomas J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Injection initiation, *Northern New England, *Opioid initiation, *People who use drugs, *Rural opioid use, *Surveys and Questionnaires, *Trauma, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Injection initiation, Male, New England/epidemiology, Northern New England, Opioid initiation, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, People who use drugs, Rural Population/*trends, Rural opioid use, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/psychology, Trauma, Young Adult},
	pages = {108256},
}



@article{mccarty_office-based_2021,
	title = {Office-{Based} {Methadone} {Treatment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Pharmacy} {Dispensing}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},
	volume = {178},
	issn = {1535-7228 (Electronic) 0002-953X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101548},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a scoping review to survey the evidence landscape for studies that assessed outcomes of treating patients with opioid use disorder with methadone in office-based settings. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched, and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they focused on methadone treatment in office-based settings conducted in the United States or other highly developed countries and reported outcomes (e.g., retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; uncontrolled and descriptive studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information, and a second verified data. A scoping review approach broadly surveyed the evidence, and therefore study quality was not rated formally. RESULTS: Eighteen studies of patients treated with office-based methadone were identified, including six trials, eight observational studies, and four additional articles discussing use of pharmacies to dispense methadone. Studies on office-based methadone treatment, including primary care-based dispensing, were limited but consistently found that stable methadone patients valued office-based care and remained in care with low rates of drug use; outcomes were similar compared with stable patients in regular care. Office-based methadone treatment was associated with higher treatment satisfaction and quality of life. Limitations included underpowered comparisons and small samples. CONCLUSIONS: Limited research suggests that office-based methadone treatment and pharmacy dispensing could enhance access to methadone treatment for patients with opioid use disorder without adversely affecting patient outcomes and, potentially, inform modifications to federal regulations. Research should assess the feasibility of office-based care for less stable patients.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Am J Psychiatry},
	author = {McCarty, D. and Bougatsos, C. and Chan, B. and Hoffman, K. A. and Priest, K. C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8440363},
	keywords = {*Methadone Therapy, *Office-Based Methadone, *Opioid Use Disorder, *Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing, Drug Prescriptions, Humans, Methadone Therapy, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Narcotics/*therapeutic use, Office-Based Methadone, Opioid Use Disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacies, Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing},
	pages = {804--817},
}



@article{schalkoff_now_2021,
	title = {"{Now} {We} {Are} {Seeing} the {Tides} {Wash} {In}": {Trauma} and the {Opioid} {Epidemic} in {Rural} {Appalachian} {Ohio}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248},
	abstract = {Background: Ohio's opioid epidemic continues to progress, severely affecting its rural Appalachian counties-areas marked by high mortality rates, widespread economic challenges, and a history of extreme opioid overprescribing. Substance use may be particularly prevalent in the region due to interactions between community and interpersonal trauma. Purpose/Objectives: We conducted qualitative interviews to explore the local context of the epidemic and the contributing role of trauma. Methods: Two interviewers conducted in-depth interviews (n = 34) with stakeholders in three rural Appalachian counties, including healthcare and substance use treatment professionals, law enforcement officials, and judicial officials. Semi-structured interview guides focused on the social, economic, and historical context of the opioid epidemic, perceived causes and effects of the epidemic, and ideas for addressing the challenge. Results: Stakeholders revealed three pervasive forms of trauma related to the epidemic in their communities: environmental/community trauma (including economic and historical distress), physical/sexual trauma, and emotional trauma. Traumas interact with one another and with substance use in a self-perpetuating cycle. Although stakeholders in all groups discussed trauma from all three categories, their interpretation and proposed solutions differed, leading to a fragmented epidemic response. Participants also discussed the potential of finding hope and community through efforts to address trauma and substance use. Conclusions: Findings lend support to the cyclical relationship between trauma and substance use, as well as the importance of environmental and community trauma as drivers of the opioid epidemic. Community-level and trauma-informed interventions are needed to increase stakeholder consensus around treatment and prevention strategies, as well as to strengthen community organization networks and support community resilience. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Subst Use Misuse},
	author = {Schalkoff, C. A. and Richard, E. L. and Piscalko, H. M. and Sibley, A. L. and Brook, D. L. and Lancaster, K. E. and Miller, W. C. and Go, V. F.},
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8276036},
	keywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid, *Appalachia, *Epidemics, *Opioids, *community health, *evidence-based treatment, *moud, *opioid epidemic, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use, *trauma, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Humans, Moud, Ohio/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, community health, evidence-based treatment, rural health, stigma, substance use, trauma},
	pages = {650--659},
}



@article{young_novel_2020,
	title = {Novel {Recruitment} {Methods} for {Research} {Among} {Young} {Adults} in {Rural} {Areas} {Who} {Use} {Opioids}: {Cookouts}, {Coupons}, and {Community}-{Based} {Staff}},
	volume = {135},
	issn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877},
	shorttitle = {Novel {Recruitment} {Methods} for {Research} {Among} {Young} {Adults} in {Rural} {Areas} {Who} {Use} {Opioids}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796},
	doi = {10.1177/0033354920954796},
	abstract = {Objectives 
              Rural communities in the United States are increasingly becoming epicenters of substance use and related harms. However, best practices for recruiting rural people who use drugs (PWUD) for epidemiologic research are unknown, because such strategies were developed in cities. This study explores the feasibility of web- and community-based strategies to recruit rural, young adult PWUD into epidemiologic research. 
             
             
              Materials and Methods 
              We recruited PWUD from rural Kentucky to participate in a web-based survey about opioid use using web-based peer referral and community-based strategies, including cookouts, flyers, street outreach, and invitations to PWUD enrolled in a concurrent substance use study. Staff members labeled recruitment materials with unique codes to enable tracking. We assessed eligibility and fraud through online eligibility screening and a fraud detection algorithm, respectively. Eligibility criteria included being aged 18-35, recently using opioids to get high, and residing in the study area. 
             
             
              Results 
              Recruitment yielded 410 complete screening entries, of which 234 were eligible and 151 provided complete, nonfraudulent surveys (ie, surveys that passed a fraud-detection algorithm designed to identify duplicate, nonlocal, and/or bot-generated entries). Cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals accounted for the highest proportion of screening entries (37.1\%, n = 152), but only 29.6\% (n = 45) of entries from cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals resulted in eligible, nonfraudulent surveys. Recruitment and subsequent web-based peer referral from the concurrent study yielded the second most screening entries (27.8\%, n = 114), 77.2\% (n = 88) of which resulted in valid surveys. Other recruitment strategies combined to yield 35.1\% (n = 144) of screening entries and 11.9\% (n = 18) of valid surveys. 
             
             
              Conclusions 
              Web-based methods need to be complemented by context-tailored, street-outreach activities to recruit rural PWUD.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Public Health Reports},
	author = {Young, April M. and Ballard, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Patient Selection, *injection drug use, *opioids, *recruitment, *rural, *substance use, *web-based survey, Adolescent, Adult, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Clinical Trials as Topic/*organization \& administration, Female, Humans, Internet, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Research Design, Rural Population/*statistics \& numerical data, Young Adult, injection drug use, opioids, recruitment, rural, substance use, web-based survey},
	pages = {746--755},
}



@article{friedman_network_2018,
	title = {Network {Research} {Experiences} in {New} {York} and {Eastern} {Europe}: {Lessons} for the {Southern} {US} in {Understanding} {HIV} {Transmission} {Dynamics}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},
	shorttitle = {Network {Research} {Experiences} in {New} {York} and {Eastern} {Europe}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},
	author = {Friedman, Samuel R. and Williams, Leslie and Young, April M. and Teubl, Jennifer and Paraskevis, Dimitrios and Kostaki, Evangelia and Latkin, Carl and German, Danielle and Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro and Guarino, Honoria and Vasylyeva, Tetyana I. and Skaathun, Britt and Schneider, John and Korobchuk, Ania and Smyrnov, Pavlo and Nikolopoulos, Georgios},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Behaviors, *Opioid users, *Phylogenetics, *Quasi-networks, *Respondent-driven sampling, *Risk networks, *Risk-Taking, *Social Support, *Social networks, *hiv, *pwud, Adult, Behaviors, Europe, Eastern/epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections/*prevention \& control/transmission, Hiv, Humans, Male, New York/epidemiology, Opioid users, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy, Phylogenetics, Pwud, Quasi-networks, Respondent-driven sampling, Risk, Risk networks, Social networks},
	pages = {283--292},
}



@article{follman_naloxone_2019,
	title = {Naloxone {Prescriptions} {Among} {Commercially} {Insured} {Individuals} at {High} {Risk} of {Opioid} {Overdose}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2574-3805},
	url = {http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209},
	doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	author = {Follman, Sarah and Arora, Vineet M. and Lyttle, Chris and Moore, P. Quincy and Pho, Mai T.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Drug Utilization/*statistics \& numerical data, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Prescriptions/*statistics \& numerical data, Retrospective Studies, United States},
	pages = {e193209},
}



@article{chan_mobile_2021,
	title = {Mobile methadone medication units: {A} brief history, scoping review and research opportunity},
	volume = {129},
	issn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108483},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) approved the first mobile medication unit (i.e., a van to administer methadone) in 1988 and approved units on an ad hoc basis until issuing a moratorium in 2007 citing concerns about safety and diversion. In February 2020, the DEA released a notice of proposed rulemaking to permit a resumption of mobile medication units. The Biden Administration plans to release the final rule in 2021. Because a preliminary scan suggested limited evidence, a scoping review examined the research related to methadone vans to identify and assess the extent of mobile methadone research and inform the development and implementation of new mobile services. METHODS: A scoping review, supplemented with key informant interviews, identified and described the most relevant evidence. Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to July 2020. RESULTS: Informant interviews provided perspective on the need for and the use of mobile medication units, the history of methadone vans, and benefits and problems associated with the units. The scoping review found limited evidence: three cohort analyses (one prospective) and one before and after analysis (four studies) of individuals using mobile medication services. Mobile services were associated with enhanced retention in care (relative to patients in fixed site programs) and mobile units appeared to facilitate access for underserved populations with opioid use disorders. DISCUSSION: The key informants addressed the history of methadone vans, the potential use to serve rural communities and correctional facilities and the benefits and problems associated with mobile services. The scoping review found evidence that mobile services increase methadone access among underserved populations and may enhance retention in care. The DEA's proposed regulatory modification creates opportunities to further evaluate the implementation and the effects of mobile medication units.},
	journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
	author = {Chan, B. and Hoffman, K. A. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R. and McCarty, D.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8380675},
	keywords = {*Methadone, *Methadone van, *Mobile medication unit, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Methadone, Methadone van, Mobile medication unit, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Systematic Reviews as Topic},
	pages = {108483},
}



@article{hurt_mitigating_2020,
	title = {Mitigating the {Risk} of {Infectious} {Diseases} {Among} {Rural} {Drug} {Users} in {Western} {North} {Carolina}: {Results} of the {Southern} {Appalachia} {Test}, {Link}, {Care} ({SA}‐{TLC}) {Health} {Care} {Provider} {Survey}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0890-765X, 1748-0361},
	shorttitle = {Mitigating the {Risk} of {Infectious} {Diseases} {Among} {Rural} {Drug} {Users} in {Western} {North} {Carolina}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409},
	doi = {10.1111/jrh.12409},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {The Journal of Rural Health},
	author = {Hurt, Christopher B. and Carpenter, Delesha M. and Evon, Donna M. and Hennessy, Caitlin M. and Rhea, Sarah K. and Zule, William A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Drug Users, *HIV Infections/epidemiology/prevention \& control, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention \& control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *health care provider, *hepatitis C virus, *human immunodeficiency virus, *injection drug use, *opioids, Health Personnel, Humans, North Carolina/epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, health care provider, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, injection drug use, opioids},
	pages = {208--216},
}



@article{fanucchi_medications_2019,
	title = {Medications for {Treatment} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} among {Persons} {Living} with {HIV}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},
	author = {Fanucchi, Laura and Springer, Sandra A. and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Extended-release naltrexone, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Methadone, *Opioid addiction, *Opioid use disorders, *hiv, *mat, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, HIV Infections/drug therapy/etiology, Hiv, Humans, Mat, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opioid addiction, Opioid use disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Treatment Outcome},
	pages = {1--6},
}



@article{baker_like_2021,
	title = {“{Like} {Yin} and {Yang}”: {Perceptions} of {Methamphetamine} {Benefits} and {Consequences} {Among} {People} {Who} {Use} {Opioids} in {Rural} {Communities}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1932-0620, 1935-3227},
	shorttitle = {“{Like} {Yin} and {Yang}”},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},
	author = {Baker, Robin and Leichtling, Gillian and Hildebran, Christi and Pinela, Cristi and Waddell, Elizabeth Needham and Sidlow, Claire and Leahy, Judith M. and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Perception, Rural Population},
	pages = {34--39},
}



@article{englander_lessons_2018,
	title = {Lessons learned from the implementation of a medically enhanced residential treatment ({MERT}) model integrating intravenous antibiotics and residential addiction treatment},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0889-7077, 1547-0164},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326},
	doi = {10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Substance Abuse},
	author = {Englander, Honora and Wilson, Talitha and Collins, Devin and Phoutrides, Elena and Weimer, Melissa and Korthuis, P. Todd and Calcagni, Jessica and Nicolaidis, Christina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Administration, Intravenous, Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration \& dosage/*therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Infections/*drug therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics \& numerical data, Program Development, Program Evaluation, Residential Treatment/*methods, Substance-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/therapy, Young Adult},
	pages = {225--232},
}



@article{pivovarova_legislatively_2022,
	title = {Legislatively mandated implementation of medications for opioid use disorders in jails: {A} qualitative study of clinical, correctional, and jail administrator perspectives},
	volume = {234},
	issn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109394},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with legal involvement and opioid use disorders (OUD) are at an increased risk of overdose and premature death. Yet, few correctional systems provide all FDA approved medications for OUD (MOUD) to all qualifying incarcerated individuals. We report on the implementation of MOUD in seven Massachusetts' jails following a state legislative mandate to provide access to all FDA-approved MOUD and to connect with treatment upon release. METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: Based on the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework, 61 clinical, corrections, and senior jail administrators participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups between December 2019 and January 2020. Qualitative analyses focused on external and internal contexts and bridging factors. FINDINGS: Participants detailed how the outer context (i.e., legislative mandate) drove acceptance of MOUD and assisted with continuity of care. Salient inner context factors included decision-making around administration of agonist medications, staff perceptions and training, and changes to infrastructure and daily routines. Leadership was critical in flattening standard hierarchies and advocating for flexibility. System-based characteristics of incarcerated individuals, specifically those who were pre-sentenced, presented challenges with treatment initiation. Inter- and intra-agency bridging factors reduced duplication of effort and led to quick, innovative solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of MOUD in jails requires collaboration with and reliance on external agencies. Preparation for implementation should involve systematic reviews of available resources and connections. Implementation requires flexibility from institutional systems that are inherently rigid. Accordingly, leaders and policymakers must recognize the cultural shift inherent in such programs and allow for resources and education to assure program success.},
	journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},
	author = {Pivovarova, E. and Evans, E. A. and Stopka, T. J. and Santelices, C. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220307},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *EPIS framework, *Jails, *Medication assisted treatment, *Medications for opioid use disorder, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *implementation science, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Medication assisted treatment, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Qualitative Research, implementation science},
	pages = {109394},
}



@article{laforge_knowledge_2022,
	title = {Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the fentanyl-adulterated drug supply among people who use drugs in {Oregon}},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108849},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl has reconfigured the U.S. illicit drug market, contributing to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While illicit fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeast and Midwest, it has more recently reached the West. For this study, we explored knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among people who use drugs in Oregon in the context of the emergence of fentanyl in the drug supply. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 people who use drugs in Oregon from May to June 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: People who use drugs knew about fentanyl, expressed doubt that fentanyl could be found in methamphetamine; believed those who were younger or less experienced were at higher risk for harm; and received information about fentanyl from drug dealers, syringe service programs, or peers (other people who use drugs). Preference for fentanyl's presence in drugs like heroin or methamphetamine was mixed. Some felt that their preference was irrelevant since fentanyl was unavoidable. Participants reported engaging in harm reduction practices, including communicating about fentanyl with dealers and peers, testing for fentanyl, using smaller quantities of drugs, switching from injecting to smoking, and using naloxone. CONCLUSION: People who use drugs are responding to the rise of fentanyl on the West Coast and are concerned about the increasing uncertainty and hazards of the drug supply. They are willing and motivated to adopt harm reduction behaviors. Harm reduction promotion from syringe service programs and public health agencies is essential to reduce injury and death from nonpharmaceutical fentanyl.},
	journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
	author = {LaForge, K. and Stack, E. and Shin, S. and Pope, J. and Larsen, J. E. and Leichtling, G. and Leahy, J. M. and Seaman, A. and Hoover, D. and Byers, M. and Barrie, C. and Chisholm, L. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220729},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/prevention \& control, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Fentanyl, Harm reduction, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Qualitative research, Substance use},
	pages = {108849},
}



@article{shin_it_2022,
	title = {"{It} wasn't here, and now it is. {It}'s everywhere": fentanyl's rising presence in {Oregon}'s drug supply},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072},
	doi = {10.1186/s12954-022-00659-9},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Illicit fentanyl has contributed to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeastern and Midwestern USA, it has more recently reached the Western USA. For this study, we explored perspectives of people who use drugs (PWUD) on the changing drug supply in Oregon, experiences of and response to fentanyl-involved overdose, and recommendations from PWUD to reduce overdose risk within the context of illicit fentanyl's dramatic increase in the recreational drug supply over the past decade. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 PWUD in Oregon from May to June of 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: PWUD knew about fentanyl, expressed concern about fentanyl pills, and were aware of other illicit drugs containing fentanyl. Participants were aware of the increased risk of an overdose but remained reluctant to engage with professional first responders due to fear of arrest. Participants had recommendations for reducing fentanyl overdose risk, including increasing access to information, harm reduction supplies (e.g., naloxone, fentanyl test strips), and medications for opioid use disorder; establishing drug checking services and overdose prevention sites; legalizing and regulating the drug supply; and reducing stigma enacted by healthcare providers. CONCLUSION: PWUD in Oregon are aware of the rise of fentanyl and fentanyl pills and desire access to tools to reduce harm from fentanyl. As states in the Western USA face an inflection point of fentanyl in the drug supply, public health staff, behavioral health providers, and first responders can take action identified by the needs of PWUD.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Harm Reduct J},
	author = {Shin, S. S. and LaForge, K. and Stack, E. and Pope, J. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Leahy, J. M. and Seaman, A. and Hoover, D. and Chisholm, L. and Blazes, C. and Baker, R. and Byers, M. and Branson, K. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220711},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/prevention \& control, *Illicit Drugs, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug supply, Ems, Fentanyl, Humans, Law enforcement, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, People who use drugs, Qualitative, Substance use},
	pages = {76},
}



@article{mccarty_interim_2021,
	title = {Interim methadone - {Effective} but underutilized: {A} scoping review},
	volume = {225},
	issn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108766},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Opioid treatment programs (OTPs) may provide interim methadone services - up to 120 days of methadone dosing without counseling. Regulatory requirements limit use of interim methadone services. We summarized the evidence on interim methadone and other strategies to minimize wait lists in OTPs. METHODS: A scoping review selected studies of interim methadone and strategies that facilitated access to methadone. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; if evidence was lacking, lesser quality evidence was included. RESULTS: Six studies examined interim methadone and three studies examined alternatives: low threshold services, an open access policy, and a medication first policy. The studies included four randomized clinical trials of interim methadone (with three follow-up reports and five secondary analyses), one prospective cohort of interim methadone, one retrospective cohort of interim methadone, one randomized trial of low threshold services and two pre-post assessments of changes in program or state policies. The clinical trials and observational cohorts reported reductions in heroin use during interim methadone and participants were more likely to enter OTPs than those on wait lists. Retention rates in interim methadone were similar to patients in active treatment. Studies testing strategies to facilitate access to methadone were effective without interim methadone's restrictions. CONCLUSION: Interim methadone appears to be effective and safe compared to wait list controls and provided similar outcomes to standard services. Interim methadone could increase access to OTPs. More research is needed on the alternative approaches to facilitate access to medication with comparisons to wait list controls and assessment of patient outcomes.},
	journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},
	author = {McCarty, D. and Chan, B. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Interim methadone, *Methadone, *Methadone/therapeutic use, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Interim methadone, Methadone, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Waiting Lists},
	pages = {108766},
}



@article{springer_integrating_2018,
	title = {Integrating {Treatment} at the {Intersection} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Infectious} {Disease} {Epidemics} in {Medical} {Settings}: {A} {Call} for {Action} {After} a {National} {Academies} of {Sciences}, {Engineering}, and {Medicine} {Workshop}},
	volume = {169},
	issn = {0003-4819, 1539-3704},
	shorttitle = {Integrating {Treatment} at the {Intersection} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Infectious} {Disease} {Epidemics} in {Medical} {Settings}},
	url = {https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203},
	doi = {10.7326/M18-1203},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},
	author = {Springer, Sandra A. and Korthuis, P. Todd and del Rio, Carlos},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Epidemics, Clinical Protocols, Communicable Diseases/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Community Mental Health Services, Comorbidity, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Inservice Training, Mass Screening, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Referral and Consultation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology},
	pages = {335--336},
}



@article{rich_integrated_2018,
	title = {Integrated {Models} of {Care} for {Individuals} with {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}: {How} {Do} {We} {Prevent} {HIV} and {HCV}?},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},
	shorttitle = {Integrated {Models} of {Care} for {Individuals} with {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},
	author = {Rich, Katherine M. and Bia, Joshua and Altice, Frederick L. and Feinberg, Judith},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Co-located care, *Harm Reduction, *Health Services, *Hepatitis C virus, *Integrated care, *Needle-Exchange Programs, *Opioid use disorder, *hiv, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention \& control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*prevention \& control, Hiv, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders/*therapy, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods, Primary Health Care/*methods},
	pages = {266--275},
}



@article{englander_inpatient_2019,
	title = {Inpatient {Addiction} {Medicine} {Consultation} and {Post}-{Hospital} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Engagement}: a {Propensity}-{Matched} {Analysis}},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {0884-8734, 1525-1497},
	shorttitle = {Inpatient {Addiction} {Medicine} {Consultation} and {Post}-{Hospital} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Engagement}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine},
	author = {Englander, Honora and Dobbertin, Konrad and Lind, Bonnie K. and Nicolaidis, Christina and Graven, Peter and Dorfman, Claire and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Medicaid, *Propensity Score, *hospitalization, *substance use treatment, *substance-related disorders, Addiction Medicine/methods/*trends, Adolescent, Adult, Continuity of Patient Care/*trends, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Male, Medicaid, Medicaid/trends, Middle Aged, Oregon/epidemiology, Patient Discharge/*trends, Referral and Consultation/*trends, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult, hospitalization, substance use treatment, substance-related disorders},
	pages = {2796--2803},
}



@article{burns_increasing_2021,
	title = {Increasing {Medicaid} enrollment among formerly incarcerated adults},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {1475-6773 (Electronic) 0017-9124 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117},
	doi = {10.1111/1475-6773.13634},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental associations between the implementation of expanded Medicaid eligibility and prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance on Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data include person-level merged, longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections and the Wisconsin Medicaid program from 2013 to 2015. STUDY DESIGN: We use an interrupted time series design to estimate the association between each of two natural experiments and Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. First, in April 2014 the Wisconsin Medicaid program expanded eligibility to include all adults with income at or below 100\% of the federal poverty level. Second, in January 2015, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections implemented prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance at all state correctional facilities. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We collected Medicaid enrollment, and state prison administrative and risk assessment data for all nonelderly adults incarcerated by the state who were released between January 2013 and December 2015. The full sample includes 24 235 individuals. Adults with a history of substance use comprise our secondary sample. This sample includes 12 877 individuals. The primary study outcome is Medicaid enrollment within the month of release. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicaid enrollment in the month of release from state prison grew from 8 percent of adults at baseline to 36 percent after the eligibility expansion (P-value {\textless} .01) and to 61 percent (P-value {\textless} .01) after the introduction of enrollment assistance. Results were similar for adults with a history of substance use. Black adults were 3.5 percentage points more likely to be enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release than White adults (P-value {\textless} .01). CONCLUSIONS: Medicaid eligibility and prerelease enrollment assistance are associated with increased Medicaid enrollment upon release from prison. States should consider these two policies as potential tools for improving access to timely health care as individuals transition from prison to community.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Health Serv Res},
	author = {Burns, M. E. and Cook, S. T. and Brown, L. and Tyska, S. and Westergaard, R. P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Edition: 2021/02/11},
	keywords = {*Medicaid, *adult, *health policy, *prisoners, *substance use disorders, Eligibility Determination/*legislation \& jurisprudence, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid, Medicaid/*legislation \& jurisprudence, Poverty, Prisoners/*statistics \& numerical data, United States, Wisconsin, adult, health policy, prisoners, substance use disorders},
	pages = {643--654},
}



@article{havens_implementing_2018,
	title = {Implementing {Treatment} of {Opioid}-{Use} {Disorder} in {Rural} {Settings}: a {Focus} on {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Prevention} and {Treatment}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},
	shorttitle = {Implementing {Treatment} of {Opioid}-{Use} {Disorder} in {Rural} {Settings}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},
	author = {Havens, Jennifer R. and Walsh, Sharon L. and Korthuis, P. Todd and Fiellin, David A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Hepatitis C, *Opioid treatment, *Opioid treatment programs, *hiv, Drug Overdose, HIV Infections/*prevention \& control, Health Plan Implementation/methods, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \& numerical data, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*prevention \& control, Hiv, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics \& numerical data, Opioid treatment, Opioid treatment programs, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Rural Population, United States/epidemiology},
	pages = {315--323},
}



@article{tressler_impact_2020,
	title = {Impact of a vaccine intervention on county-level rates of acute hepatitis {B} in {West} {Virginia}, 2011-2018},
	volume = {137},
	issn = {1096-0260 (Electronic) 0091-7435 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106121},
	abstract = {The rate of acute hepatitis B in West Virginia (WV) has been increasing since 2006. To reduce new infections, WV implemented a vaccine intervention (WV Pilot Project), which provided over 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults in 18 counties. The objectives of this study were to describe yearly changes in acute hepatitis B incidence and assess county-level impact of the WV Pilot Project using geospatial methods. County rates of acute hepatitis B and vaccine doses per 100,000 population were visualized biannually from 2011 to 2018. Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation were used to detect county-level clustering. Significant differences in the median rate of acute hepatitis B pre and post intervention in counties receiving vaccine were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and bootstrapping. A Bland-Altman graph visualized significant differences in county-level rates of acute hepatitis B before and after the WV Pilot Project compared to the statewide estimate. Analyses identified significant geographic clustering of acute hepatitis B in southern WV across all four time-periods. Nine of the 18 (50\%) counties receiving vaccine had significant declines in acute hepatitis B incidence compared to the statewide mean difference estimate. Findings suggest that increased dissemination of hepatitis B vaccine through local health departments and existing harm reduction services can reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B in states such as WV, which have been disproportionately affected by substance misuse.},
	journal = {Prev Med},
	author = {Tressler, S. R. and Smith, G. S. and Hendricks, B. M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC7418051},
	keywords = {*Cluster analysis, *Hepatitis B, *Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B vaccine, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention \& control, *Vaccine intervention, Adult, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, West Virginia/epidemiology, declare.},
	pages = {106121},
}



@article{pesarsick_identifying_2019,
	title = {Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using {EMS} run data},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1873-2585 (Electronic) 1047-2797 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.001},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: The objective of our study was to incorporate stricter probable nonfatal opioid overdose case criteria, and advanced epidemiologic approaches to more reliably detect local clustering in nonfatal opioid overdose activity in EMS runs data. METHODS: Data were obtained using emsCharts for our study area in southwestern Pennsylvania from 2007 to 2018. Cases were identified as emergency medical service (EMS) responses where naloxone was administered, and improvement was noted in patient records between initial and final Glasgow Coma Score. A subsample of all-cause EMS responses sites were used as controls and exact matched to cases on sex and 10-year-age category. Clustering was assessed using difference in Ripley's K function for cases and controls and Kulldorff scan statistics. RESULTS: Difference in K functions indicated no significant difference in probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs across the study area compared to all-cause EMS runs. However, scan statistics did identify significant local clustering of probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs (maximum likelihood = 16.40, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight relevance of EMS data to detect community-level overdose activity and promote reliable use through stricter case definition criteria and advanced methodological approaches. Techniques examined have the potential to improve targeted delivery of neighborhood-level public health response activities using a near real-time data source.},
	journal = {Ann Epidemiol},
	author = {Pesarsick, J. and Gwilliam, M. and Adeniran, O. and Rudisill, T. and Smith, G. and Hendricks, B.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pmcid = {PMC6733038},
	keywords = {*Cluster analysis, *EMS runs, *Nonfatal overdose, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \& dosage/*adverse effects/therapeutic use, Case-Control Studies, Cluster Analysis, Drug Overdose/*drug therapy, Emergency Medical Services/*statistics \& numerical data, Geographic Information Systems/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pennsylvania, Spatial Analysis},
	pages = {20--25},
}



@article{mcluckie_identifying_2019,
	title = {Identifying {Areas} with {Disproportionate} {Local} {Health} {Department} {Services} {Relative} to {Opioid} {Overdose}, {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Diagnosis} {Rates}: {A} {Study} of {Rural} {Illinois}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1660-4601},
	shorttitle = {Identifying {Areas} with {Disproportionate} {Local} {Health} {Department} {Services} {Relative} to {Opioid} {Overdose}, {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Diagnosis} {Rates}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph16060989},
	abstract = {Background: U.S. rural populations have been disproportionately affected by the syndemic of opioid-use disorder (OUD) and the associated increase in overdoses and risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Local health departments (LHDs) can play a critical role in the response to this syndemic. We utilized two geospatial approaches to identify areas of discordance between LHD service availability and disease burden to inform service prioritization in rural settings. Methods: We surveyed rural Illinois LHDs to assess their OUD-related services, and calculated county-level opioid overdose, HIV, and hepatitis C diagnosis rates. Bivariate choropleth maps were created to display LHD service provision relative to disease burden in rural Illinois counties. Results: Most rural LHDs provided limited OUD-related services, although many LHDs provided HIV and HCV testing. Bivariate mapping showed rural counties with limited OUD treatment and HIV services and with corresponding higher outcome/disease rates to be dispersed throughout Illinois. Additionally, rural counties with limited LHD-offered hepatitis C services and high hepatitis C diagnosis rates were geographically concentrated in southern Illinois. Conclusions: Bivariate mapping can enable geographic targeting of resources to address the opioid crisis and related infectious disease by identifying areas with low LHD services relative to high disease burden.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
	author = {McLuckie, Colleen and Pho, Mai and Ellis, Kaitlin and Navon, Livia and Walblay, Kelly and Jenkins, Wiley and Rodriguez, Christofer and Kolak, Marynia and Chen, Yen-Tyng and Schneider, John and Zahnd, Whitney},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Public Health Practice, *Rural Population, *bivariate mapping, *geographic information system (GIS), *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus (HCV), *human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), *local health department (LHD), *opioid use disorder (OUD), *persons who inject drugs (PWID), *resource analysis, *rural health, Geographic Information Systems, HIV Infections/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Hepatitis C/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*complications/*epidemiology, bivariate mapping, geographic information system (GIS), harm reduction, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), local health department (LHD), opioid use disorder (OUD), persons who inject drugs (PWID), resource analysis, rural health},
	pages = {989},
}



@article{nolte_ive_2022,
	title = {"{I}'ve been tomoreof my friends'{funeralsthanI}'ve been to my friends' weddings": {Witnessing} and responding to overdose in rural {Northern} {New} {England}},
	issn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749},
	doi = {10.1111/jrh.12660},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: Overdose is a leading cause of death among people who use drugs (PWUDs), but policies to reduce fatal overdose have had mixed results. Summaries of naloxone access and Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) in prior studies provide limited information about local context. Witnessing overdoses may also be an important consideration in providing services to PWUDs, as it contributes to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which complicate substance use disorder treatment. METHODS: We aim to estimate the prevalence and correlates of witnessing and responding to an overdose, while exploring overdose context among rural PWUD. The Drug Injection Surveillance and Care Enhancement for Rural Northern New England (DISCERNNE) mixed-methods study characterized substance use and risk behaviors in 11 rural Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire counties between 2018 and 2019. PWUD completed surveys (n = 589) and in-depth interviews (n = 22). FINDINGS: Among the survey participants, 84\% had ever witnessed an overdose, which was associated with probable PTSD symptoms. Overall, 51\% had ever called 911 for an overdose, though some experienced criminal legal system consequences despite GSL. Although naloxone access varied, 43\% had ever used naloxone to reverse an overdose. CONCLUSIONS: PWUD in Northern New England commonly witnessed an overdose, which they experienced as traumatic. Participants were willing to respond to overdoses, but faced barriers to effective overdose response, including limited naloxone access and criminal legal system consequences. Equipping PWUDs with effective overdose response tools (education and naloxone) and enacting policies that further protect PWUDs from criminal legal system consequences could reduce overdose mortality.},
	journal = {J Rural Health},
	author = {Nolte, K. and Romo, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Drew, A. and Dowd, P. and Del Toro-Mejias, L. and Bianchet, E. and Friedmann, P. D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220317},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Friends, Good Samaritan Laws, Humans, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, New England, New England/epidemiology, naloxone access, opioid overdose, rural health},
}



@article{sibley_i_2020,
	title = {“{I} {Was} {Raised} in {Addiction}”: {Constructions} of the {Self} and the {Other} in {Discourses} of {Addiction} and {Recovery}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1049-7323, 1552-7557},
	shorttitle = {“{I} {Was} {Raised} in {Addiction}”},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829},
	doi = {10.1177/1049732320948829},
	abstract = {The aim of this article is to address how conceptualizations of addiction shape the lived experiences of people who use drugs (PWUDs) during the current opioid epidemic. Using a discourse analytic approach, we examine interview transcripts from 27 PWUDs in rural Appalachian Ohio. We investigate the ways in which participants talk about their substance use, what these linguistic choices reveal about their conceptions of self and other PWUDs, and how participants’ discursive caches might be constrained by or defined within broader social discourses. We highlight three subject positions enacted by participants during the interviews: addict as victim of circumstance, addict as good Samaritan, and addict as motivated for change. We argue participants leverage these positions to contrast themselves with a reified addict-other whose identity carries socially ascribed characteristics of being blameworthy, immoral, callous, and complicit. We implicate these processes in the perpetuation of intragroup stigma and discuss implications for intervention.},
	language = {en},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Qualitative Health Research},
	author = {Sibley, Adams L. and Schalkoff, Christine A. and Richard, Emma L. and Piscalko, Hannah M. and Brook, Daniel L. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Behavior, Addictive, *Ohio, *Substance-Related Disorders, *addiction, *discourse analysis, *harm reduction, *opioids, *qualitative methods, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use disorders, Analgesics, Opioid, Appalachian Region, Humans, Ohio, Social Stigma, addiction, discourse analysis, harm reduction, opioids, qualitative methods, rural health, stigma, substance use disorders},
	pages = {2278--2290},
}



@article{walters_i_2023,
	title = {I {Don}'t {Believe} a {Person} {Has} to {Die} {When} {Trying} to {Get} {High}: {Overdose} {Prevention} and {Response} {Strategies} in {Rural} {Illinois}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674402},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph20021648},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Overdose is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people who inject drugs. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl is now a major driver of opioid overdose deaths. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants (19 persons who inject drugs and 4 service providers) from rural southern Illinois. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and theoretical sampling methods. RESULTS: Participants were concerned about the growing presence of fentanyl in both opioids and stimulants, and many disclosed overdose experiences. Strategies participants reported using to lower overdose risk included purchasing drugs from trusted sellers and modifying drug use practices by partially injecting and/or changing the route of transmission. Approximately half of persons who inject drugs sampled had heard of fentanyl test strips, however fentanyl test strip use was low. To reverse overdoses, participants reported using cold water baths. Use of naloxone to reverse overdose was low. Barriers to naloxone access and use included fear of arrest and opioid withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: People who inject drugs understood fentanyl to be a potential contaminant in their drug supply and actively engaged in harm reduction techniques to try to prevent overdose. Interventions to increase harm reduction education and information about and access to fentanyl test strips and naloxone would be beneficial.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
	author = {Walters, S. M. and Felsher, M. and Frank, D. and Jaiswal, J. and Townsend, T. and Muncan, B. and Bennett, A. S. and Friedman, S. R. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T. and Fletcher, S. and Ompad, D. C.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20230116},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Drug Users, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Fentanyl, Humans, Illinois, Naloxone/therapeutic use, harm reduction, overdose, people who inject drugs, polydrug use},
}



@article{sibley_i_2023,
	title = {"{I} am not a junkie": {Social} categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103999},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Substance use stigma is a form of group-based exclusion, and delineating pathways from stigma to poor health requires a deeper understanding of the social dynamics of people who use drugs (PWUD). Outside of recovery, scant research has examined the role of social identity in addiction. Framed by Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory, this qualitative study investigated strategies of within-group categorization and differentiation among PWUD and the roles these social categories may play in shaping intragroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. METHODS: Data come from the Rural Opioid Initiative, a multi-site study of the overdose epidemic in rural United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with people who reported using opioids or injecting any drug (n=355) living in 65 counties across 10 states. Interviews focused on participants' biographical histories, past and current drug use, risk behaviors, and experiences with healthcare providers and law enforcement. Social categories and dimensions along which categories were evaluated were inductively identified using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified seven social categories that were commonly appraised by participants along eight evaluative dimensions. Categories included drug of choice, route of administration, method of attainment, gender, age, genesis of use, and recovery approach. Categories were evaluated by participants based on ascribed characteristics of morality, destructiveness, aversiveness, control, functionality, victimhood, recklessness, and determination. Participants performed nuanced identity work during interviews, including reifying social categories, defining 'addict' prototypicality, reflexively comparing self to other, and disidentifying from the PWUD supra-category. CONCLUSION: We identify several facets of identity, both behavioral and demographic, along which people who use drugs perceive salient social boundaries. Beyond an addiction-recovery binary, identity is shaped by multiple aspects of the social self in substance use. Patterns of categorization and differentiation revealed negative intragroup attitudes, including stigma, that may hinder solidary-building and collective action in this marginalized group.},
	journal = {Int J Drug Policy},
	author = {Sibley, A. L. and Baker, R. and Levander, X. A. and Rains, A. and Walters, S. M. and Nolte, K. and Colston, D. C. and Piscalko, H. M. and Schalkoff, C. A. and Bianchet, E. and Chen, S. and Dowd, P. and Jaeb, M. and Friedmann, P. D. and Fredericksen, R. J. and Seal, D. W. and Go, V. F.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20230309},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Opioids, Qualitative Research, Rural health, Social Stigma, Social identity, Stigma},
	pages = {103999},
}



@article{walters_how_2023,
	title = {How the rural risk environment underpins hepatitis {C} risk: {Qualitative} findings from rural southern {Illinois}, {United} {States}},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103930},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has increased among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the United States with disproportionate burden in rural areas. We use the Risk Environment framework to explore potential economic, physical, social, and political determinants of hepatitis C in rural southern Illinois. METHODS: Nineteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWID from August 2019 through February 2020 (i.e., pre-COVID-19 pandemic) and four with key informants who professionally worked with PWID. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded using qualitative software. We followed a grounded theory approach for coding and analyses. RESULTS: We identify economic, physical, policy, and social factors that may influence HCV transmission risk and serve as barriers to HCV care. Economic instability and lack of economic opportunities, a lack of physically available HCV prevention and treatment services, structural stigma such as policies that criminalize drug use, and social stigma emerged in interviews as potential risks for transmission and barriers to care. CONCLUSION: The rural risk environment framework acknowledges the importance of community and structural factors that influence HCV infection and other disease transmission and care. We find that larger structural factors produce vulnerabilities and reduce access to resources, which negatively impact hepatitis C disease outcomes.},
	journal = {Int J Drug Policy},
	author = {Walters, S. M. and Frank, D. and Felsher, M. and Jaiswal, J. and Fletcher, S. and Bennett, A. S. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ompad, D. C. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20230113},
	keywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/epidemiology, *covid-19, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Injection drug use, Pandemics, Rural risk environment, United States/epidemiology},
	pages = {103930},
}



@article{jenkins_how_2020,
	title = {How the evolving epidemics of opioid misuse and {HIV} infection may be changing the risk of oral sexually transmitted infection risk through microbiome modulation},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1040-841X, 1549-7828},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683},
	doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology},
	author = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Beach, Lauren B. and Rodriguez, Christofer and Choat, Lesli},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Bacteria/metabolism, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, HIV Infections/*epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Microbiota/*physiology, Mouth Diseases/*microbiology, Mouth Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Oral microbiome, United States/epidemiology, immune function, opioid, sexually transmitted infection},
	pages = {49--60},
}



@article{hochstatter_hepatitis_2021,
	title = {Hepatitis {C} {Virus} {Transmission} {Clusters} in {Public} {Health} and {Correctional} {Settings}, {Wisconsin}, {USA}, 2016–20171},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059},
	url = {https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm},
	doi = {10.3201/eid2702.202957},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},
	author = {Hochstatter, Karli R. and Tully, Damien C. and Power, Karen A. and Koepke, Ruth and Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Prieve, Audrey F. and Whyte, Thomas and Bean, David J. and Seal, David W. and Allen, Todd M. and Westergaard, Ryan P.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Female, Hepacivirus/genetics, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Phylogeny, Prisons, Public Health, Retrospective Studies, United States, Wisconsin, Wisconsin/epidemiology, global hepatitis outbreak surveillance technology, hepatitis, injection drug use, molecular epidemiology, phylogenetics, transmission clusters, viruses},
	pages = {480--489},
}



@article{koepke_hepatitis_2021,
	title = {Hepatitis {C} {Treatment} {Knowledge} and {Practice} {Among} {Family} {Medicine} {Physicians} in {Wisconsin} {During} the {Current} {Hepatitis} {C} {Epidemic}},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {2379-3961 (Electronic) 1098-1861 (Linking)},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Curative treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) exists, making elimination of HCV possible. However, most people with HCV have not received treatment. One barrier is limited access to treatment providers. HCV treatment can be effectively provided by primary care providers and, since 2017, Wisconsin Medicaid allows nonspecialists to prescribe treatment. We surveyed family medicine physicians in Wisconsin to evaluate capacity for the provision of HCV treatment. METHODS: We mailed a survey to family medicine physicians in Wisconsin from June 25, 2018 through September 7, 2018. Physicians were asked whether they prescribe HCV treatment and about their knowledge regarding HCV treatment and relevant statewide Medicaid policy. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated physician characteristics associated with prescribing HCV treatment. RESULTS: Of 1,333 physicians surveyed, 600 (45\%) responded. Few respondents reported prescribing HCV treatment independently (1\%; n = 4) or in consultation with a specialist (6\%; n = 35). Only 6\% (n = 36) reported having a "great deal" of knowledge about HCV treatment. Most (86\%; n = 515) were not aware that family medicine physicians can now prescribe HCV treatment covered by Medicaid. Physicians who practiced in offices affiliated with health systems were less likely to prescribe HCV treatment than physicians who practiced in an independent office or a Rural Health Clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Among family medicine physicians in Wisconsin, experience with and knowledge of HCV treatment was limited. Developing knowledge and skills among primary care providers is needed to expand treatment access and make progress toward HCV elimination. Studies are needed to evaluate treatment access in primary care offices affiliated with health systems.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {WMJ},
	author = {Koepke, R. and Akhtar, W. Z. and Kung, V. M. and Seal, D. W. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Westergaard, R. P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Epidemics, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Physicians, Family Practice, Hepacivirus, Humans, Physicians, Family, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Wisconsin/epidemiology},
	pages = {106--113},
}



@article{koepke_hepatitis_2019,
	title = {Hepatitis {A} and {Hepatitis} {B} {Vaccination} {Coverage} {Among} {Persons} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} and {Have} {Evidence} of {Hepatitis} {C} {Infection}},
	volume = {134},
	issn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088},
	doi = {10.1177/0033354919874088},
	abstract = {Objectives: 
              Despite recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) for all adults at increased risk of infection, several US states have reported increases in HAV and HBV infections among persons who inject drugs. We investigated hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among a sample of persons who reported injecting drugs and had evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. 
             
             
              Methods: 
              We searched the Wisconsin Immunization Registry for the vaccination records of persons who underwent HCV testing at syringe services programs from January 1 through August 31, 2018, and were reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health as having positive HCV antibody test results and a history of injection drug use. We calculated the percentage of persons who were vaccinated according to national recommendations. 
             
             
              Results: 
              Of 215 persons reported, 204 (94.9\%) had a client record in the Wisconsin Immunization Registry. Of these 204 persons, 66 (32.4\%) had received ≥1 dose of hepatitis A vaccine, 46 (22.5\%) had received 2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine, and 115 (56.4\%) had received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine coverage decreased with increasing age, from 88.0\% (22 of 25) among adults aged 20-24 to 30.3\% (10 of 33) among adults aged 35-39. 
             
             
              Conclusions: 
              These findings suggest that most persons who inject drugs in Wisconsin are susceptible to HAV infection and that most persons aged ≥35 who inject drugs are susceptible to HBV infection. In addition to routine vaccination of children, targeted hepatitis vaccination programs should focus on adults who inject drugs to help prevent future infections.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Public Health Reports},
	author = {Koepke, Ruth and Sill, Danielle N. and Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Mitchell, Kailynn P. and Guilfoyle, Sheila M. and Westergaard, Ryan P. and Schauer, Stephanie L. and Vergeront, James M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*hepatitis A, *hepatitis B, *immunization information system, *injection drug use, *vaccination coverage, Adult, Female, Hepatitis A Vaccines/administration \& dosage, Hepatitis A/*epidemiology, Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration \& dosage, Hepatitis B virus/isolation \& purification, Hepatitis B/*epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/immunology, Vaccination Coverage/*statistics \& numerical data, Wisconsin/epidemiology},
	pages = {651--659},
}



@article{abbasi_health_2019,
	title = {Health {Care} {Utilization} of {Opioid} {Overdose} {Decedents} with {No} {Opioid} {Analgesic} {Prescription} {History}},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {1099-3460, 1468-2869},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Journal of Urban Health},
	author = {Abbasi, Ali B. and Salisbury-Afshar, Elizabeth and Jovanov, Dejan and Berberet, Craig and Arunkumar, Ponni and Aks, Steven E. and Layden, Jennifer E. and Pho, Mai T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Controlled substance monitoring programs, *Drug overdose prescription opioids, *Fentanyl, *Heroin, *Opioid overdose, Adult, African Americans/statistics \& numerical data, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Black or African American/statistics \& numerical data, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Chicago/epidemiology, Controlled substance monitoring programs, Drug Overdose/epidemiology/*mortality, Drug overdose prescription opioids, Female, Fentanyl, Fentanyl/*poisoning, Heroin, Heroin/*poisoning, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid overdose, Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*mortality, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics \& numerical data, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics \& numerical data, Public Health, Risk Factors},
	pages = {38--48},
}



@article{romo_hcv_2023,
	title = {{HCV} serostatus and injection sharing practices among those who obtain syringes from pharmacies and directly and indirectly from syringe services programs in rural {New} {England}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00358-7},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Among people who inject drugs (PWID), obtaining syringes via syringe services programs (SSPs) and pharmacies reduces injection sharing practices associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Whether indirect use of SSPs via secondary exchange confers a similar benefit remains unknown, particularly in rural settings. We compared HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices by primary syringe source among a sample of rural PWID. METHODS: Data are from a cross-sectional study of adults who use drugs recruited from eleven rural counties in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts using respondent-driven sampling (2018-2019). Study staff performed HCV antibody testing. An audio computer-assisted self-interview assessed sociodemographic characteristics, past 30-day injection practices, and past 30-day primary syringe source. Primary syringe source was classified as direct SSP, pharmacy, indirect SSP (secondary exchange), or "other" (friend/acquaintance, street seller, partner/relative, found them). Mixed effects modified Poisson models assessed the association of primary syringe source with HCV seroprevalence and injection sharing practices. RESULTS: Among 397 PWID, the most common primary syringe source was "other" (33\%), then pharmacies (27\%), SSPs (22\%), and secondary exchange (18\%). In multivariable models, compared with those obtaining most syringes from "other" sources, those obtaining most syringes from pharmacies had a lower HCV seroprevalence [adjusted prevalence ratio (APR):0.85, 95\% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.9985]; however, the upper bound of the 95\% CI was close to 1.0. Compared with those obtaining most syringes from other sources, PWID obtaining most syringes directly from SSPs or pharmacies were less likely to report borrowing used syringes [APR(SSP):0.60, 95\% CI 0.43-0.85 and APR(Pharmacies):0.70, 95\% CI 0.52-0.93], borrowing used injection equipment [APR(SSP):0.59, 95\% CI 0.50-0.69 and APR (Pharmacies):0.81, 95\% CI 0.68-0.98], and backloading [APR(SSP):0.65, 95\% CI 0.48-0.88 and APR(Pharmacies):0.78, 95\% CI 0.67-0.91]. Potential inverse associations between obtaining most syringes via secondary exchange and injection sharing practices did not reach the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: PWID in rural New England largely relied on informal syringe sources (i.e., secondary exchange or sources besides SSPs/pharmacies). Those obtaining most syringes from an SSP or pharmacy were less likely to share injection equipment/syringes and had a lower HCV seroprevalence, which suggests using these sources reduces the risk of new HCV infections or serves as proxy for past injection behavior.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},
	author = {Romo, E. and Rudolph, A. E. and Stopka, T. J. and Wang, B. and Jesdale, B. M. and Friedmann, P. D.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20230103},
	keywords = {*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention \& control, *Pharmacies, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/complications, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Needle Sharing, Needle-Exchange Programs, New England, Pharmacy, Rural, Secondary exchange, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Syringe services programs, Syringes},
	pages = {2},
}



@article{seaman_harm_2021,
	title = {Harm {Reduction} and {Adaptations} {Among} {PWUD} in {Rural} {Oregon} {During} {COVID}-19},
	issn = {1090-7165, 1573-3254},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {AIDS and Behavior},
	author = {Seaman, Andrew and Leichtling, Gillian and Stack, Erin and Gray, Mary and Pope, Justine and Larsen, Jessica E. and Leahy, Judith M. and Gelberg, Lillian and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*HIV Infections/prevention \& control, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *covid-19, Covid-19, Harm Reduction, Harm reduction, Humans, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Syringe services programs},
}



@article{minc_geographic_2020,
	title = {Geographic variation in amputation rates among patients with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease in the rural state of {West} {Virginia} identifies areas for improved care},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.215},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Amputation is a devastating but preventable complication of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Multiple studies have focused on disparities in amputation rates based on race and socioeconomic status, but few focus on amputation trends in rural populations. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of major and minor amputation among patients admitted with diabetes and/or PAD in a rural, Appalachian state, and to identify geographic areas with higher than expected major and minor amputations using advanced spatial analysis while controlling for comorbidities and rurality. METHODS: Patient hospital admissions of West Virginia residents with diagnoses of diabetes and/or PAD and with or without an amputation procedure were identified from the West Virginia Health Care Authority State Inpatient Database from 2011 to 2016 using relevant International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition and 10the edition codes. Bayesian spatial hierarchical modeling was conducted to identify areas of high risk, while controlling for important confounders for amputation. RESULTS: Overall, there were 5557 amputations among 459,452 hospital admissions with diabetes and/or PAD from 2011 to 2016. The majority of the amputations were minor (61.7\%; n = 3430), with a prevalence of 7.5 per 1000 and 40.4\% (n = 2248) were major, with a prevalence of 4.9 per 1000. Geographic analysis found significant variation in risk for both major and minor amputation across the state, even after adjusting for the prevalence of risk factors. Analyses indicated an increased risk of amputation in the central and northeastern regions of West Virginia at the county level, although zip code-level patterns of amputation varied, with high-risk areas identified primarily in the northeastern and south central regions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant geographic variation in risk of amputation across West Virginia, even after adjusting for disease-related risk factors, suggesting priority areas for further investigation. The level of granularity obtained using advanced spatial analyses rather than traditional methods demonstrate the value of this approach, particularly when risk estimates are used to inform policy or public health intervention.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Vasc Surg},
	author = {Minc, S. D. and Hendricks, B. and Misra, R. and Ren, Y. and Thibault, D. and Marone, L. and Smith, G. S.},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC7186153},
	keywords = {*Amputation, *Diabetes, *Peripheral arterial disease, *Rural health, *Spatial analysis, Aged, Amputation/*statistics \& numerical data, Diabetes Complications/*surgery, Female, Humans, Lower Extremity/*surgery, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/*surgery, Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*statistics \& numerical data, Prevalence, Rural Population, West Virginia},
	pages = {1708--1717 e5},
}



@article{jenkins_finding_2018,
	title = {Finding paths with the greatest chance of success: enabling and focusing lung cancer screening and cessation in resource-constrained areas},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {22186751, 22264477},
	shorttitle = {Finding paths with the greatest chance of success},
	url = {http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282},
	doi = {10.21037/tlcr.2018.09.11},
	number = {S3},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Translational Lung Cancer Research},
	author = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Gilbert, David and Chen, Li-Shiun and Carnahan, Leslie R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {S261--S264},
}



@article{dai_fentanyl_2022,
	title = {Fentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1097-9891 (Electronic) 0095-2990 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718},
	doi = {10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919},
	abstract = {Background: Methamphetamine-related deaths have been rising along with those involving synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs). However, the extent to which methamphetamine involvement in deaths differs from those changes occurring in synthetic opioid involvement is unknown.Objectives: To determine the patterns and temporal changes in methamphetamine-related deaths with and without other drug involvement.Methods: Data from all methamphetamine-related deaths in West Virginia from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed. Quasi-Poisson regression analyses over time were conducted to compare the rates of change in death counts among methamphetamine and fentanyl//FA subgroups.Results: A total of 815 methamphetamine-related deaths were analyzed; 572 (70.2\%) were male and 527 (64.7\%) involved an opioid. The proportion of methamphetamine only deaths stayed relatively flat over time although the actual numbers of deaths increased. Combined fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine were involved in 337 deaths (41.3\%) and constituted the largest increase from 2013 to 2018. The modeling of monthly death counts in 2017-2018 found that the average number of deaths involving fentanyl without methamphetamine significantly declined (rate of change -0.025, p {\textless} .001), while concomitant fentanyl with methamphetamine and methamphetamine only death counts increased significantly (rate of change 0.056 and 0.057, respectively, p {\textless} .001).Conclusions: Fentanyl and FAs played an increasingly significant role in methamphetamine-related deaths. The accelerating number of deaths involving fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine indicates the importance of stimulants and opioids in unintentional deaths. Comprehensive surveillance efforts should continue to track substance use patterns to ensure that appropriate prevention programs are undertaken.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse},
	author = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Groth, C. P. and Rucker, T. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R. and Smith, G. S.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20211109},
	keywords = {*Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Methamphetamine/adverse effects, *death, *fentanyl, *opioid, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Female, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, Male},
	pages = {226--234},
}



@article{dai_fentanyl_2019,
	title = {Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths},
	volume = {196},
	issn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: To describe and analyze the involvement of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs) in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of all WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2017 were performed, including comparisons of demographic and toxicological characteristics among total deaths, deaths in which fentanyl/FAs were present, deaths in which they were absent, heroin-related deaths, and prescription opioid-related deaths. RESULTS: Most of the 8813 drug-related deaths were overdoses, with about 11\% resulting from transportation/other injuries in which drugs were contributors. Prescription opioid presence (without fentanyl) decreased by 75\% from 2005-14 to 2015-17 (3545 deaths to 859 deaths, respectively), while fentanyl involvement in the deaths increased by 122\% between these periods (487 to 1082 deaths). Ten FAs were identified (427 instances) after 2015. Alprazolam and ethanol were among the top five most frequently identified substances across years. Fentanyl, heroin and cocaine replaced oxycodone, diazepam and hydrocodone in the top five beginning in 2015. Few decedents had a prescription for fentanyl after 2015, with fewer prescriptions also present for other controlled substances identified. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl, rapidly emerging FAs, and other illicit drugs in recent years pose a serious health threat even though prescription opioid-related deaths decreased over the same time period.},
	journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},
	author = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Smith, G. S. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	pmcid = {PMC6447047},
	keywords = {*Death, *Fentanyl, *Fentanyl analog, *Illicit drug, *Prescription opioid, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Databases, Factual/trends, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/*mortality, Female, Fentanyl/*analogs \& derivatives/*poisoning, Humans, Illicit Drugs/*poisoning, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality/trends, Retrospective Studies, United States/epidemiology, West Virginia/epidemiology},
	pages = {1--8},
}



@article{ibragimov_factors_2021,
	title = {Factors that influence enrollment in syringe services programs in rural areas: a qualitative study among program clients in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00518-z},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enrolling sufficient number of people who inject drugs (PWID) into syringe services programs (SSP) is important to curtail outbreaks of drug-related harms. Still, little is known about barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment in rural areas with no history of such programs. This study's purpose was to develop a grounded theory of the role of the risk environment and individual characteristics of PWID in shaping SSP enrollment in rural Kentucky. METHODS: We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 41 clients of 5 SSPs that were established in rural counties in Appalachian Kentucky in 2017-2018. Interviews covered PWID needs, the process of becoming aware of SSPs, and barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment. Applying constructivist grounded theory methods and guided by the Intersectional Risk Environment Framework (IREF), we applied open, axial and selective coding to develop the grounded theory. RESULTS: Stigma, a feature of IREF's meso-level social domain, is the main factor hampering SSP enrollment. PWID hesitated to visit SSPs because of internalized stigma and because of anticipated stigma from police, friends, family and healthcare providers. Fear of stigma was often mitigated or amplified by a constellation of meso-level environmental factors related to healthcare (e.g., SSPs) and social (PWID networks) domains and by PWID's individual characteristics. SSPs mitigated stigma as a barrier to enrollment by providing low threshold services in a friendly atmosphere, and by offering their clients program IDs to protect them from paraphernalia charges. SSP clients spread positive information about the program within PWID networks and helped their hesitant peers to enroll by accompanying them to SSPs. Individual characteristics, including child custody, employment or high social status, made certain PWID more susceptible to drug-related stigma and hence more likely to delay SSP enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Features of the social and healthcare environments operating at the meso-level, as well as PWID's individual characteristics, appear to enhance or mitigate the effect of stigma as a barrier to SSP enrollment. SSPs opening in locations with high stigma against PWID need to ensure low threshold and friendly services, protect their clients from police and mobilize PWID networks to promote enrollment.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Harm Reduct J},
	author = {Ibragimov, U. and Cooper, K. E. and Batty, E. and Ballard, A. M. and Fadanelli, M. and Gross, S. B. and Klein, E. M. and Lockard, S. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8244225},
	keywords = {*People who inject drugs, *Rural Appalachia, *Stigma, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringe services programs, *Syringes, Child, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, People who inject drugs, Rural Appalachia, Social Stigma, Stigma, Syringe services programs},
	pages = {68},
}



@article{carpenter_factors_2022,
	title = {Factors associated with perceived ease of access to syringes in {Appalachian} {North} {Carolina}},
	issn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251},
	doi = {10.1111/jrh.12698},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: To examine associations between perceived ease of syringe access, syringe sources, injection behaviors, and law enforcement (LE) interactions among people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Appalachian North Carolina (NC). METHODS: Using respondent-driven sampling, a diverse sample of 309 self-reported PWID were recruited from rural Appalachian NC. Data were collected via audio computer-assisted self-interview technology from February 2019 through March 2020. Respondents reported demographics, sources of syringes, LE interactions, and injection behaviors. Univariate, bivariate, and linear regression analyses were performed. FINDINGS: Respondents most often obtained syringes from pharmacies and syringe service programs (SSPs). Twenty-one percent disagreed that it was easy to obtain sterile syringes, with 28\% reporting low or no access to an SSP. PWID who reported longer physical distances to an SSP had greater difficulty accessing syringes (P{\textless}.001). PWID who reported greater ease of access to syringes reported engaging in receptive syringe sharing less often (P{\textless}.01). PWID who were stopped and searched by LE more often reported injecting drugs somebody else prepared with nonsterile supplies more often (P{\textless}.01). Participants shared used injection supplies more than twice as often than they shared used syringes. CONCLUSIONS: These results underscore the importance of SSPs to mitigate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in rural areas. Supporting mobile SSP services in rural areas could increase access to sterile syringes and injection supplies. SSPs should educate PWID about the importance of not sharing injection supplies. Pharmacies could increase syringe access in areas where SSPs do not operate.},
	journal = {J Rural Health},
	author = {Carpenter, D. M. and Zule, W. A. and Hennessy, C. M. and Evon, D. M. and Hurt, C. B. and Ostrach, B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220712},
	keywords = {*HIV Infections, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Appalachian Region, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, North Carolina/epidemiology, Pwid, Syringes, access, harm reduction, injecting, syringe service program},
}



@article{levander_exploring_2021,
	title = {Exploring how hospitalization can alter hepatitis c virus treatment prioritization and trajectories in people who use drugs: {A} qualitative analysis},
	issn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1932699},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hospitalization can be a time for PWUD to engage in addiction treatment, but little is known about how hospitalization shapes HCV treatment readiness. We aimed to describe how hospitalization and addiction medicine consult service (AMCS) can alter HCV prioritization of inpatient PWUD with HCV. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews (n = 27) of hospitalized adults with addiction and HCV infection seen by an AMCS at a single, urban, academic center. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded iteratively at the semantic level, and analyzed for themes. Results: Of the 27 participants, most identified as Caucasian (85\%), male gender (67\%), and they primarily used opioids (78\%); approximately half (48\%) reported HCV diagnosis over 5 years ago. We identified three main themes around hospitalization altering the prioritizations and HCV treatment preferences for PWUD: (1) HCV treatment non-engaged (2) HCV treatment urgency, and (3) HCV treatment in the future. Those wanting to treat HCV-whether urgently or in the future-shared the overlapping theme of hospitalization as a reachable moment for their addiction and HCV. These participants recognized the long-term benefits of addressing HCV and connected their hospitalization to substance use. Conclusion: In our study, PWUD with HCV expressed varying and competing priorities and life circumstances contributing to three main HCV treatment trajectories. Our results suggest ways hospitalization can serve as an HCV touchpoint for PWUD, especially in the context of addressing substance use, and could be used when designing and implementing targeted interventions to improve the HCV care continuum for PWUD.},
	journal = {Subst Abus},
	author = {Levander, X. A. and Vega, T. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8695635},
	keywords = {*Hepatitis C/complications/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Substance-related disorders, addiction medicine, hepatitis C, hospitalization, qualitative research},
	pages = {1--8},
}



@article{cook_estimating_2023,
	title = {Estimating the impact of stimulant use on initiation of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in two clinical trials and real-world populations},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-023-00364-3},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Co-use of stimulants and opioids is rapidly increasing. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have established the efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), but stimulant use may decrease the likelihood of initiating MOUD treatment. Furthermore, trial participants may not represent "real-world" populations who would benefit from treatment. METHODS: We conducted a two-stage analysis. First, associations between stimulant use (time-varying urine drug screens for cocaine, methamphetamine, or amphetamines) and initiation of buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) were estimated across two RCTs (CTN-0051 X:BOT and CTN-0067 CHOICES) using adjusted Cox regression models. Second, results were generalized to three target populations who would benefit from MOUD: Housed adults identifying the need for OUD treatment, as characterized by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH); adults entering OUD treatment, as characterized by Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS); and adults living in rural regions of the U.S. with high rates of injection drug use, as characterized by the Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI). Generalizability analyses adjusted for differences in demographic characteristics, substance use, housing status, and depression between RCT and target populations using inverse probability of selection weighting. RESULTS: Analyses included 673 clinical trial participants, 139 NSDUH respondents (weighted to represent 661,650 people), 71,751 TEDS treatment episodes, and 1,933 ROI participants. The majority were aged 30-49 years, male, and non-Hispanic White. In RCTs, stimulant use reduced the likelihood of MOUD initiation by 32\% (adjusted HR [aHR] = 0.68, 95\% CI 0.49-0.94, p = 0.019). Stimulant use associations were slightly attenuated and non-significant among housed adults needing treatment (25\% reduction, aHR = 0.75, 0.48-1.18, p = 0.215) and adults entering OUD treatment (28\% reduction, aHR = 0.72, 0.51-1.01, p = 0.061). The association was more pronounced, but still non-significant among rural people injecting drugs (39\% reduction, aHR = 0.61, 0.35-1.06, p = 0.081). Stimulant use had a larger negative impact on XR-NTX initiation compared to buprenorphine, especially in the rural population (76\% reduction, aHR = 0.24, 0.08-0.69, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant use is a barrier to buprenorphine or XR-NTX initiation in clinical trials and real-world populations that would benefit from OUD treatment. Interventions to address stimulant use among patients with OUD are urgently needed, especially among rural people injecting drugs, who already suffer from limited access to MOUD.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},
	author = {Cook, R. R. and Foot, C. and Arah, O. A. and Humphreys, K. and Rudolph, K. E. and Luo, S. X. and Tsui, J. I. and Levander, X. A. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20230214},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cocaine, Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, Generalizability, Humans, Male, Medications for opioid use disorder, Methamphetamine, Naltrexone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Stimulants, Transportability},
	pages = {11},
}



@article{ward_enhancing_2019,
	title = {Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance: {A} machine learning approach},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance},
	url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0223318},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Ward, Patrick J. and Rock, Peter J. and Slavova, Svetla and Young, April M. and Bunn, Terry L. and Kavuluru, Ramakanth},
	editor = {Pławiak, Paweł},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Cause of Death, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality, Humans, International Classification of Diseases, Kentucky/epidemiology, Machine Learning, Public Health Surveillance},
	pages = {e0223318},
}



@article{young_emergence_2020,
	title = {Emergence of wasp dope in rural {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},
	issn = {0965-2140, 1360-0443},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291},
	doi = {10.1111/add.15291},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Addiction},
	author = {Young, April M. and Livingston, Melvin and Vickers‐Smith, Rachel and Cooper, Hannah L. F.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Wasps, Animals, Appalachia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Rural Population, injection drug use, methamphetamine, people who inject drugs, pyrethroid, rural, substance use},
	pages = {add.15291},
}



@article{mccarty_effectiveness_2022,
	title = {Effectiveness of and {Access} to {Medications} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} for {Adolescents} and {Young} {Adults}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000898},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: A scoping review assessed access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and treatment outcomes among adolescents (12 - 17 years) and young adults (18 - 25 years). METHODS: Studies addressing adolescent and young adult opioid use disorder and treatment with MOUD on patient outcomes (eg, retention in care) were included. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized. Investigators extracted key information, summarized findings, noted methodological weaknesses, and tabled the details. RESULTS: The search identified 4 randomized trials (N = 241), 1 systematic review with 52 studies (total N = 125,994), and 5 retrospective analyses of health insurance claims. The trials reported buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone reduced opioid use. Return to use was observed when pharmacotherapy ceased. A systematic review concluded that adolescents and young adults had lower retention in care than older adults. The observational studies found that adolescents were unlikely to receive MOUD. There was some evidence that non-Hispanic Black adolescents and young adults were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to receive MOUD. CONCLUSIONS: MOUD therapies reduce opioid use among adolescent and young adults but few receive MOUD. MOUD services for adolescents and young adults should be developed and tested. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to develop appropriate clinical guidelines for using MOUD with adolescents and young adults.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {J Addict Med},
	author = {McCarty, D. and Chan, B. and Buchheit, B. M. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Aged, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult},
	pages = {e157--e164},
}



@article{cooper_dismantling_2022,
	title = {Dismantling {War} on {Drugs} {Policies} in {COVID}-19's {Aftermath}},
	volume = {112},
	issn = {1541-0048 (Electronic) 0090-0036 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2021.306680},
	number = {S1},
	journal = {Am J Public Health},
	author = {Cooper, H. L. F. and Cloud, D. H. and Fanucchi, L. C. and Lofwall, M. and Young, A. M.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	pmcid = {PMC8842201},
	keywords = {*Public Policy, Administration/legislation \& jurisprudence/standards, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation \& jurisprudence/*organization \&, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid Epidemic/statistics \& numerical data, SARS-CoV-2, United States, United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, administration},
	pages = {S24--S27},
}



@article{rudisill_differences_2019,
	title = {Differences between occupational and non-occupational-related motor vehicle collisions in {West} {Virginia}: {A} cross-sectional and spatial analysis},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0227388},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle collisions comprise the majority of occupational-related fatalities in the United States and West Virginia has one of the highest occupational-related fatality rates in the nation. The purpose of this study was to compare work and non-work-related collisions, crash locations, and the characteristics of in-state and out-of-state drivers {\textgreater}/=18 years of age who were fatally injured in work-related collisions in West Virginia. METHODOLOGY: Data were from the 2000-2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Work and non-work-related crashes and characteristics in-state vs. out-of-state drivers were compared using binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Crash locations were compared via spatial analyses using kernel density estimations. RESULTS: Among the 5,835 individuals fatally injured in crashes, 209 were designated 'at work'. The odds of being a work-related crash were 85\% lower [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.15; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 0.04, 0.49] among those testing positive for alcohol, but 2.5 times greater (OR = 2.56; 95\% CI: 1.16, 5.65) among those holding a commercial driver's license. The odds of being an in-state driver were 75\% lower (OR = 0.25; 95\% CI: 0.12, 0.53) among those wearing a safety belt, but 2.7 times greater among workers testing drug positive (OR = 2.67; 95\% CI: 1.10, 6.52). In-state drivers were also less likely to be driving a large truck or be involved in single vehicle collisions and less likely to experience crashes on weekends, nights, or on highways. Spatial patterns of crash locations varied slightly between workers and non-workers. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related crashes differed greatly from non-work-related crashes in West Virginia. Stark differences existed between in-state and out-of-state workers and their crashes. Various avenues for workplace safety interventions exist, including seatbelt initiatives and drug testing policies for non-commercial drivers, which could help mitigate West Virginia's elevated, occupational-related, traffic fatality rate.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Rudisill, T. M. and Menon, S. and Hendricks, B. and Zhu, M. and Smith, G. S.},
	year = {2019},
	pmcid = {PMC6938377},
	keywords = {Accidents, Traffic/prevention \& control/*statistics \& numerical data, Adolescent, Adult, Automobile Driving/*statistics \& numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethanol, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Seat Belts, Spatial Analysis, Substance Abuse Detection, West Virginia, Young Adult},
	pages = {e0227388},
}



@article{king_designing_2021,
	title = {Designing and validating a {Markov} model for hospital-based addiction consult service impact on 12-month drug and non-drug related mortality},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256793},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) engage hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in care and help meet their goals for substance use treatment. Little is known about how ACS affect mortality for patients with OUD. The objective of this study was to design and validate a model that estimates the impact of ACS care on 12-month mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We developed a Markov model of referral to an ACS, post-discharge engagement in SUD care, and 12-month drug-related and non-drug related mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. We populated our model using Oregon Medicaid data and validated it using international modeling standards. RESULTS: There were 6,654 patients with OUD hospitalized from April 2015 through December 2017. There were 114 (1.7\%) drug-related deaths and 408 (6.1\%) non-drug related deaths at 12 months. Bayesian logistic regression models estimated four percent (4\%, 95\% CI = 2\%, 6\%) of patients were referred to an ACS. Of those, 47\% (95\% CI = 37\%, 57\%) engaged in post-discharge OUD care, versus 20\% not referred to an ACS (95\% CI = 16\%, 24\%). The risk of drug-related death at 12 months among patients in post-discharge OUD care was 3\% (95\% CI = 0\%, 7\%) versus 6\% not in care (95\% CI = 2\%, 10\%). The risk of non-drug related death was 7\% (95\% CI = 1\%, 13\%) among patients in post-discharge OUD treatment, versus 9\% not in care (95\% CI = 5\%, 13\%). We validated our model by evaluating its predictive, external, internal, face and cross validity. DISCUSSION: Our novel Markov model reflects trajectories of care and survival for patients hospitalized with OUD. This model can be used to evaluate the impact of other clinical and policy changes to improve patient survival.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {King, C. A. and Englander, H. and Korthuis, P. T. and Barocas, J. A. and McConnell, K. J. and Morris, C. D. and Cook, R.},
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8432751},
	keywords = {*Markov Chains, Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*mortality, Oregon/epidemiology},
	pages = {e0256793},
}



@article{evans_criminal_2019,
	title = {Criminal justice outcomes over 5 years after randomization to buprenorphine‐naloxone or methadone treatment for opioid use disorder},
	volume = {114},
	issn = {0965-2140, 1360-0443},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620},
	doi = {10.1111/add.14620},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Addiction},
	author = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Zhu, Yuhui and Yoo, Caroline and Huang, David and Hser, Yih‐Ing},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Arrests, *buprenorphine treatment, *criminal justice outcomes, *incarcerations, *longitudinal, *methadone treatment, *opioid use disorder, *pharmacotherapy, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*therapeutic use, Arrests, Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination/*therapeutic use, California, Criminal Law/*statistics \& numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Patient Outcome Assessment, buprenorphine treatment, criminal justice outcomes, incarcerations, longitudinal, methadone treatment, opioid use disorder, pharmacotherapy},
	pages = {1396--1404},
}



@article{jenkins_covid19_2021,
	title = {{COVID}‐19 {During} the {Opioid} {Epidemic} – {Exacerbation} of {Stigma} and {Vulnerabilities}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0890-765X, 1748-0361},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442},
	doi = {10.1111/jrh.12442},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {The Journal of Rural Health},
	author = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Bolinski, Rebecca and Bresett, John and Van Ham, Brent and Fletcher, Scott and Walters, Suzan and Friedman, Samuel R and Ezell, Jerel M. and Pho, Mai and Schneider, John and Ouellet, Larry},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*COVID-19. drug abuse, *Social Stigma, *health disparities, *policy, *social determinants of health, COVID-19. drug abuse, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Criminal Law/organization \& administration, Health Services Accessibility/organization \& administration, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology, Pandemics, Rural Health Services/*organization \& administration, SARS-CoV-2, Socioeconomic Factors, United States/epidemiology, health disparities, policy, social determinants of health},
	pages = {172--174},
}



@article{donelan_covid-19_2021,
	title = {{COVID}-19 and treating incarcerated populations for opioid use disorder},
	volume = {124},
	issn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108216},
	abstract = {The Franklin County Sheriff's Office (FCSO), in Greenfield, Massachusetts, is among the first jails nationwide to provide correctional populations with access to all three medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD, i.e., buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, FCSO quickly implemented comprehensive mitigation policies and adapted MOUD programming. Two major challenges for implementation of the MOUD program were the mandated rapid release of nonviolent pretrial individuals, many of whom were being treated with MOUD and released too quickly to conduct continuity of care planning; and establishing how to deliver physically distanced MOUD services in jail. FCSO implemented and adapted a hub-and-spoke MOUD model, developed telehealth capacity, and experimented with take-home MOUD at release to facilitate continuity-of-care as individuals re-entered the community. Experiences underscore how COVID-19 accelerated the uptake and diffusion of technology-infused OUD treatment and other innovations in criminal justice settings. Looking forward, to address both opioid use disorder and COVID-19, jails and prisons need to develop capacity to implement mitigation strategies, including universal and rapid COVID-19 testing of staff and incarcerated individuals, and be resourced to provide evidence-based addiction treatment. FCSO quickly pivoted and adapted MOUD programming because of its history of applying public health approaches to address the opioid epidemic. Utilizing public health strategies can enable prisons and jails to mitigate the harms of the co-occurring epidemics of OUD and COVID-19, both of which disproportionately affect criminal justice populations, for persons who are incarcerated and the communities to which they return.},
	journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
	author = {Donelan, C. J. and Hayes, E. and Potee, R. A. and Schwartz, L. and Evans, E. A.},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC7708799},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Criminal justice settings, *Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Methadone, *Naltrexone, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/rehabilitation, *Prisoners, *covid-19, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Covid-19, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Massachusetts, Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Prisons/organization \& administration, Public Health, Telemedicine/organization \& administration},
	pages = {108216},
}



@article{walters_covid-19_2020,
	title = {{COVID}-19 and {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} - {A} {Commentary}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {23264403},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011},
	doi = {10.14485/HBPR.7.5.11},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Health Behavior and Policy Review},
	author = {Walters, Suzan},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Covid-19, of interest., people who use drugs, prevention and treatment},
	pages = {489--497},
}



@article{vickers-smith_covid-19_2020,
	title = {{COVID}-19 and {Opioid} {Use} in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {Challenges} and {Silver} {Linings}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2641-7804 (Electronic) 2641-7804 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.13023/jah.0204.03},
	abstract = {Appalachian Kentucky is currently fighting two public health emergencies-COVID-19 and the opioid epidemic-leaving the area strapped for resources to care for these ongoing crises. During this time, people who use opioids (PWUO) have increased vulnerability to fatal overdoses and drug-related harms (e.g., HIV). Disruption of already limited services posed by COVID-19 could have an especially detrimental impact on the health of PWUO. Though the COVID-19 pandemic is jeopardizing hard-won progress in fighting the opioid epidemic, innovations in state policy and service delivery brought about by the pandemic may improve the health of PWUO long-term if they are retained.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {J Appalach Health},
	author = {Vickers-Smith, R. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Young, A. M.},
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC8330514},
	keywords = {Appalachia, Covid-19, drug market, opioids, rural, social services},
	pages = {11--16},
}



@article{levander_contraception_2022,
	title = {Contraception and {Healthcare} {Utilization} by {Reproductive}-{Age} {Women} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Communities}: a {Cross}-{Sectional} {Survey}},
	issn = {1525-1497 (Electronic) 0884-8734 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368},
	doi = {10.1007/s11606-022-07558-6},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Women who use drugs (WWUD) have low rates of contraceptive use and high rates of unintended pregnancy. Drug use is common among women in rural U.S. communities, with limited data on how they utilize reproductive, substance use disorder (SUD), and healthcare services. OBJECTIVE: We determined contraceptive use prevalence among WWUD in rural communities then compared estimates to women from similar rural areas. We investigated characteristics of those using contraceptives, and associations between contraceptive use and SUD treatment, healthcare utilization, and substance use. DESIGN: Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI) - cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) involving eight rural U.S. regions (January 2018-March 2020); National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) - nationally-representative U.S. household reproductive health survey (2017-2019). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 18-49 with prior 30-day non-prescribed opioid and/or non-opioid injection drug use; fecundity determined by self-reported survey responses. MAIN MEASURES: Unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of medical/procedural contraceptive use; chi-squared tests and multi-level linear regressions to test associations. KEY RESULTS: Of 855 women in the ROI, 36.8\% (95\% CI 33.7-40.1, unweighted) and 38.6\% (95\% CI 30.7-47.2, weighted) reported contraceptive use, compared to 66\% of rural women in the NSFG sample. Among the ROI women, 27\% had received prior 30-day SUD treatment via outpatient counseling or inpatient program and these women had increased odds of contraceptive use (aOR 1.50 [95\% CI 1.08-2.06]). There was a positive association between contraception use and recent medications for opioid use disorder (aOR 1.34 [95\% CI 0.95-1.88]) and prior 6-month primary care utilization (aOR 1.32 [95\% CI 0.96-1.82]) that did not meet the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSION: WWUD in rural areas reported low contraceptive use; those who recently received SUD treatment had greater odds of contraceptive use. Improvements are needed in expanding reproductive and preventive health within SUD treatment and primary care services in rural communities.},
	journal = {J Gen Intern Med},
	author = {Levander, X. A. and Foot, C. A. and Magnusson, S. L. and Cook, R. R. and Ezell, J. M. and Feinberg, J. and Go, V. F. and Lancaster, K. E. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Smith, G. S. and Westergaard, R. P. and Young, A. M. and Tsui, J. I. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220615},
	keywords = {*Contraception, *Rural Population, Contraceptive Agents/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Pregnancy, contraception, opioid-related disorders, rural health services, substance use, women's health},
}



@article{lancaster_commentary_2018,
	title = {Commentary on {Fraser} et al. (2018): {Evidence} base for harm reduction services-the urban-rural divide},
	volume = {113},
	issn = {09652140},
	shorttitle = {Commentary on {Fraser} \textit{et al} . (2018)},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052},
	doi = {10.1111/add.14052},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Addiction},
	author = {Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Malvestutto, Carlos D. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Epidemics, *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus, *medication-assisted treatment, *opioid use, *people who inject drugs, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, United States, hepatitis C virus, medication-assisted treatment, opioid use, people who inject drugs, syringe service programs},
	pages = {183--184},
}



@article{hendricks_clinical_2021,
	title = {Clinical and demographic factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a rural heart failure population},
	volume = {229},
	issn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109060},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Heart failure is becoming increasingly common among patients under 50 years of age, particularly in African Americans and patients with stimulant use disorder. Yet the sources of these disparities remain poorly understood. This study identified key demographic and clinical factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a largely rural heart failure patient registry. METHODS: Patient records reporting a diagnosis of heart failure between January 2008 and March 2020 were requested from West Virginia University Hospital Systems (n=37,872). Odds of stimulant use disorder were estimated by demographic group (age, race, sex), insurance carrier, and clinical comorbidities using logistic regression. RESULTS: Multivariable regression analysis identified higher odds of stimulant use disorder among Black/African Americans (1.95 [1.32, 2.77]) and patients who report drinking one or more alcoholic drinks per week (2.23 [1.72, 2.88]). Lower odds of stimulant use disorder were identified among patients with hypertension (0.59 [0.47, 0.73]), or diabetes (0.65 [0.52, 0.81]).. Likewise, lower odds of stimulant use disorder were noted among females, patients older than 30 years of age and those not enrolled in Medicaid. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the alarming extent to which Medicaid enrollees, Black/African Americans, people aged 18-24 and 25-44, or persons with a past alcohol use disorder diagnosis are associated with stimulant use disorder among heart failure populations living in largely rural areas. Additionally, they emphasize the need to develop policies and refine clinical care that affects this vulnerable population's prognoses.},
	number = {Pt A},
	journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},
	author = {Hendricks, B. and Sokos, G. and Kimble, W. and Dai, Z. and Adeniran, O. and Osman, M. and Smith, G. S. and Bianco, C.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*African Americans, *Heart Failure/epidemiology, *Heart failure, *Rural, *Stimulant use disorder, Demography, Female, Humans, Medicaid, Rural Population, United States},
	pages = {109060},
}



@article{evans_childhood_2020,
	title = {Childhood adversity and mental health comorbidity in men and women with opioid use disorders},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {03064603},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847},
	doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Addictive Behaviors},
	author = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Goff, Sarah L. and Upchurch, Dawn M. and Grella, Christine E.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), *DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, *DSM-5 opioid use disorder, *Gender differences, *National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Adolescent, Adult, Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events/*psychology, Adverse Childhood Experiences/*psychology, Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), Aged, Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder/*epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, DSM-5 opioid use disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Gender differences, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/epidemiology, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Personality Disorders/epidemiology, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult},
	pages = {106149},
}



@article{crawford_characterizing_2019,
	title = {Characterizing the {Rural} {Opioid} {Use} {Environment} in {Kentucky} {Using} {Google} {Earth}: {Virtual} {Audit}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1438-8871},
	shorttitle = {Characterizing the {Rural} {Opioid} {Use} {Environment} in {Kentucky} {Using} {Google} {Earth}},
	url = {https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923},
	doi = {10.2196/14923},
	abstract = {Background 
              The opioid epidemic has ravaged rural communities in the United States. Despite extensive literature relating the physical environment to substance use in urban areas, little is known about the role of physical environment on the opioid epidemic in rural areas. 
             
             
              Objective 
              This study aimed to examine the reliability of Google Earth to collect data on the physical environment related to substance use in rural areas. 
             
             
              Methods 
              Systematic virtual audits were performed in 5 rural Kentucky counties using Google Earth between 2017 and 2018 to capture land use, health care facilities, entertainment venues, and businesses. In-person audits were performed for a subset of the census blocks. 
             
             
              Results 
              We captured 533 features, most of which were images taken before 2015 (71.8\%, 383/533). Reliability between the virtual audits and the gold standard was high for health care facilities ({\textgreater}83\%), entertainment venues ({\textgreater}95\%), and businesses ({\textgreater}61\%) but was poor for land use features ({\textgreater}18\%). Reliability between the virtual audit and in-person audit was high for health care facilities (83\%) and entertainment venues (62\%) but was poor for land use (0\%) and businesses (12.5\%). 
             
             
              Conclusions 
              Poor reliability for land use features may reflect difficulty characterizing features that require judgment or natural changes in the environment that are not reflective of the Google Earth imagery because it was captured several years before the audit was performed. Virtual Google Earth audits were an efficient way to collect rich neighborhood data that are generally not available from other sources. However, these audits should use caution when the images in the observation area are dated.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
	author = {Crawford, Natalie Danielle and Haardöerfer, Regine and Cooper, Hannah and McKinnon, Izraelle and Jones-Harrell, Carla and Ballard, April and von Hellens, Sierra Shantel and Young, April},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*User-Computer Interface, *built environment, *opioid-related disorders, *rural health, Humans, Kentucky, Medical Audit, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Reproducibility of Results, Rural Population, United States, built environment, opioid-related disorders, rural health},
	pages = {e14923},
}



@article{geissler_changes_2020,
	title = {Changes in {Medicaid} {Acceptance} by {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment} {Facilities} {After} {Implementation} of {Federal} {Parity}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0025-7079},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242},
	doi = {10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Medical Care},
	author = {Geissler, Kimberley H. and Evans, Elizabeth A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \& numerical data, Healthcare Disparities/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid/legislation \& jurisprudence/*organization \& administration/standards, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/*statistics \& numerical data, Substance-Related Disorders/*therapy, United States},
	pages = {101--107},
}



@article{vasylyeva_challenges_2020,
	title = {Challenges posed by {COVID}‐19 to people who inject drugs and lessons from other outbreaks},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1758-2652, 1758-2652},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583},
	doi = {10.1002/jia2.25583},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Journal of the International AIDS Society},
	author = {Vasylyeva, Tetyana I and Smyrnov, Pavlo and Strathdee, Steffanie and Friedman, Samuel R},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Betacoronavirus, *covid-19, *harm reduction, *inequality, *infectious disease, *outbreak, *people who inject drugs, Adult, Coronavirus Infections/*complications, Covid-19, Disease Outbreaks, Drug Overdose/epidemiology, HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology, Homeless Persons/statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Ill-Housed Persons/statistics \& numerical data, Injections/adverse effects, Male, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral/*complications, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications, Unsafe Sex/statistics \& numerical data, harm reduction, inequality, infectious disease, outbreak, people who inject drugs},
}



@article{schranz_challenges_2018,
	title = {Challenges {Facing} a {Rural} {Opioid} {Epidemic}: {Treatment} and {Prevention} of {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},
	shorttitle = {Challenges {Facing} a {Rural} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},
	author = {Schranz, Asher J. and Barrett, Jessica and Hurt, Christopher B. and Malvestutto, Carlos and Miller, William C.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Hepatitis C, *Opiate-related disorders, *Rural health, *Substance abuse, intravenous, *hiv, Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention \& control, Hiv, Humans, Needle Sharing/adverse effects, Opiate-related disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Rural Health/*statistics \& numerical data, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, Substance abuse, intravenous, United States/epidemiology},
	pages = {245--254},
}



@article{king_causes_2021,
	title = {Causes of {Death} in the 12 months {After} {Hospital} {Discharge} {Among} {Patients} {With} {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},
	issn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000915},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with substance use disorders are seven times more likely hospitalized than the general population. However, causes of death for recently hospitalized patients with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) are not well described. This study describes causes of death in the year post-discharge among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We analyzed data from participants who were at least 18 years old, with Medicaid insurance, and had a diagnosis of OUD during a general hospital admission in Oregon between April 2015 and December 2017. RESULTS: During the study window, 6,654 Oregon Medicaid patients with an OUD diagnosis were hospitalized. Patients were predominately female (56.7\%) and White (72.2\%), an average age of 44.2 years (SD = 15.4 years) and average hospital length of stay of 6.5 days (SD = 10.9 days). In the 12 months post-discharge, 522 patients died (7.8\%); 301 patients from a drug or substance related cause (4.5\%), including 71 from drug overdose (1.1\%). Stated another way, of those who died within 12 months, 58\% of deaths were attributed to drug-related causes, including 13.6\% of deaths attributed to overdose; 42\% died of non-drug related causes. Drug-related death was the most frequent cause of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients with OUD are at high risk of death, from drug and non-drug related causes, in the year after discharge. Future research should consider not only overdose, but a more comprehensive definition of drug-related death in understanding post-discharge mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD, and care systems should work to mitigate the risk of death in this population.},
	journal = {J Addict Med},
	author = {King, C. and Cook, R. and Korthuis, P. T. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Edition: 20210910},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Cause of Death, Female, Hospitals, Humans, Patient Discharge, United States/epidemiology},
}



@article{cooper_capacity_2022,
	title = {Capacity for sustainment of recently established syringe service programs in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {The} central role of staff champions},
	issn = {1465-3362 (Electronic) 0959-5236 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1111/dar.13436},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Ensuring adequate harm reduction infrastructure in rural areas is imperative, as drug-related epidemics expand into them. Here, we explore the capacity for sustainment of syringe service programs (SSP) in Appalachian Kentucky. METHODS: We interviewed all staff (n = 16) of all SSPs (n = 7) in two Kentucky health districts in 2018-2019 using semi-structured one-on-one qualitative interviews; local departments of health (DOH) operated the SSPs. Interview domains encompassed: (i) SSP establishment; (ii) day-to-day operations, participation and health impacts; (iii) perceived prospects for sustainment; and (iv) perceived influences on \#i-\#iii. We analysed verbatim transcripts using thematic analytic methods; Schell's 'capacity for sustainment' constructs were treated as sensitising concepts during the analysis. RESULTS: Most community members, law enforcement and DOH staff opposed SSPs before they opened, because of stigma and concerns about enabling and needlestick injuries; DOH staff also opposed SSPs because they believed they lacked the capacity to operate them. Training, technical assistance, visible evidence of the programs' public health impact and contact with SSP participants transformed DOH staff into program champions. As champions, SSP staff developed programs that had strong capacity for sustainment, as defined by Schell (e.g. visible public health impact, stable funding, political support). Staff reported that the SSPs had high prospects for sustainment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As in SSPs that opened in cities decades ago, staff in emerging SSPs in these rural areas appear to have become crucial champions for these controversial programs, and may serve as vital resources for expanding harm reduction programming more broadly in these underserved areas.},
	journal = {Drug Alcohol Rev},
	author = {Cooper, H. L. F. and Gross, S. and Klein, E. and Fadanelli, M. and Ballard, A. and Lockard, S. and Batty, E. and Young, A. and Ibragimov, U.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringes, *harm reduction, *rural areas, *sustainment, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, harm reduction, rural areas, sustainment, syringe service programs},
}



@article{jenkins_cancer_2022,
	title = {Cancer {Screening} among {Rural} {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs}: {Colliding} {Risks} and {Barriers}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph19084555},
	abstract = {Rural cancer disparities are associated with lesser healthcare access and screening adherence. The opioid epidemic may increase disparities as people who use drugs (PWUD) frequently experience healthcare-associated stigmatizing experiences which discourage seeking routine care. Rural PWUD were recruited to complete surveys and interviews exploring cancer (cervical, breast, colorectal, lung) risk, screening history, and healthcare experiences. From July 2020-July 2021 we collected 37 surveys and 8 interviews. Participants were 24.3\% male, 86.5\% White race, and had a mean age of 44.8 years. Females were less likely to report seeing a primary care provider on a regular basis, and more likely to report stigmatizing healthcare experiences. A majority of females reporting receiving recommendations and screens for cervical and breast cancer, but only a minority were adherent. Similarly, only a minority of males and females reported receiving screening tests for colorectal and lung cancer. Screening rates for all cancers were substantially below those for the US generally and rural areas specifically. Interviews confirmed stigmatizing healthcare experiences and suggested screening barriers and possible solutions. The opioid epidemic involves millions of individuals and is disproportionately experienced in rural communities. To avoid exacerbating existing rural cancer disparities, methods to engage PWUD in cancer screening need to be developed.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
	author = {Jenkins, W. D. and Rose, J. and Molina, Y. and Lee, M. and Bolinski, R. and Luckey, G. and Van Ham, B.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220410},
	keywords = {*Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis, *Early Detection of Cancer, *cancer screening and adherence, *rural cancer disparities, *rural cancer screening, Adult, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Rural Population, cancer screening and adherence, rural cancer disparities, rural cancer screening},
}



@article{cooper_buprenorphine_2020,
	title = {Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the {U}.{S}. opioid epidemic: {A} case study of the rural risk environment in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {09553959},
	shorttitle = {Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the {U}.{S}. opioid epidemic},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102701},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
	author = {Cooper, Hannah LF and Cloud, David H. and Freeman, Patricia R. and Fadanelli, Monica and Green, Travis and Van Meter, Connor and Beane, Stephanie and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Young, April M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Buprenorphine, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, implementation chasm, pharmacists, risk environment, rural areas},
	pages = {102701},
}



@article{dai_brief_2022,
	title = {Brief report: {Cause} of death among people discharged from infective endocarditis related hospitalization-{West} {Virginia}, 2016-2019},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1932-8737 (Electronic) 0160-9289 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180},
	doi = {10.1002/clc.23812},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compare proportion of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among West Virginia Medicaid enrollees who were discharged from infective endocarditis (IE) hospitalization with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis. METHODS: The proportions of cause-specific deaths among those who were discharged from IE-related hospitalizations were compared by OUD diagnosis. RESULTS: The top three underlying causes of death discharged from IE hospitalization were accidental drug poisoning, mental and behavioral disorders due to polysubstance use, and cardiovascular diseases. Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the proportion has increased seven times from 2016 to 2019 among the OUD deaths while it doubled among the non-OUD deaths. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the increase is higher in those with OUD diagnosis. OUD is becoming a significantly negative impactor on the survival outcome among IE patients. It is of growing importance to deliver medication for OUD treatment and harm reduction efforts to IE patients in a timely manner, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic persists.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Clin Cardiol},
	author = {Dai, Z. and Smith, G. S. and Hendricks, B. and Bhandari, R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220309},
	keywords = {*Endocarditis, Bacterial, *Endocarditis/diagnosis, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *covid-19, Cause of Death, Hospitalization, Humans, Medicaid, Pandemics, Patient Discharge, Retrospective Studies, United States, West Virginia/epidemiology, infective endocarditis, opioid use disorder},
	pages = {536--539},
}



@article{hartung_buprenorphine_2019,
	title = {Buprenorphine {Coverage} in the {Medicare} {Part} {D} {Program} for 2007 to 2018},
	volume = {321},
	issn = {0098-7484},
	url = {http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391},
	doi = {10.1001/jama.2018.20391},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {JAMA},
	author = {Hartung, Daniel M. and Johnston, Kirbee and Geddes, Jonah and Leichtling, Gillian and Priest, Kelsey C. and Korthuis, P. Todd},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Medicare Part D, Insurance Coverage/statistics \& numerical data/*trends, United States},
	pages = {607},
}



@article{ellis_breaching_2020,
	title = {Breaching {Trust}: {A} {Qualitative} {Study} of {Healthcare} {Experiences} of {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in a {Rural} {Setting}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2020.593925},
	abstract = {Background: Increased drug use has disproportionately impacted rural areas across the U.S. People who use drugs are at risk of overdose and other medical complications, including infectious diseases. Understanding barriers to healthcare access for this often stigmatized population is key to reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in rural settings where resources may be limited. Methods: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs, including 17 who inject drugs, in rural southern Illinois between June 2018 and February 2019. Interviews were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach where themes are coded and organized as they emerge from the data. Results: Participants reported breaches of trust by healthcare providers, often involving law enforcement and Emergency Medical Services, that dissuaded them from accessing medical care. Participants described experiences of mistreatment in emergency departments, with one account of forced catheterization. They further recounted disclosures of protected health information by healthcare providers, including communicating drug test results to law enforcement and sharing details of counseling sessions with community members without consent. Participants also described a hesitancy common among people who use drugs to call emergency medical services for an overdose due to fear of arrest. Conclusion: Breaches of trust by healthcare providers in rural communities discouraged people who use drugs from accessing medical care until absolutely necessary, if at all. These experiences may worsen healthcare outcomes and further stigmatize this marginalized community. Structural changes including reforming and clarifying law enforcement's role in Emergency Departments as well as instituting diversion policies during arrests may help rebuild trust in these communities. Other possible areas for intervention include stigma training and harm reduction education for emergency medicine providers, as well as developing and implementing referral systems between Emergency Departments and local harm reduction providers and medically assisted drug treatment programs.},
	journal = {Front Sociol},
	author = {Ellis, K. and Walters, S. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ezell, J. and Rosentel, K. and Pho, M. T.},
	year = {2020},
	pmcid = {PMC8022503},
	keywords = {access, barriers, drugs, healthcare, inject, opioid, rural, stigma},
	pages = {593925},
}



@article{rains_attitudes_2022,
	title = {Attitudes toward harm reduction and low-threshold healthcare during the {COVID}-19 pandemic: qualitative interviews with people who use drugs in rural southern {Illinois}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075},
	doi = {10.1186/s12954-022-00710-9},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic health conditions associated with long-term drug use may pose additional risks to people who use drugs (PWUD) when coupled with COVID-19 infection. Despite this, PWUD, especially those living in rural areas, may be less likely to seek out health services. Previous research has highlighted the increased disease burden of COVID-19 among PWUD. Our manuscript supplements this literature by exploring unique attitudes of PWUD living in rural areas toward the pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination, and the role of harm reduction (HR) organizations in raising health awareness among PWUD. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 PWUD living in rural southern Illinois. Audio recordings were professionally transcribed. A preliminary codebook was created based on interview domains. Two trained coders conducted iterative coding of the transcripts, and new codes were added through line-by-line coding and thematic grouping. RESULTS: Twenty participants (45\% female, mean age of 38) completed interviews between June and November 2021. Participants reported negative impacts of the pandemic on mental health, financial wellbeing, and drug quality. However, the health impacts of COVID-19 were often described as less concerning than its impacts on these other aspects of life. Many expressed doubt in the severity of COVID-19 infection. Among the 16 unvaccinated participants who reported receiving most of their information from the internet or word of mouth, uncertainty about vaccine contents and distrust of healthcare and government institutions engendered wariness of the vaccination. Distrust of healthcare providers was related to past stigmatization and judgement, but did not extend to the local HR organization, which was unanimously endorsed as a positive institution. Among participants who did not access services directly from the HR organization, secondary distribution of HR supplies by other PWUD was a universally cited form of health maintenance. Participants expressed interest in low-threshold healthcare, including COVID-19 vaccination, should it be offered in the local HR organization's office and mobile units. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and related public health measures have affected this community in numerous ways. Integrating healthcare services into harm reduction infrastructures and mobilizing secondary distributors of supplies may promote greater engagement with vaccination programs and other healthcare services. TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04427202.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Harm Reduct J},
	author = {Rains, A. and York, M. and Bolinski, R. and Ezell, J. and Ouellet, L. J. and Jenkins, W. D. and Pho, M. T.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20221119},
	keywords = {*Harm Reduction, *covid-19, Access to health services, Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Covid-19, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Harm reduction, Humans, Low-threshold healthcare, Male, Pandemics, People who use drugs, Qualitative analysis, Rural, Secondary distribution},
	pages = {128},
}



@article{duong_attitudes_2022,
	title = {Attitudes toward pharmacy-based {HCV}/{HIV} testing among people who use drugs in rural {Kentucky}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1111/jrh.12564},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: Rural areas of the United States have experienced outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among people who use drugs (PWUD). Pharmacy-based interventions may play a crucial role in prevention and entry into care, especially when traditional health care access is limited. The willingness of rural PWUD to use pharmacies for HIV/HCV-related services remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the factors associated with the perceived likelihood of participating in free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing among PWUD living in rural Kentucky. METHODS: Baseline data from the CARE2HOPE study in five Appalachian counties in eastern Kentucky were used. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and completed interviewer-administered surveys. Guided by the Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilization, we examined distributions and correlates of items regarding willingness to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV/HCV testing using logistic regression. Analyses included individuals who reported being HIV (N = 304) or HCV (N = 185) negative. FINDINGS: Seventy-five percent of PWUD reported being "very likely" to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV testing and 80\% for HCV testing. Two factors were associated with being less willing to participate in free HIV testing: PWUD who previously tested for HIV (OR: 0.47, CI: 0.25-0.88) and PWUD who obtained a high school diploma or equivalent compared to those who completed less (OR: 0.50, CI: 0.26-0.99). CONCLUSION: Free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing was invariably acceptable among most of the rural PWUD in our sample, suggesting that pharmacies might be acceptable testing venues for this population.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {J Rural Health},
	author = {Duong, M. and Delcher, C. and Freeman, P. R. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pmcid = {PMC8418619},
	keywords = {*HIV Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, HIV Testing, HIV/HCV testing, Hepacivirus, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, injection drug use, pharmacy services, rural health care},
	pages = {93--99},
}



@article{korthuis_association_2022,
	title = {Association of {Methamphetamine} and {Opioid} {Use} {With} {Nonfatal} {Overdose} in {Rural} {Communities}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2574-3805},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544},
	doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544},
	abstract = {Overdoses continue to increase in the US, but the contribution of methamphetamine use is understudied in rural communities.To estimate the prevalence of methamphetamine use and its correlates among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural US communities and to determine whether methamphetamine use is associated with increased nonfatal overdoses.From January 2018 through March 2020, the National Rural Opioid Initiative conducted cross-sectional surveys of PWUD in rural communities in 10 states (Illinois, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Participants included rural PWUD who reported any past-30-day injection drug use or noninjection opioid use to get high. A modified chain-referral sampling strategy identified seeds who referred others using drugs. Data analysis was performed from May 2021 to January 2022.Use of methamphetamine alone, opioids alone, or both.Unweighted and weighted prevalence of methamphetamine use, any past-180-day nonfatal overdose, and number of lifetime nonfatal overdoses.Among the 3048 participants, 1737 (57\%) were male, 2576 (85\%) were White, and 225 (7.4\%) were American Indian; the mean (SD) age was 36 (10) years. Most participants (1878 of 2970 participants with any opioid or methamphetamine use [63\%]) reported co-use of methamphetamine and opioids, followed by opioids alone (702 participants [24\%]), and methamphetamine alone (390 participants [13\%]). The estimated unweighted prevalence of methamphetamine use was 80\% (95\% CI, 64\%-90\%), and the estimated weighted prevalence was 79\% (95\% CI, 57\%-91\%). Nonfatal overdose was greatest in people using both methamphetamine and opioids (395 of 2854 participants with nonmissing overdose data [22\%]) vs opioids alone (99 participants [14\%]) or methamphetamine alone (23 participants [6\%]). Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids was associated with greater nonfatal overdose compared with opioid use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95\% CI, 1.08-1.94; P = .01) and methamphetamine use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 3.26; 95\% CI, 2.06-5.14; P \&lt; .001). Those with co-use had a mean (SD) of 2.4 (4.2) (median [IQR], 1 [0-3]) lifetime overdoses compared with 1.7 (3.5) (median [IQR], 0 [0-2]) among those using opioids alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95\% CI, 1.01-1.43; P = .04), and 1.1 (2.9) (median [IQR], 0 [0-1]) among those using methamphetamine alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.81; 95\% CI, 1.45-2.27; P \&lt; .001). Participants with co-use most often reported having tried and failed to access substance use treatment: 827 participants (44\%) for both, 117 participants (30\%) for methamphetamine alone, and 252 participants (36\%) for opioids alone (χ22 = 33.8; P \&lt; .001). Only 66 participants (17\%) using methamphetamine alone had naloxone.These findings suggest that harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment interventions must address both methamphetamine and opioids to decrease overdose in rural communities.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2023-01-20},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	author = {Korthuis, P. Todd and Cook, Ryan R. and Foot, Canyon A. and Leichtling, Gillian and Tsui, Judith I. and Stopka, Thomas J. and Leahy, Judith and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Baker, Robin and Chan, Brian and Crane, Heidi M. and Cooper, Hannah L. and Feinberg, Judith and Zule, William A. and Go, Vivian F. and Estadt, Angela T. and Nance, Robin M. and Smith, Gordon S. and Westergaard, Ryan P. and Van Ham, Brent and Brown, Randall and Young, April M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Rural Population},
	pages = {e2226544},
}



@article{hartung_association_2022,
	title = {Association between treatment setting and outcomes among oregon medicaid patients with opioid use disorder: a retrospective cohort study},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00318-1},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Residential treatment is a common approach for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), however, few studies have directly compared it to outpatient treatment. The objective of this study was to compare OUD outcomes among individuals receiving residential and outpatient treatment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used linked data from a state Medicaid program, vital statistics, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS) to compare OUD-related health outcomes among individuals treated in a residential or outpatient setting between 2014 and 2017. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models examined the association between treatment setting and outcomes (i.e., opioid overdose, non-overdose opioid-related and all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and treatment retention) controlling for patient characteristics, co-morbidities, and use of medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD). Interaction models evaluated how MOUD use modified associations between treatment setting and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 3293 individuals treated for OUD, 957 (29\%) received treatment in a residential facility. MOUD use was higher among those treated as an outpatient (43\%) compared to residential (19\%). The risk of opioid overdose (aHR 1.39; 95\% CI 0.73-2.64) or an opioid-related emergency department encounter or admission (aHR 1.02; 95\% CI 0.80-1.29) did not differ between treatment settings. Independent of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in overdose risk (aHR 0.45; 95\% CI 0.23-0.89). Residential care was associated with greater odds of retention at 6-months (aOR 1.71; 95\% CI 1.32-2.21) but not 1-year. Residential treatment was only associated with improved retention for individuals not receiving MOUD (6-month aOR 2.05; 95\% CI 1.56-2.71) with no benefit observed in those who received MOUD (aOR 0.75; 95\% CI 0.46-1.29; interaction p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to outpatient treatment, residential treatment was not associated with reductions in opioid overdose or opioid-related ED encounters/hospitalizations. Regardless of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in opioid overdose risk.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},
	author = {Hartung, D. M. and Markwardt, S. and Johnston, K. and Geddes, J. and Baker, R. and Leichtling, G. and Hildebran, C. and Chan, B. and Cook, R. R. and McCarty, D. and Ghitza, U. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220819},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Medicaid, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Residential treatment, Retrospective Studies, Treatment, United States/epidemiology},
	pages = {45},
}



@article{muncan_acceptability_2021,
	title = {Acceptability and {Effectiveness} of {Hepatitis} {C} {Care} at {Syringe} {Service} {Programs} for {People} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} in {New} {York} {City}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1080/10826084.2021.1892142},
	abstract = {Introduction/Objectives: The incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection is rising among people who inject drugs (PWID). Even in the context of known HCV prevention and treatment strategies, some PWID remain unengaged in HCV care. This study aimed to identify and characterize experiences and perceptions of PWID regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of HCV testing and treatment at a local syringe service program (SSP). Methods: A total of 36 PWID participated in semi-structured interviews at an SSP in New York City. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded by three coders, following a constructivist grounded theory approach. Relevant themes were identified as they emerged from the data. Results: Interviews with PWID revealed three themes related to the impact of SSPs on HCV care: (1) non-stigmatizing SSP environments, (2) the role of SSPs in improving HCV knowledge, and (3) acceptability of SSPs as sites for HCV care among PWID. Discussion: This paper contributes to the ongoing understanding that SSPs provide a well-accepted source of HCV services for PWID. Participants believed that SSPs are accessible and effective sites for HCV care, and suggested that stigma among PWID continues to affect receipt of HCV care in traditional settings. Conclusions: Understanding attitudes and beliefs of PWID regarding the effectiveness of SSPs as sites for HCV care is crucial for the development of focused strategies to reduce HCV transmission, and to ultimately achieve HCV elimination. Given this, further research is warranted investigating how best to improve HCV care at harm reduction sites such as SSPs.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Subst Use Misuse},
	author = {Muncan, B. and Jordan, A. E. and Perlman, D. C. and Frank, D. and Ompad, D. C. and Walters, S. M.},
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8514132},
	keywords = {*Cluster, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C/prevention \& control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Syringe service programs, *people who inject drugs, *stigma, Cluster, Hepatitis C, Humans, New York City, Syringe service programs, Syringes, people who inject drugs, stigma},
	pages = {728--737},
}



@article{bergo_vulnerability_2021,
	title = {A {Vulnerability} {Assessment} for a {Future} {HIV} {Outbreak} {Associated} {With} {Injection} {Drug} {Use} in {Illinois}, 2017-2018},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2021.652672},
	abstract = {The current opioid crisis and the increase in injection drug use (IDU) have led to outbreaks of HIV in communities across the country. These outbreaks have prompted country and statewide examination into identifying factors to determine areas at risk of a future HIV outbreak. Based on methodology used in a prior nationwide county-level analysis by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we examined Illinois at the ZIP code level (n = 1,383). Combined acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons {\textless}40 years of age was used as an outcome proxy measure for IDU. Local and statewide data sources were used to identify variables that are potentially predictive of high risk for HIV/HCV transmission that fell within three main groups: health outcomes, access/resources, and the social/economic/physical environment. A multivariable negative binomial regression was performed with population as an offset. The vulnerability score for each ZIP code was created using the final regression model that consisted of 11 factors, six risk factors, and five protective factors. ZIP codes identified with the highest vulnerability ranking (top 10\%) were distributed across the state yet focused in the rural southern region. The most populous county, Cook County, had only one vulnerable ZIP code. This analysis reveals more areas vulnerable to future outbreaks compared to past national analyses and provides more precise indications of vulnerability at the ZIP code level. The ability to assess the risk at sub-county level allows local jurisdictions to more finely tune surveillance and preventive measures and target activities in these high-risk areas. The final model contained a mix of protective and risk factors revealing a heightened level of complexity underlying the relationship between characteristics that impact HCV risk. Following this analysis, Illinois prioritized recommendations to include increasing access to harm reduction services, specifically sterile syringe services, naloxone access, infectious disease screening and increased linkage to care for HCV and opioid use disorder.},
	journal = {Front Sociol},
	author = {Bergo, C. J. and Epstein, J. R. and Hoferka, S. and Kolak, M. A. and Pho, M. T.},
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8170011},
	keywords = {Hiv, commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential, conflict of interest., hepatitis C (HCV) infection, infectious disease, injection drug abuse, outbreak, vulnerability analysis},
	pages = {652672},
}



@article{chan_systematic_2020,
	title = {A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders},
	volume = {216},
	issn = {03768716},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108193},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},
	author = {Chan, Brian and Freeman, Michele and Ayers, Chelsea and Korthuis, P. Todd and Paynter, Robin and Kondo, Karli and Kansagara, Devan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Amphetamine, *Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Cocaine, *Pharmacotherapy, *Stimulant, *Substance use disorder, *Systematic review, Amphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Antidepressive Agents, Cocaine, Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Female, Humans, Methadone, Naltrexone, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pharmacotherapy, Stimulant, Substance use disorder, Systematic review},
	pages = {108193},
}



@article{hartung_statewide_2018,
	title = {A statewide effort to reduce high-dose opioid prescribing through coordinated care organizations},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {03064603},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654},
	doi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.020},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {Addictive Behaviors},
	author = {Hartung, Daniel M. and Alley, Lindsey and Leichtling, Gillian and Korthuis, P. Todd and Hildebran, Christi},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {*Coordinated care, *Opioid, *Opioid policy, *Opioid safety interventions, *Pain Management, *Practice Patterns, Physicians', *Prescribing limits, *Tapering, Analgesics, Opioid/*administration \& dosage, Community Health Services/*organization \& administration, Coordinated care, Humans, Medicaid, Opioid, Opioid policy, Opioid safety interventions, Oregon, Organizational Policy, Prescribing limits, Tapering, United States},
	pages = {32--39},
}



@article{fadanelli_qualitative_2022,
	title = {A qualitative study on pharmacy policies toward over-the-counter syringe sales in a rural epicenter of {US} drug-related epidemics},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00569-2},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Expanding access to sterile syringes in rural areas is vital, as injection-related epidemics expand beyond metropolitan areas globally. While pharmacies have potential to be an easily accessible source of sterile syringes, research in cities has identified moral, legal and ethical barriers that preclude over-the-counter (OTC) sales to people who inject drugs (PWID). The current study builds on prior urban-based research by elucidating (1) pharmacy OTC policies and (2) pharmacists' rationale for, and barriers and facilitators to, OTC syringe sales in a US rural area hard hit by drug-related epidemics. METHODS: We conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with pharmacists recruited from two Eastern Kentucky health districts. Interview domains included experiences with, and attitudes toward, selling OTC syringes to PWID. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to analyze verbatim transcripts. RESULTS: Most pharmacists operated "restrictive OTC" pharmacies (n = 8), where patients were required to have a prescription or proof of medical need to purchase a syringe. The remainder (n = 6) operated "open OTC" pharmacies, which allowed OTC syringe sales to most patients. Both groups believed their pharmacy policies protected their community and pharmacy from further drug-related harm, but diverging policies emerged because of stigma toward PWID, perceptions of Kentucky law, and belief OTC syringe sales were harmful rather than protective to the community. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that restrictive OTC pharmacy policies are rooted in stigmatizing views of PWID. Anti-stigma education about substance use disorder (SUD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Hepatitis C (HCV) is likely needed to truly shift restrictive pharmacy policy.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Harm Reduct J},
	author = {Fadanelli, M. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Freeman, P. R. and Ballard, A. M. and Ibragimov, U. and Young, A. M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pmcid = {PMC8742380},
	keywords = {*Epidemics/prevention \& control, *HIV Infections/prevention \& control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitudes, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, People who inject drugs, Pharmacy, Policy, Qualitative, Risk environment framework, Rural, Syringe sale, Syringes},
	pages = {1},
}



@article{evans_qualitative_2020,
	title = {A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1472-6939},
	shorttitle = {A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic},
	url = {https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9},
	doi = {10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9},
	abstract = {Abstract 
             
              Background 
              The opioid epidemic has enabled rapid and unsurpassed use of big data on people with opioid use disorder to design initiatives to battle the public health crisis, generally without adequate input from impacted communities. Efforts informed by big data are saving lives, yielding significant benefits. Uses of big data may also undermine public trust in government and cause other unintended harms. 
             
             
              Objectives 
              We aimed to identify concerns and recommendations regarding how to use big data on opioid use in ethical ways. 
             
             
              Methods 
              We conducted focus groups and interviews in 2019 with 39 big data stakeholders (gatekeepers, researchers, patient advocates) who had interest in or knowledge of the Public Health Data Warehouse maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. 
             
             
              Results 
              Concerns regarding big data on opioid use are rooted in potential privacy infringements due to linkage of previously distinct data systems, increased profiling and surveillance capabilities, limitless lifespan, and lack of explicit informed consent. Also problematic is the inability of affected groups to control how big data are used, the potential of big data to increase stigmatization and discrimination of those affected despite data anonymization, and uses that ignore or perpetuate biases. Participants support big data processes that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions. Recommendations for ethical big data governance offer ways to narrow the big data divide (e.g., prioritize health equity, set off-limits topics/methods, recognize blind spots), enact shared data governance (e.g., establish community advisory boards), cultivate public trust and earn social license for big data uses (e.g., institute safeguards and other stewardship responsibilities, engage the public, communicate the greater good), and refocus ethical approaches. 
             
             
              Conclusions 
              Using big data to address the opioid epidemic poses ethical concerns which, if unaddressed, may undermine its benefits. Findings can inform guidelines on how to conduct ethical big data governance and in ways that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-01},
	journal = {BMC Medical Ethics},
	author = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Delorme, Elizabeth and Cyr, Karl and Goldstein, Daniel M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Big Data, *Big data, *Data governance, *Opioid epidemic, *Public health ethics, *Qualitative methods, Big data, Data Anonymization, Data governance, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Public health ethics, Qualitative Research, Qualitative methods},
	pages = {101},
}



@article{batty_qualitative_2022,
	title = {A qualitative analysis of rural syringe service program fidelity in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {Staff} and participant perspectives},
	issn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151},
	doi = {10.1111/jrh.12715},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: As drug-related epidemics have expanded from cities to rural areas, syringe service programs (SSPs) and other harm reduction programs have been slow to follow. The recent implementation of SSPs in rural areas demands attention to program fidelity based on core components of SSP success. METHODS: Semistructured interviews conducted with clients and staff at 5 SSPs in 5 counties within 2 Central Appalachian health districts. Interviews covered fidelity of SSP implementation to 6 core components: (1) meet needs for harm reduction supplies; (2) education and counseling for sexual, injection, and overdose risks; (3) cooperation between SSPs and local law enforcement; (4) provide other health and social services; (5) ensure low threshold access to services; and (6) promote dignity, the impact of poor fidelity on vulnerability to drug-related harms, and the risk environment's influence on program fidelity. We applied thematic methods to analyze the data. FINDINGS: Rural SSPs were mostly faithful to the 6 core components. Deviations from core components can be attributed to certain characteristics of the local rural risk environment outlined in the risk environment model, including geographic remoteness, lack of resources and underdeveloped infrastructure, and stigma against people who inject drugs (PWID) CONCLUSIONS: As drug-related epidemics continue to expand outside cities, scaling up SSPs to serve rural PWID is essential. Future research should explore whether the risk environment features identified also influence SSP fidelity in other rural areas and develop and test strategies to strengthen core components in these vulnerable areas.},
	journal = {J Rural Health},
	author = {Batty, E. J. and Ibragimov, U. and Fadanelli, M. and Gross, S. and Cooper, K. and Klein, E. and Ballard, A. M. and Young, A. M. and Lockard, A. S. and Oser, C. B. and Cooper, H. L. F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220918},
	keywords = {*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/psychology, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, Syringes, harm reduction, hepatitis C, rural},
}



@article{seaman_hepatitis_2021,
	title = {A hepatitis {C} elimination model in healthcare for the homeless organization: {A} novel reflexive laboratory algorithm and equity assessment},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103359},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reaching World Health Organization hepatitis C (HCV) elimination targets requires diagnosis and treatment of people who use drugs (PWUD) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). PWUD experience challenges engaging in HCV treatment, including needing multiple provider and laboratory appointments. Women, minoritized racial communities, and homeless individuals are less likely to complete treatment. METHODS: We implemented a streamlined opt-out HCV screening and linkage-to-care program in two healthcare for the homeless clinics and a medically supported withdrawal center. Front-line staff initiated a single-order reflex laboratory bundle combining screening, confirmation, and pre-treatment laboratory evaluation from a single blood draw. Multinomial logistic regression models identified characteristics influencing movement through each stage of the HCV treatment cascade. Multiple logistic regression models identified patient characteristics associated with HCV care cascade progression and Cox proportional hazards models assessed time to initiation of DAAs. RESULTS: Of 11,035 clients engaged in services between May 2017 and March 2020, 3,607 (32.7\%) were screened. Of those screened, 1,020 (28.3\%) were HCV PCR positive. Of those with detectable RNA, 712 (69.8\%) initiated treatment and 670 (94.1\%) completed treatment. Of those initiating treatment, 407 (57.2\%) achieved SVR12. There were eight treatment failures and six reinfections. In the unadjusted model, the bundle intervention was associated with increased care cascade progression, and in the survival analysis, decreased time to initiation; these differences were attenuated in the adjusted model. Women were less likely to complete treatment and SVR12 labs than men. Homelessness increased likelihood of screening and diagnosis but was negatively associated with completing SVR12 labs. Presence of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses predicted increased care cascade progression. CONCLUSIONS: The laboratory bundle and referral pathways improved treatment initiation, time to initiation, and movement across the cascade. Despite overall population improvements, women and homeless individuals experienced important gaps across the HCV care cascade.},
	journal = {Int J Drug Policy},
	author = {Seaman, A. and King, C. A. and Kaser, T. and Geduldig, A. and Ronan, W. and Cook, R. and Chan, B. and Levander, X. A. and Priest, K. C. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8720290},
	keywords = {*Gender, *HCV Elimination, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Homeless Persons, *Ill-Housed Persons, *People Who Inject Drugs, *People experiencing homelessness, *Race, Algorithms, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Gender, HCV Elimination, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Laboratories, Male, People Who Inject Drugs, People experiencing homelessness, Race},
	pages = {103359},
}



@article{hetrick_cross-sectional_2021,
	title = {A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural {USA}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1745-6215 (Electronic) 1745-6215 (Linking)},
	doi = {10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. METHODS: We recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models. RESULTS: Most participants were male (55\%) and preferred methamphetamine (36\%) over heroin (35\%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95\% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95\% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95\% CI: 1.51, 2.99). CONCLUSIONS: Beyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Trials},
	author = {Hetrick, A. T. and Young, A. M. and Elman, M. R. and Bielavitz, S. and Alexander, R. L. and Brown, M. and Waddell, E. N. and Korthuis, P. T. and Lancaster, K. E.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pmcid = {PMC8690874},
	keywords = {*Motivation, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Injection drug use, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Ohio, Opioid, Participant retention, Recruitment, Rural, Substance use},
	pages = {948},
}



@article{sibbesen_characteristics_2023,
	title = {Characteristics of xylazine-related deaths in {West} {Virginia}-{Xylazine}-related deaths},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1521-0391 (Electronic) 1055-0496 (Print) 1055-0496 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413},
	doi = {10.1111/ajad.13365},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The involvement of xylazine, a veterinary drug, in West Virginia (WV) human drug-related deaths was examined. METHODS: WV drug deaths from 2019 (when xylazine was first identified) to mid-2021. Characteristics including toxicology findings were compared between xylazine and nonxylazine deaths. RESULTS: Of 3292 drug deaths, 117 involved xylazine, and the proportions of deaths with it have increased (1\% [2019] to 5\% [mid-2021)]. Xylazine decedents had more cointoxicants, with fentanyl (98\%) predominant followed by methamphetamine. Xylazine decedents had a significantly greater history of drug or alcohol misuse and hepatic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: In one of the largest analyses of xylazine-involved deaths in a predominantly rural state, identification of xylazine was increasing with multiple cointoxicants (especially fentanyl), and was present in a few deaths with only one other substance involved. Health professionals should be aware of possible enhanced toxicity from xylazine ingestion especially since naloxone does not reverse xylazine's adverse effects.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Am J Addict},
	author = {Sibbesen, J. and Abate, M. A. and Dai, Z. and Smith, G. S. and Lundstrom, E. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20221212},
	keywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Xylazine/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, West Virginia/epidemiology},
	pages = {309--313},
}



@article{matsumoto_jail-based_2022,
	title = {Jail-based reentry programming to support continued treatment with medications for opioid use disorder: {Qualitative} perspectives and experiences among jail staff in {Massachusetts}},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938},
	doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103823},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with opioid use disorder released to communities after incarceration experience an elevated risk for overdose death. Massachusetts is the first state to mandate county jails to deliver all FDA approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). The present study considered perspectives around coordination of post-release care among jail staff engaged in MOUD programs focused on coordination of care to the community. METHODS: Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 jail staff involved in implementation of MOUD programs. Interview guide development, and coding and analysis of qualitative data were guided by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Deductive and inductive approaches were used for coding and themes were organized using the EPIS. RESULTS: Salient themes in the inner context focused on the elements of reentry planning that influence coordination of post-release care including timing of initiation, staff knowledge about availability of MOUD in community settings, and internal collaborations. Findings on bridging factors highlighted the importance of interagency communication to follow pre-scheduled release dates and use of bridge scripts to minimize the gap in treatment during the transition. Use of navigators was an additional factor that influenced MOUD initiation and engagement in community settings. Outer context findings indicated partnerships with community providers and timely reinstatement of health insurance coverage as critical factors that influence coordination of post-release care. CONCLUSIONS: Coordination of MOUD post-release continuity of care requires training supporting staff in reentry planning as well as resources to enhance internal collaborations and bridging partnerships between in-jail MOUD programs and community MOUD providers. In addition, efforts to reduce systemic barriers related to unanticipated timing of release and reinstatement of health insurance coverage are needed to optimize seamless post-release care.},
	journal = {Int J Drug Policy},
	author = {Matsumoto, A. and Santelices, C. and Evans, E. A. and Pivovarova, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220819},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/prevention \& control/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts, Medication for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Post-release coordination of care},
	pages = {103823},
}



@article{king_expanding_2022,
	title = {Expanding {Inpatient} {Addiction} {Consult} {Services} {Through} {Accountable} {Care} {Organizations} for {Medicaid} {Enrollees}: {A} {Modeling} {Study}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988},
	doi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000972},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) care for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder, including opioid use disorder (OUD). Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) could enhance access to ACS. This study extends data from Oregon's only ACS to Oregon's 15 regional Medicaid Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) to illustrate the potential value of enhanced in- and out-patient care for hospitalized patients with OUD. The study objectives were to estimate the effects of (1) expanding ACS care through CCOs in Oregon, and (2) increasing community treatment access within CCOs, on post-discharge OUD treatment engagement. METHODS: We used a validated Markov model, populated with Oregon Medicaid data from April 2015 to December 2017, to estimate study objectives. RESULTS: Oregon Medicaid patients hospitalized with OUD with care billed to a CCO (n = 5878) included 1298 (22.1\%) patients engaged in post-discharge OUD treatment. Simulation of referral to an ACS increased post-discharge OUD treatment engagement to 47.0\% (95\% confidence interval [CI] 45.7\%, 48.3\%), or 2684 patients (95\% CI 2610, 2758). Ten of fifteen (66.7\%) CCOs had fewer than 20\% of patients engage in post-discharge OUD care. Without ACS, increasing outpatient treatment such that 20\% of patients engage increased the patients engaging in post-discharge OUD care from 12.9\% or 296 patients in care at baseline to 20\% (95\% CI 18.1\%, 21.4\%) or 453 (95\% CI 416, 491). DISCUSSION: ACOs can improve care for patients hospitalized with OUD. Implementing ACS in ACO networks can potentially improve post-discharge OUD treatment engagement, but community treatment systems must be prepared to accept more patients as inpatient addiction care improves.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {J Addict Med},
	author = {King, C. A. and Cook, R. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220208},
	keywords = {*Accountable Care Organizations, *Opioid-Related Disorders/therapy, Aftercare, Humans, Inpatients, Medicaid, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation, United States},
	pages = {570--576},
}



@article{ibragimov_correlates_2023,
	title = {Correlates of {Recent} {HIV} {Testing} {Among} {People} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}: {A} {Multi}-site {Cross}-{Sectional} {Study}, 2018-2020},
	issn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742},
	doi = {10.1007/s10461-023-04140-x},
	abstract = {The Rural Opioid Initiative surveyed 2693 people who inject drugs (PWID) in eight rural U.S. areas in 2018-2020 about self-reported HIV testing in the past 6 months. Correlates of interest included receipt of any drug-related services, incarceration history, and structural barriers to care (e.g., lack of insurance, proximity to syringe service programs [SSP]). Overall, 20\% of participants reported receiving an HIV test within the past 6 months. Multivariable generalized estimating equations showed that attending substance use disorder (SUD) treatment (OR 2.11, 95\%CI [1.58, 2.82]), having health insurance (OR 1.42, 95\%CI [1.01, 2.00]) and recent incarceration (OR 1.49, 95\%CI [1.08, 2.04]) were positively associated with HIV testing, while experiencing a resource barrier to healthcare (inability to pay, lack of transportation, inconvenient hours, or lack of child care) had inverse (OR 0.73, 95\%CI [0.56, 0.94]) association with HIV testing. We found that the prevalence of HIV testing among rural PWID is low, indicating an unmet need for testing. While SUD treatment or incarceration may increase chances for HIV testing for rural PWID, other avenues for expanding HIV testing, such as SSP, need to be explored.},
	journal = {AIDS Behav},
	author = {Ibragimov, U. and Livingston, M. D. and Young, A. M. and Feinberg, J. and Korthuis, P. T. and Akhtar, W. Z. and Jenkins, W. D. and Crane, H. M. and Westergaard, R. P. and Nance, R. and Miller, W. C. and Bresett, J. and Khoury, D. and Hurt, C. B. and Go, V. F. and Nolte, K. and Cooper, H. L. F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20230729},
	keywords = {Barriers to services, HIV testing, Pwid, Rural},
}



@article{hoffman_treatment_2022,
	title = {Treatment retention, return to use, and recovery support following {COVID}-19 relaxation of methadone take-home dosing in two rural opioid treatment programs: {A} mixed methods analysis},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108801},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: In March 2020, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration permitted Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs) to relax restrictions on take-home methadone and promoted telehealth to minimize potential exposures to COVID-19. We assessed the effects of COVID-19-related changes on take-home methadone dosing in two OTPs serving five rural Oregon counties. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods convergent design. The OTPs extracted urine drug test (UDT) results, take-home methadone regimens, and treatment retention from the electronic health record (EHR) for patients (n = 377). A mixed-effects negative binomial regression model assessed patient-level differences in take-home doses before and after the COVID-19 policy changes and the associations with treatment discontinuation, and UDT positivity. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 32) explored patient reactions to increased take-home dosing and reduced clinic visits to provide context for quantitative findings. RESULTS: The number of take-home doses increased in the post-COVID-19 period for patients engaged in treatment for more than 180 days (median: 8 vs 13 take-home doses per month, p = 0.011). Take-homes did not increase for patients with fewer days of treatment. Each percentage point increase in take-home dosing above what would be expected without COVID-19 policy changes was negatively associated with the percent of UDT positive for opioids (B = -0.12, CI [-0.21, -0.04], p = 0.005) and the probability of treatment discontinuation (aOR = 0.97, CI [0.95, 0.99], p = 0.003). Qualitative analysis revealed three themes explaining how increased take-home dosing supported recovery: 1) value of feeling trusted with increased responsibility; 2) reduced travel time permitted increased employment and recreation; and 3) reduced exposure to individuals less stable in recovery and potential triggers. CONCLUSIONS: Take-home methadone dose relaxations were associated with increased methadone take-home doses, improved retention, and decreased UDT opioid positive results among clinically stable patients. Qualitative findings suggest that fewer take-home restrictions are feasible and desirable and do not pose safety or public health harms.},
	journal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},
	author = {Hoffman, K. A. and Foot, C. and Levander, X. A. and Cook, R. and Terashima, J. P. and McIlveen, J. W. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220508},
	keywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid treatment, Rural},
	pages = {108801},
}



@article{herink_randomized_2023,
	title = {A randomized controlled trial for a peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis c treatment intervention for people who use drugs in rural communities: study protocol for the "peer tele-{HCV}" study},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041},
	doi = {10.1186/s13722-023-00384-z},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission is primarily driven by injection drug use, and acute HCV infection rates are increased in rural communities with substantial barriers to care. Treatment of HCV in persons who use drugs (PWUD) is cost effective, decreases high risk behaviors and HCV transmission, and achieves high rates of treatment completion and sustained viral response. Adapting HCV care delivery to utilize peer support specialists, telemedicine technology, and streamlined testing and treatment strategies can better reach rural populations living with HCV. METHODS: This is an open label, two-arm, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial designed to test the superiority of peer-facilitated and streamlined telemedicine HCV care (peer tele-HCV) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC) among PWUD in rural Oregon. In the intervention arm, peers conduct HCV screening in the community, facilitate pretreatment evaluation and linkage to telemedicine hepatitis C treatment providers, and support participants in HCV medication adherence. For participants assigned to EUC, peers facilitate pretreatment evaluation and referral to community-based treatment providers. The primary outcome is sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes include: (1) HCV treatment initiation, (2) HCV treatment completion, (3) engagement with harm reduction resources, (4) rates of substance use, and (5) engagement in addiction treatment resources. The primary and secondary outcomes are analyzed using intention-to-treat (ITT) comparisons between telemedicine and EUC. A qualitative analysis will assess patient, peer, and clinician experiences of peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis C treatment. DISCUSSION: This study uses a novel peer-based telemedicine delivery model with streamlined testing protocols to improve access to HCV treatment in rural communities with high rates of injection drug use and ongoing disease transmission. We hypothesize that the peer tele-HCV model will increase treatment initiation, treatment completion, SVR12 rates, and engagement with harm reduction services compared to EUC. Trial registration This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04798521).},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},
	author = {Herink, M. C. and Seaman, A. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Gailey, T. and Cook, R. and Thomas, A. and Korthuis, P. T.},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Edition: 20230527},
	keywords = {*Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Telemedicine, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Direct acting antivirals, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Peer-facilitated treatment, People who use drugs, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Rural Population, Telehealth},
	pages = {35},
}



@article{dai_characterization_2023,
	title = {Characterization of {Unintentional} {Deaths} {Among} {Buprenorphine} {Users}},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {1938-4114 (Electronic) 1937-1888 (Print) 1937-1888 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687},
	doi = {10.15288/jsad.22-00049},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Medications used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) reduce drug overdose risk. Buprenorphine is often the preferred treatment for OUD because of its high safety profile. Given expanding buprenorphine use, this study sought to examine buprenorphine-involved deaths (BIDs) and compare them with other drug-related deaths. METHOD: West Virginia drug-related deaths from 2005 to early 2020 were identified. Study data included decedent demographics, toxicology, autopsy findings, and medical and prescription histories. Characteristics of BIDs compared with other drug-related deaths were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Among 11,764 drug-related deaths, only 564 (4.8\%) involved buprenorphine. Buprenorphine alone was present in 32 deaths, of which 20 were considered the direct cause of death (0.2\% of all drug-related deaths). Significantly more BIDs involved five or more drugs (23\%) compared with other opioid deaths (14.9\%). Co-intoxicants found most frequently in BIDs were benzodiazepines (47.3\%), methamphetamine (27.1\%), and fentanyl (22.9\%). Cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities were identified in 43\% and 21\% of BIDs, respectively. Of the 564 BIDs, a current buprenorphine prescription was present in 132 deaths (23.4\%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite increasing buprenorphine use, BIDs comprised less than 5\% of overall West Virginia drug-related deaths. Seldom was it the only drug found, and most decedents did not have current prescriptions for buprenorphine. Although buprenorphine is effective, with a wide safety margin, clinicians and patients should be aware that buprenorphine can be involved in overdose deaths, especially when buprenorphine is taken in combination with drugs such as benzodiazepines, methamphetamine, or fentanyl, and in persons with underlying cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},
	author = {Dai, Z. and Limen, G. N. and Abate, M. A. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R. and Smith, G. S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Benzodiazepines, Fentanyl/therapeutic use, Humans},
	pages = {171--179},
}



@article{bhandari_steep_2022,
	title = {Steep rise in drug use-associated infective endocarditis in {West} {Virginia}: {Characteristics} and healthcare utilization},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0271510},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Life-threatening infections such as infective endocarditis (IE) are increasing simultaneously with the injection drug use epidemic in West Virginia (WV). We utilized a newly developed, statewide database to describe epidemiologic characteristics and healthcare utilization among patients with (DU-IE) and without (non-DU-IE) drug use-associated IE in WV over five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, observational study, incorporating manual review of electronic medical records, included all patients aged 18-90 years who had their first admission for IE in any of the four university-affiliated referral hospitals in WV during 2014-2018. IE was identified using ICD-10-CM codes and confirmed by chart review. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and healthcare utilization were compared between patients with DU-IE and non-DU-IE using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted with discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality vs. discharge alive as the outcome variable and drug use as the predictor variable. RESULTS: Overall 780 unique patients had confirmed first IE admission, with a six-fold increase during study period (p = .004). Most patients (70.9\%) had used drugs before hospital admission, primarily by injection. Compared to patients with non-DU-IE, patients with DU-IE were significantly younger (median age: 33.9 vs. 64.1 years; p {\textless} .001); were hospitalized longer (median: 25.5 vs. 15 days; p {\textless} .001); had a higher proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (42.7\% vs. 29.9\%; p {\textless} .001), psychiatric disorders (51.2\% vs. 17.3\%; p {\textless} .001), cardiac surgeries (42.9\% vs. 26.6\%; p {\textless} .001), and discharges against medical advice (19.9\% vs. 1.4\%; p {\textless} .001). Multivariable regression analysis showed drug use was an independent predictor of the combined outcome of discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality (OR: 2.99; 95\% CI: 1.67-5.64). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This multisite study reveals a 681\% increase in IE admissions in WV over five years primarily attributable to injection drug use, underscoring the urgent need for both prevention efforts and specialized strategies to improve outcomes.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	author = {Bhandari, R. and Alexander, T. and Annie, F. H. and Kaleem, U. and Irfan, A. and Balla, S. and Wiener, R. C. and Cook, C. and Nanjundappa, A. and Bates, M. and Thompson, E. and Smith, G. S. and Feinberg, J. and Fisher, M. A.},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Edition: 20220715},
	keywords = {*Endocarditis, *Endocarditis, Bacterial/epidemiology, *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, *Staphylococcal Infections, *Substance-Related Disorders/complications, Adult, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, West Virginia/epidemiology},
	pages = {e0271510},
}



@article{barshes_healthcare_2021,
	title = {Healthcare disparities in vascular surgery: {A} critical review},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Print) 0741-5214 (Linking)},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.055},
	abstract = {Health disparities in vascular surgical care have existed for decades. Persons categorized as Black undergo a nearly twofold greater risk-adjusted rate of leg amputations. Persons categorized as Black, Latinx, and women have hemodialysis initiated via autogenous fistula less often than male persons categorized as White. Persons categorized as Black, Latino, Latina, or Latinx, and women are less likely to undergo carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis and repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. New approaches are needed to address these disparities. We suggest surgeons use data to identify groups that would most benefit from medical care and then partner with community organizations or individuals to create lasting health benefits. Surgeons alone cannot rectify the structural inequalities present in American society. However, all surgeons should contribute to ensuring that all people have access to high-quality vascular surgical care.},
	number = {2S},
	journal = {J Vasc Surg},
	author = {Barshes, N. R. and Minc, S. D.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {*Health Status Disparities, *Surgeons, *Vascular Surgical Procedures, Amputation, Culturally Competent Care/ethnology, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Healthcare disparities, Humans, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Race Factors, Racial disparities, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Social Determinants of Health/*ethnology, Societies, Medical, Vascular Diseases/diagnosis/ethnology/*surgery},
	pages = {6S--14S e1},
}












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M.; Felsher, M.; Frank, D.; Jaiswal, J.; Townsend, T.; Muncan, B.; Bennett, A. S.; Friedman, S. R.; Jenkins, W.; Pho, M. T.; Fletcher, S.;  and Ompad, D. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Environ Res Public Health</i>, 20(2). January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20230116</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674402\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-felsher-frank-jaiswal-townsend-muncan-bennett-friedman-etal-idontbelieveapersonhastodiewhentryingtogethighoverdosepreventionandresponsestrategiesinruralillinois-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674402', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"I Don&#x27;t Believe a Person Has to Die When Trying to Get High: Overdose Prevention and Response Strategies in Rural Illinois [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021648\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-felsher-frank-jaiswal-townsend-muncan-bennett-friedman-etal-idontbelieveapersonhastodiewhentryingtogethighoverdosepreventionandresponsestrategiesinruralillinois-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021648', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/walters-felsher-frank-jaiswal-townsend-muncan-bennett-friedman-etal-idontbelieveapersonhastodiewhentryingtogethighoverdosepreventionandresponsestrategiesinruralillinois-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>5 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('walters-felsher-frank-jaiswal-townsend-muncan-bennett-friedman-etal-idontbelieveapersonhastodiewhentryingtogethighoverdosepreventionandresponsestrategiesinruralillinois-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{walters_i_2023,\n\ttitle = {I {Don}&#x27;t {Believe} a {Person} {Has} to {Die} {When} {Trying} to {Get} {High}: {Overdose} {Prevention} and {Response} {Strategies} in {Rural} {Illinois}},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674402},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph20021648},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Overdose is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people who inject drugs. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl is now a major driver of opioid overdose deaths. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants (19 persons who inject drugs and 4 service providers) from rural southern Illinois. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and theoretical sampling methods. RESULTS: Participants were concerned about the growing presence of fentanyl in both opioids and stimulants, and many disclosed overdose experiences. Strategies participants reported using to lower overdose risk included purchasing drugs from trusted sellers and modifying drug use practices by partially injecting and/or changing the route of transmission. Approximately half of persons who inject drugs sampled had heard of fentanyl test strips, however fentanyl test strip use was low. To reverse overdoses, participants reported using cold water baths. Use of naloxone to reverse overdose was low. Barriers to naloxone access and use included fear of arrest and opioid withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: People who inject drugs understood fentanyl to be a potential contaminant in their drug supply and actively engaged in harm reduction techniques to try to prevent overdose. Interventions to increase harm reduction education and information about and access to fentanyl test strips and naloxone would be beneficial.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Felsher, M. and Frank, D. and Jaiswal, J. and Townsend, T. and Muncan, B. and Bennett, A. S. and Friedman, S. R. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T. and Fletcher, S. and Ompad, D. C.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20230116},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Drug Users, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Fentanyl, Humans, Illinois, Naloxone/therapeutic use, harm reduction, overdose, people who inject drugs, polydrug use},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Overdose is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people who inject drugs. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl is now a major driver of opioid overdose deaths. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants (19 persons who inject drugs and 4 service providers) from rural southern Illinois. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and theoretical sampling methods. RESULTS: Participants were concerned about the growing presence of fentanyl in both opioids and stimulants, and many disclosed overdose experiences. Strategies participants reported using to lower overdose risk included purchasing drugs from trusted sellers and modifying drug use practices by partially injecting and/or changing the route of transmission. Approximately half of persons who inject drugs sampled had heard of fentanyl test strips, however fentanyl test strip use was low. To reverse overdoses, participants reported using cold water baths. Use of naloxone to reverse overdose was low. Barriers to naloxone access and use included fear of arrest and opioid withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: People who inject drugs understood fentanyl to be a potential contaminant in their drug supply and actively engaged in harm reduction techniques to try to prevent overdose. Interventions to increase harm reduction education and information about and access to fentanyl test strips and naloxone would be beneficial.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sibley-baker-levander-rains-walters-nolte-colston-piscalko-etal-iamnotajunkiesocialcategorizationanddifferentiationamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sibley-baker-levander-rains-walters-nolte-colston-piscalko-etal-iamnotajunkiesocialcategorizationanddifferentiationamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779', event);\">\n    \"I am not a junkie\": Social categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sibley, A. L.; Baker, R.; Levander, X. A.; Rains, A.; Walters, S. M.; Nolte, K.; Colston, D. C.; Piscalko, H. M.; Schalkoff, C. A.; Bianchet, E.; Chen, S.; Dowd, P.; Jaeb, M.; Friedmann, P. D.; Fredericksen, R. J.; Seal, D. W.;  and Go, V. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>, 114: 103999. April 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20230309</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sibley-baker-levander-rains-walters-nolte-colston-piscalko-etal-iamnotajunkiesocialcategorizationanddifferentiationamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"&quot;I am not a junkie&quot;: Social categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103999\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sibley-baker-levander-rains-walters-nolte-colston-piscalko-etal-iamnotajunkiesocialcategorizationanddifferentiationamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103999', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sibley-baker-levander-rains-walters-nolte-colston-piscalko-etal-iamnotajunkiesocialcategorizationanddifferentiationamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sibley-baker-levander-rains-walters-nolte-colston-piscalko-etal-iamnotajunkiesocialcategorizationanddifferentiationamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sibley_i_2023,\n\ttitle = {&quot;{I} am not a junkie&quot;: {Social} categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36905779},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103999},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Substance use stigma is a form of group-based exclusion, and delineating pathways from stigma to poor health requires a deeper understanding of the social dynamics of people who use drugs (PWUD). Outside of recovery, scant research has examined the role of social identity in addiction. Framed by Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory, this qualitative study investigated strategies of within-group categorization and differentiation among PWUD and the roles these social categories may play in shaping intragroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. METHODS: Data come from the Rural Opioid Initiative, a multi-site study of the overdose epidemic in rural United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with people who reported using opioids or injecting any drug (n=355) living in 65 counties across 10 states. Interviews focused on participants&#x27; biographical histories, past and current drug use, risk behaviors, and experiences with healthcare providers and law enforcement. Social categories and dimensions along which categories were evaluated were inductively identified using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified seven social categories that were commonly appraised by participants along eight evaluative dimensions. Categories included drug of choice, route of administration, method of attainment, gender, age, genesis of use, and recovery approach. Categories were evaluated by participants based on ascribed characteristics of morality, destructiveness, aversiveness, control, functionality, victimhood, recklessness, and determination. Participants performed nuanced identity work during interviews, including reifying social categories, defining &#x27;addict&#x27; prototypicality, reflexively comparing self to other, and disidentifying from the PWUD supra-category. CONCLUSION: We identify several facets of identity, both behavioral and demographic, along which people who use drugs perceive salient social boundaries. Beyond an addiction-recovery binary, identity is shaped by multiple aspects of the social self in substance use. Patterns of categorization and differentiation revealed negative intragroup attitudes, including stigma, that may hinder solidary-building and collective action in this marginalized group.},\n\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Sibley, A. L. and Baker, R. and Levander, X. A. and Rains, A. and Walters, S. M. and Nolte, K. and Colston, D. C. and Piscalko, H. M. and Schalkoff, C. A. and Bianchet, E. and Chen, S. and Dowd, P. and Jaeb, M. and Friedmann, P. D. and Fredericksen, R. J. and Seal, D. W. and Go, V. F.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20230309},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Opioids, Qualitative Research, Rural health, Social Stigma, Social identity, Stigma},\n\tpages = {103999},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Substance use stigma is a form of group-based exclusion, and delineating pathways from stigma to poor health requires a deeper understanding of the social dynamics of people who use drugs (PWUD). Outside of recovery, scant research has examined the role of social identity in addiction. Framed by Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory, this qualitative study investigated strategies of within-group categorization and differentiation among PWUD and the roles these social categories may play in shaping intragroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. METHODS: Data come from the Rural Opioid Initiative, a multi-site study of the overdose epidemic in rural United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with people who reported using opioids or injecting any drug (n=355) living in 65 counties across 10 states. Interviews focused on participants' biographical histories, past and current drug use, risk behaviors, and experiences with healthcare providers and law enforcement. Social categories and dimensions along which categories were evaluated were inductively identified using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified seven social categories that were commonly appraised by participants along eight evaluative dimensions. Categories included drug of choice, route of administration, method of attainment, gender, age, genesis of use, and recovery approach. Categories were evaluated by participants based on ascribed characteristics of morality, destructiveness, aversiveness, control, functionality, victimhood, recklessness, and determination. Participants performed nuanced identity work during interviews, including reifying social categories, defining 'addict' prototypicality, reflexively comparing self to other, and disidentifying from the PWUD supra-category. CONCLUSION: We identify several facets of identity, both behavioral and demographic, along which people who use drugs perceive salient social boundaries. Beyond an addiction-recovery binary, identity is shaped by multiple aspects of the social self in substance use. Patterns of categorization and differentiation revealed negative intragroup attitudes, including stigma, that may hinder solidary-building and collective action in this marginalized group.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"walters-frank-felsher-jaiswal-fletcher-bennett-friedman-ouellet-etal-howtheruralriskenvironmentunderpinshepatitiscriskqualitativefindingsfromruralsouthernillinoisunitedstates-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'walters-frank-felsher-jaiswal-fletcher-bennett-friedman-ouellet-etal-howtheruralriskenvironmentunderpinshepatitiscriskqualitativefindingsfromruralsouthernillinoisunitedstates-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816', event);\">\n    How the rural risk environment underpins hepatitis C risk: Qualitative findings from rural southern Illinois, United States.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Walters, S. M.; Frank, D.; Felsher, M.; Jaiswal, J.; Fletcher, S.; Bennett, A. S.; Friedman, S. R.; Ouellet, L. J.; Ompad, D. C.; Jenkins, W.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>, 112: 103930. February 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20230113</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-frank-felsher-jaiswal-fletcher-bennett-friedman-ouellet-etal-howtheruralriskenvironmentunderpinshepatitiscriskqualitativefindingsfromruralsouthernillinoisunitedstates-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"How the rural risk environment underpins hepatitis C risk: Qualitative findings from rural southern Illinois, United States [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103930\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-frank-felsher-jaiswal-fletcher-bennett-friedman-ouellet-etal-howtheruralriskenvironmentunderpinshepatitiscriskqualitativefindingsfromruralsouthernillinoisunitedstates-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103930', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/walters-frank-felsher-jaiswal-fletcher-bennett-friedman-ouellet-etal-howtheruralriskenvironmentunderpinshepatitiscriskqualitativefindingsfromruralsouthernillinoisunitedstates-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>4 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('walters-frank-felsher-jaiswal-fletcher-bennett-friedman-ouellet-etal-howtheruralriskenvironmentunderpinshepatitiscriskqualitativefindingsfromruralsouthernillinoisunitedstates-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{walters_how_2023,\n\ttitle = {How the rural risk environment underpins hepatitis {C} risk: {Qualitative} findings from rural southern {Illinois}, {United} {States}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36641816},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103930},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has increased among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the United States with disproportionate burden in rural areas. We use the Risk Environment framework to explore potential economic, physical, social, and political determinants of hepatitis C in rural southern Illinois. METHODS: Nineteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWID from August 2019 through February 2020 (i.e., pre-COVID-19 pandemic) and four with key informants who professionally worked with PWID. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded using qualitative software. We followed a grounded theory approach for coding and analyses. RESULTS: We identify economic, physical, policy, and social factors that may influence HCV transmission risk and serve as barriers to HCV care. Economic instability and lack of economic opportunities, a lack of physically available HCV prevention and treatment services, structural stigma such as policies that criminalize drug use, and social stigma emerged in interviews as potential risks for transmission and barriers to care. CONCLUSION: The rural risk environment framework acknowledges the importance of community and structural factors that influence HCV infection and other disease transmission and care. We find that larger structural factors produce vulnerabilities and reduce access to resources, which negatively impact hepatitis C disease outcomes.},\n\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Frank, D. and Felsher, M. and Jaiswal, J. and Fletcher, S. and Bennett, A. S. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ompad, D. C. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20230113},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/epidemiology, *covid-19, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Injection drug use, Pandemics, Rural risk environment, United States/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {103930},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has increased among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in the United States with disproportionate burden in rural areas. We use the Risk Environment framework to explore potential economic, physical, social, and political determinants of hepatitis C in rural southern Illinois. METHODS: Nineteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWID from August 2019 through February 2020 (i.e., pre-COVID-19 pandemic) and four with key informants who professionally worked with PWID. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded using qualitative software. We followed a grounded theory approach for coding and analyses. RESULTS: We identify economic, physical, policy, and social factors that may influence HCV transmission risk and serve as barriers to HCV care. Economic instability and lack of economic opportunities, a lack of physically available HCV prevention and treatment services, structural stigma such as policies that criminalize drug use, and social stigma emerged in interviews as potential risks for transmission and barriers to care. CONCLUSION: The rural risk environment framework acknowledges the importance of community and structural factors that influence HCV infection and other disease transmission and care. We find that larger structural factors produce vulnerabilities and reduce access to resources, which negatively impact hepatitis C disease outcomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"romo-rudolph-stopka-wang-jesdale-friedmann-hcvserostatusandinjectionsharingpracticesamongthosewhoobtainsyringesfrompharmaciesanddirectlyandindirectlyfromsyringeservicesprogramsinruralnewengland-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'romo-rudolph-stopka-wang-jesdale-friedmann-hcvserostatusandinjectionsharingpracticesamongthosewhoobtainsyringesfrompharmaciesanddirectlyandindirectlyfromsyringeservicesprogramsinruralnewengland-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153', event);\">\n    HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices among those who obtain syringes from pharmacies and directly and indirectly from syringe services programs in rural New England.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Romo, E.; Rudolph, A. E.; Stopka, T. J.; Wang, B.; Jesdale, B. M.;  and Friedmann, P. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addict Sci Clin Pract</i>, 18(1): 2. January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20230103</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('romo-rudolph-stopka-wang-jesdale-friedmann-hcvserostatusandinjectionsharingpracticesamongthosewhoobtainsyringesfrompharmaciesanddirectlyandindirectlyfromsyringeservicesprogramsinruralnewengland-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices among those who obtain syringes from pharmacies and directly and indirectly from syringe services programs in rural New England [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00358-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('romo-rudolph-stopka-wang-jesdale-friedmann-hcvserostatusandinjectionsharingpracticesamongthosewhoobtainsyringesfrompharmaciesanddirectlyandindirectlyfromsyringeservicesprogramsinruralnewengland-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00358-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/romo-rudolph-stopka-wang-jesdale-friedmann-hcvserostatusandinjectionsharingpracticesamongthosewhoobtainsyringesfrompharmaciesanddirectlyandindirectlyfromsyringeservicesprogramsinruralnewengland-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('romo-rudolph-stopka-wang-jesdale-friedmann-hcvserostatusandinjectionsharingpracticesamongthosewhoobtainsyringesfrompharmaciesanddirectlyandindirectlyfromsyringeservicesprogramsinruralnewengland-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{romo_hcv_2023,\n\ttitle = {{HCV} serostatus and injection sharing practices among those who obtain syringes from pharmacies and directly and indirectly from syringe services programs in rural {New} {England}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36597153},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00358-7},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Among people who inject drugs (PWID), obtaining syringes via syringe services programs (SSPs) and pharmacies reduces injection sharing practices associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Whether indirect use of SSPs via secondary exchange confers a similar benefit remains unknown, particularly in rural settings. We compared HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices by primary syringe source among a sample of rural PWID. METHODS: Data are from a cross-sectional study of adults who use drugs recruited from eleven rural counties in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts using respondent-driven sampling (2018-2019). Study staff performed HCV antibody testing. An audio computer-assisted self-interview assessed sociodemographic characteristics, past 30-day injection practices, and past 30-day primary syringe source. Primary syringe source was classified as direct SSP, pharmacy, indirect SSP (secondary exchange), or &quot;other&quot; (friend/acquaintance, street seller, partner/relative, found them). Mixed effects modified Poisson models assessed the association of primary syringe source with HCV seroprevalence and injection sharing practices. RESULTS: Among 397 PWID, the most common primary syringe source was &quot;other&quot; (33\\%), then pharmacies (27\\%), SSPs (22\\%), and secondary exchange (18\\%). In multivariable models, compared with those obtaining most syringes from &quot;other&quot; sources, those obtaining most syringes from pharmacies had a lower HCV seroprevalence [adjusted prevalence ratio (APR):0.85, 95\\% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.9985]; however, the upper bound of the 95\\% CI was close to 1.0. Compared with those obtaining most syringes from other sources, PWID obtaining most syringes directly from SSPs or pharmacies were less likely to report borrowing used syringes [APR(SSP):0.60, 95\\% CI 0.43-0.85 and APR(Pharmacies):0.70, 95\\% CI 0.52-0.93], borrowing used injection equipment [APR(SSP):0.59, 95\\% CI 0.50-0.69 and APR (Pharmacies):0.81, 95\\% CI 0.68-0.98], and backloading [APR(SSP):0.65, 95\\% CI 0.48-0.88 and APR(Pharmacies):0.78, 95\\% CI 0.67-0.91]. Potential inverse associations between obtaining most syringes via secondary exchange and injection sharing practices did not reach the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: PWID in rural New England largely relied on informal syringe sources (i.e., secondary exchange or sources besides SSPs/pharmacies). Those obtaining most syringes from an SSP or pharmacy were less likely to share injection equipment/syringes and had a lower HCV seroprevalence, which suggests using these sources reduces the risk of new HCV infections or serves as proxy for past injection behavior.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\n\tauthor = {Romo, E. and Rudolph, A. E. and Stopka, T. J. and Wang, B. and Jesdale, B. M. and Friedmann, P. D.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20230103},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, *Pharmacies, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/complications, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Needle Sharing, Needle-Exchange Programs, New England, Pharmacy, Rural, Secondary exchange, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Syringe services programs, Syringes},\n\tpages = {2},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Among people who inject drugs (PWID), obtaining syringes via syringe services programs (SSPs) and pharmacies reduces injection sharing practices associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Whether indirect use of SSPs via secondary exchange confers a similar benefit remains unknown, particularly in rural settings. We compared HCV serostatus and injection sharing practices by primary syringe source among a sample of rural PWID. METHODS: Data are from a cross-sectional study of adults who use drugs recruited from eleven rural counties in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts using respondent-driven sampling (2018-2019). Study staff performed HCV antibody testing. An audio computer-assisted self-interview assessed sociodemographic characteristics, past 30-day injection practices, and past 30-day primary syringe source. Primary syringe source was classified as direct SSP, pharmacy, indirect SSP (secondary exchange), or \"other\" (friend/acquaintance, street seller, partner/relative, found them). Mixed effects modified Poisson models assessed the association of primary syringe source with HCV seroprevalence and injection sharing practices. RESULTS: Among 397 PWID, the most common primary syringe source was \"other\" (33%), then pharmacies (27%), SSPs (22%), and secondary exchange (18%). In multivariable models, compared with those obtaining most syringes from \"other\" sources, those obtaining most syringes from pharmacies had a lower HCV seroprevalence [adjusted prevalence ratio (APR):0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.9985]; however, the upper bound of the 95% CI was close to 1.0. Compared with those obtaining most syringes from other sources, PWID obtaining most syringes directly from SSPs or pharmacies were less likely to report borrowing used syringes [APR(SSP):0.60, 95% CI 0.43-0.85 and APR(Pharmacies):0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.93], borrowing used injection equipment [APR(SSP):0.59, 95% CI 0.50-0.69 and APR (Pharmacies):0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.98], and backloading [APR(SSP):0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.88 and APR(Pharmacies):0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91]. Potential inverse associations between obtaining most syringes via secondary exchange and injection sharing practices did not reach the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: PWID in rural New England largely relied on informal syringe sources (i.e., secondary exchange or sources besides SSPs/pharmacies). Those obtaining most syringes from an SSP or pharmacy were less likely to share injection equipment/syringes and had a lower HCV seroprevalence, which suggests using these sources reduces the risk of new HCV infections or serves as proxy for past injection behavior.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cook-foot-arah-humphreys-rudolph-luo-tsui-levander-etal-estimatingtheimpactofstimulantuseoninitiationofbuprenorphineandextendedreleasenaltrexoneintwoclinicaltrialsandrealworldpopulations-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cook-foot-arah-humphreys-rudolph-luo-tsui-levander-etal-estimatingtheimpactofstimulantuseoninitiationofbuprenorphineandextendedreleasenaltrexoneintwoclinicaltrialsandrealworldpopulations-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634', event);\">\n    Estimating the impact of stimulant use on initiation of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in two clinical trials and real-world populations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cook, R. R.; Foot, C.; Arah, O. A.; Humphreys, K.; Rudolph, K. E.; Luo, S. X.; Tsui, J. I.; Levander, X. A.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addict Sci Clin Pract</i>, 18(1): 11. February 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20230214</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cook-foot-arah-humphreys-rudolph-luo-tsui-levander-etal-estimatingtheimpactofstimulantuseoninitiationofbuprenorphineandextendedreleasenaltrexoneintwoclinicaltrialsandrealworldpopulations-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Estimating the impact of stimulant use on initiation of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in two clinical trials and real-world populations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-023-00364-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cook-foot-arah-humphreys-rudolph-luo-tsui-levander-etal-estimatingtheimpactofstimulantuseoninitiationofbuprenorphineandextendedreleasenaltrexoneintwoclinicaltrialsandrealworldpopulations-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-023-00364-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cook-foot-arah-humphreys-rudolph-luo-tsui-levander-etal-estimatingtheimpactofstimulantuseoninitiationofbuprenorphineandextendedreleasenaltrexoneintwoclinicaltrialsandrealworldpopulations-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cook-foot-arah-humphreys-rudolph-luo-tsui-levander-etal-estimatingtheimpactofstimulantuseoninitiationofbuprenorphineandextendedreleasenaltrexoneintwoclinicaltrialsandrealworldpopulations-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cook_estimating_2023,\n\ttitle = {Estimating the impact of stimulant use on initiation of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in two clinical trials and real-world populations},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36788634},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-023-00364-3},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Co-use of stimulants and opioids is rapidly increasing. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have established the efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), but stimulant use may decrease the likelihood of initiating MOUD treatment. Furthermore, trial participants may not represent &quot;real-world&quot; populations who would benefit from treatment. METHODS: We conducted a two-stage analysis. First, associations between stimulant use (time-varying urine drug screens for cocaine, methamphetamine, or amphetamines) and initiation of buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) were estimated across two RCTs (CTN-0051 X:BOT and CTN-0067 CHOICES) using adjusted Cox regression models. Second, results were generalized to three target populations who would benefit from MOUD: Housed adults identifying the need for OUD treatment, as characterized by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH); adults entering OUD treatment, as characterized by Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS); and adults living in rural regions of the U.S. with high rates of injection drug use, as characterized by the Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI). Generalizability analyses adjusted for differences in demographic characteristics, substance use, housing status, and depression between RCT and target populations using inverse probability of selection weighting. RESULTS: Analyses included 673 clinical trial participants, 139 NSDUH respondents (weighted to represent 661,650 people), 71,751 TEDS treatment episodes, and 1,933 ROI participants. The majority were aged 30-49 years, male, and non-Hispanic White. In RCTs, stimulant use reduced the likelihood of MOUD initiation by 32\\% (adjusted HR [aHR] = 0.68, 95\\% CI 0.49-0.94, p = 0.019). Stimulant use associations were slightly attenuated and non-significant among housed adults needing treatment (25\\% reduction, aHR = 0.75, 0.48-1.18, p = 0.215) and adults entering OUD treatment (28\\% reduction, aHR = 0.72, 0.51-1.01, p = 0.061). The association was more pronounced, but still non-significant among rural people injecting drugs (39\\% reduction, aHR = 0.61, 0.35-1.06, p = 0.081). Stimulant use had a larger negative impact on XR-NTX initiation compared to buprenorphine, especially in the rural population (76\\% reduction, aHR = 0.24, 0.08-0.69, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant use is a barrier to buprenorphine or XR-NTX initiation in clinical trials and real-world populations that would benefit from OUD treatment. Interventions to address stimulant use among patients with OUD are urgently needed, especially among rural people injecting drugs, who already suffer from limited access to MOUD.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\n\tauthor = {Cook, R. R. and Foot, C. and Arah, O. A. and Humphreys, K. and Rudolph, K. E. and Luo, S. X. and Tsui, J. I. and Levander, X. A. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20230214},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cocaine, Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, Generalizability, Humans, Male, Medications for opioid use disorder, Methamphetamine, Naltrexone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Stimulants, Transportability},\n\tpages = {11},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Co-use of stimulants and opioids is rapidly increasing. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have established the efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), but stimulant use may decrease the likelihood of initiating MOUD treatment. Furthermore, trial participants may not represent \"real-world\" populations who would benefit from treatment. METHODS: We conducted a two-stage analysis. First, associations between stimulant use (time-varying urine drug screens for cocaine, methamphetamine, or amphetamines) and initiation of buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) were estimated across two RCTs (CTN-0051 X:BOT and CTN-0067 CHOICES) using adjusted Cox regression models. Second, results were generalized to three target populations who would benefit from MOUD: Housed adults identifying the need for OUD treatment, as characterized by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH); adults entering OUD treatment, as characterized by Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS); and adults living in rural regions of the U.S. with high rates of injection drug use, as characterized by the Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI). Generalizability analyses adjusted for differences in demographic characteristics, substance use, housing status, and depression between RCT and target populations using inverse probability of selection weighting. RESULTS: Analyses included 673 clinical trial participants, 139 NSDUH respondents (weighted to represent 661,650 people), 71,751 TEDS treatment episodes, and 1,933 ROI participants. The majority were aged 30-49 years, male, and non-Hispanic White. In RCTs, stimulant use reduced the likelihood of MOUD initiation by 32% (adjusted HR [aHR] = 0.68, 95% CI 0.49-0.94, p = 0.019). Stimulant use associations were slightly attenuated and non-significant among housed adults needing treatment (25% reduction, aHR = 0.75, 0.48-1.18, p = 0.215) and adults entering OUD treatment (28% reduction, aHR = 0.72, 0.51-1.01, p = 0.061). The association was more pronounced, but still non-significant among rural people injecting drugs (39% reduction, aHR = 0.61, 0.35-1.06, p = 0.081). Stimulant use had a larger negative impact on XR-NTX initiation compared to buprenorphine, especially in the rural population (76% reduction, aHR = 0.24, 0.08-0.69, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant use is a barrier to buprenorphine or XR-NTX initiation in clinical trials and real-world populations that would benefit from OUD treatment. Interventions to address stimulant use among patients with OUD are urgently needed, especially among rural people injecting drugs, who already suffer from limited access to MOUD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sibbesen-abate-dai-smith-lundstrom-kraner-mock-characteristicsofxylazinerelateddeathsinwestvirginiaxylazinerelateddeaths-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sibbesen-abate-dai-smith-lundstrom-kraner-mock-characteristicsofxylazinerelateddeathsinwestvirginiaxylazinerelateddeaths-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413', event);\">\n    Characteristics of xylazine-related deaths in West Virginia-Xylazine-related deaths.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sibbesen, J.; Abate, M. A.; Dai, Z.; Smith, G. S.; Lundstrom, E.; Kraner, J. C.;  and Mock, A. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Am J Addict</i>, 32(3): 309–313. May 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20221212</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sibbesen-abate-dai-smith-lundstrom-kraner-mock-characteristicsofxylazinerelateddeathsinwestvirginiaxylazinerelateddeaths-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characteristics of xylazine-related deaths in West Virginia-Xylazine-related deaths [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13365\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sibbesen-abate-dai-smith-lundstrom-kraner-mock-characteristicsofxylazinerelateddeathsinwestvirginiaxylazinerelateddeaths-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13365', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sibbesen-abate-dai-smith-lundstrom-kraner-mock-characteristicsofxylazinerelateddeathsinwestvirginiaxylazinerelateddeaths-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sibbesen-abate-dai-smith-lundstrom-kraner-mock-characteristicsofxylazinerelateddeathsinwestvirginiaxylazinerelateddeaths-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sibbesen_characteristics_2023,\n\ttitle = {Characteristics of xylazine-related deaths in {West} {Virginia}-{Xylazine}-related deaths},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {1521-0391 (Electronic) 1055-0496 (Print) 1055-0496 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504413},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/ajad.13365},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The involvement of xylazine, a veterinary drug, in West Virginia (WV) human drug-related deaths was examined. METHODS: WV drug deaths from 2019 (when xylazine was first identified) to mid-2021. Characteristics including toxicology findings were compared between xylazine and nonxylazine deaths. RESULTS: Of 3292 drug deaths, 117 involved xylazine, and the proportions of deaths with it have increased (1\\% [2019] to 5\\% [mid-2021)]. Xylazine decedents had more cointoxicants, with fentanyl (98\\%) predominant followed by methamphetamine. Xylazine decedents had a significantly greater history of drug or alcohol misuse and hepatic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: In one of the largest analyses of xylazine-involved deaths in a predominantly rural state, identification of xylazine was increasing with multiple cointoxicants (especially fentanyl), and was present in a few deaths with only one other substance involved. Health professionals should be aware of possible enhanced toxicity from xylazine ingestion especially since naloxone does not reverse xylazine&#x27;s adverse effects.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Am J Addict},\n\tauthor = {Sibbesen, J. and Abate, M. A. and Dai, Z. and Smith, G. S. and Lundstrom, E. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20221212},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose, *Xylazine/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, West Virginia/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {309--313},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The involvement of xylazine, a veterinary drug, in West Virginia (WV) human drug-related deaths was examined. METHODS: WV drug deaths from 2019 (when xylazine was first identified) to mid-2021. Characteristics including toxicology findings were compared between xylazine and nonxylazine deaths. RESULTS: Of 3292 drug deaths, 117 involved xylazine, and the proportions of deaths with it have increased (1% [2019] to 5% [mid-2021)]. Xylazine decedents had more cointoxicants, with fentanyl (98%) predominant followed by methamphetamine. Xylazine decedents had a significantly greater history of drug or alcohol misuse and hepatic disease. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: In one of the largest analyses of xylazine-involved deaths in a predominantly rural state, identification of xylazine was increasing with multiple cointoxicants (especially fentanyl), and was present in a few deaths with only one other substance involved. Health professionals should be aware of possible enhanced toxicity from xylazine ingestion especially since naloxone does not reverse xylazine's adverse effects.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ibragimov-livingston-young-feinberg-korthuis-akhtar-jenkins-crane-etal-correlatesofrecenthivtestingamongpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinruralareasamultisitecrosssectionalstudy20182020-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ibragimov-livingston-young-feinberg-korthuis-akhtar-jenkins-crane-etal-correlatesofrecenthivtestingamongpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinruralareasamultisitecrosssectionalstudy20182020-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742', event);\">\n    Correlates of Recent HIV Testing Among People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Areas: A Multi-site Cross-Sectional Study, 2018-2020.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ibragimov, U.; Livingston, M. D.; Young, A. M.; Feinberg, J.; Korthuis, P. T.; Akhtar, W. Z.; Jenkins, W. D.; Crane, H. M.; Westergaard, R. P.; Nance, R.; Miller, W. C.; Bresett, J.; Khoury, D.; Hurt, C. B.; Go, V. F.; Nolte, K.;  and Cooper, H. L. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIDS Behav</i>. July 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20230729</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibragimov-livingston-young-feinberg-korthuis-akhtar-jenkins-crane-etal-correlatesofrecenthivtestingamongpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinruralareasamultisitecrosssectionalstudy20182020-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Correlates of Recent HIV Testing Among People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Areas: A Multi-site Cross-Sectional Study, 2018-2020 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-04140-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibragimov-livingston-young-feinberg-korthuis-akhtar-jenkins-crane-etal-correlatesofrecenthivtestingamongpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinruralareasamultisitecrosssectionalstudy20182020-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-04140-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ibragimov-livingston-young-feinberg-korthuis-akhtar-jenkins-crane-etal-correlatesofrecenthivtestingamongpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinruralareasamultisitecrosssectionalstudy20182020-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ibragimov-livingston-young-feinberg-korthuis-akhtar-jenkins-crane-etal-correlatesofrecenthivtestingamongpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinruralareasamultisitecrosssectionalstudy20182020-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ibragimov_correlates_2023,\n\ttitle = {Correlates of {Recent} {HIV} {Testing} {Among} {People} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}: {A} {Multi}-site {Cross}-{Sectional} {Study}, 2018-2020},\n\tissn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37515742},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-023-04140-x},\n\tabstract = {The Rural Opioid Initiative surveyed 2693 people who inject drugs (PWID) in eight rural U.S. areas in 2018-2020 about self-reported HIV testing in the past 6 months. Correlates of interest included receipt of any drug-related services, incarceration history, and structural barriers to care (e.g., lack of insurance, proximity to syringe service programs [SSP]). Overall, 20\\% of participants reported receiving an HIV test within the past 6 months. Multivariable generalized estimating equations showed that attending substance use disorder (SUD) treatment (OR 2.11, 95\\%CI [1.58, 2.82]), having health insurance (OR 1.42, 95\\%CI [1.01, 2.00]) and recent incarceration (OR 1.49, 95\\%CI [1.08, 2.04]) were positively associated with HIV testing, while experiencing a resource barrier to healthcare (inability to pay, lack of transportation, inconvenient hours, or lack of child care) had inverse (OR 0.73, 95\\%CI [0.56, 0.94]) association with HIV testing. We found that the prevalence of HIV testing among rural PWID is low, indicating an unmet need for testing. While SUD treatment or incarceration may increase chances for HIV testing for rural PWID, other avenues for expanding HIV testing, such as SSP, need to be explored.},\n\tjournal = {AIDS Behav},\n\tauthor = {Ibragimov, U. and Livingston, M. D. and Young, A. M. and Feinberg, J. and Korthuis, P. T. and Akhtar, W. Z. and Jenkins, W. D. and Crane, H. M. and Westergaard, R. P. and Nance, R. and Miller, W. C. and Bresett, J. and Khoury, D. and Hurt, C. B. and Go, V. F. and Nolte, K. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20230729},\n\tkeywords = {Barriers to services, HIV testing, Pwid, Rural},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Rural Opioid Initiative surveyed 2693 people who inject drugs (PWID) in eight rural U.S. areas in 2018-2020 about self-reported HIV testing in the past 6 months. Correlates of interest included receipt of any drug-related services, incarceration history, and structural barriers to care (e.g., lack of insurance, proximity to syringe service programs [SSP]). Overall, 20% of participants reported receiving an HIV test within the past 6 months. Multivariable generalized estimating equations showed that attending substance use disorder (SUD) treatment (OR 2.11, 95%CI [1.58, 2.82]), having health insurance (OR 1.42, 95%CI [1.01, 2.00]) and recent incarceration (OR 1.49, 95%CI [1.08, 2.04]) were positively associated with HIV testing, while experiencing a resource barrier to healthcare (inability to pay, lack of transportation, inconvenient hours, or lack of child care) had inverse (OR 0.73, 95%CI [0.56, 0.94]) association with HIV testing. We found that the prevalence of HIV testing among rural PWID is low, indicating an unmet need for testing. While SUD treatment or incarceration may increase chances for HIV testing for rural PWID, other avenues for expanding HIV testing, such as SSP, need to be explored.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"herink-seaman-leichtling-larsen-gailey-cook-thomas-korthuis-arandomizedcontrolledtrialforapeerfacilitatedtelemedicinehepatitisctreatmentinterventionforpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesstudyprotocolforthepeertelehcvstudy-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'herink-seaman-leichtling-larsen-gailey-cook-thomas-korthuis-arandomizedcontrolledtrialforapeerfacilitatedtelemedicinehepatitisctreatmentinterventionforpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesstudyprotocolforthepeertelehcvstudy-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041', event);\">\n    A randomized controlled trial for a peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis c treatment intervention for people who use drugs in rural communities: study protocol for the \"peer tele-HCV\" study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Herink, M. C.; Seaman, A.; Leichtling, G.; Larsen, J. E.; Gailey, T.; Cook, R.; Thomas, A.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addict Sci Clin Pract</i>, 18(1): 35. May 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20230527</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herink-seaman-leichtling-larsen-gailey-cook-thomas-korthuis-arandomizedcontrolledtrialforapeerfacilitatedtelemedicinehepatitisctreatmentinterventionforpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesstudyprotocolforthepeertelehcvstudy-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A randomized controlled trial for a peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis c treatment intervention for people who use drugs in rural communities: study protocol for the &quot;peer tele-HCV&quot; study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-023-00384-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('herink-seaman-leichtling-larsen-gailey-cook-thomas-korthuis-arandomizedcontrolledtrialforapeerfacilitatedtelemedicinehepatitisctreatmentinterventionforpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesstudyprotocolforthepeertelehcvstudy-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-023-00384-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/herink-seaman-leichtling-larsen-gailey-cook-thomas-korthuis-arandomizedcontrolledtrialforapeerfacilitatedtelemedicinehepatitisctreatmentinterventionforpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesstudyprotocolforthepeertelehcvstudy-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('herink-seaman-leichtling-larsen-gailey-cook-thomas-korthuis-arandomizedcontrolledtrialforapeerfacilitatedtelemedicinehepatitisctreatmentinterventionforpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesstudyprotocolforthepeertelehcvstudy-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{herink_randomized_2023,\n\ttitle = {A randomized controlled trial for a peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis c treatment intervention for people who use drugs in rural communities: study protocol for the &quot;peer tele-{HCV}&quot; study},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Print) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245041},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-023-00384-z},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission is primarily driven by injection drug use, and acute HCV infection rates are increased in rural communities with substantial barriers to care. Treatment of HCV in persons who use drugs (PWUD) is cost effective, decreases high risk behaviors and HCV transmission, and achieves high rates of treatment completion and sustained viral response. Adapting HCV care delivery to utilize peer support specialists, telemedicine technology, and streamlined testing and treatment strategies can better reach rural populations living with HCV. METHODS: This is an open label, two-arm, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial designed to test the superiority of peer-facilitated and streamlined telemedicine HCV care (peer tele-HCV) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC) among PWUD in rural Oregon. In the intervention arm, peers conduct HCV screening in the community, facilitate pretreatment evaluation and linkage to telemedicine hepatitis C treatment providers, and support participants in HCV medication adherence. For participants assigned to EUC, peers facilitate pretreatment evaluation and referral to community-based treatment providers. The primary outcome is sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes include: (1) HCV treatment initiation, (2) HCV treatment completion, (3) engagement with harm reduction resources, (4) rates of substance use, and (5) engagement in addiction treatment resources. The primary and secondary outcomes are analyzed using intention-to-treat (ITT) comparisons between telemedicine and EUC. A qualitative analysis will assess patient, peer, and clinician experiences of peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis C treatment. DISCUSSION: This study uses a novel peer-based telemedicine delivery model with streamlined testing protocols to improve access to HCV treatment in rural communities with high rates of injection drug use and ongoing disease transmission. We hypothesize that the peer tele-HCV model will increase treatment initiation, treatment completion, SVR12 rates, and engagement with harm reduction services compared to EUC. Trial registration This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04798521).},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\n\tauthor = {Herink, M. C. and Seaman, A. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Gailey, T. and Cook, R. and Thomas, A. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20230527},\n\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Telemedicine, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Direct acting antivirals, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Peer-facilitated treatment, People who use drugs, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Rural Population, Telehealth},\n\tpages = {35},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission is primarily driven by injection drug use, and acute HCV infection rates are increased in rural communities with substantial barriers to care. Treatment of HCV in persons who use drugs (PWUD) is cost effective, decreases high risk behaviors and HCV transmission, and achieves high rates of treatment completion and sustained viral response. Adapting HCV care delivery to utilize peer support specialists, telemedicine technology, and streamlined testing and treatment strategies can better reach rural populations living with HCV. METHODS: This is an open label, two-arm, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial designed to test the superiority of peer-facilitated and streamlined telemedicine HCV care (peer tele-HCV) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC) among PWUD in rural Oregon. In the intervention arm, peers conduct HCV screening in the community, facilitate pretreatment evaluation and linkage to telemedicine hepatitis C treatment providers, and support participants in HCV medication adherence. For participants assigned to EUC, peers facilitate pretreatment evaluation and referral to community-based treatment providers. The primary outcome is sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes include: (1) HCV treatment initiation, (2) HCV treatment completion, (3) engagement with harm reduction resources, (4) rates of substance use, and (5) engagement in addiction treatment resources. The primary and secondary outcomes are analyzed using intention-to-treat (ITT) comparisons between telemedicine and EUC. A qualitative analysis will assess patient, peer, and clinician experiences of peer-facilitated telemedicine hepatitis C treatment. DISCUSSION: This study uses a novel peer-based telemedicine delivery model with streamlined testing protocols to improve access to HCV treatment in rural communities with high rates of injection drug use and ongoing disease transmission. We hypothesize that the peer tele-HCV model will increase treatment initiation, treatment completion, SVR12 rates, and engagement with harm reduction services compared to EUC. Trial registration This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04798521).\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dai-limen-abate-kraner-mock-smith-characterizationofunintentionaldeathsamongbuprenorphineusers-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dai-limen-abate-kraner-mock-smith-characterizationofunintentionaldeathsamongbuprenorphineusers-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687', event);\">\n    Characterization of Unintentional Deaths Among Buprenorphine Users.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dai, Z.; Limen, G. N.; Abate, M. A.; Kraner, J. C.; Mock, A. R.;  and Smith, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Stud Alcohol Drugs</i>, 84(1): 171–179. January 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-limen-abate-kraner-mock-smith-characterizationofunintentionaldeathsamongbuprenorphineusers-2023', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterization of Unintentional Deaths Among Buprenorphine Users [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.22-00049\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-limen-abate-kraner-mock-smith-characterizationofunintentionaldeathsamongbuprenorphineusers-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.22-00049', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dai-limen-abate-kraner-mock-smith-characterizationofunintentionaldeathsamongbuprenorphineusers-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dai-limen-abate-kraner-mock-smith-characterizationofunintentionaldeathsamongbuprenorphineusers-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dai_characterization_2023,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of {Unintentional} {Deaths} {Among} {Buprenorphine} {Users}},\n\tvolume = {84},\n\tissn = {1938-4114 (Electronic) 1937-1888 (Print) 1937-1888 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36799687},\n\tdoi = {10.15288/jsad.22-00049},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Medications used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) reduce drug overdose risk. Buprenorphine is often the preferred treatment for OUD because of its high safety profile. Given expanding buprenorphine use, this study sought to examine buprenorphine-involved deaths (BIDs) and compare them with other drug-related deaths. METHOD: West Virginia drug-related deaths from 2005 to early 2020 were identified. Study data included decedent demographics, toxicology, autopsy findings, and medical and prescription histories. Characteristics of BIDs compared with other drug-related deaths were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Among 11,764 drug-related deaths, only 564 (4.8\\%) involved buprenorphine. Buprenorphine alone was present in 32 deaths, of which 20 were considered the direct cause of death (0.2\\% of all drug-related deaths). Significantly more BIDs involved five or more drugs (23\\%) compared with other opioid deaths (14.9\\%). Co-intoxicants found most frequently in BIDs were benzodiazepines (47.3\\%), methamphetamine (27.1\\%), and fentanyl (22.9\\%). Cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities were identified in 43\\% and 21\\% of BIDs, respectively. Of the 564 BIDs, a current buprenorphine prescription was present in 132 deaths (23.4\\%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite increasing buprenorphine use, BIDs comprised less than 5\\% of overall West Virginia drug-related deaths. Seldom was it the only drug found, and most decedents did not have current prescriptions for buprenorphine. Although buprenorphine is effective, with a wide safety margin, clinicians and patients should be aware that buprenorphine can be involved in overdose deaths, especially when buprenorphine is taken in combination with drugs such as benzodiazepines, methamphetamine, or fentanyl, and in persons with underlying cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Stud Alcohol Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Limen, G. N. and Abate, M. A. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R. and Smith, G. S.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Benzodiazepines, Fentanyl/therapeutic use, Humans},\n\tpages = {171--179},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: Medications used to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) reduce drug overdose risk. Buprenorphine is often the preferred treatment for OUD because of its high safety profile. Given expanding buprenorphine use, this study sought to examine buprenorphine-involved deaths (BIDs) and compare them with other drug-related deaths. METHOD: West Virginia drug-related deaths from 2005 to early 2020 were identified. Study data included decedent demographics, toxicology, autopsy findings, and medical and prescription histories. Characteristics of BIDs compared with other drug-related deaths were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Among 11,764 drug-related deaths, only 564 (4.8%) involved buprenorphine. Buprenorphine alone was present in 32 deaths, of which 20 were considered the direct cause of death (0.2% of all drug-related deaths). Significantly more BIDs involved five or more drugs (23%) compared with other opioid deaths (14.9%). Co-intoxicants found most frequently in BIDs were benzodiazepines (47.3%), methamphetamine (27.1%), and fentanyl (22.9%). Cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities were identified in 43% and 21% of BIDs, respectively. Of the 564 BIDs, a current buprenorphine prescription was present in 132 deaths (23.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite increasing buprenorphine use, BIDs comprised less than 5% of overall West Virginia drug-related deaths. Seldom was it the only drug found, and most decedents did not have current prescriptions for buprenorphine. Although buprenorphine is effective, with a wide safety margin, clinicians and patients should be aware that buprenorphine can be involved in overdose deaths, especially when buprenorphine is taken in combination with drugs such as benzodiazepines, methamphetamine, or fentanyl, and in persons with underlying cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (40)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ezell-walters-olson-kaur-jenkins-schneider-pho-yourefriendsuntileverybodyrunsoutofdopeaframeworkforunderstandingtiemeaningpurposeandvalueinsocialnetworks-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ezell-walters-olson-kaur-jenkins-schneider-pho-yourefriendsuntileverybodyrunsoutofdopeaframeworkforunderstandingtiemeaningpurposeandvalueinsocialnetworks-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636', event);\">\n    “You’re friends until everybody runs out of dope”: A framework for understanding tie meaning, purpose, and value in social networks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ezell, J. M.; Walters, S. M.; Olson, B.; Kaur, A.; Jenkins, W. D.; Schneider, J.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Social Networks</i>, 71: 115–130. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ezell-walters-olson-kaur-jenkins-schneider-pho-yourefriendsuntileverybodyrunsoutofdopeaframeworkforunderstandingtiemeaningpurposeandvalueinsocialnetworks-2022', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"“You’re friends until everybody runs out of dope”: A framework for understanding tie meaning, purpose, and value in social networks [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2022.07.003\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ezell-walters-olson-kaur-jenkins-schneider-pho-yourefriendsuntileverybodyrunsoutofdopeaframeworkforunderstandingtiemeaningpurposeandvalueinsocialnetworks-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2022.07.003', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ezell-walters-olson-kaur-jenkins-schneider-pho-yourefriendsuntileverybodyrunsoutofdopeaframeworkforunderstandingtiemeaningpurposeandvalueinsocialnetworks-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ezell-walters-olson-kaur-jenkins-schneider-pho-yourefriendsuntileverybodyrunsoutofdopeaframeworkforunderstandingtiemeaningpurposeandvalueinsocialnetworks-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ezell_youre_2022,\n\ttitle = {“{You}’re friends until everybody runs out of dope”: {A} framework for understanding tie meaning, purpose, and value in social networks},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tissn = {0378-8733},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873322000636},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2022.07.003},\n\tabstract = {Background Social networks play a crucial role in mediating the risk environments of individuals, especially minoritized groups such as people who use opioids or who inject drugs (PWUD). However, conventional understandings of social networks may not fully account for how social networks manifest in contemporary and often fluid socio-relational contexts Furthermore, little is known about PWUD’s networks from an empirical perspective that considers these contextual dynamics and associated risk environments. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with PWUD in New York City, New York and rural southern Illinois, two opioid-related overdose hotspots, to contextualize the nature, scale, and potential outcomes/implications of PWUD’s social relationships. Results A total of 46 individuals were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 38 years old, and most were men (56.5\\%). Most participants were White (84.5\\%) or Black (8.7\\%). Respondents described three primary social network types: family members, friends who were PWUD, and romantic/sexual partners. In general, both urban and rural PWUD described their family relationships as limited and tenuous, this largely attributable to them feeling stigmatized and outcast due to their drug use. Respondents described their friend networks as small, typically consisting of other PWUD, and indicated that they had limited trust for these individuals, contributing to social closure. Respondents further framed relationships with romantic/sexual partners, also typically PWUD, as often tumultuous, fragmented, and ambiguous in terms of partners’ drug use and sexual behaviors. In contrast, syringe services programs were viewed as highly useful in making PWUD feel socially affirmed. Conclusions Urban and rural PWUD described their social networks in similar ways, highlighting limited or fluid connectivity/depth in familial, friend, and romantic/sexual relationships. Equity and relationship-building paradigms that focus on cultural humility and restorative justice may be impactful in cultivating, mending, and sustaining healthy PWUD networks. Collectively, these dynamics call attention to a need to orient social network research towards contextualization and measurement of tie meaning, purpose, and value, metrics that we conceptualize and discuss here.},\n\tjournal = {Social Networks},\n\tauthor = {Ezell, Jerel M. and Walters, Suzan M. and Olson, Brooke and Kaur, Aashna and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Schneider, John and Pho, Mai T.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Drug injection, Opioids, Qualitative, Risk environment, Social network analysis, Social support},\n\tpages = {115--130},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background Social networks play a crucial role in mediating the risk environments of individuals, especially minoritized groups such as people who use opioids or who inject drugs (PWUD). However, conventional understandings of social networks may not fully account for how social networks manifest in contemporary and often fluid socio-relational contexts Furthermore, little is known about PWUD’s networks from an empirical perspective that considers these contextual dynamics and associated risk environments. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with PWUD in New York City, New York and rural southern Illinois, two opioid-related overdose hotspots, to contextualize the nature, scale, and potential outcomes/implications of PWUD’s social relationships. Results A total of 46 individuals were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 38 years old, and most were men (56.5%). Most participants were White (84.5%) or Black (8.7%). Respondents described three primary social network types: family members, friends who were PWUD, and romantic/sexual partners. In general, both urban and rural PWUD described their family relationships as limited and tenuous, this largely attributable to them feeling stigmatized and outcast due to their drug use. Respondents described their friend networks as small, typically consisting of other PWUD, and indicated that they had limited trust for these individuals, contributing to social closure. Respondents further framed relationships with romantic/sexual partners, also typically PWUD, as often tumultuous, fragmented, and ambiguous in terms of partners’ drug use and sexual behaviors. In contrast, syringe services programs were viewed as highly useful in making PWUD feel socially affirmed. Conclusions Urban and rural PWUD described their social networks in similar ways, highlighting limited or fluid connectivity/depth in familial, friend, and romantic/sexual relationships. Equity and relationship-building paradigms that focus on cultural humility and restorative justice may be impactful in cultivating, mending, and sustaining healthy PWUD networks. Collectively, these dynamics call attention to a need to orient social network research towards contextualization and measurement of tie meaning, purpose, and value, metrics that we conceptualize and discuss here.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fiddiangreen-gubrium-harrington-evans-womenreportedbarriersandfacilitatorsofcontinuedengagementwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorder-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fiddiangreen-gubrium-harrington-evans-womenreportedbarriersandfacilitatorsofcontinuedengagementwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorder-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700', event);\">\n    Women-Reported Barriers and Facilitators of Continued Engagement with Medications for Opioid Use Disorder.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fiddian-Green, A.; Gubrium, A.; Harrington, C.;  and Evans, E. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Environ Res Public Health</i>, 19(15). July 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220730</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiddiangreen-gubrium-harrington-evans-womenreportedbarriersandfacilitatorsofcontinuedengagementwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorder-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Women-Reported Barriers and Facilitators of Continued Engagement with Medications for Opioid Use Disorder [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159346\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fiddiangreen-gubrium-harrington-evans-womenreportedbarriersandfacilitatorsofcontinuedengagementwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorder-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159346', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fiddiangreen-gubrium-harrington-evans-womenreportedbarriersandfacilitatorsofcontinuedengagementwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorder-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fiddiangreen-gubrium-harrington-evans-womenreportedbarriersandfacilitatorsofcontinuedengagementwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorder-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fiddian-green_women-reported_2022,\n\ttitle = {Women-{Reported} {Barriers} and {Facilitators} of {Continued} {Engagement} with {Medications} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1661-7827 (Print) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35954700},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19159346},\n\tabstract = {Opioid-related fatalities increased exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic and show little sign of abating. Despite decades of scientific evidence that sustained engagement with medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD) yields positive psychosocial outcomes, less than 30\\% of people with OUD engage in MOUD. Treatment rates are lowest for women. The aim of this project was to identify women-specific barriers and facilitators to treatment engagement, drawing from the lived experience of women in treatment. Data are provided from a parent study that used a community-partnered participatory research approach to adapt an evidence-based digital storytelling intervention for supporting continued MOUD treatment engagement. The parent study collected qualitative data between August and December 2018 from 20 women in Western Massachusetts who had received MOUD for at least 90 days. Using constructivist grounded theory, we identified major themes and selected illustrative quotations. Key barriers identified in this project include: (1) MOUD-specific discrimination encountered via social media, and in workplace and treatment/recovery settings; and (2) fear, perceptions, and experiences with MOUD, including mental health medication synergies, internalization of MOUD-related stigma, expectations of treatment duration, and opioid-specific mistrust of providers. Women identified two key facilitators to MOUD engagement: (1) feeling &quot;safe&quot; within treatment settings and (2) online communities as a source of positive reinforcement. We conclude with women-specific recommendations for research and interventions to improve MOUD engagement and provide human-centered care for this historically marginalized population.},\n\tnumber = {15},\n\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Fiddian-Green, A. and Gubrium, A. and Harrington, C. and Evans, E. A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220730},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/psychology, Pandemics, medications for opioid use disorder, qualitative methods, stigma and substance use, substance use treatment, women and opioid use disorder},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Opioid-related fatalities increased exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic and show little sign of abating. Despite decades of scientific evidence that sustained engagement with medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD) yields positive psychosocial outcomes, less than 30% of people with OUD engage in MOUD. Treatment rates are lowest for women. The aim of this project was to identify women-specific barriers and facilitators to treatment engagement, drawing from the lived experience of women in treatment. Data are provided from a parent study that used a community-partnered participatory research approach to adapt an evidence-based digital storytelling intervention for supporting continued MOUD treatment engagement. The parent study collected qualitative data between August and December 2018 from 20 women in Western Massachusetts who had received MOUD for at least 90 days. Using constructivist grounded theory, we identified major themes and selected illustrative quotations. Key barriers identified in this project include: (1) MOUD-specific discrimination encountered via social media, and in workplace and treatment/recovery settings; and (2) fear, perceptions, and experiences with MOUD, including mental health medication synergies, internalization of MOUD-related stigma, expectations of treatment duration, and opioid-specific mistrust of providers. Women identified two key facilitators to MOUD engagement: (1) feeling \"safe\" within treatment settings and (2) online communities as a source of positive reinforcement. We conclude with women-specific recommendations for research and interventions to improve MOUD engagement and provide human-centered care for this historically marginalized population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evans-pivovarova-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-uncommonandpreventableperceptionsofdiversionofmedicationforopioidusedisorderinjail-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'evans-pivovarova-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-uncommonandpreventableperceptionsofdiversionofmedicationforopioidusedisorderinjail-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789', event);\">\n    Uncommon and preventable: Perceptions of diversion of medication for opioid use disorder in jail.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evans, E. A.; Pivovarova, E.; Stopka, T. J.; Santelices, C.; Ferguson, W. J.;  and Friedmann, P. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Subst Abuse Treat</i>, 138: 108746. July 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220223</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-pivovarova-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-uncommonandpreventableperceptionsofdiversionofmedicationforopioidusedisorderinjail-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Uncommon and preventable: Perceptions of diversion of medication for opioid use disorder in jail [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108746\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-pivovarova-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-uncommonandpreventableperceptionsofdiversionofmedicationforopioidusedisorderinjail-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108746', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evans-pivovarova-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-uncommonandpreventableperceptionsofdiversionofmedicationforopioidusedisorderinjail-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evans-pivovarova-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-uncommonandpreventableperceptionsofdiversionofmedicationforopioidusedisorderinjail-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evans_uncommon_2022,\n\ttitle = {Uncommon and preventable: {Perceptions} of diversion of medication for opioid use disorder in jail},\n\tvolume = {138},\n\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249789},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108746},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Correctional officials often cite diversion of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment (e.g., buprenorphine) as a reason for not offering MOUD treatment in jails and prisons, but it is poorly understood whether these fears are justified. We aimed to understand staff perceptions of medication diversion from jail-based MOUD programs and the factors that contribute to and prevent diversion. METHODS: We conducted qualitative analyses of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups performed in 2019-20 with 61 administrative, security, behavioral health, and clinical staff who implement MOUD programming in seven Massachusetts jails. RESULTS: Contrary to staff expectations, buprenorphine diversion was perceived to occur infrequently during MOUD program implementation. The MOUD program changed staff views of buprenorphine, i.e., as legitimate treatment instead of as illicit contraband. Also, the program was perceived to have disrupted the illicit buprenorphine market in jail and reduced related coercion. Proactive strategies were essential to prevent and respond to buprenorphine diversion. Key components of diversion prevention strategies included: staff who distinguished among different reasons for diversion; comprehensive and routinized but flexible dosing protocols; communication, education, and monitoring; patient involvement in assessing reasons for diversion; and written policies to adjudicate diversion consequences. CONCLUSION: With appropriate protocols, buprenorphine diversion within correctional programs designed to provide MOUD treatment is perceived to be uncommon and preventable. Promising practices in program design help limit medication diversion and inform correctional officials and lawmakers as they consider whether and how to provide MOUD treatment in correctional settings.},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Pivovarova, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Santelices, C. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220223},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medication diversion, Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Prescription Drug Diversion/prevention \\&amp; control, Qualitative design},\n\tpages = {108746},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: Correctional officials often cite diversion of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment (e.g., buprenorphine) as a reason for not offering MOUD treatment in jails and prisons, but it is poorly understood whether these fears are justified. We aimed to understand staff perceptions of medication diversion from jail-based MOUD programs and the factors that contribute to and prevent diversion. METHODS: We conducted qualitative analyses of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups performed in 2019-20 with 61 administrative, security, behavioral health, and clinical staff who implement MOUD programming in seven Massachusetts jails. RESULTS: Contrary to staff expectations, buprenorphine diversion was perceived to occur infrequently during MOUD program implementation. The MOUD program changed staff views of buprenorphine, i.e., as legitimate treatment instead of as illicit contraband. Also, the program was perceived to have disrupted the illicit buprenorphine market in jail and reduced related coercion. Proactive strategies were essential to prevent and respond to buprenorphine diversion. Key components of diversion prevention strategies included: staff who distinguished among different reasons for diversion; comprehensive and routinized but flexible dosing protocols; communication, education, and monitoring; patient involvement in assessing reasons for diversion; and written policies to adjudicate diversion consequences. CONCLUSION: With appropriate protocols, buprenorphine diversion within correctional programs designed to provide MOUD treatment is perceived to be uncommon and preventable. Promising practices in program design help limit medication diversion and inform correctional officials and lawmakers as they consider whether and how to provide MOUD treatment in correctional settings.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"friedman-williams-jordan-walters-perlman-mateugelabert-nikolopoulos-khan-etal-towardatheoryoftheunderpinningsandvulnerabilitiesofstructuralracismlookingupstreamfromdiseaseinequitiesamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'friedman-williams-jordan-walters-perlman-mateugelabert-nikolopoulos-khan-etal-towardatheoryoftheunderpinningsandvulnerabilitiesofstructuralracismlookingupstreamfromdiseaseinequitiesamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699', event);\">\n    Toward a Theory of the Underpinnings and Vulnerabilities of Structural Racism: Looking Upstream from Disease Inequities among People Who Use Drugs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Friedman, S. R.; Williams, L. D.; Jordan, A. E.; Walters, S.; Perlman, D. C.; Mateu-Gelabert, P.; Nikolopoulos, G. K.; Khan, M. R.; Peprah, E.;  and Ezell, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Environ Res Public Health</i>, 19(12). June 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220617</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('friedman-williams-jordan-walters-perlman-mateugelabert-nikolopoulos-khan-etal-towardatheoryoftheunderpinningsandvulnerabilitiesofstructuralracismlookingupstreamfromdiseaseinequitiesamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Toward a Theory of the Underpinnings and Vulnerabilities of Structural Racism: Looking Upstream from Disease Inequities among People Who Use Drugs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127453\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('friedman-williams-jordan-walters-perlman-mateugelabert-nikolopoulos-khan-etal-towardatheoryoftheunderpinningsandvulnerabilitiesofstructuralracismlookingupstreamfromdiseaseinequitiesamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127453', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/friedman-williams-jordan-walters-perlman-mateugelabert-nikolopoulos-khan-etal-towardatheoryoftheunderpinningsandvulnerabilitiesofstructuralracismlookingupstreamfromdiseaseinequitiesamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('friedman-williams-jordan-walters-perlman-mateugelabert-nikolopoulos-khan-etal-towardatheoryoftheunderpinningsandvulnerabilitiesofstructuralracismlookingupstreamfromdiseaseinequitiesamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{friedman_toward_2022,\n\ttitle = {Toward a {Theory} of the {Underpinnings} and {Vulnerabilities} of {Structural} {Racism}: {Looking} {Upstream} from {Disease} {Inequities} among {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35742699},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19127453},\n\tabstract = {Structural racism is increasingly recognized as a key driver of health inequities and other adverse outcomes. This paper focuses on structural racism as an &quot;upstream&quot; institutionalized process, how it creates health inequities and how structural racism persists in spite of generations of efforts to end it. So far, &quot;downstream&quot; efforts to reduce these health inequities have had little success in eliminating them. Here, we attempt to increase public health awareness of structural racism and its institutionalization and sociopolitical supports so that research and action can address them. This paper presents both a theoretic and an analytic approach to how structural racism contributes to disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS and related diseases among oppressed populations. We first discuss differences in disease and health outcomes among people who use drugs (PWUD) and other groups at risk for HIV from different racial and ethnic populations. The paper then briefly analyzes the history of racism; how racial oppression, class, gender and other intersectional divisions interact to create health inequities; and how structural racism is institutionalized in ways that contribute to disease disparities among people who use drugs and other people. It examines the processes, institutions and other structures that reinforce structural racism, and how these, combined with processes that normalize racism, serve as barriers to efforts to counter and dismantle the structural racism that Black, indigenous and Latinx people have confronted for centuries. Finally, we discuss the implications of this analysis for public health research and action to undo racism and to enhance the health of populations who have suffered lifetimes of racial/ethnic oppression, with a focus on HIV/AIDS outcomes.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Friedman, S. R. and Williams, L. D. and Jordan, A. E. and Walters, S. and Perlman, D. C. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Nikolopoulos, G. K. and Khan, M. R. and Peprah, E. and Ezell, J.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220617},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections, *Racism, *capitalism, *hiv, *people who use drugs, *scapegoat, *substance use, Ethnicity, Hiv, Humans, Systemic Racism, United States, capitalism, people who use drugs, racism, scapegoat, substance use},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Structural racism is increasingly recognized as a key driver of health inequities and other adverse outcomes. This paper focuses on structural racism as an \"upstream\" institutionalized process, how it creates health inequities and how structural racism persists in spite of generations of efforts to end it. So far, \"downstream\" efforts to reduce these health inequities have had little success in eliminating them. Here, we attempt to increase public health awareness of structural racism and its institutionalization and sociopolitical supports so that research and action can address them. This paper presents both a theoretic and an analytic approach to how structural racism contributes to disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS and related diseases among oppressed populations. We first discuss differences in disease and health outcomes among people who use drugs (PWUD) and other groups at risk for HIV from different racial and ethnic populations. The paper then briefly analyzes the history of racism; how racial oppression, class, gender and other intersectional divisions interact to create health inequities; and how structural racism is institutionalized in ways that contribute to disease disparities among people who use drugs and other people. It examines the processes, institutions and other structures that reinforce structural racism, and how these, combined with processes that normalize racism, serve as barriers to efforts to counter and dismantle the structural racism that Black, indigenous and Latinx people have confronted for centuries. Finally, we discuss the implications of this analysis for public health research and action to undo racism and to enhance the health of populations who have suffered lifetimes of racial/ethnic oppression, with a focus on HIV/AIDS outcomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"friedman-williams-guarino-mateugelabert-krawczyk-hamilton-walters-ezell-etal-thestigmasystemhowsociopoliticaldominationscapegoatingandstigmashapepublichealth-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The stigma system: How sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Friedman, S. R.; Williams, L. D.; Guarino, H.; Mateu-Gelabert, P.; Krawczyk, N.; Hamilton, L.; Walters, S. M.; Ezell, J. M.; Khan, M.; Di Iorio, J.; Yang, L. H.;  and Earnshaw, V. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Community Psychol</i>, 50(1): 385–408. January 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22581\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('friedman-williams-guarino-mateugelabert-krawczyk-hamilton-walters-ezell-etal-thestigmasystemhowsociopoliticaldominationscapegoatingandstigmashapepublichealth-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22581', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/friedman-williams-guarino-mateugelabert-krawczyk-hamilton-walters-ezell-etal-thestigmasystemhowsociopoliticaldominationscapegoatingandstigmashapepublichealth-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('friedman-williams-guarino-mateugelabert-krawczyk-hamilton-walters-ezell-etal-thestigmasystemhowsociopoliticaldominationscapegoatingandstigmashapepublichealth-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{friedman_stigma_2022,\n\ttitle = {The stigma system: {How} sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {1520-6629 (Electronic) 0090-4392 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jcop.22581},\n\tabstract = {Stigma is a fundamental driver of adverse health outcomes. Although stigma is often studied at the individual level to focus on how stigma influences the mental and physical health of the stigmatized, considerable research has shown that stigma is multilevel and structural. This paper proposes a theoretical approach that synthesizes the literature on stigma with the literature on scapegoating and divide-and-rule as strategies that the wealthy and powerful use to maintain their power and wealth; the literatures on racial, gender, and other subordination; the literature on ideology and organization in sociopolitical systems; and the literature on resistance and rebellion against stigma, oppression and other forms of subordination. we develop a model of the &quot;stigma system&quot; as a dialectic of interacting and conflicting structures and processes. Understanding this system can help public health reorient stigma interventions to address the sources of stigma as well as the individual problems that stigma creates. On a broader level, this model can help those opposing stigma and its effects to develop alliances and strategies with which to oppose stigma and the processes that create it.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Community Psychol},\n\tauthor = {Friedman, S. R. and Williams, L. D. and Guarino, H. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Krawczyk, N. and Hamilton, L. and Walters, S. M. and Ezell, J. M. and Khan, M. and Di Iorio, J. and Yang, L. H. and Earnshaw, V. A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8664901},\n\tkeywords = {*Mental Disorders, *Public Health, Humans, Scapegoating, Social Stigma, divide and rule, domination, resistance, scapegoating, stigma, struggle, subordination},\n\tpages = {385--408},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Stigma is a fundamental driver of adverse health outcomes. Although stigma is often studied at the individual level to focus on how stigma influences the mental and physical health of the stigmatized, considerable research has shown that stigma is multilevel and structural. This paper proposes a theoretical approach that synthesizes the literature on stigma with the literature on scapegoating and divide-and-rule as strategies that the wealthy and powerful use to maintain their power and wealth; the literatures on racial, gender, and other subordination; the literature on ideology and organization in sociopolitical systems; and the literature on resistance and rebellion against stigma, oppression and other forms of subordination. we develop a model of the \"stigma system\" as a dialectic of interacting and conflicting structures and processes. Understanding this system can help public health reorient stigma interventions to address the sources of stigma as well as the individual problems that stigma creates. On a broader level, this model can help those opposing stigma and its effects to develop alliances and strategies with which to oppose stigma and the processes that create it.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jenkins-whitney-nance-allen-cooper-feinberg-fredericksen-friedmann-etal-theruralopioidinitiativeconsortiumdescriptionprovidingevidencetounderstandthefourthwaveoftheopioidcrisis-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jenkins-whitney-nance-allen-cooper-feinberg-fredericksen-friedmann-etal-theruralopioidinitiativeconsortiumdescriptionprovidingevidencetounderstandthefourthwaveoftheopioidcrisis-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197', event);\">\n    The Rural Opioid Initiative Consortium description: providing evidence to Understand the Fourth Wave of the Opioid Crisis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jenkins, R. A.; Whitney, B. M.; Nance, R. M.; Allen, T. M.; Cooper, H. L. F.; Feinberg, J.; Fredericksen, R.; Friedmann, P. D.; Go, V. F.; Jenkins, W. D.; Korthuis, P. T.; Miller, W. C.; Pho, M. T.; Rudolph, A. E.; Seal, D. W.; Smith, G. S.; Stopka, T. J.; Westergaard, R. P.; Young, A. M.; Zule, W. A.; Delaney, J. A. C.; Tsui, J. I.; Crane, H. M.;  and Rural Opioid, I.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addict Sci Clin Pract</i>, 17(1): 38. July 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220726</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-whitney-nance-allen-cooper-feinberg-fredericksen-friedmann-etal-theruralopioidinitiativeconsortiumdescriptionprovidingevidencetounderstandthefourthwaveoftheopioidcrisis-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Rural Opioid Initiative Consortium description: providing evidence to Understand the Fourth Wave of the Opioid Crisis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00322-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-whitney-nance-allen-cooper-feinberg-fredericksen-friedmann-etal-theruralopioidinitiativeconsortiumdescriptionprovidingevidencetounderstandthefourthwaveoftheopioidcrisis-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00322-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jenkins-whitney-nance-allen-cooper-feinberg-fredericksen-friedmann-etal-theruralopioidinitiativeconsortiumdescriptionprovidingevidencetounderstandthefourthwaveoftheopioidcrisis-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jenkins-whitney-nance-allen-cooper-feinberg-fredericksen-friedmann-etal-theruralopioidinitiativeconsortiumdescriptionprovidingevidencetounderstandthefourthwaveoftheopioidcrisis-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jenkins_rural_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Rural} {Opioid} {Initiative} {Consortium} description: providing evidence to {Understand} the {Fourth} {Wave} of the {Opioid} {Crisis}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35883197},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00322-5},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To characterize and address the opioid crisis disproportionately impacting rural U.S. regions. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (ROI) is a two-phase project to collect and harmonize quantitative and qualitative data and develop tailored interventions to address rural opioid use. The baseline quantitative survey data from people who use drugs (PWUD) characterizes the current opioid epidemic (2018-2020) in eight geographically diverse regions. RESULTS: Among 3,084 PWUD, 92\\% reported ever injecting drugs, 86\\% reported using opioids (most often heroin) and 74\\% reported using methamphetamine to get high in the past 30 days; 53\\% experienced homelessness in the prior 6 months; and 49\\% had ever overdosed. Syringe service program use varied by region and 53\\% had ever received an overdose kit or naloxone prescription. Less than half (48\\%) ever received medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). CONCLUSIONS: The ROI combines data across eight rural regions to better understand drug use including drivers and potential interventions in rural areas with limited resources. Baseline ROI data demonstrate extensive overlap between opioid and methamphetamine use, high homelessness rates, inadequate access to MOUD, and other unmet needs among PWUD in the rural U.S. By combining data across studies, the ROI provides much greater statistical power to address research questions and better understand the syndemic of infectious diseases and drug use in rural settings including unmet treatment needs.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\n\tauthor = {Jenkins, R. A. and Whitney, B. M. and Nance, R. M. and Allen, T. M. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Feinberg, J. and Fredericksen, R. and Friedmann, P. D. and Go, V. F. and Jenkins, W. D. and Korthuis, P. T. and Miller, W. C. and Pho, M. T. and Rudolph, A. E. and Seal, D. W. and Smith, G. S. and Stopka, T. J. and Westergaard, R. P. and Young, A. M. and Zule, W. A. and Delaney, J. A. C. and Tsui, J. I. and Crane, H. M. and Rural Opioid, Initiative},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220726},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Injection drug use, Methamphetamine, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, Overdose, Rural, Substance use},\n\tpages = {38},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: To characterize and address the opioid crisis disproportionately impacting rural U.S. regions. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (ROI) is a two-phase project to collect and harmonize quantitative and qualitative data and develop tailored interventions to address rural opioid use. The baseline quantitative survey data from people who use drugs (PWUD) characterizes the current opioid epidemic (2018-2020) in eight geographically diverse regions. RESULTS: Among 3,084 PWUD, 92% reported ever injecting drugs, 86% reported using opioids (most often heroin) and 74% reported using methamphetamine to get high in the past 30 days; 53% experienced homelessness in the prior 6 months; and 49% had ever overdosed. Syringe service program use varied by region and 53% had ever received an overdose kit or naloxone prescription. Less than half (48%) ever received medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). CONCLUSIONS: The ROI combines data across eight rural regions to better understand drug use including drivers and potential interventions in rural areas with limited resources. Baseline ROI data demonstrate extensive overlap between opioid and methamphetamine use, high homelessness rates, inadequate access to MOUD, and other unmet needs among PWUD in the rural U.S. By combining data across studies, the ROI provides much greater statistical power to address research questions and better understand the syndemic of infectious diseases and drug use in rural settings including unmet treatment needs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bolinski-walters-salisburyafshar-ouellet-jenkins-almirol-vanham-fletcher-etal-theimpactofthecovid19pandemicondrugusebehaviorsfentanylexposureandharmreductionservicesupportamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsettings-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bolinski-walters-salisburyafshar-ouellet-jenkins-almirol-vanham-fletcher-etal-theimpactofthecovid19pandemicondrugusebehaviorsfentanylexposureandharmreductionservicesupportamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsettings-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421', event);\">\n    The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Drug Use Behaviors, Fentanyl Exposure, and Harm Reduction Service Support among People Who Use Drugs in Rural Settings.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bolinski, R. S.; Walters, S.; Salisbury-Afshar, E.; Ouellet, L. J.; Jenkins, W. D.; Almirol, E.; Van Ham, B.; Fletcher, S.; Johnson, C.; Schneider, J. A.; Ompad, D.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Environ Res Public Health</i>, 19(4). February 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220216</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bolinski-walters-salisburyafshar-ouellet-jenkins-almirol-vanham-fletcher-etal-theimpactofthecovid19pandemicondrugusebehaviorsfentanylexposureandharmreductionservicesupportamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsettings-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Drug Use Behaviors, Fentanyl Exposure, and Harm Reduction Service Support among People Who Use Drugs in Rural Settings [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042230\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bolinski-walters-salisburyafshar-ouellet-jenkins-almirol-vanham-fletcher-etal-theimpactofthecovid19pandemicondrugusebehaviorsfentanylexposureandharmreductionservicesupportamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsettings-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042230', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bolinski-walters-salisburyafshar-ouellet-jenkins-almirol-vanham-fletcher-etal-theimpactofthecovid19pandemicondrugusebehaviorsfentanylexposureandharmreductionservicesupportamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsettings-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>4 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bolinski-walters-salisburyafshar-ouellet-jenkins-almirol-vanham-fletcher-etal-theimpactofthecovid19pandemicondrugusebehaviorsfentanylexposureandharmreductionservicesupportamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsettings-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bolinski_impact_2022,\n\ttitle = {The {Impact} of the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} on {Drug} {Use} {Behaviors}, {Fentanyl} {Exposure}, and {Harm} {Reduction} {Service} {Support} among {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Settings}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35206421},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19042230},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the opioid overdose crisis in the US. Rural communities have been disproportionately affected by opioid use and people who use drugs in these settings may be acutely vulnerable to pandemic-related disruptions due to high rates of poverty, social isolation, and pervasive resource limitations. METHODS: We performed a mixed-methods study to assess the impact of the pandemic in a convenience sample of people who use drugs in rural Illinois. We conducted 50 surveys capturing demographics, drug availability, drug use, sharing practices, and mental health symptoms. In total, 19 qualitative interviews were performed to further explore COVID-19 knowledge, impact on personal and community life, drug acquisition and use, overdose, and protective substance use adaptations. RESULTS: Drug use increased during the pandemic, including the use of fentanyl products such as gel encapsulated &quot;beans&quot; and &quot;buttons&quot;. Disruptions in supply, including the decreased availability of heroin, increased methamphetamine costs and a concomitant rise in local methamphetamine production, and possible fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine was reported. Participants reported increased drug use alone, experience and/or witness of overdose, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Consistent access to harm reduction services, including naloxone and fentanyl test strips, was highlighted as a source of hope and community resiliency. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic period was characterized by changing drug availability, increased overdose risk, and other drug-related harms faced by people who use drugs in rural areas. Our findings emphasize the importance of ensuring access to harm reduction services, including overdose prevention and drug checking for this vulnerable population.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Bolinski, R. S. and Walters, S. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Ouellet, L. J. and Jenkins, W. D. and Almirol, E. and Van Ham, B. and Fletcher, S. and Johnson, C. and Schneider, J. A. and Ompad, D. and Pho, M. T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220216},\n\tkeywords = {*COVID-19/epidemiology, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *covid-19, *fentanyl beans, *fentanyl buttons, *harm reduction, *methamphetamine, *pwid, *rural, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Fentanyl, Harm Reduction, Humans, Pandemics, Pwid, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, fentanyl beans, fentanyl buttons, methamphetamine, rural},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the opioid overdose crisis in the US. Rural communities have been disproportionately affected by opioid use and people who use drugs in these settings may be acutely vulnerable to pandemic-related disruptions due to high rates of poverty, social isolation, and pervasive resource limitations. METHODS: We performed a mixed-methods study to assess the impact of the pandemic in a convenience sample of people who use drugs in rural Illinois. We conducted 50 surveys capturing demographics, drug availability, drug use, sharing practices, and mental health symptoms. In total, 19 qualitative interviews were performed to further explore COVID-19 knowledge, impact on personal and community life, drug acquisition and use, overdose, and protective substance use adaptations. RESULTS: Drug use increased during the pandemic, including the use of fentanyl products such as gel encapsulated \"beans\" and \"buttons\". Disruptions in supply, including the decreased availability of heroin, increased methamphetamine costs and a concomitant rise in local methamphetamine production, and possible fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine was reported. Participants reported increased drug use alone, experience and/or witness of overdose, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Consistent access to harm reduction services, including naloxone and fentanyl test strips, was highlighted as a source of hope and community resiliency. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic period was characterized by changing drug availability, increased overdose risk, and other drug-related harms faced by people who use drugs in rural areas. Our findings emphasize the importance of ensuring access to harm reduction services, including overdose prevention and drug checking for this vulnerable population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evon-hurt-carpenter-rhea-hennessy-zule-substanceusedisordertreatmentprovidersknowledgeandopinionstowardtestingandtreatmentofchronichepatitiscinruralnorthcarolina-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'evon-hurt-carpenter-rhea-hennessy-zule-substanceusedisordertreatmentprovidersknowledgeandopinionstowardtestingandtreatmentofchronichepatitiscinruralnorthcarolina-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261', event);\">\n    Substance Use Disorder Treatment Providers' Knowledge and Opinions Toward Testing and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in Rural North Carolina.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evon, D. M.; Hurt, C. B.; Carpenter, D. M.; Rhea, S. K.; Hennessy, C. M.;  and Zule, W. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Rural Ment Health</i>, 46(3): 162–173. July 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220203</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evon-hurt-carpenter-rhea-hennessy-zule-substanceusedisordertreatmentprovidersknowledgeandopinionstowardtestingandtreatmentofchronichepatitiscinruralnorthcarolina-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Substance Use Disorder Treatment Providers&#x27; Knowledge and Opinions Toward Testing and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in Rural North Carolina [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000200\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evon-hurt-carpenter-rhea-hennessy-zule-substanceusedisordertreatmentprovidersknowledgeandopinionstowardtestingandtreatmentofchronichepatitiscinruralnorthcarolina-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000200', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evon-hurt-carpenter-rhea-hennessy-zule-substanceusedisordertreatmentprovidersknowledgeandopinionstowardtestingandtreatmentofchronichepatitiscinruralnorthcarolina-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evon-hurt-carpenter-rhea-hennessy-zule-substanceusedisordertreatmentprovidersknowledgeandopinionstowardtestingandtreatmentofchronichepatitiscinruralnorthcarolina-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evon_substance_2022,\n\ttitle = {Substance {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Providers}&#x27; {Knowledge} and {Opinions} {Toward} {Testing} and {Treatment} of {Chronic} {Hepatitis} {C} in {Rural} {North} {Carolina}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1935-942X (Print) 2163-8969 (Electronic) 1935-942X (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35967261},\n\tdoi = {10.1037/rmh0000200},\n\tabstract = {Poor access to care has made western North Carolina vulnerable to an outbreak of hepatitis C viral infection (HCV), particularly among persons who inject drugs (PWID). As substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers could potentially improve linkage to HCV testing and treatment, we sought to understand SUD providers, clinic and client characteristics; referral patterns; HCV knowledge; willingness to participate in additional trainings; and local linkage-to-care pathways for treatment of substance use and HCV. Online survey data were collected from 78 SUD providers serving PWID in eight western rural North Carolina counties. Providers&#x27; attitudes toward working with HCV+ clients were very positive. One-third of providers reported a low fund of knowledge regarding HCV, HCV treatment, and financial assistance opportunities. Non-prescribing providers rarely initiated discussions about HCV testing/treatment, but were receptive to training. Respondents indicated that HCV testing and treatment were best delivered at local health departments or primary care clinics but were open to other venues where PWID access care. The vast majority of prescribing and non-prescribing providers expressed interest in obtaining training in HCV treatments, how to obtain HCV medications and topics on advanced liver disease. Data from prescribing and non-prescribing SUD providers suggest opportunities to develop or expand integrated care models for HCV testing/treatment in PWID in rural Appalachian North Carolina.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Rural Ment Health},\n\tauthor = {Evon, D. M. and Hurt, C. B. and Carpenter, D. M. and Rhea, S. K. and Hennessy, C. M. and Zule, W. A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220203},\n\tkeywords = {hepatitis C virus, injection drug use, opioid, questionnaire, survey},\n\tpages = {162--173},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Poor access to care has made western North Carolina vulnerable to an outbreak of hepatitis C viral infection (HCV), particularly among persons who inject drugs (PWID). As substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers could potentially improve linkage to HCV testing and treatment, we sought to understand SUD providers, clinic and client characteristics; referral patterns; HCV knowledge; willingness to participate in additional trainings; and local linkage-to-care pathways for treatment of substance use and HCV. Online survey data were collected from 78 SUD providers serving PWID in eight western rural North Carolina counties. Providers' attitudes toward working with HCV+ clients were very positive. One-third of providers reported a low fund of knowledge regarding HCV, HCV treatment, and financial assistance opportunities. Non-prescribing providers rarely initiated discussions about HCV testing/treatment, but were receptive to training. Respondents indicated that HCV testing and treatment were best delivered at local health departments or primary care clinics but were open to other venues where PWID access care. The vast majority of prescribing and non-prescribing providers expressed interest in obtaining training in HCV treatments, how to obtain HCV medications and topics on advanced liver disease. Data from prescribing and non-prescribing SUD providers suggest opportunities to develop or expand integrated care models for HCV testing/treatment in PWID in rural Appalachian North Carolina.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"button-levander-cook-miller-salisburyafshar-tsui-ibragimov-jenkins-etal-substanceusedisordertreatmentandtechnologyaccessamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralareasoftheunitedstatesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'button-levander-cook-miller-salisburyafshar-tsui-ibragimov-jenkins-etal-substanceusedisordertreatmentandtechnologyaccessamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralareasoftheunitedstatesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145', event);\">\n    Substance use disorder treatment and technology access among people who use drugs in rural areas of the United States: A cross-sectional survey.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Button, D.; Levander, X. A.; Cook, R. R.; Miller, W. C.; Salisbury-Afshar, E. M.; Tsui, J. I.; Ibragimov, U.; Jenkins, W. D.; Westergaard, R. P.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Rural Health</i>. December 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20221227</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('button-levander-cook-miller-salisburyafshar-tsui-ibragimov-jenkins-etal-substanceusedisordertreatmentandtechnologyaccessamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralareasoftheunitedstatesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Substance use disorder treatment and technology access among people who use drugs in rural areas of the United States: A cross-sectional survey [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12737\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('button-levander-cook-miller-salisburyafshar-tsui-ibragimov-jenkins-etal-substanceusedisordertreatmentandtechnologyaccessamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralareasoftheunitedstatesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12737', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/button-levander-cook-miller-salisburyafshar-tsui-ibragimov-jenkins-etal-substanceusedisordertreatmentandtechnologyaccessamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralareasoftheunitedstatesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('button-levander-cook-miller-salisburyafshar-tsui-ibragimov-jenkins-etal-substanceusedisordertreatmentandtechnologyaccessamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralareasoftheunitedstatesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{button_substance_2022,\n\ttitle = {Substance use disorder treatment and technology access among people who use drugs in rural areas of the {United} {States}: {A} cross-sectional survey},\n\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36575145},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12737},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate how technology access affected substance use disorder (SUD) treatment prior to COVID-19 for people who use drugs in rural areas. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (January 2018-March 2020) was a cross-sectional study of people with prior 30-day injection drug or nonprescribed opioid use from rural areas of 10 states. Using multivariable mixed-effect regression models, we examined associations between participant technology access and SUD treatment. FINDINGS: Of 3,026 participants, 71\\% used heroin and 76\\% used methamphetamine. Thirty-five percent had no cell phone and 10\\% had no prior 30-day internet use. Having both a cell phone and the internet was associated with increased days of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use (aIRR 1.29 [95\\% CI 1.11-1.52]) and a higher likelihood of SUD counseling in the prior 30 days (aOR 1.28 [95\\% CI 1.05-1.57]). Lack of cell phone was associated with decreased days of MOUD (aIRR 0.77 [95\\% CI 0.66-0.91]) and a lower likelihood of prior 30-day SUD counseling (aOR 0.77 [95\\% CI 0.62-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Expanding US rural SUD treatment engagement via telemedicine may require increased cell phone and mobile network access.},\n\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\n\tauthor = {Button, D. and Levander, X. A. and Cook, R. R. and Miller, W. C. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. M. and Tsui, J. I. and Ibragimov, U. and Jenkins, W. D. and Westergaard, R. P. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20221227},\n\tkeywords = {addiction, opioids, rural health, telemedicine},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PURPOSE: To evaluate how technology access affected substance use disorder (SUD) treatment prior to COVID-19 for people who use drugs in rural areas. METHODS: The Rural Opioid Initiative (January 2018-March 2020) was a cross-sectional study of people with prior 30-day injection drug or nonprescribed opioid use from rural areas of 10 states. Using multivariable mixed-effect regression models, we examined associations between participant technology access and SUD treatment. FINDINGS: Of 3,026 participants, 71% used heroin and 76% used methamphetamine. Thirty-five percent had no cell phone and 10% had no prior 30-day internet use. Having both a cell phone and the internet was associated with increased days of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use (aIRR 1.29 [95% CI 1.11-1.52]) and a higher likelihood of SUD counseling in the prior 30 days (aOR 1.28 [95% CI 1.05-1.57]). Lack of cell phone was associated with decreased days of MOUD (aIRR 0.77 [95% CI 0.66-0.91]) and a lower likelihood of prior 30-day SUD counseling (aOR 0.77 [95% CI 0.62-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Expanding US rural SUD treatment engagement via telemedicine may require increased cell phone and mobile network access.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"walters-bolinski-almirol-grundy-fletcher-schneider-friedman-ouellet-etal-structuralandcommunitychangesduringcovid19andtheireffectsonoverdoseprecursorsamongruralpeoplewhousedrugsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'walters-bolinski-almirol-grundy-fletcher-schneider-friedman-ouellet-etal-structuralandcommunitychangesduringcovid19andtheireffectsonoverdoseprecursorsamongruralpeoplewhousedrugsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860', event);\">\n    Structural and community changes during COVID-19 and their effects on overdose precursors among rural people who use drugs: a mixed-methods analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Walters, S. M.; Bolinski, R. S.; Almirol, E.; Grundy, S.; Fletcher, S.; Schneider, J.; Friedman, S. R.; Ouellet, L. J.; Ompad, D. C.; Jenkins, W.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addict Sci Clin Pract</i>, 17(1): 24. April 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220425</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-bolinski-almirol-grundy-fletcher-schneider-friedman-ouellet-etal-structuralandcommunitychangesduringcovid19andtheireffectsonoverdoseprecursorsamongruralpeoplewhousedrugsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Structural and community changes during COVID-19 and their effects on overdose precursors among rural people who use drugs: a mixed-methods analysis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00303-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-bolinski-almirol-grundy-fletcher-schneider-friedman-ouellet-etal-structuralandcommunitychangesduringcovid19andtheireffectsonoverdoseprecursorsamongruralpeoplewhousedrugsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00303-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/walters-bolinski-almirol-grundy-fletcher-schneider-friedman-ouellet-etal-structuralandcommunitychangesduringcovid19andtheireffectsonoverdoseprecursorsamongruralpeoplewhousedrugsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('walters-bolinski-almirol-grundy-fletcher-schneider-friedman-ouellet-etal-structuralandcommunitychangesduringcovid19andtheireffectsonoverdoseprecursorsamongruralpeoplewhousedrugsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{walters_structural_2022,\n\ttitle = {Structural and community changes during {COVID}-19 and their effects on overdose precursors among rural people who use drugs: a mixed-methods analysis},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35468860},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00303-8},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Drug overdose rates in the United States have been steadily increasing, particularly in rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation strategies may have increased overdose risk for people who use drugs by impacting social, community, and structural factors. METHODS: The study included a quantitative survey focused on COVID-19 administered to 50 people who use drugs and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 17 people who use drugs, 12 of whom also participated in the quantitative survey. Descriptive statistics were run for the quantitative data. Qualitative coding was line-by-line then grouped thematically. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated during analysis. RESULTS: Findings demonstrate how COVID-19 disruptions at the structural and community level affected outcomes related to mental health and drug use at the individual level. Themes that emerged from the qualitative interviews were (1) lack of employment opportunities, (2) food and housing insecurity, (3) community stigma impacting health service use, (4) mental health strains, and (5) drug market disruptions. Structural and community changes increased anxiety, depression, and loneliness on the individual level, as well as changes in drug use patterns, all of which are likely to increase overdose risk. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic, and mitigation strategies aimed at curbing infection, disrupted communities and lives of people who use drugs. These disruptions altered individual drug use and mental health outcomes, which could increase risk for overdose. We recommend addressing structural and community factors, including developing multi-level interventions, to combat overdose. Trial registration Clinicaltrails.gov: NCT04427202. Registered June 11, 2020: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04427202?term=pho+mai\\&amp;draw=2\\&amp;rank=3.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\n\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Bolinski, R. S. and Almirol, E. and Grundy, S. and Fletcher, S. and Schneider, J. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ompad, D. C. and Jenkins, W. and Pho, M. T.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220425},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Drug use, *Ecosocial theory, *Overdose, *Rural, *Social determinants of health, *Social ecological model, *Substance-Related Disorders, *covid-19, Covid-19, Drug use, Ecosocial theory, Humans, Overdose, Pandemics, Rural, Rural Population, Social determinants of health, Social ecological model, United States/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {24},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Drug overdose rates in the United States have been steadily increasing, particularly in rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation strategies may have increased overdose risk for people who use drugs by impacting social, community, and structural factors. METHODS: The study included a quantitative survey focused on COVID-19 administered to 50 people who use drugs and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 17 people who use drugs, 12 of whom also participated in the quantitative survey. Descriptive statistics were run for the quantitative data. Qualitative coding was line-by-line then grouped thematically. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated during analysis. RESULTS: Findings demonstrate how COVID-19 disruptions at the structural and community level affected outcomes related to mental health and drug use at the individual level. Themes that emerged from the qualitative interviews were (1) lack of employment opportunities, (2) food and housing insecurity, (3) community stigma impacting health service use, (4) mental health strains, and (5) drug market disruptions. Structural and community changes increased anxiety, depression, and loneliness on the individual level, as well as changes in drug use patterns, all of which are likely to increase overdose risk. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic, and mitigation strategies aimed at curbing infection, disrupted communities and lives of people who use drugs. These disruptions altered individual drug use and mental health outcomes, which could increase risk for overdose. We recommend addressing structural and community factors, including developing multi-level interventions, to combat overdose. Trial registration Clinicaltrails.gov: NCT04427202. Registered June 11, 2020: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04427202?term=pho+mai&draw=2&rank=3.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"king-cook-wheelock-korthuis-leahy-goff-morris-englander-simulatingtheimpactofaddictionconsultservicesinthecontextofdrugsupplycontaminationhospitalizationsanddrugrelatedmortality-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'king-cook-wheelock-korthuis-leahy-goff-morris-englander-simulatingtheimpactofaddictionconsultservicesinthecontextofdrugsupplycontaminationhospitalizationsanddrugrelatedmortality-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879', event);\">\n    Simulating the impact of Addiction Consult Services in the context of drug supply contamination, hospitalizations, and drug-related mortality.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  King, C. A.; Cook, R.; Wheelock, H.; Korthuis, P. T.; Leahy, J. M.; Goff, A.; Morris, C. D.;  and Englander, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>, 100: 103525. February 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20211124</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('king-cook-wheelock-korthuis-leahy-goff-morris-englander-simulatingtheimpactofaddictionconsultservicesinthecontextofdrugsupplycontaminationhospitalizationsanddrugrelatedmortality-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Simulating the impact of Addiction Consult Services in the context of drug supply contamination, hospitalizations, and drug-related mortality [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103525\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('king-cook-wheelock-korthuis-leahy-goff-morris-englander-simulatingtheimpactofaddictionconsultservicesinthecontextofdrugsupplycontaminationhospitalizationsanddrugrelatedmortality-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103525', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/king-cook-wheelock-korthuis-leahy-goff-morris-englander-simulatingtheimpactofaddictionconsultservicesinthecontextofdrugsupplycontaminationhospitalizationsanddrugrelatedmortality-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('king-cook-wheelock-korthuis-leahy-goff-morris-englander-simulatingtheimpactofaddictionconsultservicesinthecontextofdrugsupplycontaminationhospitalizationsanddrugrelatedmortality-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{king_simulating_2022,\n\ttitle = {Simulating the impact of {Addiction} {Consult} {Services} in the context of drug supply contamination, hospitalizations, and drug-related mortality},\n\tvolume = {100},\n\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34837879},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103525},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is increasing in international drug supply chains, and IMF-related opioid overdose deaths are rising in North America. Hospitalizations among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are also rising; and, hospitalized patients are at increased risk of overdose and death following hospital discharge. Hospitalization is a key opportunity to engage patients with OUD. Addiction consult services (ACS) can provide effective treatment for patients hospitalized with OUD. This study aims to estimate the effect of increasing IMF contamination on drug-related death among patients hospitalized with OUD, and simulate the role of ACS expansion to mitigate these effects. METHODS: We used a Markov model to mirror care systems for adult patients hospitalized with OUD in Oregon, from the time of hospital admission through 12-months post-discharge, and simulated patients through modeled care systems to evaluate the expansion of Addiction Consult Services in the context of increasing IMF in the drug supply. RESULTS: In a simulated cohort of 10,000 patients, we estimate that 537 patients would die from drug-related causes within 12-months of hospital discharge. In the context of increased IMF in the drug supply, this estimate increased to 913. ACS referral at baseline was 4\\%; increasing ACS referral to accommodate 10\\%, 50\\%, or 100\\% of hospitalized OUD patients in the state reduces drug-related deaths to 904, 849, and 780, respectively. The number needed to treat for ACS to avoid one drug-related death in the context of increased IMF was 73. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals should expand interventions to help reduce IMF-related opioid overdoses, including through implementation of ACS. In the context of rising IMF-related deaths, ACS expansion could help connect patients to treatment, offer harm reduction interventions, or both, which can help reduce the risk of opioid-related death.},\n\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {King, C. A. and Cook, R. and Wheelock, H. and Korthuis, P. T. and Leahy, J. M. and Goff, A. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20211124},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Drug overdose, *Fentanyl, *Harm Reduction, *Hospitalization, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Opioid-related disorders, *Patient Discharge, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Hospitalization, Humans, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation},\n\tpages = {103525},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is increasing in international drug supply chains, and IMF-related opioid overdose deaths are rising in North America. Hospitalizations among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are also rising; and, hospitalized patients are at increased risk of overdose and death following hospital discharge. Hospitalization is a key opportunity to engage patients with OUD. Addiction consult services (ACS) can provide effective treatment for patients hospitalized with OUD. This study aims to estimate the effect of increasing IMF contamination on drug-related death among patients hospitalized with OUD, and simulate the role of ACS expansion to mitigate these effects. METHODS: We used a Markov model to mirror care systems for adult patients hospitalized with OUD in Oregon, from the time of hospital admission through 12-months post-discharge, and simulated patients through modeled care systems to evaluate the expansion of Addiction Consult Services in the context of increasing IMF in the drug supply. RESULTS: In a simulated cohort of 10,000 patients, we estimate that 537 patients would die from drug-related causes within 12-months of hospital discharge. In the context of increased IMF in the drug supply, this estimate increased to 913. ACS referral at baseline was 4%; increasing ACS referral to accommodate 10%, 50%, or 100% of hospitalized OUD patients in the state reduces drug-related deaths to 904, 849, and 780, respectively. The number needed to treat for ACS to avoid one drug-related death in the context of increased IMF was 73. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals should expand interventions to help reduce IMF-related opioid overdoses, including through implementation of ACS. In the context of rising IMF-related deaths, ACS expansion could help connect patients to treatment, offer harm reduction interventions, or both, which can help reduce the risk of opioid-related death.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhandari-tiwari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-etal-sexdifferencesincharacteristicsofpatientswithinfectiveendocarditisamulticenterstudy-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bhandari-tiwari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-etal-sexdifferencesincharacteristicsofpatientswithinfectiveendocarditisamulticenterstudy-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584', event);\">\n    Sex Differences in Characteristics of Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Multicenter Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bhandari, R.; Tiwari, S.; Alexander, T.; Annie, F. H.; Kaleem, U.; Irfan, A.; Balla, S.; Wiener, R. C.; Cook, C.; Nanjundappa, A.; Bates, M.; Thompson, E.; Smith, G. S.; Feinberg, J.;  and Fisher, M. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Clin Med</i>, 11(12). June 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220618</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhandari-tiwari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-etal-sexdifferencesincharacteristicsofpatientswithinfectiveendocarditisamulticenterstudy-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Sex Differences in Characteristics of Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Multicenter Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123514\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhandari-tiwari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-etal-sexdifferencesincharacteristicsofpatientswithinfectiveendocarditisamulticenterstudy-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123514', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhandari-tiwari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-etal-sexdifferencesincharacteristicsofpatientswithinfectiveendocarditisamulticenterstudy-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhandari-tiwari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-etal-sexdifferencesincharacteristicsofpatientswithinfectiveendocarditisamulticenterstudy-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bhandari_sex_2022,\n\ttitle = {Sex {Differences} in {Characteristics} of {Patients} with {Infective} {Endocarditis}: {A} {Multicenter} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {2077-0383 (Print) 2077-0383 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35743584},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/jcm11123514},\n\tabstract = {Infectious diseases like infective endocarditis (IE) may manifest or progress differently between sexes. This study sought to identify the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics among male and female patients with IE. Data were obtained from a newly developed registry comprising all adult patients with first IE admission at the four major tertiary cardiovascular centers in West Virginia, USA during 2014-2018. Patient characteristics were compared between males and females using Chi-square test, Fisher&#x27;s exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A secondary analysis was restricted to IE patients with drug use only. Among 780 unique patients (390 males, 390 females), significantly more women (a) were younger than males (median age 34.9 vs. 41.4, p \\&amp;lt; 0.001); (b) reported drug use (77.7\\% vs. 64.1\\%, p \\&amp;lt; 0.001); (c) had tricuspid valve endocarditis (46.4\\% vs. 30.8\\%, p \\&amp;lt; 0.001); and (d) were discharged against medical advice (20\\% vs. 9.5\\%, p \\&amp;lt; 0.001). These differences persisted even within the subgroup of patients with drug use-associated IE. In a state with one of the highest incidences of drug use and overdose deaths, the significantly higher incident IE cases in younger women and higher proportion of women leaving treatment against medical advice are striking. Differential characteristics between male and female patients are important to inform strategies for specialized treatment and care.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {J Clin Med},\n\tauthor = {Bhandari, R. and Tiwari, S. and Alexander, T. and Annie, F. H. and Kaleem, U. and Irfan, A. and Balla, S. and Wiener, R. C. and Cook, C. and Nanjundappa, A. and Bates, M. and Thompson, E. and Smith, G. S. and Feinberg, J. and Fisher, M. A.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220618},\n\tkeywords = {West Virginia, electronic medical records, infective endocarditis, male-female differences, sex},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Infectious diseases like infective endocarditis (IE) may manifest or progress differently between sexes. This study sought to identify the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics among male and female patients with IE. Data were obtained from a newly developed registry comprising all adult patients with first IE admission at the four major tertiary cardiovascular centers in West Virginia, USA during 2014-2018. Patient characteristics were compared between males and females using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A secondary analysis was restricted to IE patients with drug use only. Among 780 unique patients (390 males, 390 females), significantly more women (a) were younger than males (median age 34.9 vs. 41.4, p &lt; 0.001); (b) reported drug use (77.7% vs. 64.1%, p &lt; 0.001); (c) had tricuspid valve endocarditis (46.4% vs. 30.8%, p &lt; 0.001); and (d) were discharged against medical advice (20% vs. 9.5%, p &lt; 0.001). These differences persisted even within the subgroup of patients with drug use-associated IE. In a state with one of the highest incidences of drug use and overdose deaths, the significantly higher incident IE cases in younger women and higher proportion of women leaving treatment against medical advice are striking. Differential characteristics between male and female patients are important to inform strategies for specialized treatment and care.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evans-wilson-friedmann-recidivismandmortalityafterinjailbuprenorphinetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'evans-wilson-friedmann-recidivismandmortalityafterinjailbuprenorphinetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323', event);\">\n    Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evans, E. A.; Wilson, D.;  and Friedmann, P. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug Alcohol Depend</i>, 231: 109254. February 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220118</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-wilson-friedmann-recidivismandmortalityafterinjailbuprenorphinetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109254\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-wilson-friedmann-recidivismandmortalityafterinjailbuprenorphinetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109254', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evans-wilson-friedmann-recidivismandmortalityafterinjailbuprenorphinetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evans-wilson-friedmann-recidivismandmortalityafterinjailbuprenorphinetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evans_recidivism_2022,\n\ttitle = {Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\tvolume = {231},\n\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063323},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109254},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) when offered in community-based settings, but evidence is limited for incarcerated populations, particularly in relation to recidivism. In Massachusetts, Franklin County jail (FCSO) was among the first to provide buprenorphine; adjacent Hampshire County jail (HCHC) offered it more recently. These jails present a natural experiment to determine whether outcomes are different between individuals who did and did not have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine in jail. METHODS: We examined outcomes of all incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder (n = 469) who did (FCSO n = 197) and did not (HCHC n = 272) have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine. The primary outcome was post-release recidivism, defined as time from jail exit to a recidivism event (incarceration, probation violation, arraignment). Using Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated site as a predictor, controlling for covariates. We also examined post-release deaths. RESULTS: Fewer FCSO than HCHC individuals recidivated (48.2\\% vs. 62.5\\%; p = 0.001); fewer FCSO individuals were re-arraigned (36.0\\% vs. 47.1\\%; p = 0.046) or re-incarcerated (21.3\\% vs. 39.0\\%; p {\\textless} 0.0001). Recidivism risk was lower in the FCSO group (hazard ratio 0.71, 95\\% confidence interval 0.56, 0.89; p = 0.003), net of covariates (adjusted hazard ratio 0.68, 95\\% confidence interval 0.53, 0.86; p = 0.001). At each site, 3\\% of participants died. CONCLUSIONS: Among incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder, risk of recidivism after jail exit is lower among those who were offered buprenorphine during incarceration. Findings support the growing movement in jails nationwide to offer buprenorphine and other agonist medications for opioid use disorder.},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Wilson, D. and Friedmann, P. D.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220118},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Criminal justice settings, *Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), *Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Mortality, *Naltrexone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Recidivism, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (MassJCOIN), Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), Mortality, Naltrexone, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Recidivism},\n\tpages = {109254},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) when offered in community-based settings, but evidence is limited for incarcerated populations, particularly in relation to recidivism. In Massachusetts, Franklin County jail (FCSO) was among the first to provide buprenorphine; adjacent Hampshire County jail (HCHC) offered it more recently. These jails present a natural experiment to determine whether outcomes are different between individuals who did and did not have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine in jail. METHODS: We examined outcomes of all incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder (n = 469) who did (FCSO n = 197) and did not (HCHC n = 272) have the opportunity to receive buprenorphine. The primary outcome was post-release recidivism, defined as time from jail exit to a recidivism event (incarceration, probation violation, arraignment). Using Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated site as a predictor, controlling for covariates. We also examined post-release deaths. RESULTS: Fewer FCSO than HCHC individuals recidivated (48.2% vs. 62.5%; p = 0.001); fewer FCSO individuals were re-arraigned (36.0% vs. 47.1%; p = 0.046) or re-incarcerated (21.3% vs. 39.0%; p \\textless 0.0001). Recidivism risk was lower in the FCSO group (hazard ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.56, 0.89; p = 0.003), net of covariates (adjusted hazard ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.53, 0.86; p = 0.001). At each site, 3% of participants died. CONCLUSIONS: Among incarcerated adults with opioid use disorder, risk of recidivism after jail exit is lower among those who were offered buprenorphine during incarceration. Findings support the growing movement in jails nationwide to offer buprenorphine and other agonist medications for opioid use disorder.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"levander-pytell-stoller-korthuis-chander-covid19relatedpolicychangesformethadonetakehomedosingamultistatesurveyofopioidtreatmentprogramleadership-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'levander-pytell-stoller-korthuis-chander-covid19relatedpolicychangesformethadonetakehomedosingamultistatesurveyofopioidtreatmentprogramleadership-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636', event);\">\n    COVID-19-related policy changes for methadone take-home dosing: A multistate survey of opioid treatment program leadership.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Levander, X. A.; Pytell, J. D.; Stoller, K. B.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Chander, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Subst Abus</i>, 43(1): 633–639.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20211019</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levander-pytell-stoller-korthuis-chander-covid19relatedpolicychangesformethadonetakehomedosingamultistatesurveyofopioidtreatmentprogramleadership-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"COVID-19-related policy changes for methadone take-home dosing: A multistate survey of opioid treatment program leadership [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1986768\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levander-pytell-stoller-korthuis-chander-covid19relatedpolicychangesformethadonetakehomedosingamultistatesurveyofopioidtreatmentprogramleadership-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1986768', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/levander-pytell-stoller-korthuis-chander-covid19relatedpolicychangesformethadonetakehomedosingamultistatesurveyofopioidtreatmentprogramleadership-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('levander-pytell-stoller-korthuis-chander-covid19relatedpolicychangesformethadonetakehomedosingamultistatesurveyofopioidtreatmentprogramleadership-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{levander_covid-19-related_2022,\n\ttitle = {{COVID}-19-related policy changes for methadone take-home dosing: {A} multistate survey of opioid treatment program leadership},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34666636},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1986768},\n\tabstract = {Background: In the United States, methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder is dispensed via highly-regulated accredited opioid treatment programs (OTP). During the COVID-19 pandemic, federal regulations were loosened, allowing for greater use of take-home methadone doses. We sought to understand how OTP leaders responded to these policy changes. Methods: We distributed a multistate electronic survey from September to November 2020 of OTP leadership to members of the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) who self-identified as leaders of OTPs. We asked study participants about how their OTP(s) implemented COVID-19-related policy changes into their clinical practice focusing on provision of take-home methadone doses, factors used to determine patient stability, and potential concerns about increased take-home doses. We used Chi-square test to compare survey responses between characterizations of the OTPs. Results: Of 170 survey respondents (17\\% response rate), the majority represented leadership of for-profit OTPs (69\\%) and were in a Southern state (54\\%). Routine allowances and practices related to take-home methadone doses varied across OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic: 80 (47\\%) reported 14 days for newly enrolled patients (within past 90 days), 89 (52\\%) reported 14 days for &quot;less stable&quot; patients, and 112 (66\\%) reported 28 days for &quot;stable&quot; patients. Conclusions: We found that not all eligible OTP leaders adopted the practice of routinely allowing newly enrolled, &quot;less stable,&quot; and &quot;stable&quot; patients on methadone to have increased take-home doses up to the limit allowed by federal regulations during COVID-19. The pandemic provides an opportunity to critically re-evaluate long-established methadone and OTP regulations in preparation for future emergencies.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Subst Abus},\n\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Pytell, J. D. and Stoller, K. B. and Korthuis, P. T. and Chander, G.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20211019},\n\tkeywords = {*Methadone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *covid-19, *opioid treatment programs, *opioid-related disorders, *survey, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Leadership, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Policy, SARS-CoV-2, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, opioid treatment programs, opioid-related disorders, survey},\n\tpages = {633--639},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: In the United States, methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder is dispensed via highly-regulated accredited opioid treatment programs (OTP). During the COVID-19 pandemic, federal regulations were loosened, allowing for greater use of take-home methadone doses. We sought to understand how OTP leaders responded to these policy changes. Methods: We distributed a multistate electronic survey from September to November 2020 of OTP leadership to members of the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) who self-identified as leaders of OTPs. We asked study participants about how their OTP(s) implemented COVID-19-related policy changes into their clinical practice focusing on provision of take-home methadone doses, factors used to determine patient stability, and potential concerns about increased take-home doses. We used Chi-square test to compare survey responses between characterizations of the OTPs. Results: Of 170 survey respondents (17% response rate), the majority represented leadership of for-profit OTPs (69%) and were in a Southern state (54%). Routine allowances and practices related to take-home methadone doses varied across OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic: 80 (47%) reported 14 days for newly enrolled patients (within past 90 days), 89 (52%) reported 14 days for \"less stable\" patients, and 112 (66%) reported 28 days for \"stable\" patients. Conclusions: We found that not all eligible OTP leaders adopted the practice of routinely allowing newly enrolled, \"less stable,\" and \"stable\" patients on methadone to have increased take-home doses up to the limit allowed by federal regulations during COVID-19. The pandemic provides an opportunity to critically re-evaluate long-established methadone and OTP regulations in preparation for future emergencies.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stack-shin-laforge-pope-leichtling-larsen-byers-leahy-etal-covid19vaccinationstatusandconcernsamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stack-shin-laforge-pope-leichtling-larsen-byers-leahy-etal-covid19vaccinationstatusandconcernsamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436', event);\">\n    COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Concerns Among People Who Use Drugs in Oregon.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stack, E.; Shin, S.; LaForge, K.; Pope, J.; Leichtling, G.; Larsen, J. E.; Byers, M.; Leahy, J. M.; Hoover, D.; Chisholm, L.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Addict Med</i>, 16(6): 695–701. November 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220708</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stack-shin-laforge-pope-leichtling-larsen-byers-leahy-etal-covid19vaccinationstatusandconcernsamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Concerns Among People Who Use Drugs in Oregon [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001002\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stack-shin-laforge-pope-leichtling-larsen-byers-leahy-etal-covid19vaccinationstatusandconcernsamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001002', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stack-shin-laforge-pope-leichtling-larsen-byers-leahy-etal-covid19vaccinationstatusandconcernsamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stack-shin-laforge-pope-leichtling-larsen-byers-leahy-etal-covid19vaccinationstatusandconcernsamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stack_covid-19_2022,\n\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 {Vaccination} {Status} and {Concerns} {Among} {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Oregon}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35797436},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000001002},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and explore reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who use drugs (PWUDs), a population with increased COVID-19 transmission and morbidity. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with PWUDs in 7 Oregon counties from May 11 to June 25, 2021. Participants (n = 34) were recruited in partnership with syringe service programs and local community organizations staff, participant-referrals, and flyer advertising. Research staff conducted interviews via telephone to assess participants&#x27; acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, find knowledge gaps where new educational information about vaccination would be helpful, and identify who would be perceived as a trustworthy source of information. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis with a deductive approach. RESULTS: Most participants had not received the COVID-19 vaccine and were not planning on or were unsure about receiving it. Participants were mistrustful of the rapid COVID-19 vaccine development process, the agencies involved in the development, and vaccines in general. Participants shared varied and contrasting responses about who they would trust to provide information about the COVID-19 vaccine, including peer recovery support specialists, doctors, or other health care professionals, and specified federal agencies or media outlets. CONCLUSIONS: As addiction medicine and public health staff continue to respond to the evolving impacts of COVID-19, vaccination planning should be tailored to the unique needs of PWUD to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in this high-risk population.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\n\tauthor = {Stack, E. and Shin, S. and LaForge, K. and Pope, J. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Byers, M. and Leahy, J. M. and Hoover, D. and Chisholm, L. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220708},\n\tkeywords = {*COVID-19 Vaccines, *COVID-19/prevention \\&amp; control, Health Personnel, Humans, Oregon/epidemiology, Vaccination},\n\tpages = {695--701},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and explore reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who use drugs (PWUDs), a population with increased COVID-19 transmission and morbidity. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with PWUDs in 7 Oregon counties from May 11 to June 25, 2021. Participants (n = 34) were recruited in partnership with syringe service programs and local community organizations staff, participant-referrals, and flyer advertising. Research staff conducted interviews via telephone to assess participants' acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, find knowledge gaps where new educational information about vaccination would be helpful, and identify who would be perceived as a trustworthy source of information. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis with a deductive approach. RESULTS: Most participants had not received the COVID-19 vaccine and were not planning on or were unsure about receiving it. Participants were mistrustful of the rapid COVID-19 vaccine development process, the agencies involved in the development, and vaccines in general. Participants shared varied and contrasting responses about who they would trust to provide information about the COVID-19 vaccine, including peer recovery support specialists, doctors, or other health care professionals, and specified federal agencies or media outlets. CONCLUSIONS: As addiction medicine and public health staff continue to respond to the evolving impacts of COVID-19, vaccination planning should be tailored to the unique needs of PWUD to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in this high-risk population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"young-lancaster-bielavitz-elman-cook-leichtling-freeman-estadt-etal-peerbasedretentionofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralresearchproudr2amultisiterandomised12monthtrialtocompareefficacyofstandardversuspeerbasedapproachestoretainruralpeoplewhousedrugsinresearch-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'young-lancaster-bielavitz-elman-cook-leichtling-freeman-estadt-etal-peerbasedretentionofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralresearchproudr2amultisiterandomised12monthtrialtocompareefficacyofstandardversuspeerbasedapproachestoretainruralpeoplewhousedrugsinresearch-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346', event);\">\n    Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)): a multisite, randomised, 12-month trial to compare efficacy of standard versus peer-based approaches to retain rural people who use drugs in research.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Young, A. M.; Lancaster, K. E.; Bielavitz, S.; Elman, M. R.; Cook, R. R.; Leichtling, G.; Freeman, E.; Estadt, A. T.; Brown, M.; Alexander, R.; Barrie, C.; Conn, K.; Elzaghal, R.; Maybrier, L.; McDowell, R.; Neal, C.; Lapidus, J.; Waddell, E. N.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMJ Open</i>, 12(6): e064400. June 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220615</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('young-lancaster-bielavitz-elman-cook-leichtling-freeman-estadt-etal-peerbasedretentionofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralresearchproudr2amultisiterandomised12monthtrialtocompareefficacyofstandardversuspeerbasedapproachestoretainruralpeoplewhousedrugsinresearch-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)): a multisite, randomised, 12-month trial to compare efficacy of standard versus peer-based approaches to retain rural people who use drugs in research [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064400\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('young-lancaster-bielavitz-elman-cook-leichtling-freeman-estadt-etal-peerbasedretentionofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralresearchproudr2amultisiterandomised12monthtrialtocompareefficacyofstandardversuspeerbasedapproachestoretainruralpeoplewhousedrugsinresearch-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064400', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/young-lancaster-bielavitz-elman-cook-leichtling-freeman-estadt-etal-peerbasedretentionofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralresearchproudr2amultisiterandomised12monthtrialtocompareefficacyofstandardversuspeerbasedapproachestoretainruralpeoplewhousedrugsinresearch-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('young-lancaster-bielavitz-elman-cook-leichtling-freeman-estadt-etal-peerbasedretentionofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralresearchproudr2amultisiterandomised12monthtrialtocompareefficacyofstandardversuspeerbasedapproachestoretainruralpeoplewhousedrugsinresearch-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{young_peer-based_2022,\n\ttitle = {Peer-based {Retention} {Of} people who {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Research} ({PROUD}-{R}(2)): a multisite, randomised, 12-month trial to compare efficacy of standard versus peer-based approaches to retain rural people who use drugs in research},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2044-6055 (Electronic) 2044-6055 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35705346},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064400},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Rural communities bear a disproportionate share of the opioid and methamphetamine use disorder epidemics. Yet, rural people who use drugs (PWUD) are rarely included in trials testing new drug use prevention and treatment strategies. Numerous barriers impede rural PWUD trial engagement and advancing research methods to better retain rural PWUD in clinical trials is needed. This paper describes the Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)) study protocol to test the effectiveness of a peer-driven intervention to improve study retention among rural PWUD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The PROUD-R(2) study is being implemented in 21 rural counties in three states (Kentucky, Ohio and Oregon). People who are 18 years or older, reside in the study area and either used opioids or injected any drug to get high in the past 30 days are eligible for study inclusion. Participants are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to two arms, stratified by site to assure balance at each geographical location. The trial compares the effectiveness of two retention strategies. Participants randomised to the control arm provide detailed contact information and receive standard retention outreach by study staff (ie, contacts for locator information updates, appointment reminders). Participants randomised to the intervention arm are asked to recruit a &#x27;study buddy&#x27; in addition to receiving standard retention outreach. Study buddies are invited to participate in a video training and instructed to remind their intervention participant of follow-up appointments and encourage retention. Assessments are completed by intervention, control and study buddy participants at 6 and 12 months after enrolment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol was approved by a central Institutional Review Board (University of Utah). Results of the study will be disseminated in academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals, online and print media, and in meetings with community stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03885024.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {BMJ Open},\n\tauthor = {Young, A. M. and Lancaster, K. E. and Bielavitz, S. and Elman, M. R. and Cook, R. R. and Leichtling, G. and Freeman, E. and Estadt, A. T. and Brown, M. and Alexander, R. and Barrie, C. and Conn, K. and Elzaghal, R. and Maybrier, L. and McDowell, R. and Neal, C. and Lapidus, J. and Waddell, E. N. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220615},\n\tkeywords = {*Peer Group, *Rural Population, *Substance misuse, *public health, *statistics \\&amp; research methods, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Kentucky, Ohio, Public health, Statistics \\&amp; research methods, Substance misuse},\n\tpages = {e064400},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: Rural communities bear a disproportionate share of the opioid and methamphetamine use disorder epidemics. Yet, rural people who use drugs (PWUD) are rarely included in trials testing new drug use prevention and treatment strategies. Numerous barriers impede rural PWUD trial engagement and advancing research methods to better retain rural PWUD in clinical trials is needed. This paper describes the Peer-based Retention Of people who Use Drugs in Rural Research (PROUD-R(2)) study protocol to test the effectiveness of a peer-driven intervention to improve study retention among rural PWUD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The PROUD-R(2) study is being implemented in 21 rural counties in three states (Kentucky, Ohio and Oregon). People who are 18 years or older, reside in the study area and either used opioids or injected any drug to get high in the past 30 days are eligible for study inclusion. Participants are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to two arms, stratified by site to assure balance at each geographical location. The trial compares the effectiveness of two retention strategies. Participants randomised to the control arm provide detailed contact information and receive standard retention outreach by study staff (ie, contacts for locator information updates, appointment reminders). Participants randomised to the intervention arm are asked to recruit a 'study buddy' in addition to receiving standard retention outreach. Study buddies are invited to participate in a video training and instructed to remind their intervention participant of follow-up appointments and encourage retention. Assessments are completed by intervention, control and study buddy participants at 6 and 12 months after enrolment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol was approved by a central Institutional Review Board (University of Utah). Results of the study will be disseminated in academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals, online and print media, and in meetings with community stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03885024.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hallvik-elibrahimi-johnston-geddes-leichtling-korthuis-hartung-patientoutcomesafteropioiddosereductionamongpatientswithchronicopioidtherapy-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Patient outcomes after opioid dose reduction among patients with chronic opioid therapy.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hallvik, S. E.; El Ibrahimi, S.; Johnston, K.; Geddes, J.; Leichtling, G.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Hartung, D. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Pain</i>, 163(1): 83–90. January 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002298\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hallvik-elibrahimi-johnston-geddes-leichtling-korthuis-hartung-patientoutcomesafteropioiddosereductionamongpatientswithchronicopioidtherapy-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002298', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hallvik-elibrahimi-johnston-geddes-leichtling-korthuis-hartung-patientoutcomesafteropioiddosereductionamongpatientswithchronicopioidtherapy-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hallvik-elibrahimi-johnston-geddes-leichtling-korthuis-hartung-patientoutcomesafteropioiddosereductionamongpatientswithchronicopioidtherapy-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hallvik_patient_2022,\n\ttitle = {Patient outcomes after opioid dose reduction among patients with chronic opioid therapy},\n\tvolume = {163},\n\tissn = {1872-6623 (Electronic) 0304-3959 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002298},\n\tabstract = {ABSTRACT: The net effects of prescribing initiatives that encourage dose reductions are uncertain. We examined whether rapid dose reduction after high-dose chronic opioid therapy (COT) associates with suicide, overdose, or other opioid-related adverse events. This retrospective cohort study included Oregon Medicaid recipients with high-dose COT. Claims were linked with prescription data from the prescription drug monitoring program and death data from vital statistics, 2014 to 2017. Participants were placed into 4 mutually exclusive dose trajectory groups after the high-dose COT period, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of dose changes on patient outcomes in the following year. Of the 14,596 high-dose COT patients, 4191 (28.7\\%) abruptly discontinued opioid prescriptions, 1648 (11.3\\%) reduced opioid dose before discontinuing, 6480 (44.4\\%) had a dose reduction but never discontinued, and 2277 (15.6\\%) had a stable or increasing dose. Discontinuation, whether abrupt (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.63; 95\\% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-9.25) or with dose reduction (aHR 4.47, 95\\% CI 1.68-11.88) significantly increased risk of suicide compared with those with stable or increasing dose. By contrast, discontinuation or dose reduction reduced the risk of overdose compared with those with a stable or increasing dose (aHR 0.36-0.62, 95\\% CI 0.20-0.94). Patients with an abrupt discontinuation were more likely to overdose on heroin (vs. prescription opioids) than patients in other groups (P {\\textless} 0.0001). Our study suggests that patients on COT require careful risk assessment and supportive interventions when considering opioid discontinuation or continuation at a high dose.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Pain},\n\tauthor = {Hallvik, S. E. and El Ibrahimi, S. and Johnston, K. and Geddes, J. and Leichtling, G. and Korthuis, P. T. and Hartung, D. M.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8494834},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug Tapering, Humans, Retrospective Studies, United States},\n\tpages = {83--90},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  ABSTRACT: The net effects of prescribing initiatives that encourage dose reductions are uncertain. We examined whether rapid dose reduction after high-dose chronic opioid therapy (COT) associates with suicide, overdose, or other opioid-related adverse events. This retrospective cohort study included Oregon Medicaid recipients with high-dose COT. Claims were linked with prescription data from the prescription drug monitoring program and death data from vital statistics, 2014 to 2017. Participants were placed into 4 mutually exclusive dose trajectory groups after the high-dose COT period, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of dose changes on patient outcomes in the following year. Of the 14,596 high-dose COT patients, 4191 (28.7%) abruptly discontinued opioid prescriptions, 1648 (11.3%) reduced opioid dose before discontinuing, 6480 (44.4%) had a dose reduction but never discontinued, and 2277 (15.6%) had a stable or increasing dose. Discontinuation, whether abrupt (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-9.25) or with dose reduction (aHR 4.47, 95% CI 1.68-11.88) significantly increased risk of suicide compared with those with stable or increasing dose. By contrast, discontinuation or dose reduction reduced the risk of overdose compared with those with a stable or increasing dose (aHR 0.36-0.62, 95% CI 0.20-0.94). Patients with an abrupt discontinuation were more likely to overdose on heroin (vs. prescription opioids) than patients in other groups (P \\textless 0.0001). Our study suggests that patients on COT require careful risk assessment and supportive interventions when considering opioid discontinuation or continuation at a high dose.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chan-bougatsos-priest-mccarty-grusing-chou-opioidtreatmentprogramstelemedicineandcovid19ascopingreview-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chan-bougatsos-priest-mccarty-grusing-chou-opioidtreatmentprogramstelemedicineandcovid19ascopingreview-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702', event);\">\n    Opioid treatment programs, telemedicine and COVID-19: A scoping review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chan, B.; Bougatsos, C.; Priest, K. C.; McCarty, D.; Grusing, S.;  and Chou, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Subst Abus</i>, 43(1): 539–546.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20210914</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-bougatsos-priest-mccarty-grusing-chou-opioidtreatmentprogramstelemedicineandcovid19ascopingreview-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Opioid treatment programs, telemedicine and COVID-19: A scoping review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1967836\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-bougatsos-priest-mccarty-grusing-chou-opioidtreatmentprogramstelemedicineandcovid19ascopingreview-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1967836', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chan-bougatsos-priest-mccarty-grusing-chou-opioidtreatmentprogramstelemedicineandcovid19ascopingreview-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chan-bougatsos-priest-mccarty-grusing-chou-opioidtreatmentprogramstelemedicineandcovid19ascopingreview-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chan_opioid_2022,\n\ttitle = {Opioid treatment programs, telemedicine and {COVID}-19: {A} scoping review},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520702},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1967836},\n\tabstract = {Background: Methadone and buprenorphine are effective medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) that are highly regulated in the United States. The on-going opioid crisis, and more recently COVID-19, has prompted reconsideration of these restrictions in order to sustain and improve treatment access, with renewed interest in telemedicine. We reviewed the evidence on use of telemedicine interventions and applicability to MOUD policy changes in the post-COVID-19 treatment landscape. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to April 2021 and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they examined telemedicine interventions and reported outcomes (e.g. treatment initiation, retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; other studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information and a second investigator verified data. We described the results qualitatively. Results: We identified nine studies: three controlled trials (two randomized), and six observational studies. Three studies evaluated patients treated with methadone and six studies with buprenorphine, including one study of pregnant women with OUD. All studies showed telemedicine approaches associated with similar outcomes (treatment retention, positive urine toxicology) compared to treatment as usual. Trials were limited by small samples sizes, lack of reporting harms, and most were conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; observational studies were limited by failure to control for confounding. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that telemedicine may enhance access to MOUD with similar effectiveness compared with face-to-face treatment. Few studies have been published since COVID-19, and it is unclear the potential impact of these interventions on the existing racial/ethnic disparities in treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic and need for social distancing led to temporary policy changes for prescribing of MOUD that could inform additional research in this area to support comprehensive policy reforms.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Subst Abus},\n\tauthor = {Chan, B. and Bougatsos, C. and Priest, K. C. and McCarty, D. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20210914},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *COVID-19 Drug Treatment, *COVID-19/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, *Telemedicine, *buprenorphine, *covid-19, *methadone, *opioid use disorder, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Female, Humans, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Pandemics, Pregnancy, SARS-CoV-2, Systematic Reviews as Topic, Telemedicine, United States, buprenorphine, methadone, opioid use disorder},\n\tpages = {539--546},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Methadone and buprenorphine are effective medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) that are highly regulated in the United States. The on-going opioid crisis, and more recently COVID-19, has prompted reconsideration of these restrictions in order to sustain and improve treatment access, with renewed interest in telemedicine. We reviewed the evidence on use of telemedicine interventions and applicability to MOUD policy changes in the post-COVID-19 treatment landscape. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to April 2021 and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they examined telemedicine interventions and reported outcomes (e.g. treatment initiation, retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; other studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information and a second investigator verified data. We described the results qualitatively. Results: We identified nine studies: three controlled trials (two randomized), and six observational studies. Three studies evaluated patients treated with methadone and six studies with buprenorphine, including one study of pregnant women with OUD. All studies showed telemedicine approaches associated with similar outcomes (treatment retention, positive urine toxicology) compared to treatment as usual. Trials were limited by small samples sizes, lack of reporting harms, and most were conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; observational studies were limited by failure to control for confounding. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that telemedicine may enhance access to MOUD with similar effectiveness compared with face-to-face treatment. Few studies have been published since COVID-19, and it is unclear the potential impact of these interventions on the existing racial/ethnic disparities in treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic and need for social distancing led to temporary policy changes for prescribing of MOUD that could inform additional research in this area to support comprehensive policy reforms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pivovarova-evans-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-legislativelymandatedimplementationofmedicationsforopioidusedisordersinjailsaqualitativestudyofclinicalcorrectionalandjailadministratorperspectives-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'pivovarova-evans-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-legislativelymandatedimplementationofmedicationsforopioidusedisordersinjailsaqualitativestudyofclinicalcorrectionalandjailadministratorperspectives-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918', event);\">\n    Legislatively mandated implementation of medications for opioid use disorders in jails: A qualitative study of clinical, correctional, and jail administrator perspectives.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pivovarova, E.; Evans, E. A.; Stopka, T. J.; Santelices, C.; Ferguson, W. J.;  and Friedmann, P. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug Alcohol Depend</i>, 234: 109394. May 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220307</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pivovarova-evans-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-legislativelymandatedimplementationofmedicationsforopioidusedisordersinjailsaqualitativestudyofclinicalcorrectionalandjailadministratorperspectives-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Legislatively mandated implementation of medications for opioid use disorders in jails: A qualitative study of clinical, correctional, and jail administrator perspectives [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109394\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pivovarova-evans-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-legislativelymandatedimplementationofmedicationsforopioidusedisordersinjailsaqualitativestudyofclinicalcorrectionalandjailadministratorperspectives-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109394', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pivovarova-evans-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-legislativelymandatedimplementationofmedicationsforopioidusedisordersinjailsaqualitativestudyofclinicalcorrectionalandjailadministratorperspectives-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pivovarova-evans-stopka-santelices-ferguson-friedmann-legislativelymandatedimplementationofmedicationsforopioidusedisordersinjailsaqualitativestudyofclinicalcorrectionalandjailadministratorperspectives-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pivovarova_legislatively_2022,\n\ttitle = {Legislatively mandated implementation of medications for opioid use disorders in jails: {A} qualitative study of clinical, correctional, and jail administrator perspectives},\n\tvolume = {234},\n\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35349918},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109394},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with legal involvement and opioid use disorders (OUD) are at an increased risk of overdose and premature death. Yet, few correctional systems provide all FDA approved medications for OUD (MOUD) to all qualifying incarcerated individuals. We report on the implementation of MOUD in seven Massachusetts&#x27; jails following a state legislative mandate to provide access to all FDA-approved MOUD and to connect with treatment upon release. METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: Based on the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework, 61 clinical, corrections, and senior jail administrators participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups between December 2019 and January 2020. Qualitative analyses focused on external and internal contexts and bridging factors. FINDINGS: Participants detailed how the outer context (i.e., legislative mandate) drove acceptance of MOUD and assisted with continuity of care. Salient inner context factors included decision-making around administration of agonist medications, staff perceptions and training, and changes to infrastructure and daily routines. Leadership was critical in flattening standard hierarchies and advocating for flexibility. System-based characteristics of incarcerated individuals, specifically those who were pre-sentenced, presented challenges with treatment initiation. Inter- and intra-agency bridging factors reduced duplication of effort and led to quick, innovative solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of MOUD in jails requires collaboration with and reliance on external agencies. Preparation for implementation should involve systematic reviews of available resources and connections. Implementation requires flexibility from institutional systems that are inherently rigid. Accordingly, leaders and policymakers must recognize the cultural shift inherent in such programs and allow for resources and education to assure program success.},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Pivovarova, E. and Evans, E. A. and Stopka, T. J. and Santelices, C. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220307},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *EPIS framework, *Jails, *Medication assisted treatment, *Medications for opioid use disorder, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *implementation science, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Medication assisted treatment, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Qualitative Research, implementation science},\n\tpages = {109394},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Individuals with legal involvement and opioid use disorders (OUD) are at an increased risk of overdose and premature death. Yet, few correctional systems provide all FDA approved medications for OUD (MOUD) to all qualifying incarcerated individuals. We report on the implementation of MOUD in seven Massachusetts' jails following a state legislative mandate to provide access to all FDA-approved MOUD and to connect with treatment upon release. METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: Based on the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework, 61 clinical, corrections, and senior jail administrators participated in semi-structured interviews and focus groups between December 2019 and January 2020. Qualitative analyses focused on external and internal contexts and bridging factors. FINDINGS: Participants detailed how the outer context (i.e., legislative mandate) drove acceptance of MOUD and assisted with continuity of care. Salient inner context factors included decision-making around administration of agonist medications, staff perceptions and training, and changes to infrastructure and daily routines. Leadership was critical in flattening standard hierarchies and advocating for flexibility. System-based characteristics of incarcerated individuals, specifically those who were pre-sentenced, presented challenges with treatment initiation. Inter- and intra-agency bridging factors reduced duplication of effort and led to quick, innovative solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of MOUD in jails requires collaboration with and reliance on external agencies. Preparation for implementation should involve systematic reviews of available resources and connections. Implementation requires flexibility from institutional systems that are inherently rigid. Accordingly, leaders and policymakers must recognize the cultural shift inherent in such programs and allow for resources and education to assure program success.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"laforge-stack-shin-pope-larsen-leichtling-leahy-seaman-etal-knowledgeattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtothefentanyladulterateddrugsupplyamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'laforge-stack-shin-pope-larsen-leichtling-leahy-seaman-etal-knowledgeattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtothefentanyladulterateddrugsupplyamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759', event);\">\n    Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the fentanyl-adulterated drug supply among people who use drugs in Oregon.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  LaForge, K.; Stack, E.; Shin, S.; Pope, J.; Larsen, J. E.; Leichtling, G.; Leahy, J. M.; Seaman, A.; Hoover, D.; Byers, M.; Barrie, C.; Chisholm, L.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Subst Abuse Treat</i>, 141: 108849. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220729</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laforge-stack-shin-pope-larsen-leichtling-leahy-seaman-etal-knowledgeattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtothefentanyladulterateddrugsupplyamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the fentanyl-adulterated drug supply among people who use drugs in Oregon [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108849\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('laforge-stack-shin-pope-larsen-leichtling-leahy-seaman-etal-knowledgeattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtothefentanyladulterateddrugsupplyamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108849', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/laforge-stack-shin-pope-larsen-leichtling-leahy-seaman-etal-knowledgeattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtothefentanyladulterateddrugsupplyamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('laforge-stack-shin-pope-larsen-leichtling-leahy-seaman-etal-knowledgeattitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtothefentanyladulterateddrugsupplyamongpeoplewhousedrugsinoregon-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{laforge_knowledge_2022,\n\ttitle = {Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the fentanyl-adulterated drug supply among people who use drugs in {Oregon}},\n\tvolume = {141},\n\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35932759},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108849},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl has reconfigured the U.S. illicit drug market, contributing to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While illicit fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeast and Midwest, it has more recently reached the West. For this study, we explored knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among people who use drugs in Oregon in the context of the emergence of fentanyl in the drug supply. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 people who use drugs in Oregon from May to June 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: People who use drugs knew about fentanyl, expressed doubt that fentanyl could be found in methamphetamine; believed those who were younger or less experienced were at higher risk for harm; and received information about fentanyl from drug dealers, syringe service programs, or peers (other people who use drugs). Preference for fentanyl&#x27;s presence in drugs like heroin or methamphetamine was mixed. Some felt that their preference was irrelevant since fentanyl was unavoidable. Participants reported engaging in harm reduction practices, including communicating about fentanyl with dealers and peers, testing for fentanyl, using smaller quantities of drugs, switching from injecting to smoking, and using naloxone. CONCLUSION: People who use drugs are responding to the rise of fentanyl on the West Coast and are concerned about the increasing uncertainty and hazards of the drug supply. They are willing and motivated to adopt harm reduction behaviors. Harm reduction promotion from syringe service programs and public health agencies is essential to reduce injury and death from nonpharmaceutical fentanyl.},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {LaForge, K. and Stack, E. and Shin, S. and Pope, J. and Larsen, J. E. and Leichtling, G. and Leahy, J. M. and Seaman, A. and Hoover, D. and Byers, M. and Barrie, C. and Chisholm, L. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220729},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/prevention \\&amp; control, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Fentanyl, Harm reduction, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Qualitative research, Substance use},\n\tpages = {108849},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl has reconfigured the U.S. illicit drug market, contributing to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While illicit fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeast and Midwest, it has more recently reached the West. For this study, we explored knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among people who use drugs in Oregon in the context of the emergence of fentanyl in the drug supply. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 people who use drugs in Oregon from May to June 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: People who use drugs knew about fentanyl, expressed doubt that fentanyl could be found in methamphetamine; believed those who were younger or less experienced were at higher risk for harm; and received information about fentanyl from drug dealers, syringe service programs, or peers (other people who use drugs). Preference for fentanyl's presence in drugs like heroin or methamphetamine was mixed. Some felt that their preference was irrelevant since fentanyl was unavoidable. Participants reported engaging in harm reduction practices, including communicating about fentanyl with dealers and peers, testing for fentanyl, using smaller quantities of drugs, switching from injecting to smoking, and using naloxone. CONCLUSION: People who use drugs are responding to the rise of fentanyl on the West Coast and are concerned about the increasing uncertainty and hazards of the drug supply. They are willing and motivated to adopt harm reduction behaviors. Harm reduction promotion from syringe service programs and public health agencies is essential to reduce injury and death from nonpharmaceutical fentanyl.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"shin-laforge-stack-pope-leichtling-larsen-leahy-seaman-etal-itwasnthereandnowitisitseverywherefentanylsrisingpresenceinoregonsdrugsupply-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'shin-laforge-stack-pope-leichtling-larsen-leahy-seaman-etal-itwasnthereandnowitisitseverywherefentanylsrisingpresenceinoregonsdrugsupply-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072', event);\">\n    \"It wasn't here, and now it is. It's everywhere\": fentanyl's rising presence in Oregon's drug supply.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Shin, S. S.; LaForge, K.; Stack, E.; Pope, J.; Leichtling, G.; Larsen, J. E.; Leahy, J. M.; Seaman, A.; Hoover, D.; Chisholm, L.; Blazes, C.; Baker, R.; Byers, M.; Branson, K.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Harm Reduct J</i>, 19(1): 76. July 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220711</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shin-laforge-stack-pope-leichtling-larsen-leahy-seaman-etal-itwasnthereandnowitisitseverywherefentanylsrisingpresenceinoregonsdrugsupply-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"&quot;It wasn&#x27;t here, and now it is. It&#x27;s everywhere&quot;: fentanyl&#x27;s rising presence in Oregon&#x27;s drug supply [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-022-00659-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('shin-laforge-stack-pope-leichtling-larsen-leahy-seaman-etal-itwasnthereandnowitisitseverywherefentanylsrisingpresenceinoregonsdrugsupply-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-022-00659-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/shin-laforge-stack-pope-leichtling-larsen-leahy-seaman-etal-itwasnthereandnowitisitseverywherefentanylsrisingpresenceinoregonsdrugsupply-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('shin-laforge-stack-pope-leichtling-larsen-leahy-seaman-etal-itwasnthereandnowitisitseverywherefentanylsrisingpresenceinoregonsdrugsupply-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{shin_it_2022,\n\ttitle = {&quot;{It} wasn&#x27;t here, and now it is. {It}&#x27;s everywhere&quot;: fentanyl&#x27;s rising presence in {Oregon}&#x27;s drug supply},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35818072},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-022-00659-9},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Illicit fentanyl has contributed to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeastern and Midwestern USA, it has more recently reached the Western USA. For this study, we explored perspectives of people who use drugs (PWUD) on the changing drug supply in Oregon, experiences of and response to fentanyl-involved overdose, and recommendations from PWUD to reduce overdose risk within the context of illicit fentanyl&#x27;s dramatic increase in the recreational drug supply over the past decade. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 PWUD in Oregon from May to June of 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: PWUD knew about fentanyl, expressed concern about fentanyl pills, and were aware of other illicit drugs containing fentanyl. Participants were aware of the increased risk of an overdose but remained reluctant to engage with professional first responders due to fear of arrest. Participants had recommendations for reducing fentanyl overdose risk, including increasing access to information, harm reduction supplies (e.g., naloxone, fentanyl test strips), and medications for opioid use disorder; establishing drug checking services and overdose prevention sites; legalizing and regulating the drug supply; and reducing stigma enacted by healthcare providers. CONCLUSION: PWUD in Oregon are aware of the rise of fentanyl and fentanyl pills and desire access to tools to reduce harm from fentanyl. As states in the Western USA face an inflection point of fentanyl in the drug supply, public health staff, behavioral health providers, and first responders can take action identified by the needs of PWUD.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\n\tauthor = {Shin, S. S. and LaForge, K. and Stack, E. and Pope, J. and Leichtling, G. and Larsen, J. E. and Leahy, J. M. and Seaman, A. and Hoover, D. and Chisholm, L. and Blazes, C. and Baker, R. and Byers, M. and Branson, K. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220711},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/prevention \\&amp; control, *Illicit Drugs, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Drug supply, Ems, Fentanyl, Humans, Law enforcement, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, People who use drugs, Qualitative, Substance use},\n\tpages = {76},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Illicit fentanyl has contributed to a drastic increase in overdose drug deaths. While fentanyl has subsumed the drug supply in the Northeastern and Midwestern USA, it has more recently reached the Western USA. For this study, we explored perspectives of people who use drugs (PWUD) on the changing drug supply in Oregon, experiences of and response to fentanyl-involved overdose, and recommendations from PWUD to reduce overdose risk within the context of illicit fentanyl's dramatic increase in the recreational drug supply over the past decade. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews by phone with 34 PWUD in Oregon from May to June of 2021. We used thematic analysis to analyze transcripts and construct themes. RESULTS: PWUD knew about fentanyl, expressed concern about fentanyl pills, and were aware of other illicit drugs containing fentanyl. Participants were aware of the increased risk of an overdose but remained reluctant to engage with professional first responders due to fear of arrest. Participants had recommendations for reducing fentanyl overdose risk, including increasing access to information, harm reduction supplies (e.g., naloxone, fentanyl test strips), and medications for opioid use disorder; establishing drug checking services and overdose prevention sites; legalizing and regulating the drug supply; and reducing stigma enacted by healthcare providers. CONCLUSION: PWUD in Oregon are aware of the rise of fentanyl and fentanyl pills and desire access to tools to reduce harm from fentanyl. As states in the Western USA face an inflection point of fentanyl in the drug supply, public health staff, behavioral health providers, and first responders can take action identified by the needs of PWUD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nolte-romo-stopka-drew-dowd-deltoromejias-bianchet-friedmann-ivebeentomoreofmyfriendsfuneralsthanivebeentomyfriendsweddingswitnessingandrespondingtooverdoseinruralnorthernnewengland-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nolte-romo-stopka-drew-dowd-deltoromejias-bianchet-friedmann-ivebeentomoreofmyfriendsfuneralsthanivebeentomyfriendsweddingswitnessingandrespondingtooverdoseinruralnorthernnewengland-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749', event);\">\n    \"I've been tomoreof my friends'funeralsthanI've been to my friends' weddings\": Witnessing and responding to overdose in rural Northern New England.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nolte, K.; Romo, E.; Stopka, T. J.; Drew, A.; Dowd, P.; Del Toro-Mejias, L.; Bianchet, E.;  and Friedmann, P. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Rural Health</i>. March 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220317</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nolte-romo-stopka-drew-dowd-deltoromejias-bianchet-friedmann-ivebeentomoreofmyfriendsfuneralsthanivebeentomyfriendsweddingswitnessingandrespondingtooverdoseinruralnorthernnewengland-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"&quot;I&#x27;ve been tomoreof my friends&#x27;funeralsthanI&#x27;ve been to my friends&#x27; weddings&quot;: Witnessing and responding to overdose in rural Northern New England [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12660\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nolte-romo-stopka-drew-dowd-deltoromejias-bianchet-friedmann-ivebeentomoreofmyfriendsfuneralsthanivebeentomyfriendsweddingswitnessingandrespondingtooverdoseinruralnorthernnewengland-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12660', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nolte-romo-stopka-drew-dowd-deltoromejias-bianchet-friedmann-ivebeentomoreofmyfriendsfuneralsthanivebeentomyfriendsweddingswitnessingandrespondingtooverdoseinruralnorthernnewengland-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nolte-romo-stopka-drew-dowd-deltoromejias-bianchet-friedmann-ivebeentomoreofmyfriendsfuneralsthanivebeentomyfriendsweddingswitnessingandrespondingtooverdoseinruralnorthernnewengland-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nolte_ive_2022,\n\ttitle = {&quot;{I}&#x27;ve been tomoreof my friends&#x27;{funeralsthanI}&#x27;ve been to my friends&#x27; weddings&quot;: {Witnessing} and responding to overdose in rural {Northern} {New} {England}},\n\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35301749},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12660},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE: Overdose is a leading cause of death among people who use drugs (PWUDs), but policies to reduce fatal overdose have had mixed results. Summaries of naloxone access and Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) in prior studies provide limited information about local context. Witnessing overdoses may also be an important consideration in providing services to PWUDs, as it contributes to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which complicate substance use disorder treatment. METHODS: We aim to estimate the prevalence and correlates of witnessing and responding to an overdose, while exploring overdose context among rural PWUD. The Drug Injection Surveillance and Care Enhancement for Rural Northern New England (DISCERNNE) mixed-methods study characterized substance use and risk behaviors in 11 rural Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire counties between 2018 and 2019. PWUD completed surveys (n = 589) and in-depth interviews (n = 22). FINDINGS: Among the survey participants, 84\\% had ever witnessed an overdose, which was associated with probable PTSD symptoms. Overall, 51\\% had ever called 911 for an overdose, though some experienced criminal legal system consequences despite GSL. Although naloxone access varied, 43\\% had ever used naloxone to reverse an overdose. CONCLUSIONS: PWUD in Northern New England commonly witnessed an overdose, which they experienced as traumatic. Participants were willing to respond to overdoses, but faced barriers to effective overdose response, including limited naloxone access and criminal legal system consequences. Equipping PWUDs with effective overdose response tools (education and naloxone) and enacting policies that further protect PWUDs from criminal legal system consequences could reduce overdose mortality.},\n\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\n\tauthor = {Nolte, K. and Romo, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Drew, A. and Dowd, P. and Del Toro-Mejias, L. and Bianchet, E. and Friedmann, P. D.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220317},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Friends, Good Samaritan Laws, Humans, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, New England, New England/epidemiology, naloxone access, opioid overdose, rural health},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PURPOSE: Overdose is a leading cause of death among people who use drugs (PWUDs), but policies to reduce fatal overdose have had mixed results. Summaries of naloxone access and Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) in prior studies provide limited information about local context. Witnessing overdoses may also be an important consideration in providing services to PWUDs, as it contributes to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which complicate substance use disorder treatment. METHODS: We aim to estimate the prevalence and correlates of witnessing and responding to an overdose, while exploring overdose context among rural PWUD. The Drug Injection Surveillance and Care Enhancement for Rural Northern New England (DISCERNNE) mixed-methods study characterized substance use and risk behaviors in 11 rural Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire counties between 2018 and 2019. PWUD completed surveys (n = 589) and in-depth interviews (n = 22). FINDINGS: Among the survey participants, 84% had ever witnessed an overdose, which was associated with probable PTSD symptoms. Overall, 51% had ever called 911 for an overdose, though some experienced criminal legal system consequences despite GSL. Although naloxone access varied, 43% had ever used naloxone to reverse an overdose. CONCLUSIONS: PWUD in Northern New England commonly witnessed an overdose, which they experienced as traumatic. Participants were willing to respond to overdoses, but faced barriers to effective overdose response, including limited naloxone access and criminal legal system consequences. Equipping PWUDs with effective overdose response tools (education and naloxone) and enacting policies that further protect PWUDs from criminal legal system consequences could reduce overdose mortality.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dai-abate-groth-rucker-kraner-mock-smith-fentanylandotheropioidinvolvementinmethamphetaminerelateddeaths-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dai-abate-groth-rucker-kraner-mock-smith-fentanylandotheropioidinvolvementinmethamphetaminerelateddeaths-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718', event);\">\n    Fentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dai, Z.; Abate, M. A.; Groth, C. P.; Rucker, T.; Kraner, J. C.; Mock, A. R.;  and Smith, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse</i>, 48(2): 226–234. March 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20211109</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-abate-groth-rucker-kraner-mock-smith-fentanylandotheropioidinvolvementinmethamphetaminerelateddeaths-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Fentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-abate-groth-rucker-kraner-mock-smith-fentanylandotheropioidinvolvementinmethamphetaminerelateddeaths-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dai-abate-groth-rucker-kraner-mock-smith-fentanylandotheropioidinvolvementinmethamphetaminerelateddeaths-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dai-abate-groth-rucker-kraner-mock-smith-fentanylandotheropioidinvolvementinmethamphetaminerelateddeaths-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dai_fentanyl_2022,\n\ttitle = {Fentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1097-9891 (Electronic) 0095-2990 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752718},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919},\n\tabstract = {Background: Methamphetamine-related deaths have been rising along with those involving synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs). However, the extent to which methamphetamine involvement in deaths differs from those changes occurring in synthetic opioid involvement is unknown.Objectives: To determine the patterns and temporal changes in methamphetamine-related deaths with and without other drug involvement.Methods: Data from all methamphetamine-related deaths in West Virginia from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed. Quasi-Poisson regression analyses over time were conducted to compare the rates of change in death counts among methamphetamine and fentanyl//FA subgroups.Results: A total of 815 methamphetamine-related deaths were analyzed; 572 (70.2\\%) were male and 527 (64.7\\%) involved an opioid. The proportion of methamphetamine only deaths stayed relatively flat over time although the actual numbers of deaths increased. Combined fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine were involved in 337 deaths (41.3\\%) and constituted the largest increase from 2013 to 2018. The modeling of monthly death counts in 2017-2018 found that the average number of deaths involving fentanyl without methamphetamine significantly declined (rate of change -0.025, p {\\textless} .001), while concomitant fentanyl with methamphetamine and methamphetamine only death counts increased significantly (rate of change 0.056 and 0.057, respectively, p {\\textless} .001).Conclusions: Fentanyl and FAs played an increasingly significant role in methamphetamine-related deaths. The accelerating number of deaths involving fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine indicates the importance of stimulants and opioids in unintentional deaths. Comprehensive surveillance efforts should continue to track substance use patterns to ensure that appropriate prevention programs are undertaken.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Groth, C. P. and Rucker, T. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R. and Smith, G. S.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20211109},\n\tkeywords = {*Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Methamphetamine/adverse effects, *death, *fentanyl, *opioid, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Female, Fentanyl/adverse effects, Humans, Male},\n\tpages = {226--234},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Methamphetamine-related deaths have been rising along with those involving synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs). However, the extent to which methamphetamine involvement in deaths differs from those changes occurring in synthetic opioid involvement is unknown.Objectives: To determine the patterns and temporal changes in methamphetamine-related deaths with and without other drug involvement.Methods: Data from all methamphetamine-related deaths in West Virginia from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed. Quasi-Poisson regression analyses over time were conducted to compare the rates of change in death counts among methamphetamine and fentanyl//FA subgroups.Results: A total of 815 methamphetamine-related deaths were analyzed; 572 (70.2%) were male and 527 (64.7%) involved an opioid. The proportion of methamphetamine only deaths stayed relatively flat over time although the actual numbers of deaths increased. Combined fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine were involved in 337 deaths (41.3%) and constituted the largest increase from 2013 to 2018. The modeling of monthly death counts in 2017-2018 found that the average number of deaths involving fentanyl without methamphetamine significantly declined (rate of change -0.025, p \\textless .001), while concomitant fentanyl with methamphetamine and methamphetamine only death counts increased significantly (rate of change 0.056 and 0.057, respectively, p \\textless .001).Conclusions: Fentanyl and FAs played an increasingly significant role in methamphetamine-related deaths. The accelerating number of deaths involving fentanyl/FAs and methamphetamine indicates the importance of stimulants and opioids in unintentional deaths. Comprehensive surveillance efforts should continue to track substance use patterns to ensure that appropriate prevention programs are undertaken.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"carpenter-zule-hennessy-evon-hurt-ostrach-factorsassociatedwithperceivedeaseofaccesstosyringesinappalachiannorthcarolina-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'carpenter-zule-hennessy-evon-hurt-ostrach-factorsassociatedwithperceivedeaseofaccesstosyringesinappalachiannorthcarolina-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251', event);\">\n    Factors associated with perceived ease of access to syringes in Appalachian North Carolina.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Carpenter, D. M.; Zule, W. A.; Hennessy, C. M.; Evon, D. M.; Hurt, C. B.;  and Ostrach, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Rural Health</i>. July 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220712</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carpenter-zule-hennessy-evon-hurt-ostrach-factorsassociatedwithperceivedeaseofaccesstosyringesinappalachiannorthcarolina-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Factors associated with perceived ease of access to syringes in Appalachian North Carolina [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12698\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('carpenter-zule-hennessy-evon-hurt-ostrach-factorsassociatedwithperceivedeaseofaccesstosyringesinappalachiannorthcarolina-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12698', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/carpenter-zule-hennessy-evon-hurt-ostrach-factorsassociatedwithperceivedeaseofaccesstosyringesinappalachiannorthcarolina-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('carpenter-zule-hennessy-evon-hurt-ostrach-factorsassociatedwithperceivedeaseofaccesstosyringesinappalachiannorthcarolina-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{carpenter_factors_2022,\n\ttitle = {Factors associated with perceived ease of access to syringes in {Appalachian} {North} {Carolina}},\n\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819251},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12698},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE: To examine associations between perceived ease of syringe access, syringe sources, injection behaviors, and law enforcement (LE) interactions among people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Appalachian North Carolina (NC). METHODS: Using respondent-driven sampling, a diverse sample of 309 self-reported PWID were recruited from rural Appalachian NC. Data were collected via audio computer-assisted self-interview technology from February 2019 through March 2020. Respondents reported demographics, sources of syringes, LE interactions, and injection behaviors. Univariate, bivariate, and linear regression analyses were performed. FINDINGS: Respondents most often obtained syringes from pharmacies and syringe service programs (SSPs). Twenty-one percent disagreed that it was easy to obtain sterile syringes, with 28\\% reporting low or no access to an SSP. PWID who reported longer physical distances to an SSP had greater difficulty accessing syringes (P{\\textless}.001). PWID who reported greater ease of access to syringes reported engaging in receptive syringe sharing less often (P{\\textless}.01). PWID who were stopped and searched by LE more often reported injecting drugs somebody else prepared with nonsterile supplies more often (P{\\textless}.01). Participants shared used injection supplies more than twice as often than they shared used syringes. CONCLUSIONS: These results underscore the importance of SSPs to mitigate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in rural areas. Supporting mobile SSP services in rural areas could increase access to sterile syringes and injection supplies. SSPs should educate PWID about the importance of not sharing injection supplies. Pharmacies could increase syringe access in areas where SSPs do not operate.},\n\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\n\tauthor = {Carpenter, D. M. and Zule, W. A. and Hennessy, C. M. and Evon, D. M. and Hurt, C. B. and Ostrach, B.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220712},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Appalachian Region, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, North Carolina/epidemiology, Pwid, Syringes, access, harm reduction, injecting, syringe service program},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PURPOSE: To examine associations between perceived ease of syringe access, syringe sources, injection behaviors, and law enforcement (LE) interactions among people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Appalachian North Carolina (NC). METHODS: Using respondent-driven sampling, a diverse sample of 309 self-reported PWID were recruited from rural Appalachian NC. Data were collected via audio computer-assisted self-interview technology from February 2019 through March 2020. Respondents reported demographics, sources of syringes, LE interactions, and injection behaviors. Univariate, bivariate, and linear regression analyses were performed. FINDINGS: Respondents most often obtained syringes from pharmacies and syringe service programs (SSPs). Twenty-one percent disagreed that it was easy to obtain sterile syringes, with 28% reporting low or no access to an SSP. PWID who reported longer physical distances to an SSP had greater difficulty accessing syringes (P\\textless.001). PWID who reported greater ease of access to syringes reported engaging in receptive syringe sharing less often (P\\textless.01). PWID who were stopped and searched by LE more often reported injecting drugs somebody else prepared with nonsterile supplies more often (P\\textless.01). Participants shared used injection supplies more than twice as often than they shared used syringes. CONCLUSIONS: These results underscore the importance of SSPs to mitigate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in rural areas. Supporting mobile SSP services in rural areas could increase access to sterile syringes and injection supplies. SSPs should educate PWID about the importance of not sharing injection supplies. Pharmacies could increase syringe access in areas where SSPs do not operate.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mccarty-chan-buchheit-bougatsos-grusing-chou-effectivenessofandaccesstomedicationsforopioidusedisorderforadolescentsandyoungadultsascopingreview-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mccarty-chan-buchheit-bougatsos-grusing-chou-effectivenessofandaccesstomedicationsforopioidusedisorderforadolescentsandyoungadultsascopingreview-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085', event);\">\n    Effectiveness of and Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder for Adolescents and Young Adults: A Scoping Review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McCarty, D.; Chan, B.; Buchheit, B. M.; Bougatsos, C.; Grusing, S.;  and Chou, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Addict Med</i>, 16(3): e157–e164. May 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarty-chan-buchheit-bougatsos-grusing-chou-effectivenessofandaccesstomedicationsforopioidusedisorderforadolescentsandyoungadultsascopingreview-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Effectiveness of and Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder for Adolescents and Young Adults: A Scoping Review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000898\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarty-chan-buchheit-bougatsos-grusing-chou-effectivenessofandaccesstomedicationsforopioidusedisorderforadolescentsandyoungadultsascopingreview-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000898', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mccarty-chan-buchheit-bougatsos-grusing-chou-effectivenessofandaccesstomedicationsforopioidusedisorderforadolescentsandyoungadultsascopingreview-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mccarty-chan-buchheit-bougatsos-grusing-chou-effectivenessofandaccesstomedicationsforopioidusedisorderforadolescentsandyoungadultsascopingreview-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mccarty_effectiveness_2022,\n\ttitle = {Effectiveness of and {Access} to {Medications} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} for {Adolescents} and {Young} {Adults}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282085},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000898},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: A scoping review assessed access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and treatment outcomes among adolescents (12 - 17 years) and young adults (18 - 25 years). METHODS: Studies addressing adolescent and young adult opioid use disorder and treatment with MOUD on patient outcomes (eg, retention in care) were included. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized. Investigators extracted key information, summarized findings, noted methodological weaknesses, and tabled the details. RESULTS: The search identified 4 randomized trials (N = 241), 1 systematic review with 52 studies (total N = 125,994), and 5 retrospective analyses of health insurance claims. The trials reported buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone reduced opioid use. Return to use was observed when pharmacotherapy ceased. A systematic review concluded that adolescents and young adults had lower retention in care than older adults. The observational studies found that adolescents were unlikely to receive MOUD. There was some evidence that non-Hispanic Black adolescents and young adults were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to receive MOUD. CONCLUSIONS: MOUD therapies reduce opioid use among adolescent and young adults but few receive MOUD. MOUD services for adolescents and young adults should be developed and tested. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to develop appropriate clinical guidelines for using MOUD with adolescents and young adults.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\n\tauthor = {McCarty, D. and Chan, B. and Buchheit, B. M. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Aged, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {e157--e164},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: A scoping review assessed access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and treatment outcomes among adolescents (12 - 17 years) and young adults (18 - 25 years). METHODS: Studies addressing adolescent and young adult opioid use disorder and treatment with MOUD on patient outcomes (eg, retention in care) were included. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized. Investigators extracted key information, summarized findings, noted methodological weaknesses, and tabled the details. RESULTS: The search identified 4 randomized trials (N = 241), 1 systematic review with 52 studies (total N = 125,994), and 5 retrospective analyses of health insurance claims. The trials reported buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone reduced opioid use. Return to use was observed when pharmacotherapy ceased. A systematic review concluded that adolescents and young adults had lower retention in care than older adults. The observational studies found that adolescents were unlikely to receive MOUD. There was some evidence that non-Hispanic Black adolescents and young adults were less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to receive MOUD. CONCLUSIONS: MOUD therapies reduce opioid use among adolescent and young adults but few receive MOUD. MOUD services for adolescents and young adults should be developed and tested. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to develop appropriate clinical guidelines for using MOUD with adolescents and young adults.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-cloud-fanucchi-lofwall-young-dismantlingwarondrugspoliciesincovid19saftermath-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Dismantling War on Drugs Policies in COVID-19's Aftermath.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, H. L. F.; Cloud, D. H.; Fanucchi, L. C.; Lofwall, M.;  and Young, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Am J Public Health</i>, 112(S1): S24–S27. February 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306680\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-cloud-fanucchi-lofwall-young-dismantlingwarondrugspoliciesincovid19saftermath-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306680', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-cloud-fanucchi-lofwall-young-dismantlingwarondrugspoliciesincovid19saftermath-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-cloud-fanucchi-lofwall-young-dismantlingwarondrugspoliciesincovid19saftermath-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_dismantling_2022,\n\ttitle = {Dismantling {War} on {Drugs} {Policies} in {COVID}-19&#x27;s {Aftermath}},\n\tvolume = {112},\n\tissn = {1541-0048 (Electronic) 0090-0036 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.2105/AJPH.2021.306680},\n\tnumber = {S1},\n\tjournal = {Am J Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, H. L. F. and Cloud, D. H. and Fanucchi, L. C. and Lofwall, M. and Young, A. M.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8842201},\n\tkeywords = {*Public Policy, Administration/legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence/standards, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence/*organization \\&amp;, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid Epidemic/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, SARS-CoV-2, United States, United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, administration},\n\tpages = {S24--S27},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"levander-foot-magnusson-cook-ezell-feinberg-go-lancaster-etal-contraceptionandhealthcareutilizationbyreproductiveagewomenwhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'levander-foot-magnusson-cook-ezell-feinberg-go-lancaster-etal-contraceptionandhealthcareutilizationbyreproductiveagewomenwhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368', event);\">\n    Contraception and Healthcare Utilization by Reproductive-Age Women Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities: a Cross-Sectional Survey.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Levander, X. A.; Foot, C. A.; Magnusson, S. L.; Cook, R. R.; Ezell, J. M.; Feinberg, J.; Go, V. F.; Lancaster, K. E.; Salisbury-Afshar, E.; Smith, G. S.; Westergaard, R. P.; Young, A. M.; Tsui, J. I.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Gen Intern Med</i>. June 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220615</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levander-foot-magnusson-cook-ezell-feinberg-go-lancaster-etal-contraceptionandhealthcareutilizationbyreproductiveagewomenwhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Contraception and Healthcare Utilization by Reproductive-Age Women Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities: a Cross-Sectional Survey [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07558-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levander-foot-magnusson-cook-ezell-feinberg-go-lancaster-etal-contraceptionandhealthcareutilizationbyreproductiveagewomenwhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07558-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/levander-foot-magnusson-cook-ezell-feinberg-go-lancaster-etal-contraceptionandhealthcareutilizationbyreproductiveagewomenwhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('levander-foot-magnusson-cook-ezell-feinberg-go-lancaster-etal-contraceptionandhealthcareutilizationbyreproductiveagewomenwhousedrugsinruralcommunitiesacrosssectionalsurvey-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{levander_contraception_2022,\n\ttitle = {Contraception and {Healthcare} {Utilization} by {Reproductive}-{Age} {Women} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Communities}: a {Cross}-{Sectional} {Survey}},\n\tissn = {1525-1497 (Electronic) 0884-8734 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731368},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11606-022-07558-6},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Women who use drugs (WWUD) have low rates of contraceptive use and high rates of unintended pregnancy. Drug use is common among women in rural U.S. communities, with limited data on how they utilize reproductive, substance use disorder (SUD), and healthcare services. OBJECTIVE: We determined contraceptive use prevalence among WWUD in rural communities then compared estimates to women from similar rural areas. We investigated characteristics of those using contraceptives, and associations between contraceptive use and SUD treatment, healthcare utilization, and substance use. DESIGN: Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI) - cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) involving eight rural U.S. regions (January 2018-March 2020); National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) - nationally-representative U.S. household reproductive health survey (2017-2019). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 18-49 with prior 30-day non-prescribed opioid and/or non-opioid injection drug use; fecundity determined by self-reported survey responses. MAIN MEASURES: Unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of medical/procedural contraceptive use; chi-squared tests and multi-level linear regressions to test associations. KEY RESULTS: Of 855 women in the ROI, 36.8\\% (95\\% CI 33.7-40.1, unweighted) and 38.6\\% (95\\% CI 30.7-47.2, weighted) reported contraceptive use, compared to 66\\% of rural women in the NSFG sample. Among the ROI women, 27\\% had received prior 30-day SUD treatment via outpatient counseling or inpatient program and these women had increased odds of contraceptive use (aOR 1.50 [95\\% CI 1.08-2.06]). There was a positive association between contraception use and recent medications for opioid use disorder (aOR 1.34 [95\\% CI 0.95-1.88]) and prior 6-month primary care utilization (aOR 1.32 [95\\% CI 0.96-1.82]) that did not meet the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSION: WWUD in rural areas reported low contraceptive use; those who recently received SUD treatment had greater odds of contraceptive use. Improvements are needed in expanding reproductive and preventive health within SUD treatment and primary care services in rural communities.},\n\tjournal = {J Gen Intern Med},\n\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Foot, C. A. and Magnusson, S. L. and Cook, R. R. and Ezell, J. M. and Feinberg, J. and Go, V. F. and Lancaster, K. E. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Smith, G. S. and Westergaard, R. P. and Young, A. M. and Tsui, J. I. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220615},\n\tkeywords = {*Contraception, *Rural Population, Contraceptive Agents/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Pregnancy, contraception, opioid-related disorders, rural health services, substance use, women&#x27;s health},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Women who use drugs (WWUD) have low rates of contraceptive use and high rates of unintended pregnancy. Drug use is common among women in rural U.S. communities, with limited data on how they utilize reproductive, substance use disorder (SUD), and healthcare services. OBJECTIVE: We determined contraceptive use prevalence among WWUD in rural communities then compared estimates to women from similar rural areas. We investigated characteristics of those using contraceptives, and associations between contraceptive use and SUD treatment, healthcare utilization, and substance use. DESIGN: Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI) - cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) involving eight rural U.S. regions (January 2018-March 2020); National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) - nationally-representative U.S. household reproductive health survey (2017-2019). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 18-49 with prior 30-day non-prescribed opioid and/or non-opioid injection drug use; fecundity determined by self-reported survey responses. MAIN MEASURES: Unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of medical/procedural contraceptive use; chi-squared tests and multi-level linear regressions to test associations. KEY RESULTS: Of 855 women in the ROI, 36.8% (95% CI 33.7-40.1, unweighted) and 38.6% (95% CI 30.7-47.2, weighted) reported contraceptive use, compared to 66% of rural women in the NSFG sample. Among the ROI women, 27% had received prior 30-day SUD treatment via outpatient counseling or inpatient program and these women had increased odds of contraceptive use (aOR 1.50 [95% CI 1.08-2.06]). There was a positive association between contraception use and recent medications for opioid use disorder (aOR 1.34 [95% CI 0.95-1.88]) and prior 6-month primary care utilization (aOR 1.32 [95% CI 0.96-1.82]) that did not meet the threshold for statistical significance. CONCLUSION: WWUD in rural areas reported low contraceptive use; those who recently received SUD treatment had greater odds of contraceptive use. Improvements are needed in expanding reproductive and preventive health within SUD treatment and primary care services in rural communities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-gross-klein-fadanelli-ballard-lockard-batty-young-etal-capacityforsustainmentofrecentlyestablishedsyringeserviceprogramsinappalachiankentuckythecentralroleofstaffchampions-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Capacity for sustainment of recently established syringe service programs in Appalachian Kentucky: The central role of staff champions.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, H. L. F.; Gross, S.; Klein, E.; Fadanelli, M.; Ballard, A.; Lockard, S.; Batty, E.; Young, A.;  and Ibragimov, U.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug Alcohol Rev</i>. February 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13436\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-gross-klein-fadanelli-ballard-lockard-batty-young-etal-capacityforsustainmentofrecentlyestablishedsyringeserviceprogramsinappalachiankentuckythecentralroleofstaffchampions-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13436', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-gross-klein-fadanelli-ballard-lockard-batty-young-etal-capacityforsustainmentofrecentlyestablishedsyringeserviceprogramsinappalachiankentuckythecentralroleofstaffchampions-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-gross-klein-fadanelli-ballard-lockard-batty-young-etal-capacityforsustainmentofrecentlyestablishedsyringeserviceprogramsinappalachiankentuckythecentralroleofstaffchampions-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_capacity_2022,\n\ttitle = {Capacity for sustainment of recently established syringe service programs in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {The} central role of staff champions},\n\tissn = {1465-3362 (Electronic) 0959-5236 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/dar.13436},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Ensuring adequate harm reduction infrastructure in rural areas is imperative, as drug-related epidemics expand into them. Here, we explore the capacity for sustainment of syringe service programs (SSP) in Appalachian Kentucky. METHODS: We interviewed all staff (n = 16) of all SSPs (n = 7) in two Kentucky health districts in 2018-2019 using semi-structured one-on-one qualitative interviews; local departments of health (DOH) operated the SSPs. Interview domains encompassed: (i) SSP establishment; (ii) day-to-day operations, participation and health impacts; (iii) perceived prospects for sustainment; and (iv) perceived influences on \\#i-\\#iii. We analysed verbatim transcripts using thematic analytic methods; Schell&#x27;s &#x27;capacity for sustainment&#x27; constructs were treated as sensitising concepts during the analysis. RESULTS: Most community members, law enforcement and DOH staff opposed SSPs before they opened, because of stigma and concerns about enabling and needlestick injuries; DOH staff also opposed SSPs because they believed they lacked the capacity to operate them. Training, technical assistance, visible evidence of the programs&#x27; public health impact and contact with SSP participants transformed DOH staff into program champions. As champions, SSP staff developed programs that had strong capacity for sustainment, as defined by Schell (e.g. visible public health impact, stable funding, political support). Staff reported that the SSPs had high prospects for sustainment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As in SSPs that opened in cities decades ago, staff in emerging SSPs in these rural areas appear to have become crucial champions for these controversial programs, and may serve as vital resources for expanding harm reduction programming more broadly in these underserved areas.},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Rev},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, H. L. F. and Gross, S. and Klein, E. and Fadanelli, M. and Ballard, A. and Lockard, S. and Batty, E. and Young, A. and Ibragimov, U.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {*Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringes, *harm reduction, *rural areas, *sustainment, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, harm reduction, rural areas, sustainment, syringe service programs},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: Ensuring adequate harm reduction infrastructure in rural areas is imperative, as drug-related epidemics expand into them. Here, we explore the capacity for sustainment of syringe service programs (SSP) in Appalachian Kentucky. METHODS: We interviewed all staff (n = 16) of all SSPs (n = 7) in two Kentucky health districts in 2018-2019 using semi-structured one-on-one qualitative interviews; local departments of health (DOH) operated the SSPs. Interview domains encompassed: (i) SSP establishment; (ii) day-to-day operations, participation and health impacts; (iii) perceived prospects for sustainment; and (iv) perceived influences on #i-#iii. We analysed verbatim transcripts using thematic analytic methods; Schell's 'capacity for sustainment' constructs were treated as sensitising concepts during the analysis. RESULTS: Most community members, law enforcement and DOH staff opposed SSPs before they opened, because of stigma and concerns about enabling and needlestick injuries; DOH staff also opposed SSPs because they believed they lacked the capacity to operate them. Training, technical assistance, visible evidence of the programs' public health impact and contact with SSP participants transformed DOH staff into program champions. As champions, SSP staff developed programs that had strong capacity for sustainment, as defined by Schell (e.g. visible public health impact, stable funding, political support). Staff reported that the SSPs had high prospects for sustainment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As in SSPs that opened in cities decades ago, staff in emerging SSPs in these rural areas appear to have become crucial champions for these controversial programs, and may serve as vital resources for expanding harm reduction programming more broadly in these underserved areas.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jenkins-rose-molina-lee-bolinski-luckey-vanham-cancerscreeningamongruralpeoplewhousedrugscollidingrisksandbarriers-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jenkins-rose-molina-lee-bolinski-luckey-vanham-cancerscreeningamongruralpeoplewhousedrugscollidingrisksandbarriers-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423', event);\">\n    Cancer Screening among Rural People Who Use Drugs: Colliding Risks and Barriers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jenkins, W. D.; Rose, J.; Molina, Y.; Lee, M.; Bolinski, R.; Luckey, G.;  and Van Ham, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Environ Res Public Health</i>, 19(8). April 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220410</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-rose-molina-lee-bolinski-luckey-vanham-cancerscreeningamongruralpeoplewhousedrugscollidingrisksandbarriers-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Cancer Screening among Rural People Who Use Drugs: Colliding Risks and Barriers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084555\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-rose-molina-lee-bolinski-luckey-vanham-cancerscreeningamongruralpeoplewhousedrugscollidingrisksandbarriers-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084555', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jenkins-rose-molina-lee-bolinski-luckey-vanham-cancerscreeningamongruralpeoplewhousedrugscollidingrisksandbarriers-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jenkins-rose-molina-lee-bolinski-luckey-vanham-cancerscreeningamongruralpeoplewhousedrugscollidingrisksandbarriers-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jenkins_cancer_2022,\n\ttitle = {Cancer {Screening} among {Rural} {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs}: {Colliding} {Risks} and {Barriers}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1660-4601 (Electronic) 1660-4601 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35457423},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19084555},\n\tabstract = {Rural cancer disparities are associated with lesser healthcare access and screening adherence. The opioid epidemic may increase disparities as people who use drugs (PWUD) frequently experience healthcare-associated stigmatizing experiences which discourage seeking routine care. Rural PWUD were recruited to complete surveys and interviews exploring cancer (cervical, breast, colorectal, lung) risk, screening history, and healthcare experiences. From July 2020-July 2021 we collected 37 surveys and 8 interviews. Participants were 24.3\\% male, 86.5\\% White race, and had a mean age of 44.8 years. Females were less likely to report seeing a primary care provider on a regular basis, and more likely to report stigmatizing healthcare experiences. A majority of females reporting receiving recommendations and screens for cervical and breast cancer, but only a minority were adherent. Similarly, only a minority of males and females reported receiving screening tests for colorectal and lung cancer. Screening rates for all cancers were substantially below those for the US generally and rural areas specifically. Interviews confirmed stigmatizing healthcare experiences and suggested screening barriers and possible solutions. The opioid epidemic involves millions of individuals and is disproportionately experienced in rural communities. To avoid exacerbating existing rural cancer disparities, methods to engage PWUD in cancer screening need to be developed.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\tjournal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Jenkins, W. D. and Rose, J. and Molina, Y. and Lee, M. and Bolinski, R. and Luckey, G. and Van Ham, B.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220410},\n\tkeywords = {*Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis, *Early Detection of Cancer, *cancer screening and adherence, *rural cancer disparities, *rural cancer screening, Adult, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Rural Population, cancer screening and adherence, rural cancer disparities, rural cancer screening},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Rural cancer disparities are associated with lesser healthcare access and screening adherence. The opioid epidemic may increase disparities as people who use drugs (PWUD) frequently experience healthcare-associated stigmatizing experiences which discourage seeking routine care. Rural PWUD were recruited to complete surveys and interviews exploring cancer (cervical, breast, colorectal, lung) risk, screening history, and healthcare experiences. From July 2020-July 2021 we collected 37 surveys and 8 interviews. Participants were 24.3% male, 86.5% White race, and had a mean age of 44.8 years. Females were less likely to report seeing a primary care provider on a regular basis, and more likely to report stigmatizing healthcare experiences. A majority of females reporting receiving recommendations and screens for cervical and breast cancer, but only a minority were adherent. Similarly, only a minority of males and females reported receiving screening tests for colorectal and lung cancer. Screening rates for all cancers were substantially below those for the US generally and rural areas specifically. Interviews confirmed stigmatizing healthcare experiences and suggested screening barriers and possible solutions. The opioid epidemic involves millions of individuals and is disproportionately experienced in rural communities. To avoid exacerbating existing rural cancer disparities, methods to engage PWUD in cancer screening need to be developed.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dai-smith-hendricks-bhandari-briefreportcauseofdeathamongpeopledischargedfrominfectiveendocarditisrelatedhospitalizationwestvirginia20162019-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'dai-smith-hendricks-bhandari-briefreportcauseofdeathamongpeopledischargedfrominfectiveendocarditisrelatedhospitalizationwestvirginia20162019-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180', event);\">\n    Brief report: Cause of death among people discharged from infective endocarditis related hospitalization-West Virginia, 2016-2019.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dai, Z.; Smith, G. S.; Hendricks, B.;  and Bhandari, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Clin Cardiol</i>, 45(5): 536–539. May 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220309</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-smith-hendricks-bhandari-briefreportcauseofdeathamongpeopledischargedfrominfectiveendocarditisrelatedhospitalizationwestvirginia20162019-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Brief report: Cause of death among people discharged from infective endocarditis related hospitalization-West Virginia, 2016-2019 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23812\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-smith-hendricks-bhandari-briefreportcauseofdeathamongpeopledischargedfrominfectiveendocarditisrelatedhospitalizationwestvirginia20162019-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23812', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dai-smith-hendricks-bhandari-briefreportcauseofdeathamongpeopledischargedfrominfectiveendocarditisrelatedhospitalizationwestvirginia20162019-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dai-smith-hendricks-bhandari-briefreportcauseofdeathamongpeopledischargedfrominfectiveendocarditisrelatedhospitalizationwestvirginia20162019-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dai_brief_2022,\n\ttitle = {Brief report: {Cause} of death among people discharged from infective endocarditis related hospitalization-{West} {Virginia}, 2016-2019},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1932-8737 (Electronic) 0160-9289 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266180},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/clc.23812},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compare proportion of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among West Virginia Medicaid enrollees who were discharged from infective endocarditis (IE) hospitalization with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis. METHODS: The proportions of cause-specific deaths among those who were discharged from IE-related hospitalizations were compared by OUD diagnosis. RESULTS: The top three underlying causes of death discharged from IE hospitalization were accidental drug poisoning, mental and behavioral disorders due to polysubstance use, and cardiovascular diseases. Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the proportion has increased seven times from 2016 to 2019 among the OUD deaths while it doubled among the non-OUD deaths. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the increase is higher in those with OUD diagnosis. OUD is becoming a significantly negative impactor on the survival outcome among IE patients. It is of growing importance to deliver medication for OUD treatment and harm reduction efforts to IE patients in a timely manner, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic persists.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Clin Cardiol},\n\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Smith, G. S. and Hendricks, B. and Bhandari, R.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220309},\n\tkeywords = {*Endocarditis, Bacterial, *Endocarditis/diagnosis, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, *covid-19, Cause of Death, Hospitalization, Humans, Medicaid, Pandemics, Patient Discharge, Retrospective Studies, United States, West Virginia/epidemiology, infective endocarditis, opioid use disorder},\n\tpages = {536--539},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compare proportion of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among West Virginia Medicaid enrollees who were discharged from infective endocarditis (IE) hospitalization with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis. METHODS: The proportions of cause-specific deaths among those who were discharged from IE-related hospitalizations were compared by OUD diagnosis. RESULTS: The top three underlying causes of death discharged from IE hospitalization were accidental drug poisoning, mental and behavioral disorders due to polysubstance use, and cardiovascular diseases. Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the proportion has increased seven times from 2016 to 2019 among the OUD deaths while it doubled among the non-OUD deaths. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total deaths occurring among patients discharged after IE-related hospitalization, the increase is higher in those with OUD diagnosis. OUD is becoming a significantly negative impactor on the survival outcome among IE patients. It is of growing importance to deliver medication for OUD treatment and harm reduction efforts to IE patients in a timely manner, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic persists.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rains-york-bolinski-ezell-ouellet-jenkins-pho-attitudestowardharmreductionandlowthresholdhealthcareduringthecovid19pandemicqualitativeinterviewswithpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsouthernillinois-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rains-york-bolinski-ezell-ouellet-jenkins-pho-attitudestowardharmreductionandlowthresholdhealthcareduringthecovid19pandemicqualitativeinterviewswithpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsouthernillinois-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075', event);\">\n    Attitudes toward harm reduction and low-threshold healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative interviews with people who use drugs in rural southern Illinois.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rains, A.; York, M.; Bolinski, R.; Ezell, J.; Ouellet, L. J.; Jenkins, W. D.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Harm Reduct J</i>, 19(1): 128. November 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20221119</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rains-york-bolinski-ezell-ouellet-jenkins-pho-attitudestowardharmreductionandlowthresholdhealthcareduringthecovid19pandemicqualitativeinterviewswithpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsouthernillinois-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Attitudes toward harm reduction and low-threshold healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative interviews with people who use drugs in rural southern Illinois [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-022-00710-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rains-york-bolinski-ezell-ouellet-jenkins-pho-attitudestowardharmreductionandlowthresholdhealthcareduringthecovid19pandemicqualitativeinterviewswithpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsouthernillinois-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-022-00710-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rains-york-bolinski-ezell-ouellet-jenkins-pho-attitudestowardharmreductionandlowthresholdhealthcareduringthecovid19pandemicqualitativeinterviewswithpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsouthernillinois-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rains-york-bolinski-ezell-ouellet-jenkins-pho-attitudestowardharmreductionandlowthresholdhealthcareduringthecovid19pandemicqualitativeinterviewswithpeoplewhousedrugsinruralsouthernillinois-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rains_attitudes_2022,\n\ttitle = {Attitudes toward harm reduction and low-threshold healthcare during the {COVID}-19 pandemic: qualitative interviews with people who use drugs in rural southern {Illinois}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36403075},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-022-00710-9},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic health conditions associated with long-term drug use may pose additional risks to people who use drugs (PWUD) when coupled with COVID-19 infection. Despite this, PWUD, especially those living in rural areas, may be less likely to seek out health services. Previous research has highlighted the increased disease burden of COVID-19 among PWUD. Our manuscript supplements this literature by exploring unique attitudes of PWUD living in rural areas toward the pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination, and the role of harm reduction (HR) organizations in raising health awareness among PWUD. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 PWUD living in rural southern Illinois. Audio recordings were professionally transcribed. A preliminary codebook was created based on interview domains. Two trained coders conducted iterative coding of the transcripts, and new codes were added through line-by-line coding and thematic grouping. RESULTS: Twenty participants (45\\% female, mean age of 38) completed interviews between June and November 2021. Participants reported negative impacts of the pandemic on mental health, financial wellbeing, and drug quality. However, the health impacts of COVID-19 were often described as less concerning than its impacts on these other aspects of life. Many expressed doubt in the severity of COVID-19 infection. Among the 16 unvaccinated participants who reported receiving most of their information from the internet or word of mouth, uncertainty about vaccine contents and distrust of healthcare and government institutions engendered wariness of the vaccination. Distrust of healthcare providers was related to past stigmatization and judgement, but did not extend to the local HR organization, which was unanimously endorsed as a positive institution. Among participants who did not access services directly from the HR organization, secondary distribution of HR supplies by other PWUD was a universally cited form of health maintenance. Participants expressed interest in low-threshold healthcare, including COVID-19 vaccination, should it be offered in the local HR organization&#x27;s office and mobile units. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and related public health measures have affected this community in numerous ways. Integrating healthcare services into harm reduction infrastructures and mobilizing secondary distributors of supplies may promote greater engagement with vaccination programs and other healthcare services. TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04427202.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\n\tauthor = {Rains, A. and York, M. and Bolinski, R. and Ezell, J. and Ouellet, L. J. and Jenkins, W. D. and Pho, M. T.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20221119},\n\tkeywords = {*Harm Reduction, *covid-19, Access to health services, Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Covid-19, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Harm reduction, Humans, Low-threshold healthcare, Male, Pandemics, People who use drugs, Qualitative analysis, Rural, Secondary distribution},\n\tpages = {128},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Chronic health conditions associated with long-term drug use may pose additional risks to people who use drugs (PWUD) when coupled with COVID-19 infection. Despite this, PWUD, especially those living in rural areas, may be less likely to seek out health services. Previous research has highlighted the increased disease burden of COVID-19 among PWUD. Our manuscript supplements this literature by exploring unique attitudes of PWUD living in rural areas toward the pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination, and the role of harm reduction (HR) organizations in raising health awareness among PWUD. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 PWUD living in rural southern Illinois. Audio recordings were professionally transcribed. A preliminary codebook was created based on interview domains. Two trained coders conducted iterative coding of the transcripts, and new codes were added through line-by-line coding and thematic grouping. RESULTS: Twenty participants (45% female, mean age of 38) completed interviews between June and November 2021. Participants reported negative impacts of the pandemic on mental health, financial wellbeing, and drug quality. However, the health impacts of COVID-19 were often described as less concerning than its impacts on these other aspects of life. Many expressed doubt in the severity of COVID-19 infection. Among the 16 unvaccinated participants who reported receiving most of their information from the internet or word of mouth, uncertainty about vaccine contents and distrust of healthcare and government institutions engendered wariness of the vaccination. Distrust of healthcare providers was related to past stigmatization and judgement, but did not extend to the local HR organization, which was unanimously endorsed as a positive institution. Among participants who did not access services directly from the HR organization, secondary distribution of HR supplies by other PWUD was a universally cited form of health maintenance. Participants expressed interest in low-threshold healthcare, including COVID-19 vaccination, should it be offered in the local HR organization's office and mobile units. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and related public health measures have affected this community in numerous ways. Integrating healthcare services into harm reduction infrastructures and mobilizing secondary distributors of supplies may promote greater engagement with vaccination programs and other healthcare services. TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04427202.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"duong-delcher-freeman-young-cooper-attitudestowardpharmacybasedhcvhivtestingamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralkentucky-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Attitudes toward pharmacy-based HCV/HIV testing among people who use drugs in rural Kentucky.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Duong, M.; Delcher, C.; Freeman, P. R.; Young, A. M.;  and Cooper, H. L. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Rural Health</i>, 38(1): 93–99. January 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12564\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('duong-delcher-freeman-young-cooper-attitudestowardpharmacybasedhcvhivtestingamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralkentucky-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12564', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/duong-delcher-freeman-young-cooper-attitudestowardpharmacybasedhcvhivtestingamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralkentucky-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('duong-delcher-freeman-young-cooper-attitudestowardpharmacybasedhcvhivtestingamongpeoplewhousedrugsinruralkentucky-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{duong_attitudes_2022,\n\ttitle = {Attitudes toward pharmacy-based {HCV}/{HIV} testing among people who use drugs in rural {Kentucky}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12564},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE: Rural areas of the United States have experienced outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among people who use drugs (PWUD). Pharmacy-based interventions may play a crucial role in prevention and entry into care, especially when traditional health care access is limited. The willingness of rural PWUD to use pharmacies for HIV/HCV-related services remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the factors associated with the perceived likelihood of participating in free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing among PWUD living in rural Kentucky. METHODS: Baseline data from the CARE2HOPE study in five Appalachian counties in eastern Kentucky were used. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and completed interviewer-administered surveys. Guided by the Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilization, we examined distributions and correlates of items regarding willingness to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV/HCV testing using logistic regression. Analyses included individuals who reported being HIV (N = 304) or HCV (N = 185) negative. FINDINGS: Seventy-five percent of PWUD reported being &quot;very likely&quot; to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV testing and 80\\% for HCV testing. Two factors were associated with being less willing to participate in free HIV testing: PWUD who previously tested for HIV (OR: 0.47, CI: 0.25-0.88) and PWUD who obtained a high school diploma or equivalent compared to those who completed less (OR: 0.50, CI: 0.26-0.99). CONCLUSION: Free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing was invariably acceptable among most of the rural PWUD in our sample, suggesting that pharmacies might be acceptable testing venues for this population.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\n\tauthor = {Duong, M. and Delcher, C. and Freeman, P. R. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8418619},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/epidemiology, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, HIV Testing, HIV/HCV testing, Hepacivirus, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, injection drug use, pharmacy services, rural health care},\n\tpages = {93--99},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PURPOSE: Rural areas of the United States have experienced outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among people who use drugs (PWUD). Pharmacy-based interventions may play a crucial role in prevention and entry into care, especially when traditional health care access is limited. The willingness of rural PWUD to use pharmacies for HIV/HCV-related services remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the factors associated with the perceived likelihood of participating in free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing among PWUD living in rural Kentucky. METHODS: Baseline data from the CARE2HOPE study in five Appalachian counties in eastern Kentucky were used. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and completed interviewer-administered surveys. Guided by the Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilization, we examined distributions and correlates of items regarding willingness to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV/HCV testing using logistic regression. Analyses included individuals who reported being HIV (N = 304) or HCV (N = 185) negative. FINDINGS: Seventy-five percent of PWUD reported being \"very likely\" to participate in free pharmacy-based HIV testing and 80% for HCV testing. Two factors were associated with being less willing to participate in free HIV testing: PWUD who previously tested for HIV (OR: 0.47, CI: 0.25-0.88) and PWUD who obtained a high school diploma or equivalent compared to those who completed less (OR: 0.50, CI: 0.26-0.99). CONCLUSION: Free pharmacy-based HIV and HCV testing was invariably acceptable among most of the rural PWUD in our sample, suggesting that pharmacies might be acceptable testing venues for this population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"korthuis-cook-foot-leichtling-tsui-stopka-leahy-jenkins-etal-associationofmethamphetamineandopioidusewithnonfataloverdoseinruralcommunities-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'korthuis-cook-foot-leichtling-tsui-stopka-leahy-jenkins-etal-associationofmethamphetamineandopioidusewithnonfataloverdoseinruralcommunities-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544', event);\">\n    Association of Methamphetamine and Opioid Use With Nonfatal Overdose in Rural Communities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Korthuis, P. T.; Cook, R. R.; Foot, C. A.; Leichtling, G.; Tsui, J. I.; Stopka, T. J.; Leahy, J.; Jenkins, W. D.; Baker, R.; Chan, B.; Crane, H. M.; Cooper, H. L.; Feinberg, J.; Zule, W. A.; Go, V. F.; Estadt, A. T.; Nance, R. M.; Smith, G. S.; Westergaard, R. P.; Van Ham, B.; Brown, R.;  and Young, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Network Open</i>, 5(8): e2226544. August 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('korthuis-cook-foot-leichtling-tsui-stopka-leahy-jenkins-etal-associationofmethamphetamineandopioidusewithnonfataloverdoseinruralcommunities-2022', 'https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association of Methamphetamine and Opioid Use With Nonfatal Overdose in Rural Communities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('korthuis-cook-foot-leichtling-tsui-stopka-leahy-jenkins-etal-associationofmethamphetamineandopioidusewithnonfataloverdoseinruralcommunities-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/korthuis-cook-foot-leichtling-tsui-stopka-leahy-jenkins-etal-associationofmethamphetamineandopioidusewithnonfataloverdoseinruralcommunities-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('korthuis-cook-foot-leichtling-tsui-stopka-leahy-jenkins-etal-associationofmethamphetamineandopioidusewithnonfataloverdoseinruralcommunities-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{korthuis_association_2022,\n\ttitle = {Association of {Methamphetamine} and {Opioid} {Use} {With} {Nonfatal} {Overdose} in {Rural} {Communities}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26544},\n\tabstract = {Overdoses continue to increase in the US, but the contribution of methamphetamine use is understudied in rural communities.To estimate the prevalence of methamphetamine use and its correlates among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural US communities and to determine whether methamphetamine use is associated with increased nonfatal overdoses.From January 2018 through March 2020, the National Rural Opioid Initiative conducted cross-sectional surveys of PWUD in rural communities in 10 states (Illinois, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Participants included rural PWUD who reported any past-30-day injection drug use or noninjection opioid use to get high. A modified chain-referral sampling strategy identified seeds who referred others using drugs. Data analysis was performed from May 2021 to January 2022.Use of methamphetamine alone, opioids alone, or both.Unweighted and weighted prevalence of methamphetamine use, any past-180-day nonfatal overdose, and number of lifetime nonfatal overdoses.Among the 3048 participants, 1737 (57\\%) were male, 2576 (85\\%) were White, and 225 (7.4\\%) were American Indian; the mean (SD) age was 36 (10) years. Most participants (1878 of 2970 participants with any opioid or methamphetamine use [63\\%]) reported co-use of methamphetamine and opioids, followed by opioids alone (702 participants [24\\%]), and methamphetamine alone (390 participants [13\\%]). The estimated unweighted prevalence of methamphetamine use was 80\\% (95\\% CI, 64\\%-90\\%), and the estimated weighted prevalence was 79\\% (95\\% CI, 57\\%-91\\%). Nonfatal overdose was greatest in people using both methamphetamine and opioids (395 of 2854 participants with nonmissing overdose data [22\\%]) vs opioids alone (99 participants [14\\%]) or methamphetamine alone (23 participants [6\\%]). Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids was associated with greater nonfatal overdose compared with opioid use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95\\% CI, 1.08-1.94; P = .01) and methamphetamine use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 3.26; 95\\% CI, 2.06-5.14; P \\&amp;lt; .001). Those with co-use had a mean (SD) of 2.4 (4.2) (median [IQR], 1 [0-3]) lifetime overdoses compared with 1.7 (3.5) (median [IQR], 0 [0-2]) among those using opioids alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95\\% CI, 1.01-1.43; P = .04), and 1.1 (2.9) (median [IQR], 0 [0-1]) among those using methamphetamine alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.81; 95\\% CI, 1.45-2.27; P \\&amp;lt; .001). Participants with co-use most often reported having tried and failed to access substance use treatment: 827 participants (44\\%) for both, 117 participants (30\\%) for methamphetamine alone, and 252 participants (36\\%) for opioids alone (χ22 = 33.8; P \\&amp;lt; .001). Only 66 participants (17\\%) using methamphetamine alone had naloxone.These findings suggest that harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment interventions must address both methamphetamine and opioids to decrease overdose in rural communities.},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2023-01-20},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Korthuis, P. Todd and Cook, Ryan R. and Foot, Canyon A. and Leichtling, Gillian and Tsui, Judith I. and Stopka, Thomas J. and Leahy, Judith and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Baker, Robin and Chan, Brian and Crane, Heidi M. and Cooper, Hannah L. and Feinberg, Judith and Zule, William A. and Go, Vivian F. and Estadt, Angela T. and Nance, Robin M. and Smith, Gordon S. and Westergaard, Ryan P. and Van Ham, Brent and Brown, Randall and Young, April M.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Rural Population},\n\tpages = {e2226544},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Overdoses continue to increase in the US, but the contribution of methamphetamine use is understudied in rural communities.To estimate the prevalence of methamphetamine use and its correlates among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural US communities and to determine whether methamphetamine use is associated with increased nonfatal overdoses.From January 2018 through March 2020, the National Rural Opioid Initiative conducted cross-sectional surveys of PWUD in rural communities in 10 states (Illinois, Kentucky, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Participants included rural PWUD who reported any past-30-day injection drug use or noninjection opioid use to get high. A modified chain-referral sampling strategy identified seeds who referred others using drugs. Data analysis was performed from May 2021 to January 2022.Use of methamphetamine alone, opioids alone, or both.Unweighted and weighted prevalence of methamphetamine use, any past-180-day nonfatal overdose, and number of lifetime nonfatal overdoses.Among the 3048 participants, 1737 (57%) were male, 2576 (85%) were White, and 225 (7.4%) were American Indian; the mean (SD) age was 36 (10) years. Most participants (1878 of 2970 participants with any opioid or methamphetamine use [63%]) reported co-use of methamphetamine and opioids, followed by opioids alone (702 participants [24%]), and methamphetamine alone (390 participants [13%]). The estimated unweighted prevalence of methamphetamine use was 80% (95% CI, 64%-90%), and the estimated weighted prevalence was 79% (95% CI, 57%-91%). Nonfatal overdose was greatest in people using both methamphetamine and opioids (395 of 2854 participants with nonmissing overdose data [22%]) vs opioids alone (99 participants [14%]) or methamphetamine alone (23 participants [6%]). Co-use of methamphetamine and opioids was associated with greater nonfatal overdose compared with opioid use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.08-1.94; P = .01) and methamphetamine use alone (adjusted odds ratio, 3.26; 95% CI, 2.06-5.14; P &lt; .001). Those with co-use had a mean (SD) of 2.4 (4.2) (median [IQR], 1 [0-3]) lifetime overdoses compared with 1.7 (3.5) (median [IQR], 0 [0-2]) among those using opioids alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.43; P = .04), and 1.1 (2.9) (median [IQR], 0 [0-1]) among those using methamphetamine alone (adjusted rate ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.45-2.27; P &lt; .001). Participants with co-use most often reported having tried and failed to access substance use treatment: 827 participants (44%) for both, 117 participants (30%) for methamphetamine alone, and 252 participants (36%) for opioids alone (χ22 = 33.8; P &lt; .001). Only 66 participants (17%) using methamphetamine alone had naloxone.These findings suggest that harm reduction and substance use disorder treatment interventions must address both methamphetamine and opioids to decrease overdose in rural communities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hartung-markwardt-johnston-geddes-baker-leichtling-hildebran-chan-etal-associationbetweentreatmentsettingandoutcomesamongoregonmedicaidpatientswithopioidusedisorderaretrospectivecohortstudy-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hartung-markwardt-johnston-geddes-baker-leichtling-hildebran-chan-etal-associationbetweentreatmentsettingandoutcomesamongoregonmedicaidpatientswithopioidusedisorderaretrospectivecohortstudy-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384', event);\">\n    Association between treatment setting and outcomes among oregon medicaid patients with opioid use disorder: a retrospective cohort study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hartung, D. M.; Markwardt, S.; Johnston, K.; Geddes, J.; Baker, R.; Leichtling, G.; Hildebran, C.; Chan, B.; Cook, R. R.; McCarty, D.; Ghitza, U.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addict Sci Clin Pract</i>, 17(1): 45. August 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220819</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartung-markwardt-johnston-geddes-baker-leichtling-hildebran-chan-etal-associationbetweentreatmentsettingandoutcomesamongoregonmedicaidpatientswithopioidusedisorderaretrospectivecohortstudy-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Association between treatment setting and outcomes among oregon medicaid patients with opioid use disorder: a retrospective cohort study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00318-1\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartung-markwardt-johnston-geddes-baker-leichtling-hildebran-chan-etal-associationbetweentreatmentsettingandoutcomesamongoregonmedicaidpatientswithopioidusedisorderaretrospectivecohortstudy-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-022-00318-1', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hartung-markwardt-johnston-geddes-baker-leichtling-hildebran-chan-etal-associationbetweentreatmentsettingandoutcomesamongoregonmedicaidpatientswithopioidusedisorderaretrospectivecohortstudy-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hartung-markwardt-johnston-geddes-baker-leichtling-hildebran-chan-etal-associationbetweentreatmentsettingandoutcomesamongoregonmedicaidpatientswithopioidusedisorderaretrospectivecohortstudy-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hartung_association_2022,\n\ttitle = {Association between treatment setting and outcomes among oregon medicaid patients with opioid use disorder: a retrospective cohort study},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35986384},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-022-00318-1},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Residential treatment is a common approach for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), however, few studies have directly compared it to outpatient treatment. The objective of this study was to compare OUD outcomes among individuals receiving residential and outpatient treatment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used linked data from a state Medicaid program, vital statistics, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS) to compare OUD-related health outcomes among individuals treated in a residential or outpatient setting between 2014 and 2017. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models examined the association between treatment setting and outcomes (i.e., opioid overdose, non-overdose opioid-related and all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and treatment retention) controlling for patient characteristics, co-morbidities, and use of medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD). Interaction models evaluated how MOUD use modified associations between treatment setting and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 3293 individuals treated for OUD, 957 (29\\%) received treatment in a residential facility. MOUD use was higher among those treated as an outpatient (43\\%) compared to residential (19\\%). The risk of opioid overdose (aHR 1.39; 95\\% CI 0.73-2.64) or an opioid-related emergency department encounter or admission (aHR 1.02; 95\\% CI 0.80-1.29) did not differ between treatment settings. Independent of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in overdose risk (aHR 0.45; 95\\% CI 0.23-0.89). Residential care was associated with greater odds of retention at 6-months (aOR 1.71; 95\\% CI 1.32-2.21) but not 1-year. Residential treatment was only associated with improved retention for individuals not receiving MOUD (6-month aOR 2.05; 95\\% CI 1.56-2.71) with no benefit observed in those who received MOUD (aOR 0.75; 95\\% CI 0.46-1.29; interaction p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to outpatient treatment, residential treatment was not associated with reductions in opioid overdose or opioid-related ED encounters/hospitalizations. Regardless of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in opioid overdose risk.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\n\tauthor = {Hartung, D. M. and Markwardt, S. and Johnston, K. and Geddes, J. and Baker, R. and Leichtling, G. and Hildebran, C. and Chan, B. and Cook, R. R. and McCarty, D. and Ghitza, U. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220819},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opiate Overdose, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Medicaid, Medications for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Residential treatment, Retrospective Studies, Treatment, United States/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {45},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Residential treatment is a common approach for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), however, few studies have directly compared it to outpatient treatment. The objective of this study was to compare OUD outcomes among individuals receiving residential and outpatient treatment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used linked data from a state Medicaid program, vital statistics, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Episodes Dataset (TEDS) to compare OUD-related health outcomes among individuals treated in a residential or outpatient setting between 2014 and 2017. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models examined the association between treatment setting and outcomes (i.e., opioid overdose, non-overdose opioid-related and all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and treatment retention) controlling for patient characteristics, co-morbidities, and use of medications for opioid use disorders (MOUD). Interaction models evaluated how MOUD use modified associations between treatment setting and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 3293 individuals treated for OUD, 957 (29%) received treatment in a residential facility. MOUD use was higher among those treated as an outpatient (43%) compared to residential (19%). The risk of opioid overdose (aHR 1.39; 95% CI 0.73-2.64) or an opioid-related emergency department encounter or admission (aHR 1.02; 95% CI 0.80-1.29) did not differ between treatment settings. Independent of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in overdose risk (aHR 0.45; 95% CI 0.23-0.89). Residential care was associated with greater odds of retention at 6-months (aOR 1.71; 95% CI 1.32-2.21) but not 1-year. Residential treatment was only associated with improved retention for individuals not receiving MOUD (6-month aOR 2.05; 95% CI 1.56-2.71) with no benefit observed in those who received MOUD (aOR 0.75; 95% CI 0.46-1.29; interaction p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Relative to outpatient treatment, residential treatment was not associated with reductions in opioid overdose or opioid-related ED encounters/hospitalizations. Regardless of setting, MOUD use was associated with a significant reduction in opioid overdose risk.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fadanelli-cooper-freeman-ballard-ibragimov-young-aqualitativestudyonpharmacypoliciestowardoverthecountersyringesalesinaruralepicenterofusdrugrelatedepidemics-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A qualitative study on pharmacy policies toward over-the-counter syringe sales in a rural epicenter of US drug-related epidemics.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fadanelli, M.; Cooper, H. L. F.; Freeman, P. R.; Ballard, A. M.; Ibragimov, U.;  and Young, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Harm Reduct J</i>, 19(1): 1. January 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00569-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fadanelli-cooper-freeman-ballard-ibragimov-young-aqualitativestudyonpharmacypoliciestowardoverthecountersyringesalesinaruralepicenterofusdrugrelatedepidemics-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00569-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fadanelli-cooper-freeman-ballard-ibragimov-young-aqualitativestudyonpharmacypoliciestowardoverthecountersyringesalesinaruralepicenterofusdrugrelatedepidemics-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fadanelli-cooper-freeman-ballard-ibragimov-young-aqualitativestudyonpharmacypoliciestowardoverthecountersyringesalesinaruralepicenterofusdrugrelatedepidemics-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fadanelli_qualitative_2022,\n\ttitle = {A qualitative study on pharmacy policies toward over-the-counter syringe sales in a rural epicenter of {US} drug-related epidemics},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00569-2},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Expanding access to sterile syringes in rural areas is vital, as injection-related epidemics expand beyond metropolitan areas globally. While pharmacies have potential to be an easily accessible source of sterile syringes, research in cities has identified moral, legal and ethical barriers that preclude over-the-counter (OTC) sales to people who inject drugs (PWID). The current study builds on prior urban-based research by elucidating (1) pharmacy OTC policies and (2) pharmacists&#x27; rationale for, and barriers and facilitators to, OTC syringe sales in a US rural area hard hit by drug-related epidemics. METHODS: We conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with pharmacists recruited from two Eastern Kentucky health districts. Interview domains included experiences with, and attitudes toward, selling OTC syringes to PWID. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to analyze verbatim transcripts. RESULTS: Most pharmacists operated &quot;restrictive OTC&quot; pharmacies (n = 8), where patients were required to have a prescription or proof of medical need to purchase a syringe. The remainder (n = 6) operated &quot;open OTC&quot; pharmacies, which allowed OTC syringe sales to most patients. Both groups believed their pharmacy policies protected their community and pharmacy from further drug-related harm, but diverging policies emerged because of stigma toward PWID, perceptions of Kentucky law, and belief OTC syringe sales were harmful rather than protective to the community. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that restrictive OTC pharmacy policies are rooted in stigmatizing views of PWID. Anti-stigma education about substance use disorder (SUD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Hepatitis C (HCV) is likely needed to truly shift restrictive pharmacy policy.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\n\tauthor = {Fadanelli, M. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Freeman, P. R. and Ballard, A. M. and Ibragimov, U. and Young, A. M.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8742380},\n\tkeywords = {*Epidemics/prevention \\&amp; control, *HIV Infections/prevention \\&amp; control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Pharmacies, *Pharmacy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitudes, Hcv, Hiv, Humans, People who inject drugs, Pharmacy, Policy, Qualitative, Risk environment framework, Rural, Syringe sale, Syringes},\n\tpages = {1},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Expanding access to sterile syringes in rural areas is vital, as injection-related epidemics expand beyond metropolitan areas globally. While pharmacies have potential to be an easily accessible source of sterile syringes, research in cities has identified moral, legal and ethical barriers that preclude over-the-counter (OTC) sales to people who inject drugs (PWID). The current study builds on prior urban-based research by elucidating (1) pharmacy OTC policies and (2) pharmacists' rationale for, and barriers and facilitators to, OTC syringe sales in a US rural area hard hit by drug-related epidemics. METHODS: We conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with pharmacists recruited from two Eastern Kentucky health districts. Interview domains included experiences with, and attitudes toward, selling OTC syringes to PWID. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to analyze verbatim transcripts. RESULTS: Most pharmacists operated \"restrictive OTC\" pharmacies (n = 8), where patients were required to have a prescription or proof of medical need to purchase a syringe. The remainder (n = 6) operated \"open OTC\" pharmacies, which allowed OTC syringe sales to most patients. Both groups believed their pharmacy policies protected their community and pharmacy from further drug-related harm, but diverging policies emerged because of stigma toward PWID, perceptions of Kentucky law, and belief OTC syringe sales were harmful rather than protective to the community. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that restrictive OTC pharmacy policies are rooted in stigmatizing views of PWID. Anti-stigma education about substance use disorder (SUD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Hepatitis C (HCV) is likely needed to truly shift restrictive pharmacy policy.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"batty-ibragimov-fadanelli-gross-cooper-klein-ballard-young-etal-aqualitativeanalysisofruralsyringeserviceprogramfidelityinappalachiankentuckystaffandparticipantperspectives-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'batty-ibragimov-fadanelli-gross-cooper-klein-ballard-young-etal-aqualitativeanalysisofruralsyringeserviceprogramfidelityinappalachiankentuckystaffandparticipantperspectives-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151', event);\">\n    A qualitative analysis of rural syringe service program fidelity in Appalachian Kentucky: Staff and participant perspectives.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Batty, E. J.; Ibragimov, U.; Fadanelli, M.; Gross, S.; Cooper, K.; Klein, E.; Ballard, A. M.; Young, A. M.; Lockard, A. S.; Oser, C. B.;  and Cooper, H. L. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Rural Health</i>. September 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220918</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('batty-ibragimov-fadanelli-gross-cooper-klein-ballard-young-etal-aqualitativeanalysisofruralsyringeserviceprogramfidelityinappalachiankentuckystaffandparticipantperspectives-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A qualitative analysis of rural syringe service program fidelity in Appalachian Kentucky: Staff and participant perspectives [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12715\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('batty-ibragimov-fadanelli-gross-cooper-klein-ballard-young-etal-aqualitativeanalysisofruralsyringeserviceprogramfidelityinappalachiankentuckystaffandparticipantperspectives-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12715', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/batty-ibragimov-fadanelli-gross-cooper-klein-ballard-young-etal-aqualitativeanalysisofruralsyringeserviceprogramfidelityinappalachiankentuckystaffandparticipantperspectives-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('batty-ibragimov-fadanelli-gross-cooper-klein-ballard-young-etal-aqualitativeanalysisofruralsyringeserviceprogramfidelityinappalachiankentuckystaffandparticipantperspectives-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{batty_qualitative_2022,\n\ttitle = {A qualitative analysis of rural syringe service program fidelity in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {Staff} and participant perspectives},\n\tissn = {1748-0361 (Electronic) 0890-765X (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36117151},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12715},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE: As drug-related epidemics have expanded from cities to rural areas, syringe service programs (SSPs) and other harm reduction programs have been slow to follow. The recent implementation of SSPs in rural areas demands attention to program fidelity based on core components of SSP success. METHODS: Semistructured interviews conducted with clients and staff at 5 SSPs in 5 counties within 2 Central Appalachian health districts. Interviews covered fidelity of SSP implementation to 6 core components: (1) meet needs for harm reduction supplies; (2) education and counseling for sexual, injection, and overdose risks; (3) cooperation between SSPs and local law enforcement; (4) provide other health and social services; (5) ensure low threshold access to services; and (6) promote dignity, the impact of poor fidelity on vulnerability to drug-related harms, and the risk environment&#x27;s influence on program fidelity. We applied thematic methods to analyze the data. FINDINGS: Rural SSPs were mostly faithful to the 6 core components. Deviations from core components can be attributed to certain characteristics of the local rural risk environment outlined in the risk environment model, including geographic remoteness, lack of resources and underdeveloped infrastructure, and stigma against people who inject drugs (PWID) CONCLUSIONS: As drug-related epidemics continue to expand outside cities, scaling up SSPs to serve rural PWID is essential. Future research should explore whether the risk environment features identified also influence SSP fidelity in other rural areas and develop and test strategies to strengthen core components in these vulnerable areas.},\n\tjournal = {J Rural Health},\n\tauthor = {Batty, E. J. and Ibragimov, U. and Fadanelli, M. and Gross, S. and Cooper, K. and Klein, E. and Ballard, A. M. and Young, A. M. and Lockard, A. S. and Oser, C. B. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220918},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/psychology, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, Syringes, harm reduction, hepatitis C, rural},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PURPOSE: As drug-related epidemics have expanded from cities to rural areas, syringe service programs (SSPs) and other harm reduction programs have been slow to follow. The recent implementation of SSPs in rural areas demands attention to program fidelity based on core components of SSP success. METHODS: Semistructured interviews conducted with clients and staff at 5 SSPs in 5 counties within 2 Central Appalachian health districts. Interviews covered fidelity of SSP implementation to 6 core components: (1) meet needs for harm reduction supplies; (2) education and counseling for sexual, injection, and overdose risks; (3) cooperation between SSPs and local law enforcement; (4) provide other health and social services; (5) ensure low threshold access to services; and (6) promote dignity, the impact of poor fidelity on vulnerability to drug-related harms, and the risk environment's influence on program fidelity. We applied thematic methods to analyze the data. FINDINGS: Rural SSPs were mostly faithful to the 6 core components. Deviations from core components can be attributed to certain characteristics of the local rural risk environment outlined in the risk environment model, including geographic remoteness, lack of resources and underdeveloped infrastructure, and stigma against people who inject drugs (PWID) CONCLUSIONS: As drug-related epidemics continue to expand outside cities, scaling up SSPs to serve rural PWID is essential. Future research should explore whether the risk environment features identified also influence SSP fidelity in other rural areas and develop and test strategies to strengthen core components in these vulnerable areas.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"matsumoto-santelices-evans-pivovarova-stopka-ferguson-friedmann-jailbasedreentryprogrammingtosupportcontinuedtreatmentwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorderqualitativeperspectivesandexperiencesamongjailstaffinmassachusetts-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'matsumoto-santelices-evans-pivovarova-stopka-ferguson-friedmann-jailbasedreentryprogrammingtosupportcontinuedtreatmentwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorderqualitativeperspectivesandexperiencesamongjailstaffinmassachusetts-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938', event);\">\n    Jail-based reentry programming to support continued treatment with medications for opioid use disorder: Qualitative perspectives and experiences among jail staff in Massachusetts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Matsumoto, A.; Santelices, C.; Evans, E. A.; Pivovarova, E.; Stopka, T. J.; Ferguson, W. J.;  and Friedmann, P. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>, 109: 103823. November 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220819</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('matsumoto-santelices-evans-pivovarova-stopka-ferguson-friedmann-jailbasedreentryprogrammingtosupportcontinuedtreatmentwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorderqualitativeperspectivesandexperiencesamongjailstaffinmassachusetts-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Jail-based reentry programming to support continued treatment with medications for opioid use disorder: Qualitative perspectives and experiences among jail staff in Massachusetts [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103823\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('matsumoto-santelices-evans-pivovarova-stopka-ferguson-friedmann-jailbasedreentryprogrammingtosupportcontinuedtreatmentwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorderqualitativeperspectivesandexperiencesamongjailstaffinmassachusetts-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103823', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/matsumoto-santelices-evans-pivovarova-stopka-ferguson-friedmann-jailbasedreentryprogrammingtosupportcontinuedtreatmentwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorderqualitativeperspectivesandexperiencesamongjailstaffinmassachusetts-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('matsumoto-santelices-evans-pivovarova-stopka-ferguson-friedmann-jailbasedreentryprogrammingtosupportcontinuedtreatmentwithmedicationsforopioidusedisorderqualitativeperspectivesandexperiencesamongjailstaffinmassachusetts-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{matsumoto_jail-based_2022,\n\ttitle = {Jail-based reentry programming to support continued treatment with medications for opioid use disorder: {Qualitative} perspectives and experiences among jail staff in {Massachusetts}},\n\tvolume = {109},\n\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Print) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35994938},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103823},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with opioid use disorder released to communities after incarceration experience an elevated risk for overdose death. Massachusetts is the first state to mandate county jails to deliver all FDA approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). The present study considered perspectives around coordination of post-release care among jail staff engaged in MOUD programs focused on coordination of care to the community. METHODS: Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 jail staff involved in implementation of MOUD programs. Interview guide development, and coding and analysis of qualitative data were guided by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Deductive and inductive approaches were used for coding and themes were organized using the EPIS. RESULTS: Salient themes in the inner context focused on the elements of reentry planning that influence coordination of post-release care including timing of initiation, staff knowledge about availability of MOUD in community settings, and internal collaborations. Findings on bridging factors highlighted the importance of interagency communication to follow pre-scheduled release dates and use of bridge scripts to minimize the gap in treatment during the transition. Use of navigators was an additional factor that influenced MOUD initiation and engagement in community settings. Outer context findings indicated partnerships with community providers and timely reinstatement of health insurance coverage as critical factors that influence coordination of post-release care. CONCLUSIONS: Coordination of MOUD post-release continuity of care requires training supporting staff in reentry planning as well as resources to enhance internal collaborations and bridging partnerships between in-jail MOUD programs and community MOUD providers. In addition, efforts to reduce systemic barriers related to unanticipated timing of release and reinstatement of health insurance coverage are needed to optimize seamless post-release care.},\n\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Matsumoto, A. and Santelices, C. and Evans, E. A. and Pivovarova, E. and Stopka, T. J. and Ferguson, W. J. and Friedmann, P. D.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220819},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Drug Overdose/prevention \\&amp; control/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, EPIS framework, Humans, Jails, Massachusetts, Medication for opioid use disorder, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Post-release coordination of care},\n\tpages = {103823},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Individuals with opioid use disorder released to communities after incarceration experience an elevated risk for overdose death. Massachusetts is the first state to mandate county jails to deliver all FDA approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). The present study considered perspectives around coordination of post-release care among jail staff engaged in MOUD programs focused on coordination of care to the community. METHODS: Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 61 jail staff involved in implementation of MOUD programs. Interview guide development, and coding and analysis of qualitative data were guided by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Deductive and inductive approaches were used for coding and themes were organized using the EPIS. RESULTS: Salient themes in the inner context focused on the elements of reentry planning that influence coordination of post-release care including timing of initiation, staff knowledge about availability of MOUD in community settings, and internal collaborations. Findings on bridging factors highlighted the importance of interagency communication to follow pre-scheduled release dates and use of bridge scripts to minimize the gap in treatment during the transition. Use of navigators was an additional factor that influenced MOUD initiation and engagement in community settings. Outer context findings indicated partnerships with community providers and timely reinstatement of health insurance coverage as critical factors that influence coordination of post-release care. CONCLUSIONS: Coordination of MOUD post-release continuity of care requires training supporting staff in reentry planning as well as resources to enhance internal collaborations and bridging partnerships between in-jail MOUD programs and community MOUD providers. In addition, efforts to reduce systemic barriers related to unanticipated timing of release and reinstatement of health insurance coverage are needed to optimize seamless post-release care.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"king-cook-korthuis-mccarty-morris-englander-expandinginpatientaddictionconsultservicesthroughaccountablecareorganizationsformedicaidenrolleesamodelingstudy-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'king-cook-korthuis-mccarty-morris-englander-expandinginpatientaddictionconsultservicesthroughaccountablecareorganizationsformedicaidenrolleesamodelingstudy-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988', event);\">\n    Expanding Inpatient Addiction Consult Services Through Accountable Care Organizations for Medicaid Enrollees: A Modeling Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  King, C. A.; Cook, R.; Korthuis, P. T.; McCarty, D.; Morris, C. D.;  and Englander, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Addict Med</i>, 16(5): 570–576. September 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220208</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('king-cook-korthuis-mccarty-morris-englander-expandinginpatientaddictionconsultservicesthroughaccountablecareorganizationsformedicaidenrolleesamodelingstudy-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Expanding Inpatient Addiction Consult Services Through Accountable Care Organizations for Medicaid Enrollees: A Modeling Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000972\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('king-cook-korthuis-mccarty-morris-englander-expandinginpatientaddictionconsultservicesthroughaccountablecareorganizationsformedicaidenrolleesamodelingstudy-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000972', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/king-cook-korthuis-mccarty-morris-englander-expandinginpatientaddictionconsultservicesthroughaccountablecareorganizationsformedicaidenrolleesamodelingstudy-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('king-cook-korthuis-mccarty-morris-englander-expandinginpatientaddictionconsultservicesthroughaccountablecareorganizationsformedicaidenrolleesamodelingstudy-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{king_expanding_2022,\n\ttitle = {Expanding {Inpatient} {Addiction} {Consult} {Services} {Through} {Accountable} {Care} {Organizations} for {Medicaid} {Enrollees}: {A} {Modeling} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Print) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35135988},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000972},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) care for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder, including opioid use disorder (OUD). Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) could enhance access to ACS. This study extends data from Oregon&#x27;s only ACS to Oregon&#x27;s 15 regional Medicaid Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) to illustrate the potential value of enhanced in- and out-patient care for hospitalized patients with OUD. The study objectives were to estimate the effects of (1) expanding ACS care through CCOs in Oregon, and (2) increasing community treatment access within CCOs, on post-discharge OUD treatment engagement. METHODS: We used a validated Markov model, populated with Oregon Medicaid data from April 2015 to December 2017, to estimate study objectives. RESULTS: Oregon Medicaid patients hospitalized with OUD with care billed to a CCO (n = 5878) included 1298 (22.1\\%) patients engaged in post-discharge OUD treatment. Simulation of referral to an ACS increased post-discharge OUD treatment engagement to 47.0\\% (95\\% confidence interval [CI] 45.7\\%, 48.3\\%), or 2684 patients (95\\% CI 2610, 2758). Ten of fifteen (66.7\\%) CCOs had fewer than 20\\% of patients engage in post-discharge OUD care. Without ACS, increasing outpatient treatment such that 20\\% of patients engage increased the patients engaging in post-discharge OUD care from 12.9\\% or 296 patients in care at baseline to 20\\% (95\\% CI 18.1\\%, 21.4\\%) or 453 (95\\% CI 416, 491). DISCUSSION: ACOs can improve care for patients hospitalized with OUD. Implementing ACS in ACO networks can potentially improve post-discharge OUD treatment engagement, but community treatment systems must be prepared to accept more patients as inpatient addiction care improves.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\n\tauthor = {King, C. A. and Cook, R. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220208},\n\tkeywords = {*Accountable Care Organizations, *Opioid-Related Disorders/therapy, Aftercare, Humans, Inpatients, Medicaid, Patient Discharge, Referral and Consultation, United States},\n\tpages = {570--576},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) care for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder, including opioid use disorder (OUD). Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) could enhance access to ACS. This study extends data from Oregon's only ACS to Oregon's 15 regional Medicaid Coordinated Care Organizations (CCOs) to illustrate the potential value of enhanced in- and out-patient care for hospitalized patients with OUD. The study objectives were to estimate the effects of (1) expanding ACS care through CCOs in Oregon, and (2) increasing community treatment access within CCOs, on post-discharge OUD treatment engagement. METHODS: We used a validated Markov model, populated with Oregon Medicaid data from April 2015 to December 2017, to estimate study objectives. RESULTS: Oregon Medicaid patients hospitalized with OUD with care billed to a CCO (n = 5878) included 1298 (22.1%) patients engaged in post-discharge OUD treatment. Simulation of referral to an ACS increased post-discharge OUD treatment engagement to 47.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 45.7%, 48.3%), or 2684 patients (95% CI 2610, 2758). Ten of fifteen (66.7%) CCOs had fewer than 20% of patients engage in post-discharge OUD care. Without ACS, increasing outpatient treatment such that 20% of patients engage increased the patients engaging in post-discharge OUD care from 12.9% or 296 patients in care at baseline to 20% (95% CI 18.1%, 21.4%) or 453 (95% CI 416, 491). DISCUSSION: ACOs can improve care for patients hospitalized with OUD. Implementing ACS in ACO networks can potentially improve post-discharge OUD treatment engagement, but community treatment systems must be prepared to accept more patients as inpatient addiction care improves.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hoffman-foot-levander-cook-terashima-mcilveen-korthuis-mccarty-treatmentretentionreturntouseandrecoverysupportfollowingcovid19relaxationofmethadonetakehomedosingintworuralopioidtreatmentprogramsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hoffman-foot-levander-cook-terashima-mcilveen-korthuis-mccarty-treatmentretentionreturntouseandrecoverysupportfollowingcovid19relaxationofmethadonetakehomedosingintworuralopioidtreatmentprogramsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443', event);\">\n    Treatment retention, return to use, and recovery support following COVID-19 relaxation of methadone take-home dosing in two rural opioid treatment programs: A mixed methods analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hoffman, K. A.; Foot, C.; Levander, X. A.; Cook, R.; Terashima, J. P.; McIlveen, J. W.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and McCarty, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Subst Abuse Treat</i>, 141: 108801. October 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220508</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoffman-foot-levander-cook-terashima-mcilveen-korthuis-mccarty-treatmentretentionreturntouseandrecoverysupportfollowingcovid19relaxationofmethadonetakehomedosingintworuralopioidtreatmentprogramsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Treatment retention, return to use, and recovery support following COVID-19 relaxation of methadone take-home dosing in two rural opioid treatment programs: A mixed methods analysis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108801\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hoffman-foot-levander-cook-terashima-mcilveen-korthuis-mccarty-treatmentretentionreturntouseandrecoverysupportfollowingcovid19relaxationofmethadonetakehomedosingintworuralopioidtreatmentprogramsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108801', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hoffman-foot-levander-cook-terashima-mcilveen-korthuis-mccarty-treatmentretentionreturntouseandrecoverysupportfollowingcovid19relaxationofmethadonetakehomedosingintworuralopioidtreatmentprogramsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hoffman-foot-levander-cook-terashima-mcilveen-korthuis-mccarty-treatmentretentionreturntouseandrecoverysupportfollowingcovid19relaxationofmethadonetakehomedosingintworuralopioidtreatmentprogramsamixedmethodsanalysis-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hoffman_treatment_2022,\n\ttitle = {Treatment retention, return to use, and recovery support following {COVID}-19 relaxation of methadone take-home dosing in two rural opioid treatment programs: {A} mixed methods analysis},\n\tvolume = {141},\n\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Print) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35589443},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108801},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVES: In March 2020, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration permitted Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs) to relax restrictions on take-home methadone and promoted telehealth to minimize potential exposures to COVID-19. We assessed the effects of COVID-19-related changes on take-home methadone dosing in two OTPs serving five rural Oregon counties. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods convergent design. The OTPs extracted urine drug test (UDT) results, take-home methadone regimens, and treatment retention from the electronic health record (EHR) for patients (n = 377). A mixed-effects negative binomial regression model assessed patient-level differences in take-home doses before and after the COVID-19 policy changes and the associations with treatment discontinuation, and UDT positivity. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 32) explored patient reactions to increased take-home dosing and reduced clinic visits to provide context for quantitative findings. RESULTS: The number of take-home doses increased in the post-COVID-19 period for patients engaged in treatment for more than 180 days (median: 8 vs 13 take-home doses per month, p = 0.011). Take-homes did not increase for patients with fewer days of treatment. Each percentage point increase in take-home dosing above what would be expected without COVID-19 policy changes was negatively associated with the percent of UDT positive for opioids (B = -0.12, CI [-0.21, -0.04], p = 0.005) and the probability of treatment discontinuation (aOR = 0.97, CI [0.95, 0.99], p = 0.003). Qualitative analysis revealed three themes explaining how increased take-home dosing supported recovery: 1) value of feeling trusted with increased responsibility; 2) reduced travel time permitted increased employment and recreation; and 3) reduced exposure to individuals less stable in recovery and potential triggers. CONCLUSIONS: Take-home methadone dose relaxations were associated with increased methadone take-home doses, improved retention, and decreased UDT opioid positive results among clinically stable patients. Qualitative findings suggest that fewer take-home restrictions are feasible and desirable and do not pose safety or public health harms.},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Hoffman, K. A. and Foot, C. and Levander, X. A. and Cook, R. and Terashima, J. P. and McIlveen, J. W. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220508},\n\tkeywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders/rehabilitation, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Covid-19, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid treatment, Rural},\n\tpages = {108801},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVES: In March 2020, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration permitted Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs) to relax restrictions on take-home methadone and promoted telehealth to minimize potential exposures to COVID-19. We assessed the effects of COVID-19-related changes on take-home methadone dosing in two OTPs serving five rural Oregon counties. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods convergent design. The OTPs extracted urine drug test (UDT) results, take-home methadone regimens, and treatment retention from the electronic health record (EHR) for patients (n = 377). A mixed-effects negative binomial regression model assessed patient-level differences in take-home doses before and after the COVID-19 policy changes and the associations with treatment discontinuation, and UDT positivity. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 32) explored patient reactions to increased take-home dosing and reduced clinic visits to provide context for quantitative findings. RESULTS: The number of take-home doses increased in the post-COVID-19 period for patients engaged in treatment for more than 180 days (median: 8 vs 13 take-home doses per month, p = 0.011). Take-homes did not increase for patients with fewer days of treatment. Each percentage point increase in take-home dosing above what would be expected without COVID-19 policy changes was negatively associated with the percent of UDT positive for opioids (B = -0.12, CI [-0.21, -0.04], p = 0.005) and the probability of treatment discontinuation (aOR = 0.97, CI [0.95, 0.99], p = 0.003). Qualitative analysis revealed three themes explaining how increased take-home dosing supported recovery: 1) value of feeling trusted with increased responsibility; 2) reduced travel time permitted increased employment and recreation; and 3) reduced exposure to individuals less stable in recovery and potential triggers. CONCLUSIONS: Take-home methadone dose relaxations were associated with increased methadone take-home doses, improved retention, and decreased UDT opioid positive results among clinically stable patients. Qualitative findings suggest that fewer take-home restrictions are feasible and desirable and do not pose safety or public health harms.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bhandari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-cook-etal-steepriseindruguseassociatedinfectiveendocarditisinwestvirginiacharacteristicsandhealthcareutilization-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bhandari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-cook-etal-steepriseindruguseassociatedinfectiveendocarditisinwestvirginiacharacteristicsandhealthcareutilization-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224', event);\">\n    Steep rise in drug use-associated infective endocarditis in West Virginia: Characteristics and healthcare utilization.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bhandari, R.; Alexander, T.; Annie, F. H.; Kaleem, U.; Irfan, A.; Balla, S.; Wiener, R. C.; Cook, C.; Nanjundappa, A.; Bates, M.; Thompson, E.; Smith, G. S.; Feinberg, J.;  and Fisher, M. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLoS One</i>, 17(7): e0271510.  2022.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20220715</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhandari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-cook-etal-steepriseindruguseassociatedinfectiveendocarditisinwestvirginiacharacteristicsandhealthcareutilization-2022', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Steep rise in drug use-associated infective endocarditis in West Virginia: Characteristics and healthcare utilization [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271510\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bhandari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-cook-etal-steepriseindruguseassociatedinfectiveendocarditisinwestvirginiacharacteristicsandhealthcareutilization-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271510', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bhandari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-cook-etal-steepriseindruguseassociatedinfectiveendocarditisinwestvirginiacharacteristicsandhealthcareutilization-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bhandari-alexander-annie-kaleem-irfan-balla-wiener-cook-etal-steepriseindruguseassociatedinfectiveendocarditisinwestvirginiacharacteristicsandhealthcareutilization-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bhandari_steep_2022,\n\ttitle = {Steep rise in drug use-associated infective endocarditis in {West} {Virginia}: {Characteristics} and healthcare utilization},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35839224},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0271510},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Life-threatening infections such as infective endocarditis (IE) are increasing simultaneously with the injection drug use epidemic in West Virginia (WV). We utilized a newly developed, statewide database to describe epidemiologic characteristics and healthcare utilization among patients with (DU-IE) and without (non-DU-IE) drug use-associated IE in WV over five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, observational study, incorporating manual review of electronic medical records, included all patients aged 18-90 years who had their first admission for IE in any of the four university-affiliated referral hospitals in WV during 2014-2018. IE was identified using ICD-10-CM codes and confirmed by chart review. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and healthcare utilization were compared between patients with DU-IE and non-DU-IE using Chi-square/Fisher&#x27;s exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted with discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality vs. discharge alive as the outcome variable and drug use as the predictor variable. RESULTS: Overall 780 unique patients had confirmed first IE admission, with a six-fold increase during study period (p = .004). Most patients (70.9\\%) had used drugs before hospital admission, primarily by injection. Compared to patients with non-DU-IE, patients with DU-IE were significantly younger (median age: 33.9 vs. 64.1 years; p {\\textless} .001); were hospitalized longer (median: 25.5 vs. 15 days; p {\\textless} .001); had a higher proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (42.7\\% vs. 29.9\\%; p {\\textless} .001), psychiatric disorders (51.2\\% vs. 17.3\\%; p {\\textless} .001), cardiac surgeries (42.9\\% vs. 26.6\\%; p {\\textless} .001), and discharges against medical advice (19.9\\% vs. 1.4\\%; p {\\textless} .001). Multivariable regression analysis showed drug use was an independent predictor of the combined outcome of discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality (OR: 2.99; 95\\% CI: 1.67-5.64). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This multisite study reveals a 681\\% increase in IE admissions in WV over five years primarily attributable to injection drug use, underscoring the urgent need for both prevention efforts and specialized strategies to improve outcomes.},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tauthor = {Bhandari, R. and Alexander, T. and Annie, F. H. and Kaleem, U. and Irfan, A. and Balla, S. and Wiener, R. C. and Cook, C. and Nanjundappa, A. and Bates, M. and Thompson, E. and Smith, G. S. and Feinberg, J. and Fisher, M. A.},\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20220715},\n\tkeywords = {*Endocarditis, *Endocarditis, Bacterial/epidemiology, *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, *Staphylococcal Infections, *Substance-Related Disorders/complications, Adult, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, West Virginia/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {e0271510},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: Life-threatening infections such as infective endocarditis (IE) are increasing simultaneously with the injection drug use epidemic in West Virginia (WV). We utilized a newly developed, statewide database to describe epidemiologic characteristics and healthcare utilization among patients with (DU-IE) and without (non-DU-IE) drug use-associated IE in WV over five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, observational study, incorporating manual review of electronic medical records, included all patients aged 18-90 years who had their first admission for IE in any of the four university-affiliated referral hospitals in WV during 2014-2018. IE was identified using ICD-10-CM codes and confirmed by chart review. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and healthcare utilization were compared between patients with DU-IE and non-DU-IE using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted with discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality vs. discharge alive as the outcome variable and drug use as the predictor variable. RESULTS: Overall 780 unique patients had confirmed first IE admission, with a six-fold increase during study period (p = .004). Most patients (70.9%) had used drugs before hospital admission, primarily by injection. Compared to patients with non-DU-IE, patients with DU-IE were significantly younger (median age: 33.9 vs. 64.1 years; p \\textless .001); were hospitalized longer (median: 25.5 vs. 15 days; p \\textless .001); had a higher proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (42.7% vs. 29.9%; p \\textless .001), psychiatric disorders (51.2% vs. 17.3%; p \\textless .001), cardiac surgeries (42.9% vs. 26.6%; p \\textless .001), and discharges against medical advice (19.9% vs. 1.4%; p \\textless .001). Multivariable regression analysis showed drug use was an independent predictor of the combined outcome of discharge against medical advice/in-hospital mortality (OR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.67-5.64). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This multisite study reveals a 681% increase in IE admissions in WV over five years primarily attributable to injection drug use, underscoring the urgent need for both prevention efforts and specialized strategies to improve outcomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (39)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ballard-haarderfer-prood-mbagwu-cooper-young-willingnesstoparticipateinathomehivtestingamongyoungadultswhouseopioidsinruralappalachia-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ballard-haarderfer-prood-mbagwu-cooper-young-willingnesstoparticipateinathomehivtestingamongyoungadultswhouseopioidsinruralappalachia-2021', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6', event);\">\n    Willingness to Participate in At-Home HIV Testing Among Young Adults Who Use Opioids in Rural Appalachia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ballard, A. M.; Haardöerfer, R.; Prood, N.; Mbagwu, C.; Cooper, H. L. F.;  and Young, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIDS and Behavior</i>, 25(3): 699–708. March 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballard-haarderfer-prood-mbagwu-cooper-young-willingnesstoparticipateinathomehivtestingamongyoungadultswhouseopioidsinruralappalachia-2021', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Willingness to Participate in At-Home HIV Testing Among Young Adults Who Use Opioids in Rural Appalachia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballard-haarderfer-prood-mbagwu-cooper-young-willingnesstoparticipateinathomehivtestingamongyoungadultswhouseopioidsinruralappalachia-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ballard-haarderfer-prood-mbagwu-cooper-young-willingnesstoparticipateinathomehivtestingamongyoungadultswhouseopioidsinruralappalachia-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ballard-haarderfer-prood-mbagwu-cooper-young-willingnesstoparticipateinathomehivtestingamongyoungadultswhouseopioidsinruralappalachia-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ballard_willingness_2021,\n\ttitle = {Willingness to {Participate} in {At}-{Home} {HIV} {Testing} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Opioids} in {Rural} {Appalachia}},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {1090-7165, 1573-3254},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-020-03034-6},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {AIDS and Behavior},\n\tauthor = {Ballard, April M. and Haardöerfer, Regine and Prood, Nadya and Mbagwu, Chukwudi and Cooper, Hannah L. F. and Young, April M.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Testing, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \\&amp; dosage/*adverse effects, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, HIV Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, Hiv, Home-based testing, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/epidemiology/*psychology, Rural Health, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance-related disorders, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {699--708},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"conway-armistead-denney-smith-validatingthematchingofpatientsinthelinkageofalargehospitalsystemsehrwithstateandnationaldeathdatabases-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Validating the Matching of Patients in the Linkage of a Large Hospital System's EHR with State and National Death Databases.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Conway, R. B. N.; Armistead, M. G.; Denney, M. J.;  and Smith, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Appl Clin Inform</i>, 12(1): 82–89. January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722220\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('conway-armistead-denney-smith-validatingthematchingofpatientsinthelinkageofalargehospitalsystemsehrwithstateandnationaldeathdatabases-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722220', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/conway-armistead-denney-smith-validatingthematchingofpatientsinthelinkageofalargehospitalsystemsehrwithstateandnationaldeathdatabases-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('conway-armistead-denney-smith-validatingthematchingofpatientsinthelinkageofalargehospitalsystemsehrwithstateandnationaldeathdatabases-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{conway_validating_2021,\n\ttitle = {Validating the {Matching} of {Patients} in the {Linkage} of a {Large} {Hospital} {System}&#x27;s {EHR} with {State} and {National} {Death} {Databases}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1869-0327 (Electronic) 1869-0327 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1055/s-0040-1722220},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Though electronic health record (EHR) data have been linked to national and state death registries, such linkages have rarely been validated for an entire hospital system&#x27;s EHR. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to validate West Virginia University Medicine&#x27;s (WVU Medicine) linkage of its EHR to three external death registries: the Social Security Death Masterfile (SSDMF), the national death index (NDI), the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR). METHODS: Probabilistic matching was used to link patients to NDI and deterministic matching for the SSDMF and DHHR vital statistics records (WVDMF). In subanalysis, we used deaths recorded in Epic (n = 30,217) to further validate a subset of deaths captured by the SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF. RESULTS: Of the deaths captured by the SSDMF, 59.8 and 68.5\\% were captured by NDI and WVDMF, respectively; for deaths captured by NDI this co-capture rate was 80 and 78\\%, respectively, for the SSDMF and WVDMF. Kappa statistics were strongest for NDI and WVDMF (61.2\\%) and NDI and SSDMF (60.6\\%) and weakest for SSDMF and WVDMF (27.9\\%). Of deaths recorded in Epic, 84.3, 85.5, and 84.4\\% were captured by SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF, respectively. Less than 2\\% of patients&#x27; deaths recorded in Epic were not found in any of the death registries. Finally, approximately 0.2\\% of &quot;decedents&quot; in any death registry re-emerged in Epic at least 6 months after their death date, a very small percentage and thus further validating the linkages. CONCLUSION: NDI had greatest validity in capturing deaths in our EHR. As a similar, though slightly less capture and agreement rate in identifying deaths is observed for SSDMF and state vital statistics records, these registries may be reasonable alternatives to NDI for research and quality assurance studies utilizing entire EHRs from large hospital systems. Investigators should also be aware that there will be a very tiny fraction of &quot;dead&quot; patients re-emerging in the EHR.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Appl Clin Inform},\n\tauthor = {Conway, R. B. N. and Armistead, M. G. and Denney, M. J. and Smith, G. S.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7875675},\n\tkeywords = {*Electronic Health Records, *Hospitals, Computer Systems, Databases, Factual, Humans, Registries},\n\tpages = {82--89},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Though electronic health record (EHR) data have been linked to national and state death registries, such linkages have rarely been validated for an entire hospital system's EHR. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to validate West Virginia University Medicine's (WVU Medicine) linkage of its EHR to three external death registries: the Social Security Death Masterfile (SSDMF), the national death index (NDI), the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR). METHODS: Probabilistic matching was used to link patients to NDI and deterministic matching for the SSDMF and DHHR vital statistics records (WVDMF). In subanalysis, we used deaths recorded in Epic (n = 30,217) to further validate a subset of deaths captured by the SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF. RESULTS: Of the deaths captured by the SSDMF, 59.8 and 68.5% were captured by NDI and WVDMF, respectively; for deaths captured by NDI this co-capture rate was 80 and 78%, respectively, for the SSDMF and WVDMF. Kappa statistics were strongest for NDI and WVDMF (61.2%) and NDI and SSDMF (60.6%) and weakest for SSDMF and WVDMF (27.9%). Of deaths recorded in Epic, 84.3, 85.5, and 84.4% were captured by SSDMF, NDI, and WVDMF, respectively. Less than 2% of patients' deaths recorded in Epic were not found in any of the death registries. Finally, approximately 0.2% of \"decedents\" in any death registry re-emerged in Epic at least 6 months after their death date, a very small percentage and thus further validating the linkages. CONCLUSION: NDI had greatest validity in capturing deaths in our EHR. As a similar, though slightly less capture and agreement rate in identifying deaths is observed for SSDMF and state vital statistics records, these registries may be reasonable alternatives to NDI for research and quality assurance studies utilizing entire EHRs from large hospital systems. Investigators should also be aware that there will be a very tiny fraction of \"dead\" patients re-emerging in the EHR.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-utilisinganaccesstocareintegratedframeworktoexploretheperceptionsofhepatitisctreatmentofhospitalbasedinterventionsamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Utilising an access to care integrated framework to explore the perceptions of hepatitis C treatment of hospital-based interventions among people who use drugs.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Levander, X. A.; Vega, T. A.; Seaman, A.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Englander, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>, 96: 103356. October 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103356\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-utilisinganaccesstocareintegratedframeworktoexploretheperceptionsofhepatitisctreatmentofhospitalbasedinterventionsamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103356', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-utilisinganaccesstocareintegratedframeworktoexploretheperceptionsofhepatitisctreatmentofhospitalbasedinterventionsamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-utilisinganaccesstocareintegratedframeworktoexploretheperceptionsofhepatitisctreatmentofhospitalbasedinterventionsamongpeoplewhousedrugs-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{levander_utilising_2021,\n\ttitle = {Utilising an access to care integrated framework to explore the perceptions of hepatitis {C} treatment of hospital-based interventions among people who use drugs},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103356},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Gaps remain in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade for people who use drugs (PWUD). Acute medical or surgical illnesses requiring hospitalisation are an opportunity to address addiction, but how inpatient strategies could affect HCV care accessibility for PWUD remains unknown. We explored patient perspectives of hospital-based interventions using an integrated framework of access to HCV care. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of hospitalised adults (n=27) with HCV and addiction admitted to an urban academic medical centre in the United States between June and November 2019. Individual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and dual-coded. We analysed data with coding specific for hospital-based interventions including screening, conducting HCV-related laboratory work-up, starting treatment, connecting with peers, and coordinating outpatient care. We analysed coded data at the semantic level for emergent themes using a framework approach based off an integrated framework of access to HCV care. RESULTS: The majority of participants primarily used opioids (78\\%), were white (85\\%) and men (67\\%). Participants frequently reported HCV screening during previous hospitalisation with rare inpatient connection to HCV-related services. Participants expressed willingness to discuss HCV treatment candidacy during hospitalisation; however, lack of inpatient conversations led to perception that &quot;nothing could be done&quot; during admission. Participants expressed interest in completing inpatient HCV work-up to &quot;get the ball rollin&#x27;&quot; - consolidating care would enhance outpatient service permeability by reducing barriers. Others resisted HCV care coordination, preferring to focus on &quot;immediate&quot; issues including health conditions and addiction treatment. Participants also expressed openness to engaging with peers about HCV, noting shared drug use experience as critical to a peer relationship when discussing HCV. CONCLUSION: Hospitalised PWUD have varied priorities, necessitating adaptable interventions for addressing HCV. Hospitalisation can be an opportunity to address HCV access to care including identification of treatment eligibility, consolidation of care, and facilitation of HCV-related referrals.},\n\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Vega, T. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8568624},\n\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C virus, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy, *Hospital, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Qualitative, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-related disorders, *Theoretical framework, Adult, Health Services Accessibility, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Hospitals, Humans, Male, Perception, Qualitative, Substance-related disorders, Theoretical framework, research funding from Gilead and Merck pharmaceuticals not directly related to, the conduct of this research. All other authors have no declarations of interest.},\n\tpages = {103356},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Gaps remain in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade for people who use drugs (PWUD). Acute medical or surgical illnesses requiring hospitalisation are an opportunity to address addiction, but how inpatient strategies could affect HCV care accessibility for PWUD remains unknown. We explored patient perspectives of hospital-based interventions using an integrated framework of access to HCV care. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of hospitalised adults (n=27) with HCV and addiction admitted to an urban academic medical centre in the United States between June and November 2019. Individual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and dual-coded. We analysed data with coding specific for hospital-based interventions including screening, conducting HCV-related laboratory work-up, starting treatment, connecting with peers, and coordinating outpatient care. We analysed coded data at the semantic level for emergent themes using a framework approach based off an integrated framework of access to HCV care. RESULTS: The majority of participants primarily used opioids (78%), were white (85%) and men (67%). Participants frequently reported HCV screening during previous hospitalisation with rare inpatient connection to HCV-related services. Participants expressed willingness to discuss HCV treatment candidacy during hospitalisation; however, lack of inpatient conversations led to perception that \"nothing could be done\" during admission. Participants expressed interest in completing inpatient HCV work-up to \"get the ball rollin'\" - consolidating care would enhance outpatient service permeability by reducing barriers. Others resisted HCV care coordination, preferring to focus on \"immediate\" issues including health conditions and addiction treatment. Participants also expressed openness to engaging with peers about HCV, noting shared drug use experience as critical to a peer relationship when discussing HCV. CONCLUSION: Hospitalised PWUD have varied priorities, necessitating adaptable interventions for addressing HCV. Hospitalisation can be an opportunity to address HCV access to care including identification of treatment eligibility, consolidation of care, and facilitation of HCV-related referrals.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wyse-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-korthuis-etal-twelvemonthretentioninopioidagonisttreatmentforopioidusedisorderamongpatientswithandwithouthiv-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Twelve-Month Retention in Opioid Agonist Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Among Patients With and Without HIV.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wyse, J. J.; McGinnis, K. A.; Edelman, E. J.; Gordon, A. J.; Manhapra, A.; Fiellin, D. A.; Moore, B. A.; Korthuis, P. T.; Kennedy, A. J.; Oldfield, B. J.; Gaither, J. R.; Gordon, K. S.; Skanderson, M.; Barry, D. T.; Bryant, K.; Crystal, S.; Justice, A. C.;  and Kraemer, K. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIDS Behav</i>. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03452-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wyse-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-korthuis-etal-twelvemonthretentioninopioidagonisttreatmentforopioidusedisorderamongpatientswithandwithouthiv-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03452-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wyse-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-korthuis-etal-twelvemonthretentioninopioidagonisttreatmentforopioidusedisorderamongpatientswithandwithouthiv-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wyse-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-korthuis-etal-twelvemonthretentioninopioidagonisttreatmentforopioidusedisorderamongpatientswithandwithouthiv-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wyse_twelve-month_2021,\n\ttitle = {Twelve-{Month} {Retention} in {Opioid} {Agonist} {Treatment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} {Among} {Patients} {With} and {Without} {HIV}},\n\tissn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-021-03452-0},\n\tabstract = {Although opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is associated with positive health outcomes, including improved HIV management, long-term retention in OAT remains low among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Using data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS), we identify variables independently associated with OAT retention overall and by HIV status. Among 7,334 patients with OUD, 13.7\\% initiated OAT, and 27.8\\% were retained 12-months later. Likelihood of initiation and retention did not vary by HIV status. Variables associated with improved likelihood of retention included receiving buprenorphine (relative to methadone), receiving both buprenorphine and methadone at some point over the 12-month period, or diagnosis of HCV. History of homelessness was associated with a lower likelihood of retention. Predictors of retention were largely distinct between patients with HIV and patients without HIV. Findings highlight the need for clinical, systems, and research initiatives to better understand and improve OAT retention.},\n\tjournal = {AIDS Behav},\n\tauthor = {Wyse, J. J. and McGinnis, K. A. and Edelman, E. J. and Gordon, A. J. and Manhapra, A. and Fiellin, D. A. and Moore, B. A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Kennedy, A. J. and Oldfield, B. J. and Gaither, J. R. and Gordon, K. S. and Skanderson, M. and Barry, D. T. and Bryant, K. and Crystal, S. and Justice, A. C. and Kraemer, K. L.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Hiv, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid-related disorders, Veteran health},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Although opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is associated with positive health outcomes, including improved HIV management, long-term retention in OAT remains low among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Using data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS), we identify variables independently associated with OAT retention overall and by HIV status. Among 7,334 patients with OUD, 13.7% initiated OAT, and 27.8% were retained 12-months later. Likelihood of initiation and retention did not vary by HIV status. Variables associated with improved likelihood of retention included receiving buprenorphine (relative to methadone), receiving both buprenorphine and methadone at some point over the 12-month period, or diagnosis of HCV. History of homelessness was associated with a lower likelihood of retention. Predictors of retention were largely distinct between patients with HIV and patients without HIV. Findings highlight the need for clinical, systems, and research initiatives to better understand and improve OAT retention.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"brook-hetrick-chettri-schalkoff-sibley-lancaster-go-miller-etal-therelationshipbetweenhepatitiscvirusratesandofficebasedbuprenorphineaccessinohio-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'brook-hetrick-chettri-schalkoff-sibley-lancaster-go-miller-etal-therelationshipbetweenhepatitiscvirusratesandofficebasedbuprenorphineaccessinohio-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217', event);\">\n    The Relationship Between Hepatitis C Virus Rates and Office-Based Buprenorphine Access in Ohio.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Brook, D. L.; Hetrick, A. T.; Chettri, S. R.; Schalkoff, C. A.; Sibley, A. L.; Lancaster, K. E.; Go, V. F.; Miller, W. C.;  and Kline, D. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Open Forum Infect Dis</i>, 8(6): ofab242. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20210517</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brook-hetrick-chettri-schalkoff-sibley-lancaster-go-miller-etal-therelationshipbetweenhepatitiscvirusratesandofficebasedbuprenorphineaccessinohio-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Relationship Between Hepatitis C Virus Rates and Office-Based Buprenorphine Access in Ohio [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab242\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('brook-hetrick-chettri-schalkoff-sibley-lancaster-go-miller-etal-therelationshipbetweenhepatitiscvirusratesandofficebasedbuprenorphineaccessinohio-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab242', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/brook-hetrick-chettri-schalkoff-sibley-lancaster-go-miller-etal-therelationshipbetweenhepatitiscvirusratesandofficebasedbuprenorphineaccessinohio-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('brook-hetrick-chettri-schalkoff-sibley-lancaster-go-miller-etal-therelationshipbetweenhepatitiscvirusratesandofficebasedbuprenorphineaccessinohio-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{brook_relationship_2021,\n\ttitle = {The {Relationship} {Between} {Hepatitis} {C} {Virus} {Rates} and {Office}-{Based} {Buprenorphine} {Access} in {Ohio}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {2328-8957 (Print) 2328-8957 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159217},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/ofid/ofab242},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: The United States is experiencing an epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections due to injection drug use, primarily of opioids and predominantly in rural areas. Buprenorphine, a medication for opioid use disorder, may indirectly prevent HCV transmission. We assessed the relationship of HCV rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study of the county-level (n = 88) relationship between HCV case rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. We fit adjusted negative binomial models between the county-level acute and total HCV incidence rates during 2013-2017 and 1) the number of patients in each county that could be served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing capacity) and 2) the number served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing frequency) from January-March, 2018. RESULTS: For each 10\\% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity differed by 1\\% (95\\% CI: -1\\%, 3\\%). For each 10\\% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity was 12\\% (95\\% CI: 7\\%, 17\\%) higher. For each 10\\% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 1\\% (95\\% CI: -1\\%, 3\\%) higher. For each 10\\% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 14\\% (95\\% CI: 7\\%, 20\\%) higher. CONCLUSIONS: Rural counties in Ohio have less office-based buprenorphine and higher acute HCV rates versus urban counties, but a similar relationship between office-based buprenorphine prescribing and HCV case rates. To adequately prevent and control HCV rates, certain rural counties may need more office-based buprenorphine prescribing in areas with high HCV case rates.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Open Forum Infect Dis},\n\tauthor = {Brook, D. L. and Hetrick, A. T. and Chettri, S. R. and Schalkoff, C. A. and Sibley, A. L. and Lancaster, K. E. and Go, V. F. and Miller, W. C. and Kline, D. M.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20210517},\n\tkeywords = {Hcv, Ohio, buprenorphine, opioids},\n\tpages = {ofab242},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: The United States is experiencing an epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections due to injection drug use, primarily of opioids and predominantly in rural areas. Buprenorphine, a medication for opioid use disorder, may indirectly prevent HCV transmission. We assessed the relationship of HCV rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study of the county-level (n = 88) relationship between HCV case rates and office-based buprenorphine prescribing in Ohio. We fit adjusted negative binomial models between the county-level acute and total HCV incidence rates during 2013-2017 and 1) the number of patients in each county that could be served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing capacity) and 2) the number served by office-based buprenorphine (prescribing frequency) from January-March, 2018. RESULTS: For each 10% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity differed by 1% (95% CI: -1%, 3%). For each 10% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing capacity was 12% (95% CI: 7%, 17%) higher. For each 10% increase in acute HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 1% (95% CI: -1%, 3%) higher. For each 10% increase in total HCV rate, office-based buprenorphine prescribing frequency was 14% (95% CI: 7%, 20%) higher. CONCLUSIONS: Rural counties in Ohio have less office-based buprenorphine and higher acute HCV rates versus urban counties, but a similar relationship between office-based buprenorphine prescribing and HCV case rates. To adequately prevent and control HCV rates, certain rural counties may need more office-based buprenorphine prescribing in areas with high HCV case rates.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ezell-walters-friedman-bolinski-jenkins-schneider-link-pho-stigmatizetheusenottheuserattitudesonopioidusedruginjectiontreatmentandoverdosepreventioninruralcommunities-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ezell-walters-friedman-bolinski-jenkins-schneider-link-pho-stigmatizetheusenottheuserattitudesonopioidusedruginjectiontreatmentandoverdosepreventioninruralcommunities-2021', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894', event);\">\n    Stigmatize the use, not the user? Attitudes on opioid use, drug injection, treatment, and overdose prevention in rural communities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ezell, J. M.; Walters, S.; Friedman, S. R.; Bolinski, R.; Jenkins, W. D.; Schneider, J.; Link, B.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Social Science & Medicine</i>, 268: 113470. January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ezell-walters-friedman-bolinski-jenkins-schneider-link-pho-stigmatizetheusenottheuserattitudesonopioidusedruginjectiontreatmentandoverdosepreventioninruralcommunities-2021', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Stigmatize the use, not the user? Attitudes on opioid use, drug injection, treatment, and overdose prevention in rural communities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113470\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ezell-walters-friedman-bolinski-jenkins-schneider-link-pho-stigmatizetheusenottheuserattitudesonopioidusedruginjectiontreatmentandoverdosepreventioninruralcommunities-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113470', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ezell-walters-friedman-bolinski-jenkins-schneider-link-pho-stigmatizetheusenottheuserattitudesonopioidusedruginjectiontreatmentandoverdosepreventioninruralcommunities-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ezell-walters-friedman-bolinski-jenkins-schneider-link-pho-stigmatizetheusenottheuserattitudesonopioidusedruginjectiontreatmentandoverdosepreventioninruralcommunities-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ezell_stigmatize_2021,\n\ttitle = {Stigmatize the use, not the user? {Attitudes} on opioid use, drug injection, treatment, and overdose prevention in rural communities},\n\tvolume = {268},\n\tissn = {02779536},\n\tshorttitle = {Stigmatize the use, not the user?},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620306894},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113470},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Social Science \\&amp; Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Ezell, Jerel M. and Walters, Suzan and Friedman, Samuel R. and Bolinski, Rebecca and Jenkins, Wiley D. and Schneider, John and Link, Bruce and Pho, Mai T.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/prevention \\&amp; control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Attitude, Discrimination, Drug injection, Drug use, Harm reduction, Health inequalities, Humans, Illinois, Opioids, Quality of Life, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma},\n\tpages = {113470},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vega-levander-seaman-korthuis-englander-sobrietyequalsgettingridofhepatitiscaqualitativestudyexploringtheinterplayofsubstanceusedisorderandhepatitiscamonghospitalizedadults-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  \"Sobriety equals getting rid of hepatitis C\": A qualitative study exploring the interplay of substance use disorder and hepatitis C among hospitalized adults.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vega, T. A.; Levander, X. A.; Seaman, A.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Englander, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Subst Abuse Treat</i>, 127: 108337. August 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108337\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vega-levander-seaman-korthuis-englander-sobrietyequalsgettingridofhepatitiscaqualitativestudyexploringtheinterplayofsubstanceusedisorderandhepatitiscamonghospitalizedadults-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108337', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vega-levander-seaman-korthuis-englander-sobrietyequalsgettingridofhepatitiscaqualitativestudyexploringtheinterplayofsubstanceusedisorderandhepatitiscamonghospitalizedadults-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vega-levander-seaman-korthuis-englander-sobrietyequalsgettingridofhepatitiscaqualitativestudyexploringtheinterplayofsubstanceusedisorderandhepatitiscamonghospitalizedadults-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vega_sobriety_2021,\n\ttitle = {&quot;{Sobriety} equals getting rid of hepatitis {C}&quot;: {A} qualitative study exploring the interplay of substance use disorder and hepatitis {C} among hospitalized adults},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108337},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) commonly experience complex illness, psychosocial stressors, housing insecurity, and stigma, which may play key roles in their struggles with addiction. In a study of hospitalized PWUD with hepatitis C virus infection (HCV), participants described treating HCV as &quot;part of recovery.&quot; These findings led us to explore how hospitalization and acute illness altered patients&#x27; perceptions of substance use disorder (SUD) and HCV. METHODS: Researchers audio recorded in-depth semi-structured individual interviews of 27 hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV seen by an addiction consult service (ACS) at an urban academic medical center between June and November 2019. Research staff transcribed interviews and dual coded them deductively and inductively at the semantic level. Researchers used a matrix visualization to discern relationships among codes and conducted a thematic analysis. RESULTS: Many participants believed addictions treatment should precede an HCV cure for varying reasons. Some wanted to avoid reinfection; others believed &quot;getting clean&quot; afforded the mental clarity to address health issues, including HCV. Patients newly engaged in SUD treatment described HCV treatment as a &quot;step towards recovery&quot; and could serve as motivation to continue SUD treatment. Participants believed HCV cure could facilitate sobriety by &quot;mentally putting drugs in the past&quot; and was a future-oriented action toward &quot;better health.&quot; Many participants described the compounded stigma of having HCV infection and SUD by multiple groups, including friends/family who do not use drugs, other drug users, and health care workers. CONCLUSION: Hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV believed addictions engagement should precede HCV treatment and HCV cure could play an important role in their &quot;recovery&quot; journey. Discussing HCV treatment during hospitalization may be an opportunity to support engagement in SUD treatment and targets an untreated patient population critical for achieving HCV elimination.},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Vega, T. A. and Levander, X. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8217723},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C virus, *Hospital, *Qualitative research, *Substance-Related Disorders, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C virus, Hospital, Humans, Qualitative Research, Substance-related disorders},\n\tpages = {108337},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) commonly experience complex illness, psychosocial stressors, housing insecurity, and stigma, which may play key roles in their struggles with addiction. In a study of hospitalized PWUD with hepatitis C virus infection (HCV), participants described treating HCV as \"part of recovery.\" These findings led us to explore how hospitalization and acute illness altered patients' perceptions of substance use disorder (SUD) and HCV. METHODS: Researchers audio recorded in-depth semi-structured individual interviews of 27 hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV seen by an addiction consult service (ACS) at an urban academic medical center between June and November 2019. Research staff transcribed interviews and dual coded them deductively and inductively at the semantic level. Researchers used a matrix visualization to discern relationships among codes and conducted a thematic analysis. RESULTS: Many participants believed addictions treatment should precede an HCV cure for varying reasons. Some wanted to avoid reinfection; others believed \"getting clean\" afforded the mental clarity to address health issues, including HCV. Patients newly engaged in SUD treatment described HCV treatment as a \"step towards recovery\" and could serve as motivation to continue SUD treatment. Participants believed HCV cure could facilitate sobriety by \"mentally putting drugs in the past\" and was a future-oriented action toward \"better health.\" Many participants described the compounded stigma of having HCV infection and SUD by multiple groups, including friends/family who do not use drugs, other drug users, and health care workers. CONCLUSION: Hospitalized adults with SUD and HCV believed addictions engagement should precede HCV treatment and HCV cure could play an important role in their \"recovery\" journey. Discussing HCV treatment during hospitalization may be an opportunity to support engagement in SUD treatment and targets an untreated patient population critical for achieving HCV elimination.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jenkins-williams-pearson-sexuallytransmittedinfectionepidemiologyandcareinruralareasanarrativereview-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Sexually Transmitted Infection Epidemiology and Care in Rural Areas: A Narrative Review.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jenkins, W. D.; Williams, L. D.;  and Pearson, W. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Sex Transm Dis</i>, 48(12): e236–e240. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001512\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-williams-pearson-sexuallytransmittedinfectionepidemiologyandcareinruralareasanarrativereview-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001512', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jenkins-williams-pearson-sexuallytransmittedinfectionepidemiologyandcareinruralareasanarrativereview-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jenkins-williams-pearson-sexuallytransmittedinfectionepidemiologyandcareinruralareasanarrativereview-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jenkins_sexually_2021,\n\ttitle = {Sexually {Transmitted} {Infection} {Epidemiology} and {Care} in {Rural} {Areas}: {A} {Narrative} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001512},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Although rural areas contain approximately 19\\% of the US population, little research has explored sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk and how urban-developed interventions may be suitable in more population-thin areas. Although STI rates vary across rural areas, these areas share diminishing access to screening and limited rural-specific testing of STI interventions. METHODS: This narrative review uses a political ecology model of health and explores 4 domains influencing STI risk and screening: epidemiology, health services, political and economic, and social. Articles describing aspects of rural STI epidemiology, screening access and use, and intervention utility within these domains were found by a search of PubMed. RESULTS: Epidemiology contributes to risk via multiple means, such as the presence of increased-risk populations and the at-times disproportionate impact of the opioid/drug use epidemic. Rural health services are diminishing in quantity, often have lesser accessibility, and may be stigmatizing to those needing services. Local political and economic influences include funding decisions, variable enforcement of laws/statutes, and systemic prevention of harm reduction services. Social norms such as stigma and discrimination can prevent individuals from seeking appropriate care, and also lessen individual self-efficacy to reduce personal risk. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually transmitted infection in rural areas is significant in scope and facing diminished prevention opportunities and resources. Although many STI interventions have been developed and piloted, few have been tested to scale or operationalized in rural areas. By considering rural STI risk reduction within a holistic model, purposeful exploration of interventions tailored to rural environments may be explored.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Sex Transm Dis},\n\tauthor = {Jenkins, W. D. and Williams, L. D. and Pearson, W. S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8595853},\n\tkeywords = {*Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, Humans, Mass Screening, Risk Reduction Behavior, Rural Population},\n\tpages = {e236--e240},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Although rural areas contain approximately 19% of the US population, little research has explored sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk and how urban-developed interventions may be suitable in more population-thin areas. Although STI rates vary across rural areas, these areas share diminishing access to screening and limited rural-specific testing of STI interventions. METHODS: This narrative review uses a political ecology model of health and explores 4 domains influencing STI risk and screening: epidemiology, health services, political and economic, and social. Articles describing aspects of rural STI epidemiology, screening access and use, and intervention utility within these domains were found by a search of PubMed. RESULTS: Epidemiology contributes to risk via multiple means, such as the presence of increased-risk populations and the at-times disproportionate impact of the opioid/drug use epidemic. Rural health services are diminishing in quantity, often have lesser accessibility, and may be stigmatizing to those needing services. Local political and economic influences include funding decisions, variable enforcement of laws/statutes, and systemic prevention of harm reduction services. Social norms such as stigma and discrimination can prevent individuals from seeking appropriate care, and also lessen individual self-efficacy to reduce personal risk. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually transmitted infection in rural areas is significant in scope and facing diminished prevention opportunities and resources. Although many STI interventions have been developed and piloted, few have been tested to scale or operationalized in rural areas. By considering rural STI risk reduction within a holistic model, purposeful exploration of interventions tailored to rural environments may be explored.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"levander-hoffman-mcilveen-mccarty-terashima-korthuis-ruralopioidtreatmentprogrampatientperspectivesontakehomemethadonepolicychangesduringcovid19aqualitativethematicanalysis-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Rural opioid treatment program patient perspectives on take-home methadone policy changes during COVID-19: a qualitative thematic analysis.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Levander, X. A.; Hoffman, K. A.; McIlveen, J. W.; McCarty, D.; Terashima, J. P.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addict Sci Clin Pract</i>, 16(1): 72. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-021-00281-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levander-hoffman-mcilveen-mccarty-terashima-korthuis-ruralopioidtreatmentprogrampatientperspectivesontakehomemethadonepolicychangesduringcovid19aqualitativethematicanalysis-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-021-00281-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/levander-hoffman-mcilveen-mccarty-terashima-korthuis-ruralopioidtreatmentprogrampatientperspectivesontakehomemethadonepolicychangesduringcovid19aqualitativethematicanalysis-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('levander-hoffman-mcilveen-mccarty-terashima-korthuis-ruralopioidtreatmentprogrampatientperspectivesontakehomemethadonepolicychangesduringcovid19aqualitativethematicanalysis-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{levander_rural_2021,\n\ttitle = {Rural opioid treatment program patient perspectives on take-home methadone policy changes during {COVID}-19: a qualitative thematic analysis},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1940-0640 (Electronic) 1940-0632 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-021-00281-3},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: In the United States, methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly regulated. Federal agencies announced guidelines in March 2020 allowing for relaxation of take-home methadone dispensing at opioid treatment programs (OTPs) to improve treatment access and reduce COVID-19 transmission risk during the public health emergency. We explored patient perspectives at three OTPs serving rural communities on how take-home policy changes were received and implemented and how these changes impacted their addiction treatment and recovery. METHODS: We completed semi-structured individual qualitative interviews in 2 phases: (1) August-October 2020 and (2) November 2020-January 2021 (total n = 46), anticipating possible policy changes as the pandemic progressed. We interviewed patients with OUD enrolled at 3 rural OTPs in Oregon. Participants received varying take-home methadone allowances following the COVID-19-related policy changes. All interviews were conducted via phone, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We conducted a thematic analysis, iteratively coding transcripts, and deductively and inductively generating codes. RESULTS: The 46 participants included 50\\% women and 89\\% had Medicaid insurance. Three main themes emerged in the analysis, with no differences between study phases: (1) Adapting to changing OTP policies throughout the pandemic; (2) Recognizing the benefits, and occasional struggles, with increased take-home methadone dosing; and (3) Continuing policies and procedures post-pandemic. Participants described fears and anxieties around ongoing methadone access and safety concerns prior to OTP policy changes, but quickly adapted as protocols soon seemed &quot;natural.&quot; The majority of participants acknowledged significant benefits to increased take-homes independent of reducing COVID-19 infection risk including feeling &quot;more like a normal person,&quot; improved recovery support, reduced time traveling, and having more time with family and for work. Looking to a post-pandemic future, participants thought some COVID-19-related safety protocols should continue that would reduce risk of other infections, make OTP settings less stressful, and result in more individualized care. CONCLUSIONS: As the pandemic progressed, study participants adapted to rapidly changing OTP policies. Participants noted many unanticipated benefits to increased take-home methadone and other COVID-19 protocols including strengthened self-efficacy and recovery and reduced interpersonal conflict, with limited evidence of diversion. Patient perspectives should inform future policies to better address the ongoing overdose epidemic.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Addict Sci Clin Pract},\n\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Hoffman, K. A. and McIlveen, J. W. and McCarty, D. and Terashima, J. P. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8665717},\n\tkeywords = {*Addiction medicine, *Analgesics, Opioid, *Methadone, *Qualitative research, *Rural, *Substance-related disorder, *covid-19, Addiction medicine, Covid-19, Humans, Methadone, Methadone/therapeutic use, Policy, Qualitative research, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Substance-related disorder, United States},\n\tpages = {72},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: In the United States, methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD) is highly regulated. Federal agencies announced guidelines in March 2020 allowing for relaxation of take-home methadone dispensing at opioid treatment programs (OTPs) to improve treatment access and reduce COVID-19 transmission risk during the public health emergency. We explored patient perspectives at three OTPs serving rural communities on how take-home policy changes were received and implemented and how these changes impacted their addiction treatment and recovery. METHODS: We completed semi-structured individual qualitative interviews in 2 phases: (1) August-October 2020 and (2) November 2020-January 2021 (total n = 46), anticipating possible policy changes as the pandemic progressed. We interviewed patients with OUD enrolled at 3 rural OTPs in Oregon. Participants received varying take-home methadone allowances following the COVID-19-related policy changes. All interviews were conducted via phone, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We conducted a thematic analysis, iteratively coding transcripts, and deductively and inductively generating codes. RESULTS: The 46 participants included 50% women and 89% had Medicaid insurance. Three main themes emerged in the analysis, with no differences between study phases: (1) Adapting to changing OTP policies throughout the pandemic; (2) Recognizing the benefits, and occasional struggles, with increased take-home methadone dosing; and (3) Continuing policies and procedures post-pandemic. Participants described fears and anxieties around ongoing methadone access and safety concerns prior to OTP policy changes, but quickly adapted as protocols soon seemed \"natural.\" The majority of participants acknowledged significant benefits to increased take-homes independent of reducing COVID-19 infection risk including feeling \"more like a normal person,\" improved recovery support, reduced time traveling, and having more time with family and for work. Looking to a post-pandemic future, participants thought some COVID-19-related safety protocols should continue that would reduce risk of other infections, make OTP settings less stressful, and result in more individualized care. CONCLUSIONS: As the pandemic progressed, study participants adapted to rapidly changing OTP policies. Participants noted many unanticipated benefits to increased take-home methadone and other COVID-19 protocols including strengthened self-efficacy and recovery and reduced interpersonal conflict, with limited evidence of diversion. Patient perspectives should inform future policies to better address the ongoing overdose epidemic.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rudisill-smith-riskfactorsassociatedwithdrivingundertheinfluenceofdrugsintheusa-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Risk factors associated with driving under the influence of drugs in the USA.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rudisill, T. M.;  and Smith, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Inj Prev</i>, 27(6): 514–520. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044015\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rudisill-smith-riskfactorsassociatedwithdrivingundertheinfluenceofdrugsintheusa-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044015', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rudisill-smith-riskfactorsassociatedwithdrivingundertheinfluenceofdrugsintheusa-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rudisill-smith-riskfactorsassociatedwithdrivingundertheinfluenceofdrugsintheusa-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rudisill_risk_2021,\n\ttitle = {Risk factors associated with driving under the influence of drugs in the {USA}},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1475-5785 (Electronic) 1353-8047 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1136/injuryprev-2020-044015},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a burgeoning public health concern in the USA. Because little is known about individuals who engage in DUID, the purpose of this study was to analyse potential sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors associated with the behaviour. METHODS: Self-reported data from drivers {\\textgreater}/=18 years of age who ever used drugs and participated in the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used. Characteristics of those who reported to engage and not engage in DUID were compared via frequencies, percentages and logistic regression analyses, which accounted for the multistage survey design. RESULTS: Among eligible respondents, 10.4\\% (weighted n=117 275 154) reported DUID. DUID was higher among those aged 18-25 year (34\\%), males (65\\%), unmarried individuals (61\\%), lesbian/gay/bisexuals (13\\%), those whom abused or were drug dependent (45\\%), engaged in numerous risky lifestyle behaviours (12\\%) and those taking medication for a mental health issue (22\\%). Nearly 20\\% and 6\\% of respondents engaged in DUID abused or were dependent on marijuana or methamphetamine, respectively. The adjusted odds of DUID were greatest among those 18-25 years of age (OR 3.7; 95\\% CI 2.8 to 5.0), those never/not married (OR 1.8; 95\\% CI 1.5 to 2.2), those who abused or were drug dependent (OR 4.0; 95\\% CI 3.5 to 4.7), exhibited riskier lifestyle behaviours (OR 8.0; 95\\% CI 5.9 to 11.0), were employed (OR 1.3; 95\\% CI 1.1 to 1.6) or lesbian/gay/bisexuals (OR 1.4; 95\\% CI 1.1 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: DUID was common among some population sub-groups who may benefit from intervention.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Inj Prev},\n\tauthor = {Rudisill, T. M. and Smith, G. S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8190186},\n\tkeywords = {*Automobile Driving, *Driving Under the Influence, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *cross sectional study, *drugs, *risk factor research, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {514--520},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a burgeoning public health concern in the USA. Because little is known about individuals who engage in DUID, the purpose of this study was to analyse potential sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors associated with the behaviour. METHODS: Self-reported data from drivers \\textgreater/=18 years of age who ever used drugs and participated in the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used. Characteristics of those who reported to engage and not engage in DUID were compared via frequencies, percentages and logistic regression analyses, which accounted for the multistage survey design. RESULTS: Among eligible respondents, 10.4% (weighted n=117 275 154) reported DUID. DUID was higher among those aged 18-25 year (34%), males (65%), unmarried individuals (61%), lesbian/gay/bisexuals (13%), those whom abused or were drug dependent (45%), engaged in numerous risky lifestyle behaviours (12%) and those taking medication for a mental health issue (22%). Nearly 20% and 6% of respondents engaged in DUID abused or were dependent on marijuana or methamphetamine, respectively. The adjusted odds of DUID were greatest among those 18-25 years of age (OR 3.7; 95% CI 2.8 to 5.0), those never/not married (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5 to 2.2), those who abused or were drug dependent (OR 4.0; 95% CI 3.5 to 4.7), exhibited riskier lifestyle behaviours (OR 8.0; 95% CI 5.9 to 11.0), were employed (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) or lesbian/gay/bisexuals (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: DUID was common among some population sub-groups who may benefit from intervention.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcilveen-hoffman-priest-choi-korthuis-mccarty-reductioninoregonsmedicationdosingvisitsafterthesarscov2relaxationofrestrictionsontakehomemedication-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Reduction in Oregon's Medication Dosing Visits After the SARS-CoV-2 Relaxation of Restrictions on Take-home Medication.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McIlveen, J. W.; Hoffman, K.; Priest, K. C.; Choi, D.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and McCarty, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Addict Med</i>, 15(6): 516–518. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000812\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcilveen-hoffman-priest-choi-korthuis-mccarty-reductioninoregonsmedicationdosingvisitsafterthesarscov2relaxationofrestrictionsontakehomemedication-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000812', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcilveen-hoffman-priest-choi-korthuis-mccarty-reductioninoregonsmedicationdosingvisitsafterthesarscov2relaxationofrestrictionsontakehomemedication-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcilveen-hoffman-priest-choi-korthuis-mccarty-reductioninoregonsmedicationdosingvisitsafterthesarscov2relaxationofrestrictionsontakehomemedication-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcilveen_reduction_2021,\n\ttitle = {Reduction in {Oregon}&#x27;s {Medication} {Dosing} {Visits} {After} the {SARS}-{CoV}-2 {Relaxation} of {Restrictions} on {Take}-home {Medication}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000812},\n\tabstract = {To slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in opioid treatment programs (OTPs), SAMHSA notified State Opioid Treatment Authorities that stable patients could receive up to 27 days of take-homes, less stable patients could receive up to 13 days with fewer take-homes for other patients. An analysis assessed how the relaxed standards affected the number of patient dosing visits and the amount of take-home medications dispensed in Oregon&#x27;s 20 public, nonprofit, and for-profit OTPs. OTPs reported the number of patients receiving take homes pre and post federal policy change at 3 time points: pre SARS-CoV-2 (February or first half of March), post 1 SARS-CoV-2 (March, April, or May), and post 2 SARS-CoV-2 (April, May, or June). The patients receiving each quantity of take-homes were counted and means calculated for visits and take-homes per patient per month. A negative binomial mixed-effects regression model assessed change in mean dosing visits per patient. During the pre SARS-CoV-2 period, OTPs served 7792 patients monthly with 120,513 medication visits and dispensed 44,883 take-home doses. Mean patient visits per month were 15.5 with 5.8 take-homes per patient per month. Following the policy change, medication visits declined 33\\% and take-home medication increased 97\\% with 10.4 mean visits per patient and 11.3 mean take-homes per patient. The negative binomial mixed-effects regression model estimated a 54\\% reduction in mean visits per patient. The policy change had the intended effect. More research is needed to assess unintended consequences associated with increased access to take-home medication.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\n\tauthor = {McIlveen, J. W. and Hoffman, K. and Priest, K. C. and Choi, D. and Korthuis, P. T. and McCarty, D.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8339128},\n\tkeywords = {*SARS-CoV-2, *covid-19, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Oregon},\n\tpages = {516--518},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  To slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in opioid treatment programs (OTPs), SAMHSA notified State Opioid Treatment Authorities that stable patients could receive up to 27 days of take-homes, less stable patients could receive up to 13 days with fewer take-homes for other patients. An analysis assessed how the relaxed standards affected the number of patient dosing visits and the amount of take-home medications dispensed in Oregon's 20 public, nonprofit, and for-profit OTPs. OTPs reported the number of patients receiving take homes pre and post federal policy change at 3 time points: pre SARS-CoV-2 (February or first half of March), post 1 SARS-CoV-2 (March, April, or May), and post 2 SARS-CoV-2 (April, May, or June). The patients receiving each quantity of take-homes were counted and means calculated for visits and take-homes per patient per month. A negative binomial mixed-effects regression model assessed change in mean dosing visits per patient. During the pre SARS-CoV-2 period, OTPs served 7792 patients monthly with 120,513 medication visits and dispensed 44,883 take-home doses. Mean patient visits per month were 15.5 with 5.8 take-homes per patient per month. Following the policy change, medication visits declined 33% and take-home medication increased 97% with 10.4 mean visits per patient and 11.3 mean take-homes per patient. The negative binomial mixed-effects regression model estimated a 54% reduction in mean visits per patient. The policy change had the intended effect. More research is needed to assess unintended consequences associated with increased access to take-home medication.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hochstatter-akhtar-elbassel-westergaard-burns-racialdisparitiesinuseofnonemergencyoutpatientcarebymedicaideligibleadultsafterreleasefromprisonwisconsin20152017-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hochstatter-akhtar-elbassel-westergaard-burns-racialdisparitiesinuseofnonemergencyoutpatientcarebymedicaideligibleadultsafterreleasefromprisonwisconsin20152017-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054', event);\">\n    Racial disparities in use of non-emergency outpatient care by Medicaid-eligible adults after release from prison: Wisconsin, 2015-2017.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hochstatter, K. R.; Akhtar, W. Z.; El-Bassel, N.; Westergaard, R. P.;  and Burns, M. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Subst Abuse Treat</i>, 126: 108484. July 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 2021/05/31</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hochstatter-akhtar-elbassel-westergaard-burns-racialdisparitiesinuseofnonemergencyoutpatientcarebymedicaideligibleadultsafterreleasefromprisonwisconsin20152017-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Racial disparities in use of non-emergency outpatient care by Medicaid-eligible adults after release from prison: Wisconsin, 2015-2017 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108484\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hochstatter-akhtar-elbassel-westergaard-burns-racialdisparitiesinuseofnonemergencyoutpatientcarebymedicaideligibleadultsafterreleasefromprisonwisconsin20152017-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108484', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hochstatter-akhtar-elbassel-westergaard-burns-racialdisparitiesinuseofnonemergencyoutpatientcarebymedicaideligibleadultsafterreleasefromprisonwisconsin20152017-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hochstatter-akhtar-elbassel-westergaard-burns-racialdisparitiesinuseofnonemergencyoutpatientcarebymedicaideligibleadultsafterreleasefromprisonwisconsin20152017-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hochstatter_racial_2021,\n\ttitle = {Racial disparities in use of non-emergency outpatient care by {Medicaid}-eligible adults after release from prison: {Wisconsin}, 2015-2017},\n\tvolume = {126},\n\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34052054},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108484},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Black individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are less likely to receive effective treatment and more likely to be incarcerated compared to White individuals. Despite this, research documenting racial disparities in healthcare use among people with SUD releasing from prison is limited. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study are to: 1) assess racial disparities in Medicaid enrollment among individuals released from prison with a history of substance use; and 2) characterize racial disparities in outpatient service use, emergency department (ED) use, and receipt of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among those who do enroll in Medicaid. METHODS: This study included individuals with a history of substance use that were released from Wisconsin state correctional facilities from April 2015 through June 2017. Medicaid enrollment and claims data were analyzed to compare healthcare utilization 6 months post-release between individuals identifying as Black, White, or other races. The total sample included 15,621 prison releases among 14,400 unique persons with a history of substance abuse. RESULTS: Among the 15,621 prison releases, 10,836 (69.4\\%) were enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release. The proportion of prison releases among individuals of other races who enrolled in Medicaid (506/934, 54.2\\%) was significantly lower than the proportion among Black individuals (3679/5306, 69.3\\%) and White individuals (6651/9381, 70.9\\%). Among the subset of 7685 releases enrolled in Medicaid for 6 months post-release, 5040 (65.6\\%) had an outpatient visit within 6 months; 73.9\\% of White, 51.3\\% of Black, and 66.9\\% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 0.324 times less likely (P {\\textless} 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.591 times less likely (P = 0.004) to have an outpatient visit. Of the 7685 releases, 1016 (13.2\\%) had an ED visit within 6 months; 12.0\\% of White, 13.8\\% of Black and 25.1\\% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 1.23 times more likely (P = 0.019) and individuals of other races were 2.64 times more likely (P {\\textless} 0.001) to have an ED visit. Black individuals were 0.100 times less likely (P {\\textless} 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.435 times less likely (P = 0.016) to receive MOUD post-release compared to White individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Black adults with a history of substance use are significantly less likely than White adults to use non-emergency outpatient services after release from incarceration. Improving equitable access to outpatient services is needed to reduce health disparities across racial groups.},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Hochstatter, K. R. and Akhtar, W. Z. and El-Bassel, N. and Westergaard, R. P. and Burns, M. E.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Edition: 2021/05/31},\n\tkeywords = {*Healthcare utilization, *Medicaid, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders, *Post-release, *Racial disparities, *Substance abuse, Adult, Ambulatory Care, Emergency Service, Hospital, Healthcare Disparities, Healthcare utilization, Humans, Medication for opioid use disorder, Outpatients, Post-release, Prisons, Racial disparities, Substance abuse, United States, Wisconsin},\n\tpages = {108484},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Black individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are less likely to receive effective treatment and more likely to be incarcerated compared to White individuals. Despite this, research documenting racial disparities in healthcare use among people with SUD releasing from prison is limited. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study are to: 1) assess racial disparities in Medicaid enrollment among individuals released from prison with a history of substance use; and 2) characterize racial disparities in outpatient service use, emergency department (ED) use, and receipt of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among those who do enroll in Medicaid. METHODS: This study included individuals with a history of substance use that were released from Wisconsin state correctional facilities from April 2015 through June 2017. Medicaid enrollment and claims data were analyzed to compare healthcare utilization 6 months post-release between individuals identifying as Black, White, or other races. The total sample included 15,621 prison releases among 14,400 unique persons with a history of substance abuse. RESULTS: Among the 15,621 prison releases, 10,836 (69.4%) were enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release. The proportion of prison releases among individuals of other races who enrolled in Medicaid (506/934, 54.2%) was significantly lower than the proportion among Black individuals (3679/5306, 69.3%) and White individuals (6651/9381, 70.9%). Among the subset of 7685 releases enrolled in Medicaid for 6 months post-release, 5040 (65.6%) had an outpatient visit within 6 months; 73.9% of White, 51.3% of Black, and 66.9% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 0.324 times less likely (P \\textless 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.591 times less likely (P = 0.004) to have an outpatient visit. Of the 7685 releases, 1016 (13.2%) had an ED visit within 6 months; 12.0% of White, 13.8% of Black and 25.1% of other individuals. Relative to White individuals, Black individuals were 1.23 times more likely (P = 0.019) and individuals of other races were 2.64 times more likely (P \\textless 0.001) to have an ED visit. Black individuals were 0.100 times less likely (P \\textless 0.001) and individuals of other races were 0.435 times less likely (P = 0.016) to receive MOUD post-release compared to White individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Black adults with a history of substance use are significantly less likely than White adults to use non-emergency outpatient services after release from incarceration. Improving equitable access to outpatient services is needed to reduce health disparities across racial groups.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evans-goldwater-stanek-brierleybowers-buchanan-whitehill-prevalenceandcorrelatesofcannabisuseinmassachusettsaftercannabislegalizationandbeforeretailsales-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Prevalence and Correlates of Cannabis Use in Massachusetts after Cannabis Legalization and before Retail Sales.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evans, E. A.; Goldwater, E.; Stanek, E. J.; Brierley-Bowers, P.; Buchanan, D.;  and Whitehill, J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Psychoactive Drugs</i>, 53(2): 158–167. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1850945\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-goldwater-stanek-brierleybowers-buchanan-whitehill-prevalenceandcorrelatesofcannabisuseinmassachusettsaftercannabislegalizationandbeforeretailsales-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1850945', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evans-goldwater-stanek-brierleybowers-buchanan-whitehill-prevalenceandcorrelatesofcannabisuseinmassachusettsaftercannabislegalizationandbeforeretailsales-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evans-goldwater-stanek-brierleybowers-buchanan-whitehill-prevalenceandcorrelatesofcannabisuseinmassachusettsaftercannabislegalizationandbeforeretailsales-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evans_prevalence_2021,\n\ttitle = {Prevalence and {Correlates} of {Cannabis} {Use} in {Massachusetts} after {Cannabis} {Legalization} and before {Retail} {Sales}},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\tissn = {2159-9777 (Electronic) 0279-1072 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/02791072.2020.1850945},\n\tabstract = {We determined the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in Massachusetts after recreational use was passed, but before recreational cannabis stores opened. A cross-sectional, population-based survey of Massachusetts adults, age 18 years or older, (n = 3,022) was conducted in November-December, 2017. We estimated population-level prevalence and correlates of past 30-day cannabis use. 21.1\\% [95\\% CI: 18.6, 23.6] of Massachusetts adults reported past 30-day cannabis use. Among cannabis users, 56.0\\% [CI 49.1, 62.9] reported non-medical cannabis use, 15.5\\% [12.1, 18.9] reported medical cannabis use, and 28.5\\% [CI 22.3, 34.8] reported both types of use. Men were more likely than women to use cannabis (Risk Ratio: 1.3 [CI 1.1, 1.6]), as were young adults (18-25 years old), those with lower socioeconomic status, non-parenting individuals, those who used alcohol (1.9 [CI 1.4, 2.6]) or other substances (1.7 [CI 1.3, 2.4]), and residents of Western Massachusetts (2.0 [1.3, 3.0]; ref: Boston area), the Northeast (1.8 [CI 1.2, 2.7]), and the Southeast (1.8 [CI 1.1, 2.7]). Cannabis is widely used in Massachusetts, with varying prevalence rates by gender, age, socioeconomic status, poly-substance use, and region. Findings may inform public health efforts and serve as a baseline for measuring health and social impacts of opening retail cannabis stores.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {J Psychoactive Drugs},\n\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Goldwater, E. and Stanek, E. J. and Brierley-Bowers, P. and Buchanan, D. and Whitehill, J. M.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Cannabis, *Massachusetts, *legalization, *marijuana, *non-medical cannabis, *prevalence, Adolescent, Adult, Cannabis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Legislation, Drug, Massachusetts, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Prevalence, Young Adult, legalization, marijuana, non-medical cannabis},\n\tpages = {158--167},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  We determined the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in Massachusetts after recreational use was passed, but before recreational cannabis stores opened. A cross-sectional, population-based survey of Massachusetts adults, age 18 years or older, (n = 3,022) was conducted in November-December, 2017. We estimated population-level prevalence and correlates of past 30-day cannabis use. 21.1% [95% CI: 18.6, 23.6] of Massachusetts adults reported past 30-day cannabis use. Among cannabis users, 56.0% [CI 49.1, 62.9] reported non-medical cannabis use, 15.5% [12.1, 18.9] reported medical cannabis use, and 28.5% [CI 22.3, 34.8] reported both types of use. Men were more likely than women to use cannabis (Risk Ratio: 1.3 [CI 1.1, 1.6]), as were young adults (18-25 years old), those with lower socioeconomic status, non-parenting individuals, those who used alcohol (1.9 [CI 1.4, 2.6]) or other substances (1.7 [CI 1.3, 2.4]), and residents of Western Massachusetts (2.0 [1.3, 3.0]; ref: Boston area), the Northeast (1.8 [CI 1.2, 2.7]), and the Southeast (1.8 [CI 1.1, 2.7]). Cannabis is widely used in Massachusetts, with varying prevalence rates by gender, age, socioeconomic status, poly-substance use, and region. Findings may inform public health efforts and serve as a baseline for measuring health and social impacts of opening retail cannabis stores.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hendricks-rudisill-pesarsick-wen-dotson-wood-smith-prescriptiondrugmonitoringprogrampolicyreformhumanandveterinarypractitionerprescribinginwestvirginia20082020-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Prescription drug monitoring program policy reform: human and veterinary practitioner prescribing in West Virginia, 2008-2020.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hendricks, B.; Rudisill, T.; Pesarsick, J.; Wen, S.; Dotson, T.; Wood, N.;  and Smith, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Public Health Policy</i>, 42(2): 249–257. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00275-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hendricks-rudisill-pesarsick-wen-dotson-wood-smith-prescriptiondrugmonitoringprogrampolicyreformhumanandveterinarypractitionerprescribinginwestvirginia20082020-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00275-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hendricks-rudisill-pesarsick-wen-dotson-wood-smith-prescriptiondrugmonitoringprogrampolicyreformhumanandveterinarypractitionerprescribinginwestvirginia20082020-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hendricks-rudisill-pesarsick-wen-dotson-wood-smith-prescriptiondrugmonitoringprogrampolicyreformhumanandveterinarypractitionerprescribinginwestvirginia20082020-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hendricks_prescription_2021,\n\ttitle = {Prescription drug monitoring program policy reform: human and veterinary practitioner prescribing in {West} {Virginia}, 2008-2020},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {1745-655X (Electronic) 0197-5897 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1057/s41271-021-00275-0},\n\tabstract = {No study has examined Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) data for West Virginia or among specialty practices, such as veterinary medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct time series modeling to describe the PDMP policy reform impact on prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers. We obtained data from the WV PDMP for 2008 through 2020 for the number of opioid prescriptions filled and providers. We estimated prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers separately based upon the top five opioids prescribed by veterinarians. We estimated temporal effects using a Bayesian log-normal time series model for humans and veterinarians separately. Throughout the study period prescribing rates increased significantly for veterinarians, and decreased for human providers, particularly during 2018 after implementation of the Opioid Reduction Act. Findings provide novel insight into the differential impact of policy on specialty practices and highlight decreasing human opioid prescribing observed elsewhere.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {J Public Health Policy},\n\tauthor = {Hendricks, B. and Rudisill, T. and Pesarsick, J. and Wen, S. and Dotson, T. and Wood, N. and Smith, G. S.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8386439},\n\tkeywords = {*Prescription Drug Misuse, *Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Bayes Theorem, Drug misuse, Humans, Policy, Practice Patterns, Physicians&#x27;, Prescription drug monitoring programs, Veterinarians, West Virginia},\n\tpages = {249--257},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  No study has examined Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) data for West Virginia or among specialty practices, such as veterinary medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct time series modeling to describe the PDMP policy reform impact on prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers. We obtained data from the WV PDMP for 2008 through 2020 for the number of opioid prescriptions filled and providers. We estimated prescribing rates for human and veterinary providers separately based upon the top five opioids prescribed by veterinarians. We estimated temporal effects using a Bayesian log-normal time series model for humans and veterinarians separately. Throughout the study period prescribing rates increased significantly for veterinarians, and decreased for human providers, particularly during 2018 after implementation of the Opioid Reduction Act. Findings provide novel insight into the differential impact of policy on specialty practices and highlight decreasing human opioid prescribing observed elsewhere.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"walters-frank-vanham-jaiswal-muncan-earnshaw-schneider-friedman-etal-prepcarecontinuumengagementamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsruralandurbandifferencesinstigmaandsocialinfrastructure-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  PrEP Care Continuum Engagement Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: Rural and Urban Differences in Stigma and Social Infrastructure.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Walters, S. M.; Frank, D.; Van Ham, B.; Jaiswal, J.; Muncan, B.; Earnshaw, V.; Schneider, J.; Friedman, S. R.;  and Ompad, D. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIDS Behav</i>. October 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03488-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-frank-vanham-jaiswal-muncan-earnshaw-schneider-friedman-etal-prepcarecontinuumengagementamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsruralandurbandifferencesinstigmaandsocialinfrastructure-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03488-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/walters-frank-vanham-jaiswal-muncan-earnshaw-schneider-friedman-etal-prepcarecontinuumengagementamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsruralandurbandifferencesinstigmaandsocialinfrastructure-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('walters-frank-vanham-jaiswal-muncan-earnshaw-schneider-friedman-etal-prepcarecontinuumengagementamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsruralandurbandifferencesinstigmaandsocialinfrastructure-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{walters_prep_2021,\n\ttitle = {{PrEP} {Care} {Continuum} {Engagement} {Among} {Persons} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}: {Rural} and {Urban} {Differences} in {Stigma} and {Social} {Infrastructure}},\n\tissn = {1573-3254 (Electronic) 1090-7165 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-021-03488-2},\n\tabstract = {Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that prevents HIV acquisition, yet PrEP uptake has been low among people who inject drugs. Stigma has been identified as a fundamental driver of population health and may be a significant barrier to PrEP care engagement among PWID. However, there has been limited research on how stigma operates in rural and urban settings in relation to PrEP. Using in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 57) we explore PrEP continuum engagement among people actively injecting drugs in rural and urban settings. Urban participants had more awareness and knowledge. Willingness to use PrEP was similar in both settings. However, no participant was currently using PrEP. Stigmas against drug use, HIV, and sexualities were identified as barriers to PrEP uptake, particularly in the rural setting. Syringe service programs in the urban setting were highlighted as a welcoming space where PWID could socialize and therefore mitigate stigma and foster information sharing.},\n\tjournal = {AIDS Behav},\n\tauthor = {Walters, S. M. and Frank, D. and Van Ham, B. and Jaiswal, J. and Muncan, B. and Earnshaw, V. and Schneider, J. and Friedman, S. R. and Ompad, D. C.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8501360},\n\tkeywords = {*Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use, *Drug Users, *HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, *Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, *Social Capital, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, Continuity of Patient Care, Hiv, Humans, Persons who inject drugs (PWID), Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Rural, Social Stigma, Social infrastructure, Stigma, Third places, Urban},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that prevents HIV acquisition, yet PrEP uptake has been low among people who inject drugs. Stigma has been identified as a fundamental driver of population health and may be a significant barrier to PrEP care engagement among PWID. However, there has been limited research on how stigma operates in rural and urban settings in relation to PrEP. Using in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 57) we explore PrEP continuum engagement among people actively injecting drugs in rural and urban settings. Urban participants had more awareness and knowledge. Willingness to use PrEP was similar in both settings. However, no participant was currently using PrEP. Stigmas against drug use, HIV, and sexualities were identified as barriers to PrEP uptake, particularly in the rural setting. Syringe service programs in the urban setting were highlighted as a welcoming space where PWID could socialize and therefore mitigate stigma and foster information sharing.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lipira-leichtling-cook-leahy-orellana-korthuis-menza-predictorsofhavingnaloxoneinurbanandruraloregonfindingsfromnhbsandtheorhopestudy-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural Oregon findings from NHBS and the OR-HOPE study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lipira, L.; Leichtling, G.; Cook, R. R.; Leahy, J. M.; Orellana, E. R.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Menza, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug Alcohol Depend</i>, 227: 108912. October 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108912\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lipira-leichtling-cook-leahy-orellana-korthuis-menza-predictorsofhavingnaloxoneinurbanandruraloregonfindingsfromnhbsandtheorhopestudy-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108912', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lipira-leichtling-cook-leahy-orellana-korthuis-menza-predictorsofhavingnaloxoneinurbanandruraloregonfindingsfromnhbsandtheorhopestudy-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lipira-leichtling-cook-leahy-orellana-korthuis-menza-predictorsofhavingnaloxoneinurbanandruraloregonfindingsfromnhbsandtheorhopestudy-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lipira_predictors_2021,\n\ttitle = {Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural {Oregon} findings from {NHBS} and the {OR}-{HOPE} study},\n\tvolume = {227},\n\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108912},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can be effectively administered by bystanders to prevent overdose. We determined the proportion of people who had naloxone and identified predictors of naloxone ownership among two samples of people who inject drugs (PWID) who use opioids in Portland and rural Western Oregon. BASIC PROCEDURES: We used data from participants in Portland&#x27;s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS, N = 477) and the Oregon HIV/Hepatitis and Opioid Prevention and Engagement Study (OR-HOPE, N = 133). For each sample, we determined the proportion of participants who had naloxone and estimated unadjusted and adjusted relative risk of having naloxone associated with participant characteristics. MAIN FINDINGS: Sixty one percent of NHBS and 30 \\% of OR-HOPE participants had naloxone. In adjusted analysis, having naloxone was associated with female gender, injecting goofballs (compared to heroin alone), housing stability, and overdose training in the urban NHBS sample, and having naloxone was associated with drug of choice, frequency of injection, and race in the rural OR-HOPE sample. In both samples, having naloxone was crudely associated with SSP use, but this was attenuated after adjustment. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Naloxone ownership was insufficient and highly variable among two samples of PWID who use opioids in Oregon. People who use methamphetamine, males, and people experiencing homelessness may be at increased risk for not having naloxone and SSP may play a key role in improving access.},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Lipira, L. and Leichtling, G. and Cook, R. R. and Leahy, J. M. and Orellana, E. R. and Korthuis, P. T. and Menza, T. W.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8464511},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Naloxone, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Opioids, *Overdose, *Regional, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/drug therapy/epidemiology, *idu, Female, Humans, Idu, Male, Naloxone, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opioids, Oregon, Overdose, Regional},\n\tpages = {108912},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PURPOSE: Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can be effectively administered by bystanders to prevent overdose. We determined the proportion of people who had naloxone and identified predictors of naloxone ownership among two samples of people who inject drugs (PWID) who use opioids in Portland and rural Western Oregon. BASIC PROCEDURES: We used data from participants in Portland's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS, N = 477) and the Oregon HIV/Hepatitis and Opioid Prevention and Engagement Study (OR-HOPE, N = 133). For each sample, we determined the proportion of participants who had naloxone and estimated unadjusted and adjusted relative risk of having naloxone associated with participant characteristics. MAIN FINDINGS: Sixty one percent of NHBS and 30 % of OR-HOPE participants had naloxone. In adjusted analysis, having naloxone was associated with female gender, injecting goofballs (compared to heroin alone), housing stability, and overdose training in the urban NHBS sample, and having naloxone was associated with drug of choice, frequency of injection, and race in the rural OR-HOPE sample. In both samples, having naloxone was crudely associated with SSP use, but this was attenuated after adjustment. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Naloxone ownership was insufficient and highly variable among two samples of PWID who use opioids in Oregon. People who use methamphetamine, males, and people experiencing homelessness may be at increased risk for not having naloxone and SSP may play a key role in improving access.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"parry-zule-hurt-evon-rhea-carpenter-pharmacistattitudesandprovisionofharmreductionservicesinnorthcarolinaanexploratorystudy-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Pharmacist attitudes and provision of harm reduction services in North Carolina: an exploratory study.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Parry, R. A.; Zule, W. A.; Hurt, C. B.; Evon, D. M.; Rhea, S. K.;  and Carpenter, D. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Harm Reduct J</i>, 18(1): 70. July 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00517-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('parry-zule-hurt-evon-rhea-carpenter-pharmacistattitudesandprovisionofharmreductionservicesinnorthcarolinaanexploratorystudy-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00517-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/parry-zule-hurt-evon-rhea-carpenter-pharmacistattitudesandprovisionofharmreductionservicesinnorthcarolinaanexploratorystudy-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('parry-zule-hurt-evon-rhea-carpenter-pharmacistattitudesandprovisionofharmreductionservicesinnorthcarolinaanexploratorystudy-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{parry_pharmacist_2021,\n\ttitle = {Pharmacist attitudes and provision of harm reduction services in {North} {Carolina}: an exploratory study},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00517-0},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare providers in the United States and uniquely positioned to provide harm reduction services. The availability of pharmacy-based harm reduction services and pharmacist attitudes toward delivering these services have been understudied to date. We examine North Carolina (NC) pharmacists&#x27; experiences with and attitudes about harm reduction services and explore differences between rural and urban pharmacists. METHODS: A convenience sample of NC pharmacists participated in an anonymous, online survey regarding harm reduction services: non-prescription syringe sales; naloxone dispensing; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening. Urban-rural differences were analyzed using Pearson&#x27;s chi-square or Fisher&#x27;s exact tests. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Three hundred pharmacists responded to the survey; 68 (23\\%) practiced in rural counties. Dispensing non-prescription syringes and naloxone at least occasionally was reported by 77\\% (n = 231) and 88\\% (n = 263) pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy-delivered HIV or HCV screening was rare. Urban pharmacists dispensed naloxone more frequently than rural pharmacies (p = 0.04). Only 52\\% of pharmacists agreed that persons who inject drugs should always be allowed to buy non-prescription syringes. Rural pharmacists&#x27; attitudes toward harm reduction services for persons who inject drugs were statistically, though marginally, less supportive when compared to urban pharmacists&#x27; attitudes. The most common barrier to non-prescription syringe access was requiring patients to provide proof of prescription injection medication use, which 21\\% of pharmacists reported was required by their pharmacy&#x27;s policy on non-prescription syringe sales. CONCLUSIONS: Although most pharmacies distributed naloxone and sold non-prescription syringes, pharmacy store policies and personal beliefs inhibited naloxone and non-prescription syringe dispensing. NC community pharmacies infrequently offer HIV and HCV screening. Paired with disseminating the evidence of the positive impact of harm reduction on individual and public health outcomes to NC pharmacists, institutional and systems changes to practice and policy may be important to promote harm reduction service availability, particularly for rural NC residents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: N/A.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\n\tauthor = {Parry, R. A. and Zule, W. A. and Hurt, C. B. and Evon, D. M. and Rhea, S. K. and Carpenter, D. M.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8265050},\n\tkeywords = {*Community pharmacy services, *Drug Users, *Harm reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Intravenous, *Naloxone, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance abuse, *Syringes, *hiv, Attitude of Health Personnel, Community pharmacy services, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C, Hiv, Humans, Intravenous, Naloxone, North Carolina, Pharmacists, Substance abuse, Syringes},\n\tpages = {70},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare providers in the United States and uniquely positioned to provide harm reduction services. The availability of pharmacy-based harm reduction services and pharmacist attitudes toward delivering these services have been understudied to date. We examine North Carolina (NC) pharmacists' experiences with and attitudes about harm reduction services and explore differences between rural and urban pharmacists. METHODS: A convenience sample of NC pharmacists participated in an anonymous, online survey regarding harm reduction services: non-prescription syringe sales; naloxone dispensing; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening. Urban-rural differences were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Three hundred pharmacists responded to the survey; 68 (23%) practiced in rural counties. Dispensing non-prescription syringes and naloxone at least occasionally was reported by 77% (n = 231) and 88% (n = 263) pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy-delivered HIV or HCV screening was rare. Urban pharmacists dispensed naloxone more frequently than rural pharmacies (p = 0.04). Only 52% of pharmacists agreed that persons who inject drugs should always be allowed to buy non-prescription syringes. Rural pharmacists' attitudes toward harm reduction services for persons who inject drugs were statistically, though marginally, less supportive when compared to urban pharmacists' attitudes. The most common barrier to non-prescription syringe access was requiring patients to provide proof of prescription injection medication use, which 21% of pharmacists reported was required by their pharmacy's policy on non-prescription syringe sales. CONCLUSIONS: Although most pharmacies distributed naloxone and sold non-prescription syringes, pharmacy store policies and personal beliefs inhibited naloxone and non-prescription syringe dispensing. NC community pharmacies infrequently offer HIV and HCV screening. Paired with disseminating the evidence of the positive impact of harm reduction on individual and public health outcomes to NC pharmacists, institutional and systems changes to practice and policy may be important to promote harm reduction service availability, particularly for rural NC residents. TRIAL REGISTRATION: N/A.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stack-hildebran-leichtling-waddell-leahy-martin-korthuis-peerrecoverysupportservicesacrossthecontinuumincommunityhospitalcorrectionsandtreatmentandrecoveryagencysettingsanarrativereview-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stack-hildebran-leichtling-waddell-leahy-martin-korthuis-peerrecoverysupportservicesacrossthecontinuumincommunityhospitalcorrectionsandtreatmentandrecoveryagencysettingsanarrativereview-2021', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810', event);\">\n    Peer Recovery Support Services Across the Continuum: In Community, Hospital, Corrections, and Treatment and Recovery Agency Settings – A Narrative Review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stack, E.; Hildebran, C.; Leichtling, G.; Waddell, E. N.; Leahy, J. M.; Martin, E.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Addiction Medicine</i>, Publish Ahead of Print. February 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stack-hildebran-leichtling-waddell-leahy-martin-korthuis-peerrecoverysupportservicesacrossthecontinuumincommunityhospitalcorrectionsandtreatmentandrecoveryagencysettingsanarrativereview-2021', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Peer Recovery Support Services Across the Continuum: In Community, Hospital, Corrections, and Treatment and Recovery Agency Settings – A Narrative Review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stack-hildebran-leichtling-waddell-leahy-martin-korthuis-peerrecoverysupportservicesacrossthecontinuumincommunityhospitalcorrectionsandtreatmentandrecoveryagencysettingsanarrativereview-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stack-hildebran-leichtling-waddell-leahy-martin-korthuis-peerrecoverysupportservicesacrossthecontinuumincommunityhospitalcorrectionsandtreatmentandrecoveryagencysettingsanarrativereview-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stack-hildebran-leichtling-waddell-leahy-martin-korthuis-peerrecoverysupportservicesacrossthecontinuumincommunityhospitalcorrectionsandtreatmentandrecoveryagencysettingsanarrativereview-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stack_peer_2021,\n\ttitle = {Peer {Recovery} {Support} {Services} {Across} the {Continuum}: {In} {Community}, {Hospital}, {Corrections}, and {Treatment} and {Recovery} {Agency} {Settings} – {A} {Narrative} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {Publish Ahead of Print},\n\tissn = {1932-0620},\n\tshorttitle = {Peer {Recovery} {Support} {Services} {Across} the {Continuum}},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000810},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-02},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Stack, Erin and Hildebran, Christi and Leichtling, Gillian and Waddell, Elizabeth Needham and Leahy, Judith M. and Martin, Eric and Korthuis, Phillip Todd},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Counseling, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Emergency Service, Hospital, Harm Reduction, Hospitals, Humans},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mccarty-bougatsos-chan-hoffman-priest-grusing-chou-officebasedmethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorderandpharmacydispensingascopingreview-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Office-Based Methadone Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder and Pharmacy Dispensing: A Scoping Review.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McCarty, D.; Bougatsos, C.; Chan, B.; Hoffman, K. A.; Priest, K. C.; Grusing, S.;  and Chou, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Am J Psychiatry</i>, 178(9): 804–817. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101548\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarty-bougatsos-chan-hoffman-priest-grusing-chou-officebasedmethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorderandpharmacydispensingascopingreview-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101548', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mccarty-bougatsos-chan-hoffman-priest-grusing-chou-officebasedmethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorderandpharmacydispensingascopingreview-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mccarty-bougatsos-chan-hoffman-priest-grusing-chou-officebasedmethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorderandpharmacydispensingascopingreview-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mccarty_office-based_2021,\n\ttitle = {Office-{Based} {Methadone} {Treatment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Pharmacy} {Dispensing}: {A} {Scoping} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {178},\n\tissn = {1535-7228 (Electronic) 0002-953X (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101548},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a scoping review to survey the evidence landscape for studies that assessed outcomes of treating patients with opioid use disorder with methadone in office-based settings. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched, and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they focused on methadone treatment in office-based settings conducted in the United States or other highly developed countries and reported outcomes (e.g., retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; uncontrolled and descriptive studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information, and a second verified data. A scoping review approach broadly surveyed the evidence, and therefore study quality was not rated formally. RESULTS: Eighteen studies of patients treated with office-based methadone were identified, including six trials, eight observational studies, and four additional articles discussing use of pharmacies to dispense methadone. Studies on office-based methadone treatment, including primary care-based dispensing, were limited but consistently found that stable methadone patients valued office-based care and remained in care with low rates of drug use; outcomes were similar compared with stable patients in regular care. Office-based methadone treatment was associated with higher treatment satisfaction and quality of life. Limitations included underpowered comparisons and small samples. CONCLUSIONS: Limited research suggests that office-based methadone treatment and pharmacy dispensing could enhance access to methadone treatment for patients with opioid use disorder without adversely affecting patient outcomes and, potentially, inform modifications to federal regulations. Research should assess the feasibility of office-based care for less stable patients.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {Am J Psychiatry},\n\tauthor = {McCarty, D. and Bougatsos, C. and Chan, B. and Hoffman, K. A. and Priest, K. C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8440363},\n\tkeywords = {*Methadone Therapy, *Office-Based Methadone, *Opioid Use Disorder, *Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing, Drug Prescriptions, Humans, Methadone Therapy, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Narcotics/*therapeutic use, Office-Based Methadone, Opioid Use Disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacies, Pharmacy Methadone Dispensing},\n\tpages = {804--817},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: The authors conducted a scoping review to survey the evidence landscape for studies that assessed outcomes of treating patients with opioid use disorder with methadone in office-based settings. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched, and reference lists were reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies were eligible if they focused on methadone treatment in office-based settings conducted in the United States or other highly developed countries and reported outcomes (e.g., retention in care). Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; uncontrolled and descriptive studies were included when stronger evidence was unavailable. One investigator abstracted key information, and a second verified data. A scoping review approach broadly surveyed the evidence, and therefore study quality was not rated formally. RESULTS: Eighteen studies of patients treated with office-based methadone were identified, including six trials, eight observational studies, and four additional articles discussing use of pharmacies to dispense methadone. Studies on office-based methadone treatment, including primary care-based dispensing, were limited but consistently found that stable methadone patients valued office-based care and remained in care with low rates of drug use; outcomes were similar compared with stable patients in regular care. Office-based methadone treatment was associated with higher treatment satisfaction and quality of life. Limitations included underpowered comparisons and small samples. CONCLUSIONS: Limited research suggests that office-based methadone treatment and pharmacy dispensing could enhance access to methadone treatment for patients with opioid use disorder without adversely affecting patient outcomes and, potentially, inform modifications to federal regulations. Research should assess the feasibility of office-based care for less stable patients.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schalkoff-richard-piscalko-sibley-brook-lancaster-miller-go-nowweareseeingthetideswashintraumaandtheopioidepidemicinruralappalachianohio-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  \"Now We Are Seeing the Tides Wash In\": Trauma and the Opioid Epidemic in Rural Appalachian Ohio.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schalkoff, C. A.; Richard, E. L.; Piscalko, H. M.; Sibley, A. L.; Brook, D. L.; Lancaster, K. E.; Miller, W. C.;  and Go, V. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Subst Use Misuse</i>, 56(5): 650–659.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schalkoff-richard-piscalko-sibley-brook-lancaster-miller-go-nowweareseeingthetideswashintraumaandtheopioidepidemicinruralappalachianohio-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schalkoff-richard-piscalko-sibley-brook-lancaster-miller-go-nowweareseeingthetideswashintraumaandtheopioidepidemicinruralappalachianohio-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schalkoff-richard-piscalko-sibley-brook-lancaster-miller-go-nowweareseeingthetideswashintraumaandtheopioidepidemicinruralappalachianohio-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schalkoff_now_2021,\n\ttitle = {&quot;{Now} {We} {Are} {Seeing} the {Tides} {Wash} {In}&quot;: {Trauma} and the {Opioid} {Epidemic} in {Rural} {Appalachian} {Ohio}},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248},\n\tabstract = {Background: Ohio&#x27;s opioid epidemic continues to progress, severely affecting its rural Appalachian counties-areas marked by high mortality rates, widespread economic challenges, and a history of extreme opioid overprescribing. Substance use may be particularly prevalent in the region due to interactions between community and interpersonal trauma. Purpose/Objectives: We conducted qualitative interviews to explore the local context of the epidemic and the contributing role of trauma. Methods: Two interviewers conducted in-depth interviews (n = 34) with stakeholders in three rural Appalachian counties, including healthcare and substance use treatment professionals, law enforcement officials, and judicial officials. Semi-structured interview guides focused on the social, economic, and historical context of the opioid epidemic, perceived causes and effects of the epidemic, and ideas for addressing the challenge. Results: Stakeholders revealed three pervasive forms of trauma related to the epidemic in their communities: environmental/community trauma (including economic and historical distress), physical/sexual trauma, and emotional trauma. Traumas interact with one another and with substance use in a self-perpetuating cycle. Although stakeholders in all groups discussed trauma from all three categories, their interpretation and proposed solutions differed, leading to a fragmented epidemic response. Participants also discussed the potential of finding hope and community through efforts to address trauma and substance use. Conclusions: Findings lend support to the cyclical relationship between trauma and substance use, as well as the importance of environmental and community trauma as drivers of the opioid epidemic. Community-level and trauma-informed interventions are needed to increase stakeholder consensus around treatment and prevention strategies, as well as to strengthen community organization networks and support community resilience. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Subst Use Misuse},\n\tauthor = {Schalkoff, C. A. and Richard, E. L. and Piscalko, H. M. and Sibley, A. L. and Brook, D. L. and Lancaster, K. E. and Miller, W. C. and Go, V. F.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8276036},\n\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid, *Appalachia, *Epidemics, *Opioids, *community health, *evidence-based treatment, *moud, *opioid epidemic, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use, *trauma, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Humans, Moud, Ohio/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, Opioids, community health, evidence-based treatment, rural health, stigma, substance use, trauma},\n\tpages = {650--659},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Ohio's opioid epidemic continues to progress, severely affecting its rural Appalachian counties-areas marked by high mortality rates, widespread economic challenges, and a history of extreme opioid overprescribing. Substance use may be particularly prevalent in the region due to interactions between community and interpersonal trauma. Purpose/Objectives: We conducted qualitative interviews to explore the local context of the epidemic and the contributing role of trauma. Methods: Two interviewers conducted in-depth interviews (n = 34) with stakeholders in three rural Appalachian counties, including healthcare and substance use treatment professionals, law enforcement officials, and judicial officials. Semi-structured interview guides focused on the social, economic, and historical context of the opioid epidemic, perceived causes and effects of the epidemic, and ideas for addressing the challenge. Results: Stakeholders revealed three pervasive forms of trauma related to the epidemic in their communities: environmental/community trauma (including economic and historical distress), physical/sexual trauma, and emotional trauma. Traumas interact with one another and with substance use in a self-perpetuating cycle. Although stakeholders in all groups discussed trauma from all three categories, their interpretation and proposed solutions differed, leading to a fragmented epidemic response. Participants also discussed the potential of finding hope and community through efforts to address trauma and substance use. Conclusions: Findings lend support to the cyclical relationship between trauma and substance use, as well as the importance of environmental and community trauma as drivers of the opioid epidemic. Community-level and trauma-informed interventions are needed to increase stakeholder consensus around treatment and prevention strategies, as well as to strengthen community organization networks and support community resilience. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chan-hoffman-bougatsos-grusing-chou-mccarty-mobilemethadonemedicationunitsabriefhistoryscopingreviewandresearchopportunity-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Mobile methadone medication units: A brief history, scoping review and research opportunity.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chan, B.; Hoffman, K. A.; Bougatsos, C.; Grusing, S.; Chou, R.;  and McCarty, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Subst Abuse Treat</i>, 129: 108483. October 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108483\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-hoffman-bougatsos-grusing-chou-mccarty-mobilemethadonemedicationunitsabriefhistoryscopingreviewandresearchopportunity-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108483', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chan-hoffman-bougatsos-grusing-chou-mccarty-mobilemethadonemedicationunitsabriefhistoryscopingreviewandresearchopportunity-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chan-hoffman-bougatsos-grusing-chou-mccarty-mobilemethadonemedicationunitsabriefhistoryscopingreviewandresearchopportunity-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chan_mobile_2021,\n\ttitle = {Mobile methadone medication units: {A} brief history, scoping review and research opportunity},\n\tvolume = {129},\n\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108483},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) approved the first mobile medication unit (i.e., a van to administer methadone) in 1988 and approved units on an ad hoc basis until issuing a moratorium in 2007 citing concerns about safety and diversion. In February 2020, the DEA released a notice of proposed rulemaking to permit a resumption of mobile medication units. The Biden Administration plans to release the final rule in 2021. Because a preliminary scan suggested limited evidence, a scoping review examined the research related to methadone vans to identify and assess the extent of mobile methadone research and inform the development and implementation of new mobile services. METHODS: A scoping review, supplemented with key informant interviews, identified and described the most relevant evidence. Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to July 2020. RESULTS: Informant interviews provided perspective on the need for and the use of mobile medication units, the history of methadone vans, and benefits and problems associated with the units. The scoping review found limited evidence: three cohort analyses (one prospective) and one before and after analysis (four studies) of individuals using mobile medication services. Mobile services were associated with enhanced retention in care (relative to patients in fixed site programs) and mobile units appeared to facilitate access for underserved populations with opioid use disorders. DISCUSSION: The key informants addressed the history of methadone vans, the potential use to serve rural communities and correctional facilities and the benefits and problems associated with mobile services. The scoping review found evidence that mobile services increase methadone access among underserved populations and may enhance retention in care. The DEA&#x27;s proposed regulatory modification creates opportunities to further evaluate the implementation and the effects of mobile medication units.},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Chan, B. and Hoffman, K. A. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R. and McCarty, D.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8380675},\n\tkeywords = {*Methadone, *Methadone van, *Mobile medication unit, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Methadone, Methadone van, Mobile medication unit, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Systematic Reviews as Topic},\n\tpages = {108483},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) approved the first mobile medication unit (i.e., a van to administer methadone) in 1988 and approved units on an ad hoc basis until issuing a moratorium in 2007 citing concerns about safety and diversion. In February 2020, the DEA released a notice of proposed rulemaking to permit a resumption of mobile medication units. The Biden Administration plans to release the final rule in 2021. Because a preliminary scan suggested limited evidence, a scoping review examined the research related to methadone vans to identify and assess the extent of mobile methadone research and inform the development and implementation of new mobile services. METHODS: A scoping review, supplemented with key informant interviews, identified and described the most relevant evidence. Ovid MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from inception to July 2020. RESULTS: Informant interviews provided perspective on the need for and the use of mobile medication units, the history of methadone vans, and benefits and problems associated with the units. The scoping review found limited evidence: three cohort analyses (one prospective) and one before and after analysis (four studies) of individuals using mobile medication services. Mobile services were associated with enhanced retention in care (relative to patients in fixed site programs) and mobile units appeared to facilitate access for underserved populations with opioid use disorders. DISCUSSION: The key informants addressed the history of methadone vans, the potential use to serve rural communities and correctional facilities and the benefits and problems associated with mobile services. The scoping review found evidence that mobile services increase methadone access among underserved populations and may enhance retention in care. The DEA's proposed regulatory modification creates opportunities to further evaluate the implementation and the effects of mobile medication units.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"baker-leichtling-hildebran-pinela-waddell-sidlow-leahy-korthuis-likeyinandyangperceptionsofmethamphetaminebenefitsandconsequencesamongpeoplewhouseopioidsinruralcommunities-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'baker-leichtling-hildebran-pinela-waddell-sidlow-leahy-korthuis-likeyinandyangperceptionsofmethamphetaminebenefitsandconsequencesamongpeoplewhouseopioidsinruralcommunities-2021', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669', event);\">\n    “Like Yin and Yang”: Perceptions of Methamphetamine Benefits and Consequences Among People Who Use Opioids in Rural Communities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Baker, R.; Leichtling, G.; Hildebran, C.; Pinela, C.; Waddell, E. N.; Sidlow, C.; Leahy, J. M.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Addiction Medicine</i>, 15(1): 34–39. January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baker-leichtling-hildebran-pinela-waddell-sidlow-leahy-korthuis-likeyinandyangperceptionsofmethamphetaminebenefitsandconsequencesamongpeoplewhouseopioidsinruralcommunities-2021', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"“Like Yin and Yang”: Perceptions of Methamphetamine Benefits and Consequences Among People Who Use Opioids in Rural Communities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baker-leichtling-hildebran-pinela-waddell-sidlow-leahy-korthuis-likeyinandyangperceptionsofmethamphetaminebenefitsandconsequencesamongpeoplewhouseopioidsinruralcommunities-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/baker-leichtling-hildebran-pinela-waddell-sidlow-leahy-korthuis-likeyinandyangperceptionsofmethamphetaminebenefitsandconsequencesamongpeoplewhouseopioidsinruralcommunities-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('baker-leichtling-hildebran-pinela-waddell-sidlow-leahy-korthuis-likeyinandyangperceptionsofmethamphetaminebenefitsandconsequencesamongpeoplewhouseopioidsinruralcommunities-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baker_like_2021,\n\ttitle = {“{Like} {Yin} and {Yang}”: {Perceptions} of {Methamphetamine} {Benefits} and {Consequences} {Among} {People} {Who} {Use} {Opioids} in {Rural} {Communities}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1932-0620, 1935-3227},\n\tshorttitle = {“{Like} {Yin} and {Yang}”},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Baker, Robin and Leichtling, Gillian and Hildebran, Christi and Pinela, Cristi and Waddell, Elizabeth Needham and Sidlow, Claire and Leahy, Judith M. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Humans, Perception, Rural Population},\n\tpages = {34--39},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mccarty-chan-bougatsos-grusing-chou-interimmethadoneeffectivebutunderutilizedascopingreview-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Interim methadone - Effective but underutilized: A scoping review.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McCarty, D.; Chan, B.; Bougatsos, C.; Grusing, S.;  and Chou, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug Alcohol Depend</i>, 225: 108766. August 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108766\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarty-chan-bougatsos-grusing-chou-interimmethadoneeffectivebutunderutilizedascopingreview-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108766', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mccarty-chan-bougatsos-grusing-chou-interimmethadoneeffectivebutunderutilizedascopingreview-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mccarty-chan-bougatsos-grusing-chou-interimmethadoneeffectivebutunderutilizedascopingreview-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mccarty_interim_2021,\n\ttitle = {Interim methadone - {Effective} but underutilized: {A} scoping review},\n\tvolume = {225},\n\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108766},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Opioid treatment programs (OTPs) may provide interim methadone services - up to 120 days of methadone dosing without counseling. Regulatory requirements limit use of interim methadone services. We summarized the evidence on interim methadone and other strategies to minimize wait lists in OTPs. METHODS: A scoping review selected studies of interim methadone and strategies that facilitated access to methadone. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; if evidence was lacking, lesser quality evidence was included. RESULTS: Six studies examined interim methadone and three studies examined alternatives: low threshold services, an open access policy, and a medication first policy. The studies included four randomized clinical trials of interim methadone (with three follow-up reports and five secondary analyses), one prospective cohort of interim methadone, one retrospective cohort of interim methadone, one randomized trial of low threshold services and two pre-post assessments of changes in program or state policies. The clinical trials and observational cohorts reported reductions in heroin use during interim methadone and participants were more likely to enter OTPs than those on wait lists. Retention rates in interim methadone were similar to patients in active treatment. Studies testing strategies to facilitate access to methadone were effective without interim methadone&#x27;s restrictions. CONCLUSION: Interim methadone appears to be effective and safe compared to wait list controls and provided similar outcomes to standard services. Interim methadone could increase access to OTPs. More research is needed on the alternative approaches to facilitate access to medication with comparisons to wait list controls and assessment of patient outcomes.},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {McCarty, D. and Chan, B. and Bougatsos, C. and Grusing, S. and Chou, R.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Interim methadone, *Methadone, *Methadone/therapeutic use, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Humans, Interim methadone, Methadone, Opioid use disorder, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Waiting Lists},\n\tpages = {108766},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Opioid treatment programs (OTPs) may provide interim methadone services - up to 120 days of methadone dosing without counseling. Regulatory requirements limit use of interim methadone services. We summarized the evidence on interim methadone and other strategies to minimize wait lists in OTPs. METHODS: A scoping review selected studies of interim methadone and strategies that facilitated access to methadone. Randomized trials and controlled observational studies were prioritized; if evidence was lacking, lesser quality evidence was included. RESULTS: Six studies examined interim methadone and three studies examined alternatives: low threshold services, an open access policy, and a medication first policy. The studies included four randomized clinical trials of interim methadone (with three follow-up reports and five secondary analyses), one prospective cohort of interim methadone, one retrospective cohort of interim methadone, one randomized trial of low threshold services and two pre-post assessments of changes in program or state policies. The clinical trials and observational cohorts reported reductions in heroin use during interim methadone and participants were more likely to enter OTPs than those on wait lists. Retention rates in interim methadone were similar to patients in active treatment. Studies testing strategies to facilitate access to methadone were effective without interim methadone's restrictions. CONCLUSION: Interim methadone appears to be effective and safe compared to wait list controls and provided similar outcomes to standard services. Interim methadone could increase access to OTPs. More research is needed on the alternative approaches to facilitate access to medication with comparisons to wait list controls and assessment of patient outcomes.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"burns-cook-brown-tyska-westergaard-increasingmedicaidenrollmentamongformerlyincarceratedadults-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'burns-cook-brown-tyska-westergaard-increasingmedicaidenrollmentamongformerlyincarceratedadults-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117', event);\">\n    Increasing Medicaid enrollment among formerly incarcerated adults.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Burns, M. E.; Cook, S. T.; Brown, L.; Tyska, S.;  and Westergaard, R. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Health Serv Res</i>, 56(4): 643–654. August 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 2021/02/11</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('burns-cook-brown-tyska-westergaard-increasingmedicaidenrollmentamongformerlyincarceratedadults-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Increasing Medicaid enrollment among formerly incarcerated adults [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13634\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('burns-cook-brown-tyska-westergaard-increasingmedicaidenrollmentamongformerlyincarceratedadults-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13634', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/burns-cook-brown-tyska-westergaard-increasingmedicaidenrollmentamongformerlyincarceratedadults-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('burns-cook-brown-tyska-westergaard-increasingmedicaidenrollmentamongformerlyincarceratedadults-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{burns_increasing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Increasing {Medicaid} enrollment among formerly incarcerated adults},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1475-6773 (Electronic) 0017-9124 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33565117},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/1475-6773.13634},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental associations between the implementation of expanded Medicaid eligibility and prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance on Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data include person-level merged, longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections and the Wisconsin Medicaid program from 2013 to 2015. STUDY DESIGN: We use an interrupted time series design to estimate the association between each of two natural experiments and Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. First, in April 2014 the Wisconsin Medicaid program expanded eligibility to include all adults with income at or below 100\\% of the federal poverty level. Second, in January 2015, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections implemented prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance at all state correctional facilities. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We collected Medicaid enrollment, and state prison administrative and risk assessment data for all nonelderly adults incarcerated by the state who were released between January 2013 and December 2015. The full sample includes 24 235 individuals. Adults with a history of substance use comprise our secondary sample. This sample includes 12 877 individuals. The primary study outcome is Medicaid enrollment within the month of release. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicaid enrollment in the month of release from state prison grew from 8 percent of adults at baseline to 36 percent after the eligibility expansion (P-value {\\textless} .01) and to 61 percent (P-value {\\textless} .01) after the introduction of enrollment assistance. Results were similar for adults with a history of substance use. Black adults were 3.5 percentage points more likely to be enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release than White adults (P-value {\\textless} .01). CONCLUSIONS: Medicaid eligibility and prerelease enrollment assistance are associated with increased Medicaid enrollment upon release from prison. States should consider these two policies as potential tools for improving access to timely health care as individuals transition from prison to community.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {Health Serv Res},\n\tauthor = {Burns, M. E. and Cook, S. T. and Brown, L. and Tyska, S. and Westergaard, R. P.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Edition: 2021/02/11},\n\tkeywords = {*Medicaid, *adult, *health policy, *prisoners, *substance use disorders, Eligibility Determination/*legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid, Medicaid/*legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Poverty, Prisoners/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, United States, Wisconsin, adult, health policy, prisoners, substance use disorders},\n\tpages = {643--654},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental associations between the implementation of expanded Medicaid eligibility and prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance on Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data include person-level merged, longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections and the Wisconsin Medicaid program from 2013 to 2015. STUDY DESIGN: We use an interrupted time series design to estimate the association between each of two natural experiments and Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. First, in April 2014 the Wisconsin Medicaid program expanded eligibility to include all adults with income at or below 100% of the federal poverty level. Second, in January 2015, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections implemented prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance at all state correctional facilities. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We collected Medicaid enrollment, and state prison administrative and risk assessment data for all nonelderly adults incarcerated by the state who were released between January 2013 and December 2015. The full sample includes 24 235 individuals. Adults with a history of substance use comprise our secondary sample. This sample includes 12 877 individuals. The primary study outcome is Medicaid enrollment within the month of release. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicaid enrollment in the month of release from state prison grew from 8 percent of adults at baseline to 36 percent after the eligibility expansion (P-value \\textless .01) and to 61 percent (P-value \\textless .01) after the introduction of enrollment assistance. Results were similar for adults with a history of substance use. Black adults were 3.5 percentage points more likely to be enrolled in Medicaid in the month of release than White adults (P-value \\textless .01). CONCLUSIONS: Medicaid eligibility and prerelease enrollment assistance are associated with increased Medicaid enrollment upon release from prison. States should consider these two policies as potential tools for improving access to timely health care as individuals transition from prison to community.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hochstatter-tully-power-koepke-akhtar-prieve-whyte-bean-etal-hepatitiscvirustransmissionclustersinpublichealthandcorrectionalsettingswisconsinusa201620171-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hochstatter-tully-power-koepke-akhtar-prieve-whyte-bean-etal-hepatitiscvirustransmissionclustersinpublichealthandcorrectionalsettingswisconsinusa201620171-2021', 'https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm', event);\">\n    Hepatitis C Virus Transmission Clusters in Public Health and Correctional Settings, Wisconsin, USA, 2016–20171.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hochstatter, K. R.; Tully, D. C.; Power, K. A.; Koepke, R.; Akhtar, W. Z.; Prieve, A. F.; Whyte, T.; Bean, D. J.; Seal, D. W.; Allen, T. M.;  and Westergaard, R. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>, 27(2): 480–489. February 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hochstatter-tully-power-koepke-akhtar-prieve-whyte-bean-etal-hepatitiscvirustransmissionclustersinpublichealthandcorrectionalsettingswisconsinusa201620171-2021', 'https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hepatitis C Virus Transmission Clusters in Public Health and Correctional Settings, Wisconsin, USA, 2016–20171 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3201/eid2702.202957\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hochstatter-tully-power-koepke-akhtar-prieve-whyte-bean-etal-hepatitiscvirustransmissionclustersinpublichealthandcorrectionalsettingswisconsinusa201620171-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.3201/eid2702.202957', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hochstatter-tully-power-koepke-akhtar-prieve-whyte-bean-etal-hepatitiscvirustransmissionclustersinpublichealthandcorrectionalsettingswisconsinusa201620171-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hochstatter-tully-power-koepke-akhtar-prieve-whyte-bean-etal-hepatitiscvirustransmissionclustersinpublichealthandcorrectionalsettingswisconsinusa201620171-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hochstatter_hepatitis_2021,\n\ttitle = {Hepatitis {C} {Virus} {Transmission} {Clusters} in {Public} {Health} and {Correctional} {Settings}, {Wisconsin}, {USA}, 2016–20171},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1080-6040, 1080-6059},\n\turl = {https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/2/20-2957_article.htm},\n\tdoi = {10.3201/eid2702.202957},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},\n\tauthor = {Hochstatter, Karli R. and Tully, Damien C. and Power, Karen A. and Koepke, Ruth and Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Prieve, Audrey F. and Whyte, Thomas and Bean, David J. and Seal, David W. and Allen, Todd M. and Westergaard, Ryan P.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Female, Hepacivirus/genetics, Hepatitis C virus, Humans, Phylogeny, Prisons, Public Health, Retrospective Studies, United States, Wisconsin, Wisconsin/epidemiology, global hepatitis outbreak surveillance technology, hepatitis, injection drug use, molecular epidemiology, phylogenetics, transmission clusters, viruses},\n\tpages = {480--489},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koepke-akhtar-kung-seal-salisburyafshar-westergaard-hepatitisctreatmentknowledgeandpracticeamongfamilymedicinephysiciansinwisconsinduringthecurrenthepatitiscepidemic-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Hepatitis C Treatment Knowledge and Practice Among Family Medicine Physicians in Wisconsin During the Current Hepatitis C Epidemic.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koepke, R.; Akhtar, W. Z.; Kung, V. M.; Seal, D. W.; Salisbury-Afshar, E.;  and Westergaard, R. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>WMJ</i>, 120(2): 106–113. July 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koepke-akhtar-kung-seal-salisburyafshar-westergaard-hepatitisctreatmentknowledgeandpracticeamongfamilymedicinephysiciansinwisconsinduringthecurrenthepatitiscepidemic-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koepke-akhtar-kung-seal-salisburyafshar-westergaard-hepatitisctreatmentknowledgeandpracticeamongfamilymedicinephysiciansinwisconsinduringthecurrenthepatitiscepidemic-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koepke_hepatitis_2021,\n\ttitle = {Hepatitis {C} {Treatment} {Knowledge} and {Practice} {Among} {Family} {Medicine} {Physicians} in {Wisconsin} {During} the {Current} {Hepatitis} {C} {Epidemic}},\n\tvolume = {120},\n\tissn = {2379-3961 (Electronic) 1098-1861 (Linking)},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Curative treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) exists, making elimination of HCV possible. However, most people with HCV have not received treatment. One barrier is limited access to treatment providers. HCV treatment can be effectively provided by primary care providers and, since 2017, Wisconsin Medicaid allows nonspecialists to prescribe treatment. We surveyed family medicine physicians in Wisconsin to evaluate capacity for the provision of HCV treatment. METHODS: We mailed a survey to family medicine physicians in Wisconsin from June 25, 2018 through September 7, 2018. Physicians were asked whether they prescribe HCV treatment and about their knowledge regarding HCV treatment and relevant statewide Medicaid policy. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated physician characteristics associated with prescribing HCV treatment. RESULTS: Of 1,333 physicians surveyed, 600 (45\\%) responded. Few respondents reported prescribing HCV treatment independently (1\\%; n = 4) or in consultation with a specialist (6\\%; n = 35). Only 6\\% (n = 36) reported having a &quot;great deal&quot; of knowledge about HCV treatment. Most (86\\%; n = 515) were not aware that family medicine physicians can now prescribe HCV treatment covered by Medicaid. Physicians who practiced in offices affiliated with health systems were less likely to prescribe HCV treatment than physicians who practiced in an independent office or a Rural Health Clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Among family medicine physicians in Wisconsin, experience with and knowledge of HCV treatment was limited. Developing knowledge and skills among primary care providers is needed to expand treatment access and make progress toward HCV elimination. Studies are needed to evaluate treatment access in primary care offices affiliated with health systems.},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {WMJ},\n\tauthor = {Koepke, R. and Akhtar, W. Z. and Kung, V. M. and Seal, D. W. and Salisbury-Afshar, E. and Westergaard, R. P.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Epidemics, *Hepatitis C/drug therapy/epidemiology, *Physicians, Family Practice, Hepacivirus, Humans, Physicians, Family, Practice Patterns, Physicians&#x27;, Wisconsin/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {106--113},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Curative treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) exists, making elimination of HCV possible. However, most people with HCV have not received treatment. One barrier is limited access to treatment providers. HCV treatment can be effectively provided by primary care providers and, since 2017, Wisconsin Medicaid allows nonspecialists to prescribe treatment. We surveyed family medicine physicians in Wisconsin to evaluate capacity for the provision of HCV treatment. METHODS: We mailed a survey to family medicine physicians in Wisconsin from June 25, 2018 through September 7, 2018. Physicians were asked whether they prescribe HCV treatment and about their knowledge regarding HCV treatment and relevant statewide Medicaid policy. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated physician characteristics associated with prescribing HCV treatment. RESULTS: Of 1,333 physicians surveyed, 600 (45%) responded. Few respondents reported prescribing HCV treatment independently (1%; n = 4) or in consultation with a specialist (6%; n = 35). Only 6% (n = 36) reported having a \"great deal\" of knowledge about HCV treatment. Most (86%; n = 515) were not aware that family medicine physicians can now prescribe HCV treatment covered by Medicaid. Physicians who practiced in offices affiliated with health systems were less likely to prescribe HCV treatment than physicians who practiced in an independent office or a Rural Health Clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Among family medicine physicians in Wisconsin, experience with and knowledge of HCV treatment was limited. Developing knowledge and skills among primary care providers is needed to expand treatment access and make progress toward HCV elimination. Studies are needed to evaluate treatment access in primary care offices affiliated with health systems.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"seaman-leichtling-stack-gray-pope-larsen-leahy-gelberg-etal-harmreductionandadaptationsamongpwudinruraloregonduringcovid19-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'seaman-leichtling-stack-gray-pope-larsen-leahy-gelberg-etal-harmreductionandadaptationsamongpwudinruraloregonduringcovid19-2021', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4', event);\">\n    Harm Reduction and Adaptations Among PWUD in Rural Oregon During COVID-19.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Seaman, A.; Leichtling, G.; Stack, E.; Gray, M.; Pope, J.; Larsen, J. E.; Leahy, J. M.; Gelberg, L.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>AIDS and Behavior</i>. January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seaman-leichtling-stack-gray-pope-larsen-leahy-gelberg-etal-harmreductionandadaptationsamongpwudinruraloregonduringcovid19-2021', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Harm Reduction and Adaptations Among PWUD in Rural Oregon During COVID-19 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seaman-leichtling-stack-gray-pope-larsen-leahy-gelberg-etal-harmreductionandadaptationsamongpwudinruraloregonduringcovid19-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/seaman-leichtling-stack-gray-pope-larsen-leahy-gelberg-etal-harmreductionandadaptationsamongpwudinruraloregonduringcovid19-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('seaman-leichtling-stack-gray-pope-larsen-leahy-gelberg-etal-harmreductionandadaptationsamongpwudinruraloregonduringcovid19-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{seaman_harm_2021,\n\ttitle = {Harm {Reduction} and {Adaptations} {Among} {PWUD} in {Rural} {Oregon} {During} {COVID}-19},\n\tissn = {1090-7165, 1573-3254},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10461-020-03141-4},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {AIDS and Behavior},\n\tauthor = {Seaman, Andrew and Leichtling, Gillian and Stack, Erin and Gray, Mary and Pope, Justine and Larsen, Jessica E. and Leahy, Judith M. and Gelberg, Lillian and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*HIV Infections/prevention \\&amp; control, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *covid-19, Covid-19, Harm Reduction, Harm reduction, Humans, Opioid use disorder, Oregon, Rural, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2, Syringe services programs},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ibragimov-cooper-batty-ballard-fadanelli-gross-klein-lockard-etal-factorsthatinfluenceenrollmentinsyringeservicesprogramsinruralareasaqualitativestudyamongprogramclientsinappalachiankentucky-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Factors that influence enrollment in syringe services programs in rural areas: a qualitative study among program clients in Appalachian Kentucky.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ibragimov, U.; Cooper, K. E.; Batty, E.; Ballard, A. M.; Fadanelli, M.; Gross, S. B.; Klein, E. M.; Lockard, S.; Young, A. M.;  and Cooper, H. L. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Harm Reduct J</i>, 18(1): 68. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00518-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibragimov-cooper-batty-ballard-fadanelli-gross-klein-lockard-etal-factorsthatinfluenceenrollmentinsyringeservicesprogramsinruralareasaqualitativestudyamongprogramclientsinappalachiankentucky-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00518-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ibragimov-cooper-batty-ballard-fadanelli-gross-klein-lockard-etal-factorsthatinfluenceenrollmentinsyringeservicesprogramsinruralareasaqualitativestudyamongprogramclientsinappalachiankentucky-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ibragimov-cooper-batty-ballard-fadanelli-gross-klein-lockard-etal-factorsthatinfluenceenrollmentinsyringeservicesprogramsinruralareasaqualitativestudyamongprogramclientsinappalachiankentucky-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ibragimov_factors_2021,\n\ttitle = {Factors that influence enrollment in syringe services programs in rural areas: a qualitative study among program clients in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1477-7517 (Electronic) 1477-7517 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-021-00518-z},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Enrolling sufficient number of people who inject drugs (PWID) into syringe services programs (SSP) is important to curtail outbreaks of drug-related harms. Still, little is known about barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment in rural areas with no history of such programs. This study&#x27;s purpose was to develop a grounded theory of the role of the risk environment and individual characteristics of PWID in shaping SSP enrollment in rural Kentucky. METHODS: We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 41 clients of 5 SSPs that were established in rural counties in Appalachian Kentucky in 2017-2018. Interviews covered PWID needs, the process of becoming aware of SSPs, and barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment. Applying constructivist grounded theory methods and guided by the Intersectional Risk Environment Framework (IREF), we applied open, axial and selective coding to develop the grounded theory. RESULTS: Stigma, a feature of IREF&#x27;s meso-level social domain, is the main factor hampering SSP enrollment. PWID hesitated to visit SSPs because of internalized stigma and because of anticipated stigma from police, friends, family and healthcare providers. Fear of stigma was often mitigated or amplified by a constellation of meso-level environmental factors related to healthcare (e.g., SSPs) and social (PWID networks) domains and by PWID&#x27;s individual characteristics. SSPs mitigated stigma as a barrier to enrollment by providing low threshold services in a friendly atmosphere, and by offering their clients program IDs to protect them from paraphernalia charges. SSP clients spread positive information about the program within PWID networks and helped their hesitant peers to enroll by accompanying them to SSPs. Individual characteristics, including child custody, employment or high social status, made certain PWID more susceptible to drug-related stigma and hence more likely to delay SSP enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Features of the social and healthcare environments operating at the meso-level, as well as PWID&#x27;s individual characteristics, appear to enhance or mitigate the effect of stigma as a barrier to SSP enrollment. SSPs opening in locations with high stigma against PWID need to ensure low threshold and friendly services, protect their clients from police and mobilize PWID networks to promote enrollment.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduct J},\n\tauthor = {Ibragimov, U. and Cooper, K. E. and Batty, E. and Ballard, A. M. and Fadanelli, M. and Gross, S. B. and Klein, E. M. and Lockard, S. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8244225},\n\tkeywords = {*People who inject drugs, *Rural Appalachia, *Stigma, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, *Syringe services programs, *Syringes, Child, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Needle-Exchange Programs, People who inject drugs, Rural Appalachia, Social Stigma, Stigma, Syringe services programs},\n\tpages = {68},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Enrolling sufficient number of people who inject drugs (PWID) into syringe services programs (SSP) is important to curtail outbreaks of drug-related harms. Still, little is known about barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment in rural areas with no history of such programs. This study's purpose was to develop a grounded theory of the role of the risk environment and individual characteristics of PWID in shaping SSP enrollment in rural Kentucky. METHODS: We conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 41 clients of 5 SSPs that were established in rural counties in Appalachian Kentucky in 2017-2018. Interviews covered PWID needs, the process of becoming aware of SSPs, and barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment. Applying constructivist grounded theory methods and guided by the Intersectional Risk Environment Framework (IREF), we applied open, axial and selective coding to develop the grounded theory. RESULTS: Stigma, a feature of IREF's meso-level social domain, is the main factor hampering SSP enrollment. PWID hesitated to visit SSPs because of internalized stigma and because of anticipated stigma from police, friends, family and healthcare providers. Fear of stigma was often mitigated or amplified by a constellation of meso-level environmental factors related to healthcare (e.g., SSPs) and social (PWID networks) domains and by PWID's individual characteristics. SSPs mitigated stigma as a barrier to enrollment by providing low threshold services in a friendly atmosphere, and by offering their clients program IDs to protect them from paraphernalia charges. SSP clients spread positive information about the program within PWID networks and helped their hesitant peers to enroll by accompanying them to SSPs. Individual characteristics, including child custody, employment or high social status, made certain PWID more susceptible to drug-related stigma and hence more likely to delay SSP enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Features of the social and healthcare environments operating at the meso-level, as well as PWID's individual characteristics, appear to enhance or mitigate the effect of stigma as a barrier to SSP enrollment. SSPs opening in locations with high stigma against PWID need to ensure low threshold and friendly services, protect their clients from police and mobilize PWID networks to promote enrollment.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-exploringhowhospitalizationcanalterhepatitiscvirustreatmentprioritizationandtrajectoriesinpeoplewhousedrugsaqualitativeanalysis-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Exploring how hospitalization can alter hepatitis c virus treatment prioritization and trajectories in people who use drugs: A qualitative analysis.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Levander, X. A.; Vega, T. A.; Seaman, A.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Englander, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Subst Abus</i>,1–8. June 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1932699\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-exploringhowhospitalizationcanalterhepatitiscvirustreatmentprioritizationandtrajectoriesinpeoplewhousedrugsaqualitativeanalysis-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1932699', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-exploringhowhospitalizationcanalterhepatitiscvirustreatmentprioritizationandtrajectoriesinpeoplewhousedrugsaqualitativeanalysis-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('levander-vega-seaman-korthuis-englander-exploringhowhospitalizationcanalterhepatitiscvirustreatmentprioritizationandtrajectoriesinpeoplewhousedrugsaqualitativeanalysis-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{levander_exploring_2021,\n\ttitle = {Exploring how hospitalization can alter hepatitis c virus treatment prioritization and trajectories in people who use drugs: {A} qualitative analysis},\n\tissn = {1547-0164 (Electronic) 0889-7077 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2021.1932699},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hospitalization can be a time for PWUD to engage in addiction treatment, but little is known about how hospitalization shapes HCV treatment readiness. We aimed to describe how hospitalization and addiction medicine consult service (AMCS) can alter HCV prioritization of inpatient PWUD with HCV. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews (n = 27) of hospitalized adults with addiction and HCV infection seen by an AMCS at a single, urban, academic center. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded iteratively at the semantic level, and analyzed for themes. Results: Of the 27 participants, most identified as Caucasian (85\\%), male gender (67\\%), and they primarily used opioids (78\\%); approximately half (48\\%) reported HCV diagnosis over 5 years ago. We identified three main themes around hospitalization altering the prioritizations and HCV treatment preferences for PWUD: (1) HCV treatment non-engaged (2) HCV treatment urgency, and (3) HCV treatment in the future. Those wanting to treat HCV-whether urgently or in the future-shared the overlapping theme of hospitalization as a reachable moment for their addiction and HCV. These participants recognized the long-term benefits of addressing HCV and connected their hospitalization to substance use. Conclusion: In our study, PWUD with HCV expressed varying and competing priorities and life circumstances contributing to three main HCV treatment trajectories. Our results suggest ways hospitalization can serve as an HCV touchpoint for PWUD, especially in the context of addressing substance use, and could be used when designing and implementing targeted interventions to improve the HCV care continuum for PWUD.},\n\tjournal = {Subst Abus},\n\tauthor = {Levander, X. A. and Vega, T. A. and Seaman, A. and Korthuis, P. T. and Englander, H.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8695635},\n\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C/complications/drug therapy, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy, Adult, Hepacivirus, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Substance-related disorders, addiction medicine, hepatitis C, hospitalization, qualitative research},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: People who use drugs (PWUD) have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hospitalization can be a time for PWUD to engage in addiction treatment, but little is known about how hospitalization shapes HCV treatment readiness. We aimed to describe how hospitalization and addiction medicine consult service (AMCS) can alter HCV prioritization of inpatient PWUD with HCV. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews (n = 27) of hospitalized adults with addiction and HCV infection seen by an AMCS at a single, urban, academic center. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded iteratively at the semantic level, and analyzed for themes. Results: Of the 27 participants, most identified as Caucasian (85%), male gender (67%), and they primarily used opioids (78%); approximately half (48%) reported HCV diagnosis over 5 years ago. We identified three main themes around hospitalization altering the prioritizations and HCV treatment preferences for PWUD: (1) HCV treatment non-engaged (2) HCV treatment urgency, and (3) HCV treatment in the future. Those wanting to treat HCV-whether urgently or in the future-shared the overlapping theme of hospitalization as a reachable moment for their addiction and HCV. These participants recognized the long-term benefits of addressing HCV and connected their hospitalization to substance use. Conclusion: In our study, PWUD with HCV expressed varying and competing priorities and life circumstances contributing to three main HCV treatment trajectories. Our results suggest ways hospitalization can serve as an HCV touchpoint for PWUD, especially in the context of addressing substance use, and could be used when designing and implementing targeted interventions to improve the HCV care continuum for PWUD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"king-englander-korthuis-barocas-mcconnell-morris-cook-designingandvalidatingamarkovmodelforhospitalbasedaddictionconsultserviceimpacton12monthdrugandnondrugrelatedmortality-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Designing and validating a Markov model for hospital-based addiction consult service impact on 12-month drug and non-drug related mortality.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  King, C. A.; Englander, H.; Korthuis, P. T.; Barocas, J. A.; McConnell, K. J.; Morris, C. D.;  and Cook, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLoS One</i>, 16(9): e0256793.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256793\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('king-englander-korthuis-barocas-mcconnell-morris-cook-designingandvalidatingamarkovmodelforhospitalbasedaddictionconsultserviceimpacton12monthdrugandnondrugrelatedmortality-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256793', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/king-englander-korthuis-barocas-mcconnell-morris-cook-designingandvalidatingamarkovmodelforhospitalbasedaddictionconsultserviceimpacton12monthdrugandnondrugrelatedmortality-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('king-englander-korthuis-barocas-mcconnell-morris-cook-designingandvalidatingamarkovmodelforhospitalbasedaddictionconsultserviceimpacton12monthdrugandnondrugrelatedmortality-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{king_designing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Designing and validating a {Markov} model for hospital-based addiction consult service impact on 12-month drug and non-drug related mortality},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0256793},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) engage hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in care and help meet their goals for substance use treatment. Little is known about how ACS affect mortality for patients with OUD. The objective of this study was to design and validate a model that estimates the impact of ACS care on 12-month mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We developed a Markov model of referral to an ACS, post-discharge engagement in SUD care, and 12-month drug-related and non-drug related mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. We populated our model using Oregon Medicaid data and validated it using international modeling standards. RESULTS: There were 6,654 patients with OUD hospitalized from April 2015 through December 2017. There were 114 (1.7\\%) drug-related deaths and 408 (6.1\\%) non-drug related deaths at 12 months. Bayesian logistic regression models estimated four percent (4\\%, 95\\% CI = 2\\%, 6\\%) of patients were referred to an ACS. Of those, 47\\% (95\\% CI = 37\\%, 57\\%) engaged in post-discharge OUD care, versus 20\\% not referred to an ACS (95\\% CI = 16\\%, 24\\%). The risk of drug-related death at 12 months among patients in post-discharge OUD care was 3\\% (95\\% CI = 0\\%, 7\\%) versus 6\\% not in care (95\\% CI = 2\\%, 10\\%). The risk of non-drug related death was 7\\% (95\\% CI = 1\\%, 13\\%) among patients in post-discharge OUD treatment, versus 9\\% not in care (95\\% CI = 5\\%, 13\\%). We validated our model by evaluating its predictive, external, internal, face and cross validity. DISCUSSION: Our novel Markov model reflects trajectories of care and survival for patients hospitalized with OUD. This model can be used to evaluate the impact of other clinical and policy changes to improve patient survival.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tauthor = {King, C. A. and Englander, H. and Korthuis, P. T. and Barocas, J. A. and McConnell, K. J. and Morris, C. D. and Cook, R.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8432751},\n\tkeywords = {*Markov Chains, Adult, Cohort Studies, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*mortality, Oregon/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {e0256793},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: Addiction consult services (ACS) engage hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in care and help meet their goals for substance use treatment. Little is known about how ACS affect mortality for patients with OUD. The objective of this study was to design and validate a model that estimates the impact of ACS care on 12-month mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We developed a Markov model of referral to an ACS, post-discharge engagement in SUD care, and 12-month drug-related and non-drug related mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD. We populated our model using Oregon Medicaid data and validated it using international modeling standards. RESULTS: There were 6,654 patients with OUD hospitalized from April 2015 through December 2017. There were 114 (1.7%) drug-related deaths and 408 (6.1%) non-drug related deaths at 12 months. Bayesian logistic regression models estimated four percent (4%, 95% CI = 2%, 6%) of patients were referred to an ACS. Of those, 47% (95% CI = 37%, 57%) engaged in post-discharge OUD care, versus 20% not referred to an ACS (95% CI = 16%, 24%). The risk of drug-related death at 12 months among patients in post-discharge OUD care was 3% (95% CI = 0%, 7%) versus 6% not in care (95% CI = 2%, 10%). The risk of non-drug related death was 7% (95% CI = 1%, 13%) among patients in post-discharge OUD treatment, versus 9% not in care (95% CI = 5%, 13%). We validated our model by evaluating its predictive, external, internal, face and cross validity. DISCUSSION: Our novel Markov model reflects trajectories of care and survival for patients hospitalized with OUD. This model can be used to evaluate the impact of other clinical and policy changes to improve patient survival.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jenkins-bolinski-bresett-vanham-fletcher-walters-friedman-ezell-etal-covid19duringtheopioidepidemicexacerbationofstigmaandvulnerabilities-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jenkins-bolinski-bresett-vanham-fletcher-walters-friedman-ezell-etal-covid19duringtheopioidepidemicexacerbationofstigmaandvulnerabilities-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442', event);\">\n    COVID‐19 During the Opioid Epidemic – Exacerbation of Stigma and Vulnerabilities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jenkins, W. D.; Bolinski, R.; Bresett, J.; Van Ham, B.; Fletcher, S.; Walters, S.; Friedman, S. R; Ezell, J. M.; Pho, M.; Schneider, J.;  and Ouellet, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Rural Health</i>, 37(1): 172–174. January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-bolinski-bresett-vanham-fletcher-walters-friedman-ezell-etal-covid19duringtheopioidepidemicexacerbationofstigmaandvulnerabilities-2021', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"COVID‐19 During the Opioid Epidemic – Exacerbation of Stigma and Vulnerabilities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12442\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-bolinski-bresett-vanham-fletcher-walters-friedman-ezell-etal-covid19duringtheopioidepidemicexacerbationofstigmaandvulnerabilities-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12442', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jenkins-bolinski-bresett-vanham-fletcher-walters-friedman-ezell-etal-covid19duringtheopioidepidemicexacerbationofstigmaandvulnerabilities-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jenkins-bolinski-bresett-vanham-fletcher-walters-friedman-ezell-etal-covid19duringtheopioidepidemicexacerbationofstigmaandvulnerabilities-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jenkins_covid19_2021,\n\ttitle = {{COVID}‐19 {During} the {Opioid} {Epidemic} – {Exacerbation} of {Stigma} and {Vulnerabilities}},\n\tvolume = {37},\n\tissn = {0890-765X, 1748-0361},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jrh.12442},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12442},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Rural Health},\n\tauthor = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Bolinski, Rebecca and Bresett, John and Van Ham, Brent and Fletcher, Scott and Walters, Suzan and Friedman, Samuel R and Ezell, Jerel M. and Pho, Mai and Schneider, John and Ouellet, Larry},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*COVID-19. drug abuse, *Social Stigma, *health disparities, *policy, *social determinants of health, COVID-19. drug abuse, COVID-19/*epidemiology, Criminal Law/organization \\&amp; administration, Health Services Accessibility/organization \\&amp; administration, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology, Pandemics, Rural Health Services/*organization \\&amp; administration, SARS-CoV-2, Socioeconomic Factors, United States/epidemiology, health disparities, policy, social determinants of health},\n\tpages = {172--174},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"donelan-hayes-potee-schwartz-evans-covid19andtreatingincarceratedpopulationsforopioidusedisorder-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  COVID-19 and treating incarcerated populations for opioid use disorder.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Donelan, C. J.; Hayes, E.; Potee, R. A.; Schwartz, L.;  and Evans, E. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Subst Abuse Treat</i>, 124: 108216. May 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108216\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('donelan-hayes-potee-schwartz-evans-covid19andtreatingincarceratedpopulationsforopioidusedisorder-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108216', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/donelan-hayes-potee-schwartz-evans-covid19andtreatingincarceratedpopulationsforopioidusedisorder-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('donelan-hayes-potee-schwartz-evans-covid19andtreatingincarceratedpopulationsforopioidusedisorder-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{donelan_covid-19_2021,\n\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 and treating incarcerated populations for opioid use disorder},\n\tvolume = {124},\n\tissn = {1873-6483 (Electronic) 0740-5472 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108216},\n\tabstract = {The Franklin County Sheriff&#x27;s Office (FCSO), in Greenfield, Massachusetts, is among the first jails nationwide to provide correctional populations with access to all three medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD, i.e., buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, FCSO quickly implemented comprehensive mitigation policies and adapted MOUD programming. Two major challenges for implementation of the MOUD program were the mandated rapid release of nonviolent pretrial individuals, many of whom were being treated with MOUD and released too quickly to conduct continuity of care planning; and establishing how to deliver physically distanced MOUD services in jail. FCSO implemented and adapted a hub-and-spoke MOUD model, developed telehealth capacity, and experimented with take-home MOUD at release to facilitate continuity-of-care as individuals re-entered the community. Experiences underscore how COVID-19 accelerated the uptake and diffusion of technology-infused OUD treatment and other innovations in criminal justice settings. Looking forward, to address both opioid use disorder and COVID-19, jails and prisons need to develop capacity to implement mitigation strategies, including universal and rapid COVID-19 testing of staff and incarcerated individuals, and be resourced to provide evidence-based addiction treatment. FCSO quickly pivoted and adapted MOUD programming because of its history of applying public health approaches to address the opioid epidemic. Utilizing public health strategies can enable prisons and jails to mitigate the harms of the co-occurring epidemics of OUD and COVID-19, both of which disproportionately affect criminal justice populations, for persons who are incarcerated and the communities to which they return.},\n\tjournal = {J Subst Abuse Treat},\n\tauthor = {Donelan, C. J. and Hayes, E. and Potee, R. A. and Schwartz, L. and Evans, E. A.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7708799},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Criminal justice settings, *Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), *Methadone, *Naltrexone, *Opioid use disorder, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/rehabilitation, *Prisoners, *covid-19, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Covid-19, Criminal justice settings, Humans, Massachusetts, Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD), Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Opioid use disorder, Prisons/organization \\&amp; administration, Public Health, Telemedicine/organization \\&amp; administration},\n\tpages = {108216},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The Franklin County Sheriff's Office (FCSO), in Greenfield, Massachusetts, is among the first jails nationwide to provide correctional populations with access to all three medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD, i.e., buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, FCSO quickly implemented comprehensive mitigation policies and adapted MOUD programming. Two major challenges for implementation of the MOUD program were the mandated rapid release of nonviolent pretrial individuals, many of whom were being treated with MOUD and released too quickly to conduct continuity of care planning; and establishing how to deliver physically distanced MOUD services in jail. FCSO implemented and adapted a hub-and-spoke MOUD model, developed telehealth capacity, and experimented with take-home MOUD at release to facilitate continuity-of-care as individuals re-entered the community. Experiences underscore how COVID-19 accelerated the uptake and diffusion of technology-infused OUD treatment and other innovations in criminal justice settings. Looking forward, to address both opioid use disorder and COVID-19, jails and prisons need to develop capacity to implement mitigation strategies, including universal and rapid COVID-19 testing of staff and incarcerated individuals, and be resourced to provide evidence-based addiction treatment. FCSO quickly pivoted and adapted MOUD programming because of its history of applying public health approaches to address the opioid epidemic. Utilizing public health strategies can enable prisons and jails to mitigate the harms of the co-occurring epidemics of OUD and COVID-19, both of which disproportionately affect criminal justice populations, for persons who are incarcerated and the communities to which they return.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hendricks-sokos-kimble-dai-adeniran-osman-smith-bianco-clinicalanddemographicfactorsassociatedwithstimulantusedisorderinaruralheartfailurepopulation-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Clinical and demographic factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a rural heart failure population.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hendricks, B.; Sokos, G.; Kimble, W.; Dai, Z.; Adeniran, O.; Osman, M.; Smith, G. S.;  and Bianco, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug Alcohol Depend</i>, 229(Pt A): 109060. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109060\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hendricks-sokos-kimble-dai-adeniran-osman-smith-bianco-clinicalanddemographicfactorsassociatedwithstimulantusedisorderinaruralheartfailurepopulation-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109060', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hendricks-sokos-kimble-dai-adeniran-osman-smith-bianco-clinicalanddemographicfactorsassociatedwithstimulantusedisorderinaruralheartfailurepopulation-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hendricks-sokos-kimble-dai-adeniran-osman-smith-bianco-clinicalanddemographicfactorsassociatedwithstimulantusedisorderinaruralheartfailurepopulation-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hendricks_clinical_2021,\n\ttitle = {Clinical and demographic factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a rural heart failure population},\n\tvolume = {229},\n\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109060},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Heart failure is becoming increasingly common among patients under 50 years of age, particularly in African Americans and patients with stimulant use disorder. Yet the sources of these disparities remain poorly understood. This study identified key demographic and clinical factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a largely rural heart failure patient registry. METHODS: Patient records reporting a diagnosis of heart failure between January 2008 and March 2020 were requested from West Virginia University Hospital Systems (n=37,872). Odds of stimulant use disorder were estimated by demographic group (age, race, sex), insurance carrier, and clinical comorbidities using logistic regression. RESULTS: Multivariable regression analysis identified higher odds of stimulant use disorder among Black/African Americans (1.95 [1.32, 2.77]) and patients who report drinking one or more alcoholic drinks per week (2.23 [1.72, 2.88]). Lower odds of stimulant use disorder were identified among patients with hypertension (0.59 [0.47, 0.73]), or diabetes (0.65 [0.52, 0.81]).. Likewise, lower odds of stimulant use disorder were noted among females, patients older than 30 years of age and those not enrolled in Medicaid. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the alarming extent to which Medicaid enrollees, Black/African Americans, people aged 18-24 and 25-44, or persons with a past alcohol use disorder diagnosis are associated with stimulant use disorder among heart failure populations living in largely rural areas. Additionally, they emphasize the need to develop policies and refine clinical care that affects this vulnerable population&#x27;s prognoses.},\n\tnumber = {Pt A},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Hendricks, B. and Sokos, G. and Kimble, W. and Dai, Z. and Adeniran, O. and Osman, M. and Smith, G. S. and Bianco, C.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*African Americans, *Heart Failure/epidemiology, *Heart failure, *Rural, *Stimulant use disorder, Demography, Female, Humans, Medicaid, Rural Population, United States},\n\tpages = {109060},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Heart failure is becoming increasingly common among patients under 50 years of age, particularly in African Americans and patients with stimulant use disorder. Yet the sources of these disparities remain poorly understood. This study identified key demographic and clinical factors associated with stimulant use disorder in a largely rural heart failure patient registry. METHODS: Patient records reporting a diagnosis of heart failure between January 2008 and March 2020 were requested from West Virginia University Hospital Systems (n=37,872). Odds of stimulant use disorder were estimated by demographic group (age, race, sex), insurance carrier, and clinical comorbidities using logistic regression. RESULTS: Multivariable regression analysis identified higher odds of stimulant use disorder among Black/African Americans (1.95 [1.32, 2.77]) and patients who report drinking one or more alcoholic drinks per week (2.23 [1.72, 2.88]). Lower odds of stimulant use disorder were identified among patients with hypertension (0.59 [0.47, 0.73]), or diabetes (0.65 [0.52, 0.81]).. Likewise, lower odds of stimulant use disorder were noted among females, patients older than 30 years of age and those not enrolled in Medicaid. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the alarming extent to which Medicaid enrollees, Black/African Americans, people aged 18-24 and 25-44, or persons with a past alcohol use disorder diagnosis are associated with stimulant use disorder among heart failure populations living in largely rural areas. Additionally, they emphasize the need to develop policies and refine clinical care that affects this vulnerable population's prognoses.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"king-cook-korthuis-morris-englander-causesofdeathinthe12monthsafterhospitaldischargeamongpatientswithopioidusedisorder-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'king-cook-korthuis-morris-englander-causesofdeathinthe12monthsafterhospitaldischargeamongpatientswithopioidusedisorder-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087', event);\">\n    Causes of Death in the 12 months After Hospital Discharge Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  King, C.; Cook, R.; Korthuis, P. T.; Morris, C. D.;  and Englander, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Addict Med</i>. September 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Edition: 20210910</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('king-cook-korthuis-morris-englander-causesofdeathinthe12monthsafterhospitaldischargeamongpatientswithopioidusedisorder-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Causes of Death in the 12 months After Hospital Discharge Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000915\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('king-cook-korthuis-morris-englander-causesofdeathinthe12monthsafterhospitaldischargeamongpatientswithopioidusedisorder-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000915', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/king-cook-korthuis-morris-englander-causesofdeathinthe12monthsafterhospitaldischargeamongpatientswithopioidusedisorder-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('king-cook-korthuis-morris-englander-causesofdeathinthe12monthsafterhospitaldischargeamongpatientswithopioidusedisorder-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{king_causes_2021,\n\ttitle = {Causes of {Death} in the 12 months {After} {Hospital} {Discharge} {Among} {Patients} {With} {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\n\tissn = {1935-3227 (Electronic) 1932-0620 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34510087},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000915},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with substance use disorders are seven times more likely hospitalized than the general population. However, causes of death for recently hospitalized patients with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) are not well described. This study describes causes of death in the year post-discharge among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We analyzed data from participants who were at least 18 years old, with Medicaid insurance, and had a diagnosis of OUD during a general hospital admission in Oregon between April 2015 and December 2017. RESULTS: During the study window, 6,654 Oregon Medicaid patients with an OUD diagnosis were hospitalized. Patients were predominately female (56.7\\%) and White (72.2\\%), an average age of 44.2 years (SD = 15.4 years) and average hospital length of stay of 6.5 days (SD = 10.9 days). In the 12 months post-discharge, 522 patients died (7.8\\%); 301 patients from a drug or substance related cause (4.5\\%), including 71 from drug overdose (1.1\\%). Stated another way, of those who died within 12 months, 58\\% of deaths were attributed to drug-related causes, including 13.6\\% of deaths attributed to overdose; 42\\% died of non-drug related causes. Drug-related death was the most frequent cause of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients with OUD are at high risk of death, from drug and non-drug related causes, in the year after discharge. Future research should consider not only overdose, but a more comprehensive definition of drug-related death in understanding post-discharge mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD, and care systems should work to mitigate the risk of death in this population.},\n\tjournal = {J Addict Med},\n\tauthor = {King, C. and Cook, R. and Korthuis, P. T. and Morris, C. D. and Englander, H.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Edition: 20210910},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Adolescent, Adult, Aftercare, Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, Cause of Death, Female, Hospitals, Humans, Patient Discharge, United States/epidemiology},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Patients with substance use disorders are seven times more likely hospitalized than the general population. However, causes of death for recently hospitalized patients with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) are not well described. This study describes causes of death in the year post-discharge among hospitalized patients with OUD. METHODS: We analyzed data from participants who were at least 18 years old, with Medicaid insurance, and had a diagnosis of OUD during a general hospital admission in Oregon between April 2015 and December 2017. RESULTS: During the study window, 6,654 Oregon Medicaid patients with an OUD diagnosis were hospitalized. Patients were predominately female (56.7%) and White (72.2%), an average age of 44.2 years (SD = 15.4 years) and average hospital length of stay of 6.5 days (SD = 10.9 days). In the 12 months post-discharge, 522 patients died (7.8%); 301 patients from a drug or substance related cause (4.5%), including 71 from drug overdose (1.1%). Stated another way, of those who died within 12 months, 58% of deaths were attributed to drug-related causes, including 13.6% of deaths attributed to overdose; 42% died of non-drug related causes. Drug-related death was the most frequent cause of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients with OUD are at high risk of death, from drug and non-drug related causes, in the year after discharge. Future research should consider not only overdose, but a more comprehensive definition of drug-related death in understanding post-discharge mortality among hospitalized patients with OUD, and care systems should work to mitigate the risk of death in this population.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"muncan-jordan-perlman-frank-ompad-walters-acceptabilityandeffectivenessofhepatitisccareatsyringeserviceprogramsforpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinnewyorkcity-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Acceptability and Effectiveness of Hepatitis C Care at Syringe Service Programs for People Who Inject Drugs in New York City.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Muncan, B.; Jordan, A. E.; Perlman, D. C.; Frank, D.; Ompad, D. C.;  and Walters, S. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Subst Use Misuse</i>, 56(5): 728–737.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1892142\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('muncan-jordan-perlman-frank-ompad-walters-acceptabilityandeffectivenessofhepatitisccareatsyringeserviceprogramsforpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinnewyorkcity-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1892142', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/muncan-jordan-perlman-frank-ompad-walters-acceptabilityandeffectivenessofhepatitisccareatsyringeserviceprogramsforpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinnewyorkcity-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('muncan-jordan-perlman-frank-ompad-walters-acceptabilityandeffectivenessofhepatitisccareatsyringeserviceprogramsforpeoplewhoinjectdrugsinnewyorkcity-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{muncan_acceptability_2021,\n\ttitle = {Acceptability and {Effectiveness} of {Hepatitis} {C} {Care} at {Syringe} {Service} {Programs} for {People} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} in {New} {York} {City}},\n\tvolume = {56},\n\tissn = {1532-2491 (Electronic) 1082-6084 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2021.1892142},\n\tabstract = {Introduction/Objectives: The incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection is rising among people who inject drugs (PWID). Even in the context of known HCV prevention and treatment strategies, some PWID remain unengaged in HCV care. This study aimed to identify and characterize experiences and perceptions of PWID regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of HCV testing and treatment at a local syringe service program (SSP). Methods: A total of 36 PWID participated in semi-structured interviews at an SSP in New York City. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded by three coders, following a constructivist grounded theory approach. Relevant themes were identified as they emerged from the data. Results: Interviews with PWID revealed three themes related to the impact of SSPs on HCV care: (1) non-stigmatizing SSP environments, (2) the role of SSPs in improving HCV knowledge, and (3) acceptability of SSPs as sites for HCV care among PWID. Discussion: This paper contributes to the ongoing understanding that SSPs provide a well-accepted source of HCV services for PWID. Participants believed that SSPs are accessible and effective sites for HCV care, and suggested that stigma among PWID continues to affect receipt of HCV care in traditional settings. Conclusions: Understanding attitudes and beliefs of PWID regarding the effectiveness of SSPs as sites for HCV care is crucial for the development of focused strategies to reduce HCV transmission, and to ultimately achieve HCV elimination. Given this, further research is warranted investigating how best to improve HCV care at harm reduction sites such as SSPs.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Subst Use Misuse},\n\tauthor = {Muncan, B. and Jordan, A. E. and Perlman, D. C. and Frank, D. and Ompad, D. C. and Walters, S. M.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8514132},\n\tkeywords = {*Cluster, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C/prevention \\&amp; control, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Syringe service programs, *people who inject drugs, *stigma, Cluster, Hepatitis C, Humans, New York City, Syringe service programs, Syringes, people who inject drugs, stigma},\n\tpages = {728--737},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Introduction/Objectives: The incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection is rising among people who inject drugs (PWID). Even in the context of known HCV prevention and treatment strategies, some PWID remain unengaged in HCV care. This study aimed to identify and characterize experiences and perceptions of PWID regarding the acceptability and effectiveness of HCV testing and treatment at a local syringe service program (SSP). Methods: A total of 36 PWID participated in semi-structured interviews at an SSP in New York City. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded by three coders, following a constructivist grounded theory approach. Relevant themes were identified as they emerged from the data. Results: Interviews with PWID revealed three themes related to the impact of SSPs on HCV care: (1) non-stigmatizing SSP environments, (2) the role of SSPs in improving HCV knowledge, and (3) acceptability of SSPs as sites for HCV care among PWID. Discussion: This paper contributes to the ongoing understanding that SSPs provide a well-accepted source of HCV services for PWID. Participants believed that SSPs are accessible and effective sites for HCV care, and suggested that stigma among PWID continues to affect receipt of HCV care in traditional settings. Conclusions: Understanding attitudes and beliefs of PWID regarding the effectiveness of SSPs as sites for HCV care is crucial for the development of focused strategies to reduce HCV transmission, and to ultimately achieve HCV elimination. Given this, further research is warranted investigating how best to improve HCV care at harm reduction sites such as SSPs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bergo-epstein-hoferka-kolak-pho-avulnerabilityassessmentforafuturehivoutbreakassociatedwithinjectiondruguseinillinois20172018-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A Vulnerability Assessment for a Future HIV Outbreak Associated With Injection Drug Use in Illinois, 2017-2018.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bergo, C. J.; Epstein, J. R.; Hoferka, S.; Kolak, M. A.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Front Sociol</i>, 6: 652672.  2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.652672\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bergo-epstein-hoferka-kolak-pho-avulnerabilityassessmentforafuturehivoutbreakassociatedwithinjectiondruguseinillinois20172018-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.652672', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bergo-epstein-hoferka-kolak-pho-avulnerabilityassessmentforafuturehivoutbreakassociatedwithinjectiondruguseinillinois20172018-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bergo-epstein-hoferka-kolak-pho-avulnerabilityassessmentforafuturehivoutbreakassociatedwithinjectiondruguseinillinois20172018-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bergo_vulnerability_2021,\n\ttitle = {A {Vulnerability} {Assessment} for a {Future} {HIV} {Outbreak} {Associated} {With} {Injection} {Drug} {Use} in {Illinois}, 2017-2018},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fsoc.2021.652672},\n\tabstract = {The current opioid crisis and the increase in injection drug use (IDU) have led to outbreaks of HIV in communities across the country. These outbreaks have prompted country and statewide examination into identifying factors to determine areas at risk of a future HIV outbreak. Based on methodology used in a prior nationwide county-level analysis by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we examined Illinois at the ZIP code level (n = 1,383). Combined acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons {\\textless}40 years of age was used as an outcome proxy measure for IDU. Local and statewide data sources were used to identify variables that are potentially predictive of high risk for HIV/HCV transmission that fell within three main groups: health outcomes, access/resources, and the social/economic/physical environment. A multivariable negative binomial regression was performed with population as an offset. The vulnerability score for each ZIP code was created using the final regression model that consisted of 11 factors, six risk factors, and five protective factors. ZIP codes identified with the highest vulnerability ranking (top 10\\%) were distributed across the state yet focused in the rural southern region. The most populous county, Cook County, had only one vulnerable ZIP code. This analysis reveals more areas vulnerable to future outbreaks compared to past national analyses and provides more precise indications of vulnerability at the ZIP code level. The ability to assess the risk at sub-county level allows local jurisdictions to more finely tune surveillance and preventive measures and target activities in these high-risk areas. The final model contained a mix of protective and risk factors revealing a heightened level of complexity underlying the relationship between characteristics that impact HCV risk. Following this analysis, Illinois prioritized recommendations to include increasing access to harm reduction services, specifically sterile syringe services, naloxone access, infectious disease screening and increased linkage to care for HCV and opioid use disorder.},\n\tjournal = {Front Sociol},\n\tauthor = {Bergo, C. J. and Epstein, J. R. and Hoferka, S. and Kolak, M. A. and Pho, M. T.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8170011},\n\tkeywords = {Hiv, commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential, conflict of interest., hepatitis C (HCV) infection, infectious disease, injection drug abuse, outbreak, vulnerability analysis},\n\tpages = {652672},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The current opioid crisis and the increase in injection drug use (IDU) have led to outbreaks of HIV in communities across the country. These outbreaks have prompted country and statewide examination into identifying factors to determine areas at risk of a future HIV outbreak. Based on methodology used in a prior nationwide county-level analysis by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we examined Illinois at the ZIP code level (n = 1,383). Combined acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons \\textless40 years of age was used as an outcome proxy measure for IDU. Local and statewide data sources were used to identify variables that are potentially predictive of high risk for HIV/HCV transmission that fell within three main groups: health outcomes, access/resources, and the social/economic/physical environment. A multivariable negative binomial regression was performed with population as an offset. The vulnerability score for each ZIP code was created using the final regression model that consisted of 11 factors, six risk factors, and five protective factors. ZIP codes identified with the highest vulnerability ranking (top 10%) were distributed across the state yet focused in the rural southern region. The most populous county, Cook County, had only one vulnerable ZIP code. This analysis reveals more areas vulnerable to future outbreaks compared to past national analyses and provides more precise indications of vulnerability at the ZIP code level. The ability to assess the risk at sub-county level allows local jurisdictions to more finely tune surveillance and preventive measures and target activities in these high-risk areas. The final model contained a mix of protective and risk factors revealing a heightened level of complexity underlying the relationship between characteristics that impact HCV risk. Following this analysis, Illinois prioritized recommendations to include increasing access to harm reduction services, specifically sterile syringe services, naloxone access, infectious disease screening and increased linkage to care for HCV and opioid use disorder.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"seaman-king-kaser-geduldig-ronan-cook-chan-levander-etal-ahepatitisceliminationmodelinhealthcareforthehomelessorganizationanovelreflexivelaboratoryalgorithmandequityassessment-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A hepatitis C elimination model in healthcare for the homeless organization: A novel reflexive laboratory algorithm and equity assessment.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Seaman, A.; King, C. A.; Kaser, T.; Geduldig, A.; Ronan, W.; Cook, R.; Chan, B.; Levander, X. A.; Priest, K. C.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>, 96: 103359. October 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103359\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('seaman-king-kaser-geduldig-ronan-cook-chan-levander-etal-ahepatitisceliminationmodelinhealthcareforthehomelessorganizationanovelreflexivelaboratoryalgorithmandequityassessment-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103359', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/seaman-king-kaser-geduldig-ronan-cook-chan-levander-etal-ahepatitisceliminationmodelinhealthcareforthehomelessorganizationanovelreflexivelaboratoryalgorithmandequityassessment-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('seaman-king-kaser-geduldig-ronan-cook-chan-levander-etal-ahepatitisceliminationmodelinhealthcareforthehomelessorganizationanovelreflexivelaboratoryalgorithmandequityassessment-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{seaman_hepatitis_2021,\n\ttitle = {A hepatitis {C} elimination model in healthcare for the homeless organization: {A} novel reflexive laboratory algorithm and equity assessment},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103359},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Reaching World Health Organization hepatitis C (HCV) elimination targets requires diagnosis and treatment of people who use drugs (PWUD) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). PWUD experience challenges engaging in HCV treatment, including needing multiple provider and laboratory appointments. Women, minoritized racial communities, and homeless individuals are less likely to complete treatment. METHODS: We implemented a streamlined opt-out HCV screening and linkage-to-care program in two healthcare for the homeless clinics and a medically supported withdrawal center. Front-line staff initiated a single-order reflex laboratory bundle combining screening, confirmation, and pre-treatment laboratory evaluation from a single blood draw. Multinomial logistic regression models identified characteristics influencing movement through each stage of the HCV treatment cascade. Multiple logistic regression models identified patient characteristics associated with HCV care cascade progression and Cox proportional hazards models assessed time to initiation of DAAs. RESULTS: Of 11,035 clients engaged in services between May 2017 and March 2020, 3,607 (32.7\\%) were screened. Of those screened, 1,020 (28.3\\%) were HCV PCR positive. Of those with detectable RNA, 712 (69.8\\%) initiated treatment and 670 (94.1\\%) completed treatment. Of those initiating treatment, 407 (57.2\\%) achieved SVR12. There were eight treatment failures and six reinfections. In the unadjusted model, the bundle intervention was associated with increased care cascade progression, and in the survival analysis, decreased time to initiation; these differences were attenuated in the adjusted model. Women were less likely to complete treatment and SVR12 labs than men. Homelessness increased likelihood of screening and diagnosis but was negatively associated with completing SVR12 labs. Presence of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses predicted increased care cascade progression. CONCLUSIONS: The laboratory bundle and referral pathways improved treatment initiation, time to initiation, and movement across the cascade. Despite overall population improvements, women and homeless individuals experienced important gaps across the HCV care cascade.},\n\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Seaman, A. and King, C. A. and Kaser, T. and Geduldig, A. and Ronan, W. and Cook, R. and Chan, B. and Levander, X. A. and Priest, K. C. and Korthuis, P. T.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8720290},\n\tkeywords = {*Gender, *HCV Elimination, *Hepatitis C, *Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy, *Hepatitis C/diagnosis/drug therapy, *Homeless Persons, *Ill-Housed Persons, *People Who Inject Drugs, *People experiencing homelessness, *Race, Algorithms, Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Gender, HCV Elimination, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Humans, Laboratories, Male, People Who Inject Drugs, People experiencing homelessness, Race},\n\tpages = {103359},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Reaching World Health Organization hepatitis C (HCV) elimination targets requires diagnosis and treatment of people who use drugs (PWUD) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). PWUD experience challenges engaging in HCV treatment, including needing multiple provider and laboratory appointments. Women, minoritized racial communities, and homeless individuals are less likely to complete treatment. METHODS: We implemented a streamlined opt-out HCV screening and linkage-to-care program in two healthcare for the homeless clinics and a medically supported withdrawal center. Front-line staff initiated a single-order reflex laboratory bundle combining screening, confirmation, and pre-treatment laboratory evaluation from a single blood draw. Multinomial logistic regression models identified characteristics influencing movement through each stage of the HCV treatment cascade. Multiple logistic regression models identified patient characteristics associated with HCV care cascade progression and Cox proportional hazards models assessed time to initiation of DAAs. RESULTS: Of 11,035 clients engaged in services between May 2017 and March 2020, 3,607 (32.7%) were screened. Of those screened, 1,020 (28.3%) were HCV PCR positive. Of those with detectable RNA, 712 (69.8%) initiated treatment and 670 (94.1%) completed treatment. Of those initiating treatment, 407 (57.2%) achieved SVR12. There were eight treatment failures and six reinfections. In the unadjusted model, the bundle intervention was associated with increased care cascade progression, and in the survival analysis, decreased time to initiation; these differences were attenuated in the adjusted model. Women were less likely to complete treatment and SVR12 labs than men. Homelessness increased likelihood of screening and diagnosis but was negatively associated with completing SVR12 labs. Presence of opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses predicted increased care cascade progression. CONCLUSIONS: The laboratory bundle and referral pathways improved treatment initiation, time to initiation, and movement across the cascade. Despite overall population improvements, women and homeless individuals experienced important gaps across the HCV care cascade.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hetrick-young-elman-bielavitz-alexander-brown-waddell-korthuis-etal-acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hetrick, A. T.; Young, A. M.; Elman, M. R.; Bielavitz, S.; Alexander, R. L.; Brown, M.; Waddell, E. N.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Lancaster, K. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Trials</i>, 22(1): 948. December 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hetrick-young-elman-bielavitz-alexander-brown-waddell-korthuis-etal-acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hetrick-young-elman-bielavitz-alexander-brown-waddell-korthuis-etal-acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hetrick-young-elman-bielavitz-alexander-brown-waddell-korthuis-etal-acrosssectionalsurveyofpotentialfactorsmotivationsandbarriersinfluencingresearchparticipationandretentionamongpeoplewhousedrugsintheruralusa-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hetrick_cross-sectional_2021,\n\ttitle = {A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural {USA}},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1745-6215 (Electronic) 1745-6215 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13063-021-05919-w},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. METHODS: We recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models. RESULTS: Most participants were male (55\\%) and preferred methamphetamine (36\\%) over heroin (35\\%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95\\% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95\\% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95\\% CI: 1.51, 2.99). CONCLUSIONS: Beyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Trials},\n\tauthor = {Hetrick, A. T. and Young, A. M. and Elman, M. R. and Bielavitz, S. and Alexander, R. L. and Brown, M. and Waddell, E. N. and Korthuis, P. T. and Lancaster, K. E.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8690874},\n\tkeywords = {*Motivation, *Pharmaceutical Preparations, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Injection drug use, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Ohio, Opioid, Participant retention, Recruitment, Rural, Substance use},\n\tpages = {948},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Despite high morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural America, most research is conducted within urban areas. Our objective was to describe influencing factors, motivations, and barriers to research participation and retention among rural PWUD. METHODS: We recruited 255 eligible participants from community outreach and community-based, epidemiologic research cohorts from April to July 2019 to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Eligible participants reported opioid or injection drug use to get high within 30 days and resided in high-needs rural counties in Oregon, Kentucky, and Ohio. We aggregated response rankings to identify salient influences, motivations, and barriers. We estimated prevalence ratios to assess for gender, preferred drug use, and geographic differences using log-binomial models. RESULTS: Most participants were male (55%) and preferred methamphetamine (36%) over heroin (35%). Participants reported confidentiality, amount of financial compensation, and time required as primary influential factors for research participation. Primary motivations for participation include financial compensation, free HIV/HCV testing, and contribution to research. Changed or false participant contact information and transportation are principal barriers to retention. Respondents who prefer methamphetamines over heroin reported being influenced by the purpose and use of their information (PR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.26). Females and Oregonians (versus Appalachians) reported knowing and wanting to help the research team as participation motivation (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.26 and PR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.99). CONCLUSIONS: Beyond financial compensation, researchers should emphasize confidentiality, offer testing and linkage with care, use several contact methods, aid transportation, and accommodate demographic differences to improve research participation and retention among rural PWUD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"barshes-minc-healthcaredisparitiesinvascularsurgeryacriticalreview-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'barshes-minc-healthcaredisparitiesinvascularsurgeryacriticalreview-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462', event);\">\n    Healthcare disparities in vascular surgery: A critical review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Barshes, N. R.;  and Minc, S. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Vasc Surg</i>, 74(2S): 6S–14S e1. August 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('barshes-minc-healthcaredisparitiesinvascularsurgeryacriticalreview-2021', 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Healthcare disparities in vascular surgery: A critical review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.055\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('barshes-minc-healthcaredisparitiesinvascularsurgeryacriticalreview-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.055', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/barshes-minc-healthcaredisparitiesinvascularsurgeryacriticalreview-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('barshes-minc-healthcaredisparitiesinvascularsurgeryacriticalreview-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{barshes_healthcare_2021,\n\ttitle = {Healthcare disparities in vascular surgery: {A} critical review},\n\tvolume = {74},\n\tissn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Print) 0741-5214 (Linking)},\n\turl = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34303462},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.055},\n\tabstract = {Health disparities in vascular surgical care have existed for decades. Persons categorized as Black undergo a nearly twofold greater risk-adjusted rate of leg amputations. Persons categorized as Black, Latinx, and women have hemodialysis initiated via autogenous fistula less often than male persons categorized as White. Persons categorized as Black, Latino, Latina, or Latinx, and women are less likely to undergo carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis and repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. New approaches are needed to address these disparities. We suggest surgeons use data to identify groups that would most benefit from medical care and then partner with community organizations or individuals to create lasting health benefits. Surgeons alone cannot rectify the structural inequalities present in American society. However, all surgeons should contribute to ensuring that all people have access to high-quality vascular surgical care.},\n\tnumber = {2S},\n\tjournal = {J Vasc Surg},\n\tauthor = {Barshes, N. R. and Minc, S. D.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {*Health Status Disparities, *Surgeons, *Vascular Surgical Procedures, Amputation, Culturally Competent Care/ethnology, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Healthcare disparities, Humans, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Race Factors, Racial disparities, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Social Determinants of Health/*ethnology, Societies, Medical, Vascular Diseases/diagnosis/ethnology/*surgery},\n\tpages = {6S--14S e1},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Health disparities in vascular surgical care have existed for decades. Persons categorized as Black undergo a nearly twofold greater risk-adjusted rate of leg amputations. Persons categorized as Black, Latinx, and women have hemodialysis initiated via autogenous fistula less often than male persons categorized as White. Persons categorized as Black, Latino, Latina, or Latinx, and women are less likely to undergo carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis and repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. New approaches are needed to address these disparities. We suggest surgeons use data to identify groups that would most benefit from medical care and then partner with community organizations or individuals to create lasting health benefits. Surgeons alone cannot rectify the structural inequalities present in American society. However, all surgeons should contribute to ensuring that all people have access to high-quality vascular surgical care.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2020\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2020')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2020</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (36)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"richard-schalkoff-piscalko-brook-sibley-lancaster-miller-go-youarenotcleanuntilyourenotonanythingperceptionsofmedicationassistedtreatmentinruralappalachia-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'richard-schalkoff-piscalko-brook-sibley-lancaster-miller-go-youarenotcleanuntilyourenotonanythingperceptionsofmedicationassistedtreatmentinruralappalachia-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451', event);\">\n    “You are not clean until you're not on anything”: Perceptions of medication-assisted treatment in rural Appalachia.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Richard, E. L.; Schalkoff, C. A.; Piscalko, H. M.; Brook, D. L.; Sibley, A. L.; Lancaster, K. E.; Miller, W. C.;  and Go, V. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 85: 102704. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('richard-schalkoff-piscalko-brook-sibley-lancaster-miller-go-youarenotcleanuntilyourenotonanythingperceptionsofmedicationassistedtreatmentinruralappalachia-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"“You are not clean until you&#x27;re not on anything”: Perceptions of medication-assisted treatment in rural Appalachia [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102704\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('richard-schalkoff-piscalko-brook-sibley-lancaster-miller-go-youarenotcleanuntilyourenotonanythingperceptionsofmedicationassistedtreatmentinruralappalachia-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102704', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/richard-schalkoff-piscalko-brook-sibley-lancaster-miller-go-youarenotcleanuntilyourenotonanythingperceptionsofmedicationassistedtreatmentinruralappalachia-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('richard-schalkoff-piscalko-brook-sibley-lancaster-miller-go-youarenotcleanuntilyourenotonanythingperceptionsofmedicationassistedtreatmentinruralappalachia-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{richard_you_2020,\n\ttitle = {“{You} are not clean until you&#x27;re not on anything”: {Perceptions} of medication-assisted treatment in rural {Appalachia}},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {“{You} are not clean until you&#x27;re not on anything”},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300451},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102704},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Richard, Emma L. and Schalkoff, Christine A. and Piscalko, Hannah M. and Brook, Daniel L. and Sibley, Adams L. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Appalachia, Appalachian Region, Humans, Medication-assisted treatment, Ohio, Opioid use disorder, Perception, Risk environment, Rural, Rural Population, Stigma},\n\tpages = {102704},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-cloud-young-freeman-whenprescribingisntenoughpharmacylevelbarrierstobuprenorphineaccess-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cooper-cloud-young-freeman-whenprescribingisntenoughpharmacylevelbarrierstobuprenorphineaccess-2020', 'http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908', event);\">\n    When Prescribing Isn’t Enough — Pharmacy-Level Barriers to Buprenorphine Access.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, H. L.; Cloud, D. H.; Young, A. M.;  and Freeman, P. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, 383(8): 703–705. August 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-cloud-young-freeman-whenprescribingisntenoughpharmacylevelbarrierstobuprenorphineaccess-2020', 'http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"When Prescribing Isn’t Enough — Pharmacy-Level Barriers to Buprenorphine Access [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2002908\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-cloud-young-freeman-whenprescribingisntenoughpharmacylevelbarrierstobuprenorphineaccess-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2002908', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-cloud-young-freeman-whenprescribingisntenoughpharmacylevelbarrierstobuprenorphineaccess-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-cloud-young-freeman-whenprescribingisntenoughpharmacylevelbarrierstobuprenorphineaccess-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_when_2020,\n\ttitle = {When {Prescribing} {Isn}’t {Enough} — {Pharmacy}-{Level} {Barriers} to {Buprenorphine} {Access}},\n\tvolume = {383},\n\tissn = {0028-4793, 1533-4406},\n\turl = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2002908},\n\tdoi = {10.1056/NEJMp2002908},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {New England Journal of Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, Hannah L.F. and Cloud, David H. and Young, April M. and Freeman, Patricia R.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Health Policy, *Legislation, Drug, *Opiate Substitution Treatment, *Pharmacies, Appalachian Region, Buprenorphine/*supply \\&amp; distribution/therapeutic use, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Medical Overuse/legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Narcotic Antagonists/*supply \\&amp; distribution/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pharmacists, Physicians, Stereotyping, Trust, United States, United States Government Agencies},\n\tpages = {703--705},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jenkins-hagan-whatisaruralopioidriskandpolicyenvironment-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jenkins-hagan-whatisaruralopioidriskandpolicyenvironment-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135', event);\">\n    What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jenkins, R. A.;  and Hagan, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 85: 102606. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-hagan-whatisaruralopioidriskandpolicyenvironment-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.014\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-hagan-whatisaruralopioidriskandpolicyenvironment-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.014', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jenkins-hagan-whatisaruralopioidriskandpolicyenvironment-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jenkins-hagan-whatisaruralopioidriskandpolicyenvironment-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jenkins_what_2020,\n\ttitle = {What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment?},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919303135},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.014},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Jenkins, Richard A. and Hagan, Holly},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Humans, Opioid, Policy, Policy environment, Rural Population, Rural risk environment},\n\tpages = {102606},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tressler-lilly-gross-hulsey-feinberg-variationsinhepatitisbvaccineseriescompletionbysettingamongadultsatriskinwestvirginia-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Variations in Hepatitis B Vaccine Series Completion by Setting Among Adults at Risk in West Virginia.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tressler, S.; Lilly, C.; Gross, D.; Hulsey, T.;  and Feinberg, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Am J Prev Med</i>, 59(5): e189–e196. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tressler-lilly-gross-hulsey-feinberg-variationsinhepatitisbvaccineseriescompletionbysettingamongadultsatriskinwestvirginia-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tressler-lilly-gross-hulsey-feinberg-variationsinhepatitisbvaccineseriescompletionbysettingamongadultsatriskinwestvirginia-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tressler-lilly-gross-hulsey-feinberg-variationsinhepatitisbvaccineseriescompletionbysettingamongadultsatriskinwestvirginia-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tressler_variations_2020,\n\ttitle = {Variations in {Hepatitis} {B} {Vaccine} {Series} {Completion} by {Setting} {Among} {Adults} at {Risk} in {West} {Virginia}},\n\tvolume = {59},\n\tissn = {1873-2607 (Electronic) 0749-3797 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.022},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: West Virginia leads the nation with the highest rate of acute hepatitis B. From 2013 to 2015, the West Virginia hepatitis B Vaccination Pilot Project distributed more than 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults through local health department clinics and through outreach to correctional facilities and substance use treatment centers. This study aims to determine which setting type is associated with the greatest likelihood of at-risk adults receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. METHODS: Data for this retrospective cohort study were accessed, extracted, and analyzed in 2019 from Pilot Project participant forms initially completed from 2013 to 2015. Odds of receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses were calculated using bivariate, multivariable, and mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Data were available for 1,201 participants. In multivariable logistic regression, participants vaccinated at substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.37, 95\\% CI=1.01, 1.86) and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.74, 95\\% CI=1.98, 7.06) were more likely to receive the 3-dose series versus those vaccinated at local health department sexually transmitted disease clinics. Participants vaccinated through substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.79, 95\\% CI=1.31, 2.44), correctional facilities (AOR=3.34, 95\\% CI=2.09, 5.34), and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.97, 95\\% CI=1.72, 9.16) were more likely to receive at least 2 doses. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B vaccination delivered at local health department family planning clinics, substance use treatment centers, or correctional facilities may increase vaccine dose completion in West Virginia.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Am J Prev Med},\n\tauthor = {Tressler, S. and Lilly, C. and Gross, D. and Hulsey, T. and Feinberg, J.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7988884},\n\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, Adult, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, Vaccination, West Virginia/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {e189--e196},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  INTRODUCTION: West Virginia leads the nation with the highest rate of acute hepatitis B. From 2013 to 2015, the West Virginia hepatitis B Vaccination Pilot Project distributed more than 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults through local health department clinics and through outreach to correctional facilities and substance use treatment centers. This study aims to determine which setting type is associated with the greatest likelihood of at-risk adults receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. METHODS: Data for this retrospective cohort study were accessed, extracted, and analyzed in 2019 from Pilot Project participant forms initially completed from 2013 to 2015. Odds of receiving all 3 or at least 2 doses were calculated using bivariate, multivariable, and mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Data were available for 1,201 participants. In multivariable logistic regression, participants vaccinated at substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.37, 95% CI=1.01, 1.86) and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.74, 95% CI=1.98, 7.06) were more likely to receive the 3-dose series versus those vaccinated at local health department sexually transmitted disease clinics. Participants vaccinated through substance use treatment centers (AOR=1.79, 95% CI=1.31, 2.44), correctional facilities (AOR=3.34, 95% CI=2.09, 5.34), and local health department family planning clinics (AOR=3.97, 95% CI=1.72, 9.16) were more likely to receive at least 2 doses. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B vaccination delivered at local health department family planning clinics, substance use treatment centers, or correctional facilities may increase vaccine dose completion in West Virginia.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ibragimov-young-cooper-understandingruralriskenvironmentsfordrugrelatedharmsprogresschallengesandstepsforward-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Understanding rural risk environments for drug-related harms: Progress, challenges, and steps forward.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ibragimov, U.; Young, A. M.;  and Cooper, H. L. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Int J Drug Policy</i>, 85: 102926. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102926\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ibragimov-young-cooper-understandingruralriskenvironmentsfordrugrelatedharmsprogresschallengesandstepsforward-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102926', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ibragimov-young-cooper-understandingruralriskenvironmentsfordrugrelatedharmsprogresschallengesandstepsforward-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ibragimov-young-cooper-understandingruralriskenvironmentsfordrugrelatedharmsprogresschallengesandstepsforward-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ibragimov_understanding_2020,\n\ttitle = {Understanding rural risk environments for drug-related harms: {Progress}, challenges, and steps forward},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {1873-4758 (Electronic) 0955-3959 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102926},\n\tjournal = {Int J Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Ibragimov, U. and Young, A. M. and Cooper, H. L. F.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8215764},\n\tkeywords = {*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Social Environment, Environment, Humans, Rural Population},\n\tpages = {102926},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"friedman-krawczyk-perlman-mateugelabert-ompad-hamilton-nikolopoulos-guarino-etal-theopioidoverdosecrisisasadialecticsofpaindespairandonesidedstruggle-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The Opioid/Overdose Crisis as a Dialectics of Pain, Despair, and One-Sided Struggle.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Friedman, S. R.; Krawczyk, N.; Perlman, D. C.; Mateu-Gelabert, P.; Ompad, D. C.; Hamilton, L.; Nikolopoulos, G.; Guarino, H.;  and Cerda, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Front Public Health</i>, 8: 540423.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.540423\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('friedman-krawczyk-perlman-mateugelabert-ompad-hamilton-nikolopoulos-guarino-etal-theopioidoverdosecrisisasadialecticsofpaindespairandonesidedstruggle-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.540423', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/friedman-krawczyk-perlman-mateugelabert-ompad-hamilton-nikolopoulos-guarino-etal-theopioidoverdosecrisisasadialecticsofpaindespairandonesidedstruggle-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('friedman-krawczyk-perlman-mateugelabert-ompad-hamilton-nikolopoulos-guarino-etal-theopioidoverdosecrisisasadialecticsofpaindespairandonesidedstruggle-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{friedman_opioidoverdose_2020,\n\ttitle = {The {Opioid}/{Overdose} {Crisis} as a {Dialectics} of {Pain}, {Despair}, and {One}-{Sided} {Struggle}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {2296-2565 (Print) 2296-2565 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.540423},\n\tabstract = {The opioid/overdose crisis in the United States and Canada has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and has become a major field for research and interventions. It has embroiled pharmaceutical companies in lawsuits and possible bankruptcy filings. Effective interventions and policies toward this and future drug-related outbreaks may be improved by understanding the sociostructural roots of this outbreak. Much of the literature on roots of the opioid/overdose outbreak focuses on (1) the actions of pharmaceutical companies in inappropriately promoting the use of prescription opioids; (2) &quot;deaths of despair&quot; based on the deindustrialization of much of rural and urban Canada and the United States, and on the related marginalization and demoralization of those facing lifetimes of joblessness or precarious employment in poorly paid, often dangerous work; and (3) increase in occupationally-induced pain and injuries in the population. All three of these roots of the crisis-pharmaceutical misconduct and unethical marketing practices, despair based on deindustrialization and increased occupational pain-can be traced back, in part, to what has been called the &quot;one-sided class war&quot; that became prominent in the 1970s, became institutionalized as neo-liberalism in and since the 1980s, and may now be beginning to be challenged. We describe this one-sided class war, and how processes it sparked enabled pharmaceutical corporations in their misconduct, nurtured individualistic ideologies that fed into despair and drug use, weakened institutions that created social support in communities, and reduced barriers against injuries and other occupational pain at workplaces by reducing unionization, weakening surviving unions, and weakening the enforcement of rules about workplace safety and health. We then briefly discuss the implications of this analysis for programs and policies to mitigate or reverse the opioid/overdose outbreak.},\n\tjournal = {Front Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Friedman, S. R. and Krawczyk, N. and Perlman, D. C. and Mateu-Gelabert, P. and Ompad, D. C. and Hamilton, L. and Nikolopoulos, G. and Guarino, H. and Cerda, M.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7676222},\n\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *despair, *one-sided class war, *opioids, *overdose, *pain, *social conflict, Canada, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Pain/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology, despair, one-sided class war, opioids, overdose, pain, social conflict},\n\tpages = {540423},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The opioid/overdose crisis in the United States and Canada has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and has become a major field for research and interventions. It has embroiled pharmaceutical companies in lawsuits and possible bankruptcy filings. Effective interventions and policies toward this and future drug-related outbreaks may be improved by understanding the sociostructural roots of this outbreak. Much of the literature on roots of the opioid/overdose outbreak focuses on (1) the actions of pharmaceutical companies in inappropriately promoting the use of prescription opioids; (2) \"deaths of despair\" based on the deindustrialization of much of rural and urban Canada and the United States, and on the related marginalization and demoralization of those facing lifetimes of joblessness or precarious employment in poorly paid, often dangerous work; and (3) increase in occupationally-induced pain and injuries in the population. All three of these roots of the crisis-pharmaceutical misconduct and unethical marketing practices, despair based on deindustrialization and increased occupational pain-can be traced back, in part, to what has been called the \"one-sided class war\" that became prominent in the 1970s, became institutionalized as neo-liberalism in and since the 1980s, and may now be beginning to be challenged. We describe this one-sided class war, and how processes it sparked enabled pharmaceutical corporations in their misconduct, nurtured individualistic ideologies that fed into despair and drug use, weakened institutions that created social support in communities, and reduced barriers against injuries and other occupational pain at workplaces by reducing unionization, weakening surviving unions, and weakening the enforcement of rules about workplace safety and health. We then briefly discuss the implications of this analysis for programs and policies to mitigate or reverse the opioid/overdose outbreak.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schalkoff-lancaster-gaynes-wang-pence-miller-go-theopioidandrelateddrugepidemicsinruralappalachiaasystematicreviewofpopulationsaffectedriskfactorsandinfectiousdiseases-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schalkoff-lancaster-gaynes-wang-pence-miller-go-theopioidandrelateddrugepidemicsinruralappalachiaasystematicreviewofpopulationsaffectedriskfactorsandinfectiousdiseases-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555', event);\">\n    The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural Appalachia: A systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schalkoff, C. A.; Lancaster, K. E.; Gaynes, B. N.; Wang, V.; Pence, B. W.; Miller, W. C.;  and Go, V. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Substance Abuse</i>, 41(1): 35–69. January 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schalkoff-lancaster-gaynes-wang-pence-miller-go-theopioidandrelateddrugepidemicsinruralappalachiaasystematicreviewofpopulationsaffectedriskfactorsandinfectiousdiseases-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural Appalachia: A systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schalkoff-lancaster-gaynes-wang-pence-miller-go-theopioidandrelateddrugepidemicsinruralappalachiaasystematicreviewofpopulationsaffectedriskfactorsandinfectiousdiseases-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schalkoff-lancaster-gaynes-wang-pence-miller-go-theopioidandrelateddrugepidemicsinruralappalachiaasystematicreviewofpopulationsaffectedriskfactorsandinfectiousdiseases-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schalkoff-lancaster-gaynes-wang-pence-miller-go-theopioidandrelateddrugepidemicsinruralappalachiaasystematicreviewofpopulationsaffectedriskfactorsandinfectiousdiseases-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schalkoff_opioid_2020,\n\ttitle = {The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural {Appalachia}: {A} systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {0889-7077, 1547-0164},\n\tshorttitle = {The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural {Appalachia}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Schalkoff, Christine A. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Gaynes, Bradley N. and Wang, Vivian and Pence, Brian W. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Clinical Clerkship, *Drug epidemic, *Harm Reduction, *hepatitis C, *opioids, *rural Appalachia, *substance use, Adult, Curriculum, Drug Overdose/prevention \\&amp; control, Drug epidemic, Epidemics/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Naloxone/therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural Population/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, hepatitis C, opioids, rural Appalachia, substance use},\n\tpages = {35--69},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stack-leichtling-larsen-gray-pope-leahy-gelberg-seaman-etal-theimpactsofcovid19onmentalhealthsubstanceuseandoverdoseconcernsofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunities-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stack-leichtling-larsen-gray-pope-leahy-gelberg-seaman-etal-theimpactsofcovid19onmentalhealthsubstanceuseandoverdoseconcernsofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunities-2020', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770', event);\">\n    The Impacts of COVID-19 on Mental Health, Substance Use, and Overdose Concerns of People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stack, E.; Leichtling, G.; Larsen, J. E.; Gray, M.; Pope, J.; Leahy, J. M.; Gelberg, L.; Seaman, A.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Addiction Medicine</i>, Publish Ahead of Print. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stack-leichtling-larsen-gray-pope-leahy-gelberg-seaman-etal-theimpactsofcovid19onmentalhealthsubstanceuseandoverdoseconcernsofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunities-2020', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The Impacts of COVID-19 on Mental Health, Substance Use, and Overdose Concerns of People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stack-leichtling-larsen-gray-pope-leahy-gelberg-seaman-etal-theimpactsofcovid19onmentalhealthsubstanceuseandoverdoseconcernsofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunities-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stack-leichtling-larsen-gray-pope-leahy-gelberg-seaman-etal-theimpactsofcovid19onmentalhealthsubstanceuseandoverdoseconcernsofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunities-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stack-leichtling-larsen-gray-pope-leahy-gelberg-seaman-etal-theimpactsofcovid19onmentalhealthsubstanceuseandoverdoseconcernsofpeoplewhousedrugsinruralcommunities-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stack_impacts_2020,\n\ttitle = {The {Impacts} of {COVID}-19 on {Mental} {Health}, {Substance} {Use}, and {Overdose} {Concerns} of {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Communities}},\n\tvolume = {Publish Ahead of Print},\n\tissn = {1932-0620},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/ADM.0000000000000770},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Stack, Erin and Leichtling, Gillian and Larsen, Jessica E. and Gray, Mary and Pope, Justine and Leahy, Judith M. and Gelberg, Lillian and Seaman, Andrew and Korthuis, Philip Todd},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Pharmaceutical Preparations, *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *covid-19, Humans, Mental Health, Rural Population, SARS-CoV-2},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"minc-goodney-misra-thibault-smith-marone-theeffectofruralityontheriskofprimaryamputationisamplifiedbyrace-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  The effect of rurality on the risk of primary amputation is amplified by race.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Minc, S. D.; Goodney, P. P.; Misra, R.; Thibault, D.; Smith, G. S.;  and Marone, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Vasc Surg</i>, 72(3): 1011–1017. September 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.090\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('minc-goodney-misra-thibault-smith-marone-theeffectofruralityontheriskofprimaryamputationisamplifiedbyrace-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.090', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/minc-goodney-misra-thibault-smith-marone-theeffectofruralityontheriskofprimaryamputationisamplifiedbyrace-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('minc-goodney-misra-thibault-smith-marone-theeffectofruralityontheriskofprimaryamputationisamplifiedbyrace-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{minc_effect_2020,\n\ttitle = {The effect of rurality on the risk of primary amputation is amplified by race},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\tissn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2019.10.090},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Primary amputation (ie, without attempted revascularization) is a devastating complication of peripheral artery disease. Racial disparities in primary amputation have been described; however, rural disparities have not been well investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of rurality on risk of primary amputation and to explore the effect of race on this relationship. METHODS: The national Vascular Quality Initiative amputation data set was used for analyses (N = 6795). The outcome of interest was primary amputation. Independent variables were race/ethnicity (non-Latinx whites vs nonwhites) and rural residence. Multivariable logistic regression examined impact of rurality and race/ethnicity on primary amputation after adjustment for relevant covariates and included an interaction for race/ethnicity by rural status. RESULTS: Primary amputation occurred in 49\\% of patients overall (n = 3332), in 47\\% of rural vs 49\\% of urban patients (P = .322), and in 46\\% of whites vs 53\\% of nonwhites (P {\\textless} .001). On multivariable analysis, nonwhites had a 21\\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation overall (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.21; 95\\% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.39). On subgroup analysis, rural nonwhites had two times higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than rural whites (AOR, 2.06; 95\\% CI, 1.53-2.78) and a 52\\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban nonwhites (AOR, 1.52; 95\\% CI, 1.19-1.94). In the urban setting, nonwhites had a 21\\% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban whites (AOR, 1.21; 95\\% CI, 1.05-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: In these analyses, rurality was associated with greater odds for primary amputation in nonwhite patients but not in white patients. The effect of race on primary amputation was significant in both urban and rural settings; however, the effect was significantly stronger in rural settings. These findings suggest that race/ethnicity has a compounding effect on rural health disparities and that strategies to improve health of rural communities need to consider the particular needs of nonwhite residents to reduce disparities.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {J Vasc Surg},\n\tauthor = {Minc, S. D. and Goodney, P. P. and Misra, R. and Thibault, D. and Smith, G. S. and Marone, L.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7404623},\n\tkeywords = {*Amputation, *Amputation disparities, *Peripheral artery disease, *Racial disparities, *Rural Health Services, *Rural disparities, *Rural health, Aged, Female, Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis/*ethnology/*surgery, Race Factors, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Rural Health/*ethnology, Urban Health Services, Urban Health/*ethnology},\n\tpages = {1011--1017},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: Primary amputation (ie, without attempted revascularization) is a devastating complication of peripheral artery disease. Racial disparities in primary amputation have been described; however, rural disparities have not been well investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of rurality on risk of primary amputation and to explore the effect of race on this relationship. METHODS: The national Vascular Quality Initiative amputation data set was used for analyses (N = 6795). The outcome of interest was primary amputation. Independent variables were race/ethnicity (non-Latinx whites vs nonwhites) and rural residence. Multivariable logistic regression examined impact of rurality and race/ethnicity on primary amputation after adjustment for relevant covariates and included an interaction for race/ethnicity by rural status. RESULTS: Primary amputation occurred in 49% of patients overall (n = 3332), in 47% of rural vs 49% of urban patients (P = .322), and in 46% of whites vs 53% of nonwhites (P \\textless .001). On multivariable analysis, nonwhites had a 21% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation overall (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.39). On subgroup analysis, rural nonwhites had two times higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than rural whites (AOR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.53-2.78) and a 52% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban nonwhites (AOR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.19-1.94). In the urban setting, nonwhites had a 21% higher odds of undergoing primary amputation than urban whites (AOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: In these analyses, rurality was associated with greater odds for primary amputation in nonwhite patients but not in white patients. The effect of race on primary amputation was significant in both urban and rural settings; however, the effect was significantly stronger in rural settings. These findings suggest that race/ethnicity has a compounding effect on rural health disparities and that strategies to improve health of rural communities need to consider the particular needs of nonwhite residents to reduce disparities.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lancaster-cooper-browning-malvestutto-bridges-young-syringeserviceprogramutilizationbarriersandpreferencesfordesigninruralappalachiadifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwhoinjectdrugs-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lancaster-cooper-browning-malvestutto-bridges-young-syringeserviceprogramutilizationbarriersandpreferencesfordesigninruralappalachiadifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741', event);\">\n    Syringe Service Program Utilization, Barriers, and Preferences for Design in Rural Appalachia: Differences between Men and Women Who Inject Drugs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lancaster, K. E.; Cooper, H. L. F.; Browning, C. R.; Malvestutto, C. D.; Bridges, J. F. P.;  and Young, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Substance Use & Misuse</i>, 55(14): 2268–2277. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lancaster-cooper-browning-malvestutto-bridges-young-syringeserviceprogramutilizationbarriersandpreferencesfordesigninruralappalachiadifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Syringe Service Program Utilization, Barriers, and Preferences for Design in Rural Appalachia: Differences between Men and Women Who Inject Drugs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lancaster-cooper-browning-malvestutto-bridges-young-syringeserviceprogramutilizationbarriersandpreferencesfordesigninruralappalachiadifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lancaster-cooper-browning-malvestutto-bridges-young-syringeserviceprogramutilizationbarriersandpreferencesfordesigninruralappalachiadifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwhoinjectdrugs-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lancaster-cooper-browning-malvestutto-bridges-young-syringeserviceprogramutilizationbarriersandpreferencesfordesigninruralappalachiadifferencesbetweenmenandwomenwhoinjectdrugs-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lancaster_syringe_2020,\n\ttitle = {Syringe {Service} {Program} {Utilization}, {Barriers}, and {Preferences} for {Design} in {Rural} {Appalachia}: {Differences} between {Men} and {Women} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}},\n\tvolume = {55},\n\tissn = {1082-6084, 1532-2491},\n\tshorttitle = {Syringe {Service} {Program} {Utilization}, {Barriers}, and {Preferences} for {Design} in {Rural} {Appalachia}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2020.1800741},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Substance Use \\&amp; Misuse},\n\tauthor = {Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Cooper, Hannah L. F. and Browning, Christopher R. and Malvestutto, Carlos D. and Bridges, John F. P. and Young, April M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Appalachia, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Needle exchange programs, Needle-Exchange Programs/*organization \\&amp; administration/*statistics \\&amp; numerical, Sex Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology/*psychology, Syringes/*supply \\&amp; distribution, Young Adult, data, gender, harm reduction, people who inject drugs, rural},\n\tpages = {2268--2277},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"kolak-chen-joyce-ellis-defever-mcluckie-friedman-pho-ruralriskenvironmentsopioidrelatedoverdoseandinfectiousdiseasesamultidimensionalspatialperspective-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'kolak-chen-joyce-ellis-defever-mcluckie-friedman-pho-ruralriskenvironmentsopioidrelatedoverdoseandinfectiousdiseasesamultidimensionalspatialperspective-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682', event);\">\n    Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: A multidimensional, spatial perspective.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Kolak, M. A.; Chen, Y.; Joyce, S.; Ellis, K.; Defever, K.; McLuckie, C.; Friedman, S.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 85: 102727. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kolak-chen-joyce-ellis-defever-mcluckie-friedman-pho-ruralriskenvironmentsopioidrelatedoverdoseandinfectiousdiseasesamultidimensionalspatialperspective-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: A multidimensional, spatial perspective [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102727\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('kolak-chen-joyce-ellis-defever-mcluckie-friedman-pho-ruralriskenvironmentsopioidrelatedoverdoseandinfectiousdiseasesamultidimensionalspatialperspective-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102727', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/kolak-chen-joyce-ellis-defever-mcluckie-friedman-pho-ruralriskenvironmentsopioidrelatedoverdoseandinfectiousdiseasesamultidimensionalspatialperspective-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('kolak-chen-joyce-ellis-defever-mcluckie-friedman-pho-ruralriskenvironmentsopioidrelatedoverdoseandinfectiousdiseasesamultidimensionalspatialperspective-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{kolak_rural_2020,\n\ttitle = {Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases: {A} multidimensional, spatial perspective},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {Rural risk environments, opioid-related overdose, and infectious diseases},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300682},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102727},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Kolak, Marynia A. and Chen, Yen-Tyng and Joyce, Sam and Ellis, Kaitlin and Defever, Kali and McLuckie, Colleen and Friedman, Sam and Pho, Mai T.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/epidemiology, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid, Harm Reduction, Humans, Opioid overdose, Regionalization, Rural Population, Rural risk environment, Spatial analysis},\n\tpages = {102727},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dai-abate-long-smith-halki-kraner-mock-quantifyingenhancedriskfromalcoholandotherfactorsinpolysubstancerelateddeaths-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Quantifying enhanced risk from alcohol and other factors in polysubstance-related deaths.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dai, Z.; Abate, M. A.; Long, D. L.; Smith, G. S.; Halki, T. M.; Kraner, J. C.;  and Mock, A. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Forensic Sci Int</i>, 313: 110352. August 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110352\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-abate-long-smith-halki-kraner-mock-quantifyingenhancedriskfromalcoholandotherfactorsinpolysubstancerelateddeaths-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110352', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dai-abate-long-smith-halki-kraner-mock-quantifyingenhancedriskfromalcoholandotherfactorsinpolysubstancerelateddeaths-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dai-abate-long-smith-halki-kraner-mock-quantifyingenhancedriskfromalcoholandotherfactorsinpolysubstancerelateddeaths-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dai_quantifying_2020,\n\ttitle = {Quantifying enhanced risk from alcohol and other factors in polysubstance-related deaths},\n\tvolume = {313},\n\tissn = {1872-6283 (Electronic) 0379-0738 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110352},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: To quantify how alcohol, polysubstance use and other factors influence opioid concentrations in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Multiple linear regression models were employed to identify relationships among alcohol, other factors, and the concentrations of four commonly identified opioids (fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone), accounting for demographic, toxicological and comorbid characteristics in WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2018. RESULTS: Alcohol concentrations of 0.08\\% or above were associated with significant reductions in blood concentrations of fentanyl (27.5\\%), hydrocodone (30.5\\%) and methadone (32.4\\%). Significantly lower predicted concentrations of all opioids studied were associated with multiple opioid vs. single opioid presence, with predicted concentration reductions ranging from 13.7\\% for fentanyl to 65-66\\% for hydrocodone and oxycodone. Benzodiazepine presence was associated with small, non-statistically significant changes in opioid concentrations, while stimulant presence was associated with statistically significant reductions in hydrocodone and oxycodone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Co-ingestion of alcohol, multiple opioids or stimulants were associated with significantly decreased predicted concentrations of commonly identified opioids in drug deaths. Further evidence is provided for enhanced risks from polysubstance use with opioids, which has important public health implications.},\n\tjournal = {Forensic Sci Int},\n\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Long, D. L. and Smith, G. S. and Halki, T. M. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7374018},\n\tkeywords = {*Blood Alcohol Content, Adult, Alcohol, Analgesics, Opioid/*blood, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants/blood, Coroners and Medical Examiners, Drug-related death, Female, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Linear Models, Lung Diseases/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Polysubstance use, Substance-Related Disorders/*blood/*mortality, West Virginia/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {110352},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: To quantify how alcohol, polysubstance use and other factors influence opioid concentrations in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Multiple linear regression models were employed to identify relationships among alcohol, other factors, and the concentrations of four commonly identified opioids (fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone), accounting for demographic, toxicological and comorbid characteristics in WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2018. RESULTS: Alcohol concentrations of 0.08% or above were associated with significant reductions in blood concentrations of fentanyl (27.5%), hydrocodone (30.5%) and methadone (32.4%). Significantly lower predicted concentrations of all opioids studied were associated with multiple opioid vs. single opioid presence, with predicted concentration reductions ranging from 13.7% for fentanyl to 65-66% for hydrocodone and oxycodone. Benzodiazepine presence was associated with small, non-statistically significant changes in opioid concentrations, while stimulant presence was associated with statistically significant reductions in hydrocodone and oxycodone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Co-ingestion of alcohol, multiple opioids or stimulants were associated with significantly decreased predicted concentrations of commonly identified opioids in drug deaths. Further evidence is provided for enhanced risks from polysubstance use with opioids, which has important public health implications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"akhtar-mundt-koepke-krechel-fiore-seal-westergaard-prevalenceoftobaccouseamongruraldwellingindividualswhoinjectdrugs-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'akhtar-mundt-koepke-krechel-fiore-seal-westergaard-prevalenceoftobaccouseamongruraldwellingindividualswhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499', event);\">\n    Prevalence of Tobacco Use Among Rural-Dwelling Individuals Who Inject Drugs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Akhtar, W. Z.; Mundt, M. P.; Koepke, R.; Krechel, S.; Fiore, M. C.; Seal, D. W.;  and Westergaard, R. P.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Network Open</i>, 3(3): e200493. March 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('akhtar-mundt-koepke-krechel-fiore-seal-westergaard-prevalenceoftobaccouseamongruraldwellingindividualswhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prevalence of Tobacco Use Among Rural-Dwelling Individuals Who Inject Drugs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0493\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('akhtar-mundt-koepke-krechel-fiore-seal-westergaard-prevalenceoftobaccouseamongruraldwellingindividualswhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0493', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/akhtar-mundt-koepke-krechel-fiore-seal-westergaard-prevalenceoftobaccouseamongruraldwellingindividualswhoinjectdrugs-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('akhtar-mundt-koepke-krechel-fiore-seal-westergaard-prevalenceoftobaccouseamongruraldwellingindividualswhoinjectdrugs-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{akhtar_prevalence_2020,\n\ttitle = {Prevalence of {Tobacco} {Use} {Among} {Rural}-{Dwelling} {Individuals} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2762499},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0493},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Mundt, Marlon P. and Koepke, Ruth and Krechel, Sarah and Fiore, Michael C. and Seal, David W. and Westergaard, Ryan P.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Rural Population/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoking/*epidemiology/psychology, Wisconsin},\n\tpages = {e200493},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"baltes-akhtar-birstler-olsonstreed-eagen-seal-westergaard-brown-predictorsofskinandsofttissueinfectionsamongsampleofruralresidentswhoinjectdrugs-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'baltes-akhtar-birstler-olsonstreed-eagen-seal-westergaard-brown-predictorsofskinandsofttissueinfectionsamongsampleofruralresidentswhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3', event);\">\n    Predictors of skin and soft tissue infections among sample of rural residents who inject drugs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Baltes, A.; Akhtar, W.; Birstler, J.; Olson-Streed, H.; Eagen, K.; Seal, D.; Westergaard, R.;  and Brown, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Harm Reduction Journal</i>, 17(1): 96. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baltes-akhtar-birstler-olsonstreed-eagen-seal-westergaard-brown-predictorsofskinandsofttissueinfectionsamongsampleofruralresidentswhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Predictors of skin and soft tissue infections among sample of rural residents who inject drugs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('baltes-akhtar-birstler-olsonstreed-eagen-seal-westergaard-brown-predictorsofskinandsofttissueinfectionsamongsampleofruralresidentswhoinjectdrugs-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/baltes-akhtar-birstler-olsonstreed-eagen-seal-westergaard-brown-predictorsofskinandsofttissueinfectionsamongsampleofruralresidentswhoinjectdrugs-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('baltes-akhtar-birstler-olsonstreed-eagen-seal-westergaard-brown-predictorsofskinandsofttissueinfectionsamongsampleofruralresidentswhoinjectdrugs-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{baltes_predictors_2020,\n\ttitle = {Predictors of skin and soft tissue infections among sample of rural residents who inject drugs},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {1477-7517},\n\turl = {https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12954-020-00447-3},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Introduction \n              Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for people who inject drugs (PWID). Studies demonstrate that certain injection practices correlate with SSTI incidence among PWID. The opioid epidemic in the USA has particularly affected rural communities, where access to prevention and treatment presents unique challenges. This study aims to estimate unsafe injection practices among rural-dwelling PWID; assess treatments utilized for injection related SSTIs; and gather data to help reduce the overall risk of injection-related SSTIs. \n             \n             \n              Methods \n              Thirteen questions specific to SSTIs and injection practices were added to a larger study assessing unmet health care needs among PWID and were administered at six syringe exchange programs in rural Wisconsin between May and July 2019. SSTI history prevalence was estimated based on infections reported within one-year prior of response and was compared to self-reported demographics and injection practices. \n             \n             \n              Results \n               \n                Eighty responses were collected and analyzed. Respondents were white (77.5\\%), males (60\\%), between the ages 30 and 39 (42.5\\%), and have a high school diploma or GED (38.75\\%). The majority of respondents (77.5\\%) reported no history of SSTI within the year prior to survey response. Females were over three times more likely to report SSTI history (OR = 3.07, \n                p \n                 = 0.038) compared to males. Water sources for drug dilution ( \n                p \n                 = 0.093) and frequency of injecting on first attempt ( \n                p \n                 = 0.037), but not proper skin cleaning method ( \n                p \n                 = 0.378), were significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injecting into skin ( \n                p \n                 = 0.038) or muscle ( \n                p \n                 = 0.001) was significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injection into veins was not significantly associated with SSTI ( \n                p \n                 = 0.333). \n               \n             \n             \n              Conclusion \n              Higher-risk injection practices were common among participants reporting a history of SSTIs in this rural sample. Studies exploring socio-demographic factors influencing risky injection practices and general barriers to safer injection practices to prevent SSTIs are warranted. Dissemination of education materials targeting SSTI prevention and intervention among PWID not in treatment is warranted.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Harm Reduction Journal},\n\tauthor = {Baltes, Amelia and Akhtar, Wajiha and Birstler, Jen and Olson-Streed, Heidi and Eagen, Kellene and Seal, David and Westergaard, Ryan and Brown, Randall},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Heroin, *Injection drug use, *Methamphetamine, *Opioid, *People who inject drugs, *Public health, *Skin and soft tissue infections, *Soft Tissue Infections/epidemiology, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology, Adult, Female, Heroin, Humans, Injection drug use, Male, Methamphetamine, Needle-Exchange Programs, Opioid, People who inject drugs, Public health, Rural Population, Skin and soft tissue infections},\n\tpages = {96},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Introduction Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for people who inject drugs (PWID). Studies demonstrate that certain injection practices correlate with SSTI incidence among PWID. The opioid epidemic in the USA has particularly affected rural communities, where access to prevention and treatment presents unique challenges. This study aims to estimate unsafe injection practices among rural-dwelling PWID; assess treatments utilized for injection related SSTIs; and gather data to help reduce the overall risk of injection-related SSTIs. Methods Thirteen questions specific to SSTIs and injection practices were added to a larger study assessing unmet health care needs among PWID and were administered at six syringe exchange programs in rural Wisconsin between May and July 2019. SSTI history prevalence was estimated based on infections reported within one-year prior of response and was compared to self-reported demographics and injection practices. Results Eighty responses were collected and analyzed. Respondents were white (77.5%), males (60%), between the ages 30 and 39 (42.5%), and have a high school diploma or GED (38.75%). The majority of respondents (77.5%) reported no history of SSTI within the year prior to survey response. Females were over three times more likely to report SSTI history (OR = 3.07, p  = 0.038) compared to males. Water sources for drug dilution ( p  = 0.093) and frequency of injecting on first attempt ( p  = 0.037), but not proper skin cleaning method ( p  = 0.378), were significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injecting into skin ( p  = 0.038) or muscle ( p  = 0.001) was significantly associated with a history of SSTI. Injection into veins was not significantly associated with SSTI ( p  = 0.333). Conclusion Higher-risk injection practices were common among participants reporting a history of SSTIs in this rural sample. Studies exploring socio-demographic factors influencing risky injection practices and general barriers to safer injection practices to prevent SSTIs are warranted. Dissemination of education materials targeting SSTI prevention and intervention among PWID not in treatment is warranted.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"capizzi-leahy-wheelock-garcia-strnad-sikka-englander-thomas-etal-populationbasedtrendsinhospitalizationsduetoinjectiondruguserelatedseriousbacterialinfectionsoregon2008to2018-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'capizzi-leahy-wheelock-garcia-strnad-sikka-englander-thomas-etal-populationbasedtrendsinhospitalizationsduetoinjectiondruguserelatedseriousbacterialinfectionsoregon2008to2018-2020', 'https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165', event);\">\n    Population-based trends in hospitalizations due to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, Oregon, 2008 to 2018.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Capizzi, J.; Leahy, J.; Wheelock, H.; Garcia, J.; Strnad, L.; Sikka, M.; Englander, H.; Thomas, A.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Menza, T. W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLOS ONE</i>, 15(11): e0242165. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('capizzi-leahy-wheelock-garcia-strnad-sikka-englander-thomas-etal-populationbasedtrendsinhospitalizationsduetoinjectiondruguserelatedseriousbacterialinfectionsoregon2008to2018-2020', 'https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Population-based trends in hospitalizations due to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, Oregon, 2008 to 2018 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('capizzi-leahy-wheelock-garcia-strnad-sikka-englander-thomas-etal-populationbasedtrendsinhospitalizationsduetoinjectiondruguserelatedseriousbacterialinfectionsoregon2008to2018-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/capizzi-leahy-wheelock-garcia-strnad-sikka-englander-thomas-etal-populationbasedtrendsinhospitalizationsduetoinjectiondruguserelatedseriousbacterialinfectionsoregon2008to2018-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('capizzi-leahy-wheelock-garcia-strnad-sikka-englander-thomas-etal-populationbasedtrendsinhospitalizationsduetoinjectiondruguserelatedseriousbacterialinfectionsoregon2008to2018-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{capizzi_population-based_2020,\n\ttitle = {Population-based trends in hospitalizations due to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, {Oregon}, 2008 to 2018},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\turl = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242165},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0242165},\n\tabstract = {Background \n              Injection drug use has far-reaching social, economic, and health consequences. Serious bacterial infections, including skin/soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis, are particularly morbid and mortal consequences of injection drug use. \n             \n             \n              Methods \n               \n                We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalizations among patients with a diagnosis code for substance use \n                and \n                a serious bacterial infection during the same hospital admission using Oregon Hospital Discharge Data. We examined trends in hospitalizations and costs of hospitalizations attributable to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2018. \n               \n             \n             \n              Results \n               \n                From 2008 to 2018, Oregon hospital discharge data included 4,084,743 hospitalizations among 2,090,359 patients. During the study period, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 980 to 6,265 per year, or from 0.26\\% to 1.68\\% of all hospitalizations ( \n                P \n                {\\textless}0.001). The number of unique patients with an injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 839 to 5,055, or from 2.52\\% to 8.46\\% of all patients ( \n                P \n                {\\textless}0.001). While hospitalizations for all injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased over the study period, bacteremia/sepsis hospitalizations rose most rapidly with an 18-fold increase. Opioid use diagnoses accounted for the largest percentage of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, but hospitalizations for amphetamine-type stimulant-related serious bacterial infections rose most rapidly with a 15-fold increase. People living with HIV and HCV experienced increases in hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection during the study period. Overall, the total cost of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased from \\$16,305,129 in 2008 to \\$150,879,237 in 2018 ( \n                P \n                {\\textless}0.001). \n               \n             \n             \n              Conclusions \n              In Oregon, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased dramatically and exacted a substantial cost on the health care system from 2008 to 2018. This increase in hospitalizations represents an opportunity to initiate substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction services to improve outcomes for people who inject drugs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {Capizzi, Jeffrey and Leahy, Judith and Wheelock, Haven and Garcia, Jonathan and Strnad, Luke and Sikka, Monica and Englander, Honora and Thomas, Ann and Korthuis, P. Todd and Menza, Timothy William},\n\teditor = {Zaller, Nickolas D.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Bacterial Infections/complications/*epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Endocarditis/complications, Female, Health Care Costs, Hospitalization/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, North Carolina/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*epidemiology, Oregon/epidemiology, Osteomyelitis/complications, Retrospective Studies, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications/*epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {e0242165},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background Injection drug use has far-reaching social, economic, and health consequences. Serious bacterial infections, including skin/soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis, are particularly morbid and mortal consequences of injection drug use. Methods We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalizations among patients with a diagnosis code for substance use and a serious bacterial infection during the same hospital admission using Oregon Hospital Discharge Data. We examined trends in hospitalizations and costs of hospitalizations attributable to injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2018. Results From 2008 to 2018, Oregon hospital discharge data included 4,084,743 hospitalizations among 2,090,359 patients. During the study period, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 980 to 6,265 per year, or from 0.26% to 1.68% of all hospitalizations ( P \\textless0.001). The number of unique patients with an injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection increased from 839 to 5,055, or from 2.52% to 8.46% of all patients ( P \\textless0.001). While hospitalizations for all injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased over the study period, bacteremia/sepsis hospitalizations rose most rapidly with an 18-fold increase. Opioid use diagnoses accounted for the largest percentage of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections, but hospitalizations for amphetamine-type stimulant-related serious bacterial infections rose most rapidly with a 15-fold increase. People living with HIV and HCV experienced increases in hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infection during the study period. Overall, the total cost of hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased from $16,305,129 in 2008 to $150,879,237 in 2018 ( P \\textless0.001). Conclusions In Oregon, hospitalizations for injection drug use-related serious bacterial infections increased dramatically and exacted a substantial cost on the health care system from 2008 to 2018. This increase in hospitalizations represents an opportunity to initiate substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction services to improve outcomes for people who inject drugs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"villabonaarenas-hanage-tully-phylogeneticinterpretationduringoutbreaksrequirescaution-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'villabonaarenas-hanage-tully-phylogeneticinterpretationduringoutbreaksrequirescaution-2020', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5', event);\">\n    Phylogenetic interpretation during outbreaks requires caution.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Villabona-Arenas, C. J.; Hanage, W. P.;  and Tully, D. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Nature Microbiology</i>, 5(7): 876–877. July 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villabonaarenas-hanage-tully-phylogeneticinterpretationduringoutbreaksrequirescaution-2020', 'http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Phylogenetic interpretation during outbreaks requires caution [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0738-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('villabonaarenas-hanage-tully-phylogeneticinterpretationduringoutbreaksrequirescaution-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0738-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/villabonaarenas-hanage-tully-phylogeneticinterpretationduringoutbreaksrequirescaution-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('villabonaarenas-hanage-tully-phylogeneticinterpretationduringoutbreaksrequirescaution-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{villabona-arenas_phylogenetic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Phylogenetic interpretation during outbreaks requires caution},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2058-5276},\n\turl = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0738-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41564-020-0738-5},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Nature Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Villabona-Arenas, Ch. Julián and Hanage, William P. and Tully, Damien C.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Disease Outbreaks, *Phylogeny, Humans, Virus Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology, Viruses/*classification/*genetics},\n\tpages = {876--877},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evans-harrington-roose-lemere-buchanan-perceivedbenefitsandharmsofinvoluntarycivilcommitmentforopioidusedisorder-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Perceived Benefits and Harms of Involuntary Civil Commitment for Opioid Use Disorder.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evans, E. A.; Harrington, C.; Roose, R.; Lemere, S.;  and Buchanan, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Law Med Ethics</i>, 48(4): 718–734. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1073110520979382\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-harrington-roose-lemere-buchanan-perceivedbenefitsandharmsofinvoluntarycivilcommitmentforopioidusedisorder-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1073110520979382', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evans-harrington-roose-lemere-buchanan-perceivedbenefitsandharmsofinvoluntarycivilcommitmentforopioidusedisorder-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evans-harrington-roose-lemere-buchanan-perceivedbenefitsandharmsofinvoluntarycivilcommitmentforopioidusedisorder-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evans_perceived_2020,\n\ttitle = {Perceived {Benefits} and {Harms} of {Involuntary} {Civil} {Commitment} for {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\n\tvolume = {48},\n\tissn = {1748-720X (Electronic) 1073-1105 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1073110520979382},\n\tabstract = {Involuntary civil commitment (ICC) to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) prevents imminent overdose, but also restricts autonomy and raises other ethical concerns. Using the Kass Public Health Ethics Framework, we identified ICC benefits and harms. Benefits include: protection of vulnerable, underserved patients; reduced legal consequences; resources for families; and &quot;on-demand&quot; treatment access. Harms include: stigmatizing and punitive experiences; heightened family conflict and social isolation; eroded patient self-determination; limited or no provision of OUD medications; and long-term overdose risk. To use ICC ethically, it should be recognized as comprising vulnerable patients worthy of added protections; be a last resort option; utilize consensual, humanizing processes; provide medications and other evidence-based-treatment; integrate with existing healthcare systems; and demonstrate effective outcomes before diffusion. ICC to OUD treatment carries significant potential harms that, if unaddressed, may outweigh its benefits. Findings can inform innovations for ensuring that ICC is used in an ethically responsible way.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Law Med Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Evans, E. A. and Harrington, C. and Roose, R. and Lemere, S. and Buchanan, D.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Aged, Caregivers/*psychology, Female, Health Personnel/*psychology, Humans, Involuntary Commitment/*ethics/legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention \\&amp; control, Patients/*psychology, Public Health/*ethics, Qualitative Research},\n\tpages = {718--734},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Involuntary civil commitment (ICC) to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) prevents imminent overdose, but also restricts autonomy and raises other ethical concerns. Using the Kass Public Health Ethics Framework, we identified ICC benefits and harms. Benefits include: protection of vulnerable, underserved patients; reduced legal consequences; resources for families; and \"on-demand\" treatment access. Harms include: stigmatizing and punitive experiences; heightened family conflict and social isolation; eroded patient self-determination; limited or no provision of OUD medications; and long-term overdose risk. To use ICC ethically, it should be recognized as comprising vulnerable patients worthy of added protections; be a last resort option; utilize consensual, humanizing processes; provide medications and other evidence-based-treatment; integrate with existing healthcare systems; and demonstrate effective outcomes before diffusion. ICC to OUD treatment carries significant potential harms that, if unaddressed, may outweigh its benefits. Findings can inform innovations for ensuring that ICC is used in an ethically responsible way.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fadanelli-cloud-ibragimov-ballard-prood-young-cooper-peopleplacesandstigmaaqualitativestudyexploringtheoverdoseriskenvironmentinruralkentucky-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fadanelli-cloud-ibragimov-ballard-prood-young-cooper-peopleplacesandstigmaaqualitativestudyexploringtheoverdoseriskenvironmentinruralkentucky-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956', event);\">\n    People, places, and stigma: A qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural Kentucky.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fadanelli, M.; Cloud, D. H.; Ibragimov, U.; Ballard, A. M.; Prood, N.; Young, A. M.;  and Cooper, H. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 85: 102588. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fadanelli-cloud-ibragimov-ballard-prood-young-cooper-peopleplacesandstigmaaqualitativestudyexploringtheoverdoseriskenvironmentinruralkentucky-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"People, places, and stigma: A qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural Kentucky [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fadanelli-cloud-ibragimov-ballard-prood-young-cooper-peopleplacesandstigmaaqualitativestudyexploringtheoverdoseriskenvironmentinruralkentucky-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fadanelli-cloud-ibragimov-ballard-prood-young-cooper-peopleplacesandstigmaaqualitativestudyexploringtheoverdoseriskenvironmentinruralkentucky-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fadanelli-cloud-ibragimov-ballard-prood-young-cooper-peopleplacesandstigmaaqualitativestudyexploringtheoverdoseriskenvironmentinruralkentucky-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fadanelli_people_2020,\n\ttitle = {People, places, and stigma: {A} qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural {Kentucky}},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {People, places, and stigma},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919302956},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.11.001},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Fadanelli, Monica and Cloud, David H. and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Ballard, April M. and Prood, Nadya and Young, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Overdose/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachia, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioids, Overdose, Risk environment framework, Rural, Rural Population, Social Stigma, Stigma, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {102588},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"abbasi-salisburyafshar-berberet-layden-pho-opioidprescribingpatternsbeforefatalopioidoverdose-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'abbasi-salisburyafshar-berberet-layden-pho-opioidprescribingpatternsbeforefatalopioidoverdose-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X', event);\">\n    Opioid Prescribing Patterns Before Fatal Opioid Overdose.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Abbasi, A. B.; Salisbury-Afshar, E.; Berberet, C. E.; Layden, J. E.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>American Journal of Preventive Medicine</i>, 58(2): 250–253. February 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abbasi-salisburyafshar-berberet-layden-pho-opioidprescribingpatternsbeforefatalopioidoverdose-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Opioid Prescribing Patterns Before Fatal Opioid Overdose [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.022\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abbasi-salisburyafshar-berberet-layden-pho-opioidprescribingpatternsbeforefatalopioidoverdose-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.022', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/abbasi-salisburyafshar-berberet-layden-pho-opioidprescribingpatternsbeforefatalopioidoverdose-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('abbasi-salisburyafshar-berberet-layden-pho-opioidprescribingpatternsbeforefatalopioidoverdose-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{abbasi_opioid_2020,\n\ttitle = {Opioid {Prescribing} {Patterns} {Before} {Fatal} {Opioid} {Overdose}},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\tissn = {07493797},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937971930443X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.022},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Abbasi, Ali B. and Salisbury-Afshar, Elizabeth and Berberet, Craig E. and Layden, Jennifer E. and Pho, Mai T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Drug Overdose/*mortality, Female, Humans, Illicit Drugs/poisoning, Illinois, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Patterns, Physicians&#x27;/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Prescription Drug Misuse/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Retrospective Studies},\n\tpages = {250--253},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nolte-drew-friedmann-romo-kinney-stopka-opioidinitiationandinjectiontransitioninruralnorthernnewenglandamixedmethodsapproach-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nolte-drew-friedmann-romo-kinney-stopka-opioidinitiationandinjectiontransitioninruralnorthernnewenglandamixedmethodsapproach-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X', event);\">\n    Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern New England: A mixed-methods approach.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nolte, K.; Drew, A. L.; Friedmann, P. D.; Romo, E.; Kinney, L. M.;  and Stopka, T. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</i>, 217: 108256. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nolte-drew-friedmann-romo-kinney-stopka-opioidinitiationandinjectiontransitioninruralnorthernnewenglandamixedmethodsapproach-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern New England: A mixed-methods approach [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108256\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nolte-drew-friedmann-romo-kinney-stopka-opioidinitiationandinjectiontransitioninruralnorthernnewenglandamixedmethodsapproach-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108256', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nolte-drew-friedmann-romo-kinney-stopka-opioidinitiationandinjectiontransitioninruralnorthernnewenglandamixedmethodsapproach-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nolte-drew-friedmann-romo-kinney-stopka-opioidinitiationandinjectiontransitioninruralnorthernnewenglandamixedmethodsapproach-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nolte_opioid_2020,\n\ttitle = {Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern {New} {England}: {A} mixed-methods approach},\n\tvolume = {217},\n\tissn = {03768716},\n\tshorttitle = {Opioid initiation and injection transition in rural northern {New} {England}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037687162030421X},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108256},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},\n\tauthor = {Nolte, Kerry and Drew, Aurora L. and Friedmann, Peter D. and Romo, Eric and Kinney, Linda M. and Stopka, Thomas J.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Injection initiation, *Northern New England, *Opioid initiation, *People who use drugs, *Rural opioid use, *Surveys and Questionnaires, *Trauma, Adolescent, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \\&amp; dosage/*adverse effects, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Injection initiation, Male, New England/epidemiology, Northern New England, Opioid initiation, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, People who use drugs, Rural Population/*trends, Rural opioid use, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/psychology, Trauma, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {108256},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"young-ballard-cooper-novelrecruitmentmethodsforresearchamongyoungadultsinruralareaswhouseopioidscookoutscouponsandcommunitybasedstaff-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'young-ballard-cooper-novelrecruitmentmethodsforresearchamongyoungadultsinruralareaswhouseopioidscookoutscouponsandcommunitybasedstaff-2020', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796', event);\">\n    Novel Recruitment Methods for Research Among Young Adults in Rural Areas Who Use Opioids: Cookouts, Coupons, and Community-Based Staff.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Young, A. M.; Ballard, A. M.;  and Cooper, H. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Public Health Reports</i>, 135(6): 746–755. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('young-ballard-cooper-novelrecruitmentmethodsforresearchamongyoungadultsinruralareaswhouseopioidscookoutscouponsandcommunitybasedstaff-2020', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Novel Recruitment Methods for Research Among Young Adults in Rural Areas Who Use Opioids: Cookouts, Coupons, and Community-Based Staff [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0033354920954796\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('young-ballard-cooper-novelrecruitmentmethodsforresearchamongyoungadultsinruralareaswhouseopioidscookoutscouponsandcommunitybasedstaff-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0033354920954796', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/young-ballard-cooper-novelrecruitmentmethodsforresearchamongyoungadultsinruralareaswhouseopioidscookoutscouponsandcommunitybasedstaff-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('young-ballard-cooper-novelrecruitmentmethodsforresearchamongyoungadultsinruralareaswhouseopioidscookoutscouponsandcommunitybasedstaff-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{young_novel_2020,\n\ttitle = {Novel {Recruitment} {Methods} for {Research} {Among} {Young} {Adults} in {Rural} {Areas} {Who} {Use} {Opioids}: {Cookouts}, {Coupons}, and {Community}-{Based} {Staff}},\n\tvolume = {135},\n\tissn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877},\n\tshorttitle = {Novel {Recruitment} {Methods} for {Research} {Among} {Young} {Adults} in {Rural} {Areas} {Who} {Use} {Opioids}},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354920954796},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0033354920954796},\n\tabstract = {Objectives \n              Rural communities in the United States are increasingly becoming epicenters of substance use and related harms. However, best practices for recruiting rural people who use drugs (PWUD) for epidemiologic research are unknown, because such strategies were developed in cities. This study explores the feasibility of web- and community-based strategies to recruit rural, young adult PWUD into epidemiologic research. \n             \n             \n              Materials and Methods \n              We recruited PWUD from rural Kentucky to participate in a web-based survey about opioid use using web-based peer referral and community-based strategies, including cookouts, flyers, street outreach, and invitations to PWUD enrolled in a concurrent substance use study. Staff members labeled recruitment materials with unique codes to enable tracking. We assessed eligibility and fraud through online eligibility screening and a fraud detection algorithm, respectively. Eligibility criteria included being aged 18-35, recently using opioids to get high, and residing in the study area. \n             \n             \n              Results \n              Recruitment yielded 410 complete screening entries, of which 234 were eligible and 151 provided complete, nonfraudulent surveys (ie, surveys that passed a fraud-detection algorithm designed to identify duplicate, nonlocal, and/or bot-generated entries). Cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals accounted for the highest proportion of screening entries (37.1\\%, n = 152), but only 29.6\\% (n = 45) of entries from cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals resulted in eligible, nonfraudulent surveys. Recruitment and subsequent web-based peer referral from the concurrent study yielded the second most screening entries (27.8\\%, n = 114), 77.2\\% (n = 88) of which resulted in valid surveys. Other recruitment strategies combined to yield 35.1\\% (n = 144) of screening entries and 11.9\\% (n = 18) of valid surveys. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions \n              Web-based methods need to be complemented by context-tailored, street-outreach activities to recruit rural PWUD.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Public Health Reports},\n\tauthor = {Young, April M. and Ballard, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Patient Selection, *injection drug use, *opioids, *recruitment, *rural, *substance use, *web-based survey, Adolescent, Adult, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Clinical Trials as Topic/*organization \\&amp; administration, Female, Humans, Internet, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Research Design, Rural Population/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Young Adult, injection drug use, opioids, recruitment, rural, substance use, web-based survey},\n\tpages = {746--755},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Objectives Rural communities in the United States are increasingly becoming epicenters of substance use and related harms. However, best practices for recruiting rural people who use drugs (PWUD) for epidemiologic research are unknown, because such strategies were developed in cities. This study explores the feasibility of web- and community-based strategies to recruit rural, young adult PWUD into epidemiologic research. Materials and Methods We recruited PWUD from rural Kentucky to participate in a web-based survey about opioid use using web-based peer referral and community-based strategies, including cookouts, flyers, street outreach, and invitations to PWUD enrolled in a concurrent substance use study. Staff members labeled recruitment materials with unique codes to enable tracking. We assessed eligibility and fraud through online eligibility screening and a fraud detection algorithm, respectively. Eligibility criteria included being aged 18-35, recently using opioids to get high, and residing in the study area. Results Recruitment yielded 410 complete screening entries, of which 234 were eligible and 151 provided complete, nonfraudulent surveys (ie, surveys that passed a fraud-detection algorithm designed to identify duplicate, nonlocal, and/or bot-generated entries). Cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals accounted for the highest proportion of screening entries (37.1%, n = 152), but only 29.6% (n = 45) of entries from cookouts and subsequent web-based peer referrals resulted in eligible, nonfraudulent surveys. Recruitment and subsequent web-based peer referral from the concurrent study yielded the second most screening entries (27.8%, n = 114), 77.2% (n = 88) of which resulted in valid surveys. Other recruitment strategies combined to yield 35.1% (n = 144) of screening entries and 11.9% (n = 18) of valid surveys. Conclusions Web-based methods need to be complemented by context-tailored, street-outreach activities to recruit rural PWUD.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hurt-carpenter-evon-hennessy-rhea-zule-mitigatingtheriskofinfectiousdiseasesamongruraldrugusersinwesternnorthcarolinaresultsofthesouthernappalachiatestlinkcaresatlchealthcareprovidersurvey-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hurt-carpenter-evon-hennessy-rhea-zule-mitigatingtheriskofinfectiousdiseasesamongruraldrugusersinwesternnorthcarolinaresultsofthesouthernappalachiatestlinkcaresatlchealthcareprovidersurvey-2020', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409', event);\">\n    Mitigating the Risk of Infectious Diseases Among Rural Drug Users in Western North Carolina: Results of the Southern Appalachia Test, Link, Care (SA‐TLC) Health Care Provider Survey.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hurt, C. B.; Carpenter, D. M.; Evon, D. M.; Hennessy, C. M.; Rhea, S. K.;  and Zule, W. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>The Journal of Rural Health</i>, 36(2): 208–216. March 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hurt-carpenter-evon-hennessy-rhea-zule-mitigatingtheriskofinfectiousdiseasesamongruraldrugusersinwesternnorthcarolinaresultsofthesouthernappalachiatestlinkcaresatlchealthcareprovidersurvey-2020', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Mitigating the Risk of Infectious Diseases Among Rural Drug Users in Western North Carolina: Results of the Southern Appalachia Test, Link, Care (SA‐TLC) Health Care Provider Survey [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12409\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hurt-carpenter-evon-hennessy-rhea-zule-mitigatingtheriskofinfectiousdiseasesamongruraldrugusersinwesternnorthcarolinaresultsofthesouthernappalachiatestlinkcaresatlchealthcareprovidersurvey-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12409', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hurt-carpenter-evon-hennessy-rhea-zule-mitigatingtheriskofinfectiousdiseasesamongruraldrugusersinwesternnorthcarolinaresultsofthesouthernappalachiatestlinkcaresatlchealthcareprovidersurvey-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hurt-carpenter-evon-hennessy-rhea-zule-mitigatingtheriskofinfectiousdiseasesamongruraldrugusersinwesternnorthcarolinaresultsofthesouthernappalachiatestlinkcaresatlchealthcareprovidersurvey-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hurt_mitigating_2020,\n\ttitle = {Mitigating the {Risk} of {Infectious} {Diseases} {Among} {Rural} {Drug} {Users} in {Western} {North} {Carolina}: {Results} of the {Southern} {Appalachia} {Test}, {Link}, {Care} ({SA}‐{TLC}) {Health} {Care} {Provider} {Survey}},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0890-765X, 1748-0361},\n\tshorttitle = {Mitigating the {Risk} of {Infectious} {Diseases} {Among} {Rural} {Drug} {Users} in {Western} {North} {Carolina}},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jrh.12409},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/jrh.12409},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {The Journal of Rural Health},\n\tauthor = {Hurt, Christopher B. and Carpenter, Delesha M. and Evon, Donna M. and Hennessy, Caitlin M. and Rhea, Sarah K. and Zule, William A.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Drug Users, *HIV Infections/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *health care provider, *hepatitis C virus, *human immunodeficiency virus, *injection drug use, *opioids, Health Personnel, Humans, North Carolina/epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, health care provider, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, injection drug use, opioids},\n\tpages = {208--216},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"tressler-smith-hendricks-impactofavaccineinterventiononcountylevelratesofacutehepatitisbinwestvirginia20112018-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Impact of a vaccine intervention on county-level rates of acute hepatitis B in West Virginia, 2011-2018.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Tressler, S. R.; Smith, G. S.;  and Hendricks, B. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Prev Med</i>, 137: 106121. August 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106121\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('tressler-smith-hendricks-impactofavaccineinterventiononcountylevelratesofacutehepatitisbinwestvirginia20112018-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106121', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/tressler-smith-hendricks-impactofavaccineinterventiononcountylevelratesofacutehepatitisbinwestvirginia20112018-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('tressler-smith-hendricks-impactofavaccineinterventiononcountylevelratesofacutehepatitisbinwestvirginia20112018-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{tressler_impact_2020,\n\ttitle = {Impact of a vaccine intervention on county-level rates of acute hepatitis {B} in {West} {Virginia}, 2011-2018},\n\tvolume = {137},\n\tissn = {1096-0260 (Electronic) 0091-7435 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106121},\n\tabstract = {The rate of acute hepatitis B in West Virginia (WV) has been increasing since 2006. To reduce new infections, WV implemented a vaccine intervention (WV Pilot Project), which provided over 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults in 18 counties. The objectives of this study were to describe yearly changes in acute hepatitis B incidence and assess county-level impact of the WV Pilot Project using geospatial methods. County rates of acute hepatitis B and vaccine doses per 100,000 population were visualized biannually from 2011 to 2018. Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation were used to detect county-level clustering. Significant differences in the median rate of acute hepatitis B pre and post intervention in counties receiving vaccine were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and bootstrapping. A Bland-Altman graph visualized significant differences in county-level rates of acute hepatitis B before and after the WV Pilot Project compared to the statewide estimate. Analyses identified significant geographic clustering of acute hepatitis B in southern WV across all four time-periods. Nine of the 18 (50\\%) counties receiving vaccine had significant declines in acute hepatitis B incidence compared to the statewide mean difference estimate. Findings suggest that increased dissemination of hepatitis B vaccine through local health departments and existing harm reduction services can reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B in states such as WV, which have been disproportionately affected by substance misuse.},\n\tjournal = {Prev Med},\n\tauthor = {Tressler, S. R. and Smith, G. S. and Hendricks, B. M.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7418051},\n\tkeywords = {*Cluster analysis, *Hepatitis B, *Hepatitis B Vaccines, *Hepatitis B vaccine, *Hepatitis B/epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, *Vaccine intervention, Adult, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Pilot Projects, Retrospective Studies, West Virginia/epidemiology, declare.},\n\tpages = {106121},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The rate of acute hepatitis B in West Virginia (WV) has been increasing since 2006. To reduce new infections, WV implemented a vaccine intervention (WV Pilot Project), which provided over 10,000 doses of hepatitis B vaccine to at-risk adults in 18 counties. The objectives of this study were to describe yearly changes in acute hepatitis B incidence and assess county-level impact of the WV Pilot Project using geospatial methods. County rates of acute hepatitis B and vaccine doses per 100,000 population were visualized biannually from 2011 to 2018. Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation were used to detect county-level clustering. Significant differences in the median rate of acute hepatitis B pre and post intervention in counties receiving vaccine were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and bootstrapping. A Bland-Altman graph visualized significant differences in county-level rates of acute hepatitis B before and after the WV Pilot Project compared to the statewide estimate. Analyses identified significant geographic clustering of acute hepatitis B in southern WV across all four time-periods. Nine of the 18 (50%) counties receiving vaccine had significant declines in acute hepatitis B incidence compared to the statewide mean difference estimate. Findings suggest that increased dissemination of hepatitis B vaccine through local health departments and existing harm reduction services can reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B in states such as WV, which have been disproportionately affected by substance misuse.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"sibley-schalkoff-richard-piscalko-brook-lancaster-miller-go-iwasraisedinaddictionconstructionsoftheselfandtheotherindiscoursesofaddictionandrecovery-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'sibley-schalkoff-richard-piscalko-brook-lancaster-miller-go-iwasraisedinaddictionconstructionsoftheselfandtheotherindiscoursesofaddictionandrecovery-2020', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829', event);\">\n    “I Was Raised in Addiction”: Constructions of the Self and the Other in Discourses of Addiction and Recovery.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Sibley, A. L.; Schalkoff, C. A.; Richard, E. L.; Piscalko, H. M.; Brook, D. L.; Lancaster, K. E.; Miller, W. C.;  and Go, V. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Qualitative Health Research</i>, 30(14): 2278–2290. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sibley-schalkoff-richard-piscalko-brook-lancaster-miller-go-iwasraisedinaddictionconstructionsoftheselfandtheotherindiscoursesofaddictionandrecovery-2020', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"“I Was Raised in Addiction”: Constructions of the Self and the Other in Discourses of Addiction and Recovery [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320948829\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('sibley-schalkoff-richard-piscalko-brook-lancaster-miller-go-iwasraisedinaddictionconstructionsoftheselfandtheotherindiscoursesofaddictionandrecovery-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320948829', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/sibley-schalkoff-richard-piscalko-brook-lancaster-miller-go-iwasraisedinaddictionconstructionsoftheselfandtheotherindiscoursesofaddictionandrecovery-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('sibley-schalkoff-richard-piscalko-brook-lancaster-miller-go-iwasraisedinaddictionconstructionsoftheselfandtheotherindiscoursesofaddictionandrecovery-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{sibley_i_2020,\n\ttitle = {“{I} {Was} {Raised} in {Addiction}”: {Constructions} of the {Self} and the {Other} in {Discourses} of {Addiction} and {Recovery}},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {1049-7323, 1552-7557},\n\tshorttitle = {“{I} {Was} {Raised} in {Addiction}”},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732320948829},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/1049732320948829},\n\tabstract = {The aim of this article is to address how conceptualizations of addiction shape the lived experiences of people who use drugs (PWUDs) during the current opioid epidemic. Using a discourse analytic approach, we examine interview transcripts from 27 PWUDs in rural Appalachian Ohio. We investigate the ways in which participants talk about their substance use, what these linguistic choices reveal about their conceptions of self and other PWUDs, and how participants’ discursive caches might be constrained by or defined within broader social discourses. We highlight three subject positions enacted by participants during the interviews: addict as victim of circumstance, addict as good Samaritan, and addict as motivated for change. We argue participants leverage these positions to contrast themselves with a reified addict-other whose identity carries socially ascribed characteristics of being blameworthy, immoral, callous, and complicit. We implicate these processes in the perpetuation of intragroup stigma and discuss implications for intervention.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Qualitative Health Research},\n\tauthor = {Sibley, Adams L. and Schalkoff, Christine A. and Richard, Emma L. and Piscalko, Hannah M. and Brook, Daniel L. and Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Behavior, Addictive, *Ohio, *Substance-Related Disorders, *addiction, *discourse analysis, *harm reduction, *opioids, *qualitative methods, *rural health, *stigma, *substance use disorders, Analgesics, Opioid, Appalachian Region, Humans, Ohio, Social Stigma, addiction, discourse analysis, harm reduction, opioids, qualitative methods, rural health, stigma, substance use disorders},\n\tpages = {2278--2290},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The aim of this article is to address how conceptualizations of addiction shape the lived experiences of people who use drugs (PWUDs) during the current opioid epidemic. Using a discourse analytic approach, we examine interview transcripts from 27 PWUDs in rural Appalachian Ohio. We investigate the ways in which participants talk about their substance use, what these linguistic choices reveal about their conceptions of self and other PWUDs, and how participants’ discursive caches might be constrained by or defined within broader social discourses. We highlight three subject positions enacted by participants during the interviews: addict as victim of circumstance, addict as good Samaritan, and addict as motivated for change. We argue participants leverage these positions to contrast themselves with a reified addict-other whose identity carries socially ascribed characteristics of being blameworthy, immoral, callous, and complicit. We implicate these processes in the perpetuation of intragroup stigma and discuss implications for intervention.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jenkins-beach-rodriguez-choat-howtheevolvingepidemicsofopioidmisuseandhivinfectionmaybechangingtheriskoforalsexuallytransmittedinfectionriskthroughmicrobiomemodulation-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jenkins-beach-rodriguez-choat-howtheevolvingepidemicsofopioidmisuseandhivinfectionmaybechangingtheriskoforalsexuallytransmittedinfectionriskthroughmicrobiomemodulation-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683', event);\">\n    How the evolving epidemics of opioid misuse and HIV infection may be changing the risk of oral sexually transmitted infection risk through microbiome modulation.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jenkins, W. D.; Beach, L. B.; Rodriguez, C.;  and Choat, L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Critical Reviews in Microbiology</i>, 46(1): 49–60. January 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-beach-rodriguez-choat-howtheevolvingepidemicsofopioidmisuseandhivinfectionmaybechangingtheriskoforalsexuallytransmittedinfectionriskthroughmicrobiomemodulation-2020', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"How the evolving epidemics of opioid misuse and HIV infection may be changing the risk of oral sexually transmitted infection risk through microbiome modulation [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-beach-rodriguez-choat-howtheevolvingepidemicsofopioidmisuseandhivinfectionmaybechangingtheriskoforalsexuallytransmittedinfectionriskthroughmicrobiomemodulation-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jenkins-beach-rodriguez-choat-howtheevolvingepidemicsofopioidmisuseandhivinfectionmaybechangingtheriskoforalsexuallytransmittedinfectionriskthroughmicrobiomemodulation-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jenkins-beach-rodriguez-choat-howtheevolvingepidemicsofopioidmisuseandhivinfectionmaybechangingtheriskoforalsexuallytransmittedinfectionriskthroughmicrobiomemodulation-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jenkins_how_2020,\n\ttitle = {How the evolving epidemics of opioid misuse and {HIV} infection may be changing the risk of oral sexually transmitted infection risk through microbiome modulation},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1040-841X, 1549-7828},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/1040841X.2020.1716683},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Critical Reviews in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Beach, Lauren B. and Rodriguez, Christofer and Choat, Lesli},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Bacteria/metabolism, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, HIV Infections/*epidemiology, Hiv, Humans, Microbiota/*physiology, Mouth Diseases/*microbiology, Mouth Mucosa/*microbiology/pathology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Oral microbiome, United States/epidemiology, immune function, opioid, sexually transmitted infection},\n\tpages = {49--60},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"minc-hendricks-misra-ren-thibault-marone-smith-geographicvariationinamputationratesamongpatientswithdiabetesandorperipheralarterialdiseaseintheruralstateofwestvirginiaidentifiesareasforimprovedcare-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Geographic variation in amputation rates among patients with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease in the rural state of West Virginia identifies areas for improved care.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Minc, S. D.; Hendricks, B.; Misra, R.; Ren, Y.; Thibault, D.; Marone, L.;  and Smith, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Vasc Surg</i>, 71(5): 1708–1717 e5. May 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.215\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('minc-hendricks-misra-ren-thibault-marone-smith-geographicvariationinamputationratesamongpatientswithdiabetesandorperipheralarterialdiseaseintheruralstateofwestvirginiaidentifiesareasforimprovedcare-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.215', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/minc-hendricks-misra-ren-thibault-marone-smith-geographicvariationinamputationratesamongpatientswithdiabetesandorperipheralarterialdiseaseintheruralstateofwestvirginiaidentifiesareasforimprovedcare-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('minc-hendricks-misra-ren-thibault-marone-smith-geographicvariationinamputationratesamongpatientswithdiabetesandorperipheralarterialdiseaseintheruralstateofwestvirginiaidentifiesareasforimprovedcare-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{minc_geographic_2020,\n\ttitle = {Geographic variation in amputation rates among patients with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease in the rural state of {West} {Virginia} identifies areas for improved care},\n\tvolume = {71},\n\tissn = {1097-6809 (Electronic) 0741-5214 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.215},\n\tabstract = {OBJECTIVE: Amputation is a devastating but preventable complication of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Multiple studies have focused on disparities in amputation rates based on race and socioeconomic status, but few focus on amputation trends in rural populations. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of major and minor amputation among patients admitted with diabetes and/or PAD in a rural, Appalachian state, and to identify geographic areas with higher than expected major and minor amputations using advanced spatial analysis while controlling for comorbidities and rurality. METHODS: Patient hospital admissions of West Virginia residents with diagnoses of diabetes and/or PAD and with or without an amputation procedure were identified from the West Virginia Health Care Authority State Inpatient Database from 2011 to 2016 using relevant International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition and 10the edition codes. Bayesian spatial hierarchical modeling was conducted to identify areas of high risk, while controlling for important confounders for amputation. RESULTS: Overall, there were 5557 amputations among 459,452 hospital admissions with diabetes and/or PAD from 2011 to 2016. The majority of the amputations were minor (61.7\\%; n = 3430), with a prevalence of 7.5 per 1000 and 40.4\\% (n = 2248) were major, with a prevalence of 4.9 per 1000. Geographic analysis found significant variation in risk for both major and minor amputation across the state, even after adjusting for the prevalence of risk factors. Analyses indicated an increased risk of amputation in the central and northeastern regions of West Virginia at the county level, although zip code-level patterns of amputation varied, with high-risk areas identified primarily in the northeastern and south central regions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant geographic variation in risk of amputation across West Virginia, even after adjusting for disease-related risk factors, suggesting priority areas for further investigation. The level of granularity obtained using advanced spatial analyses rather than traditional methods demonstrate the value of this approach, particularly when risk estimates are used to inform policy or public health intervention.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {J Vasc Surg},\n\tauthor = {Minc, S. D. and Hendricks, B. and Misra, R. and Ren, Y. and Thibault, D. and Marone, L. and Smith, G. S.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC7186153},\n\tkeywords = {*Amputation, *Diabetes, *Peripheral arterial disease, *Rural health, *Spatial analysis, Aged, Amputation/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Diabetes Complications/*surgery, Female, Humans, Lower Extremity/*surgery, Male, Middle Aged, Peripheral Arterial Disease/*surgery, Practice Patterns, Physicians&#x27;/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Prevalence, Rural Population, West Virginia},\n\tpages = {1708--1717 e5},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  OBJECTIVE: Amputation is a devastating but preventable complication of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Multiple studies have focused on disparities in amputation rates based on race and socioeconomic status, but few focus on amputation trends in rural populations. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of major and minor amputation among patients admitted with diabetes and/or PAD in a rural, Appalachian state, and to identify geographic areas with higher than expected major and minor amputations using advanced spatial analysis while controlling for comorbidities and rurality. METHODS: Patient hospital admissions of West Virginia residents with diagnoses of diabetes and/or PAD and with or without an amputation procedure were identified from the West Virginia Health Care Authority State Inpatient Database from 2011 to 2016 using relevant International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition and 10the edition codes. Bayesian spatial hierarchical modeling was conducted to identify areas of high risk, while controlling for important confounders for amputation. RESULTS: Overall, there were 5557 amputations among 459,452 hospital admissions with diabetes and/or PAD from 2011 to 2016. The majority of the amputations were minor (61.7%; n = 3430), with a prevalence of 7.5 per 1000 and 40.4% (n = 2248) were major, with a prevalence of 4.9 per 1000. Geographic analysis found significant variation in risk for both major and minor amputation across the state, even after adjusting for the prevalence of risk factors. Analyses indicated an increased risk of amputation in the central and northeastern regions of West Virginia at the county level, although zip code-level patterns of amputation varied, with high-risk areas identified primarily in the northeastern and south central regions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant geographic variation in risk of amputation across West Virginia, even after adjusting for disease-related risk factors, suggesting priority areas for further investigation. The level of granularity obtained using advanced spatial analyses rather than traditional methods demonstrate the value of this approach, particularly when risk estimates are used to inform policy or public health intervention.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"young-livingston-vickerssmith-cooper-emergenceofwaspdopeinruralappalachiankentucky-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'young-livingston-vickerssmith-cooper-emergenceofwaspdopeinruralappalachiankentucky-2020', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291', event);\">\n    Emergence of wasp dope in rural Appalachian Kentucky.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Young, A. M.; Livingston, M.; Vickers‐Smith, R.;  and Cooper, H. L. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addiction</i>,add.15291. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('young-livingston-vickerssmith-cooper-emergenceofwaspdopeinruralappalachiankentucky-2020', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Emergence of wasp dope in rural Appalachian Kentucky [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/add.15291\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('young-livingston-vickerssmith-cooper-emergenceofwaspdopeinruralappalachiankentucky-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/add.15291', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/young-livingston-vickerssmith-cooper-emergenceofwaspdopeinruralappalachiankentucky-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('young-livingston-vickerssmith-cooper-emergenceofwaspdopeinruralappalachiankentucky-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{young_emergence_2020,\n\ttitle = {Emergence of wasp dope in rural {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},\n\tissn = {0965-2140, 1360-0443},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15291},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/add.15291},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Addiction},\n\tauthor = {Young, April M. and Livingston, Melvin and Vickers‐Smith, Rachel and Cooper, Hannah L. F.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Opioid-Related Disorders, *Substance Abuse, Intravenous, *Wasps, Animals, Appalachia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Rural Population, injection drug use, methamphetamine, people who inject drugs, pyrethroid, rural, substance use},\n\tpages = {add.15291},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"walters-covid19andpeoplewhousedrugsacommentary-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'walters-covid19andpeoplewhousedrugsacommentary-2020', 'https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011', event);\">\n    COVID-19 and People Who Use Drugs - A Commentary.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Walters, S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Health Behavior and Policy Review</i>, 7(5): 489–497. October 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-covid19andpeoplewhousedrugsacommentary-2020', 'https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"COVID-19 and People Who Use Drugs - A Commentary [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.14485/HBPR.7.5.11\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('walters-covid19andpeoplewhousedrugsacommentary-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.14485/HBPR.7.5.11', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/walters-covid19andpeoplewhousedrugsacommentary-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('walters-covid19andpeoplewhousedrugsacommentary-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{walters_covid-19_2020,\n\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 and {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} - {A} {Commentary}},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {23264403},\n\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/psp/hbpr/2020/00000007/00000005/art00011},\n\tdoi = {10.14485/HBPR.7.5.11},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Health Behavior and Policy Review},\n\tauthor = {Walters, Suzan},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Covid-19, of interest., people who use drugs, prevention and treatment},\n\tpages = {489--497},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vickerssmith-cooper-young-covid19andopioiduseinappalachiankentuckychallengesandsilverlinings-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  COVID-19 and Opioid Use in Appalachian Kentucky: Challenges and Silver Linings.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vickers-Smith, R.; Cooper, H. L. F.;  and Young, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>J Appalach Health</i>, 2(4): 11–16.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.13023/jah.0204.03\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vickerssmith-cooper-young-covid19andopioiduseinappalachiankentuckychallengesandsilverlinings-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.13023/jah.0204.03', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vickerssmith-cooper-young-covid19andopioiduseinappalachiankentuckychallengesandsilverlinings-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vickerssmith-cooper-young-covid19andopioiduseinappalachiankentuckychallengesandsilverlinings-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vickers-smith_covid-19_2020,\n\ttitle = {{COVID}-19 and {Opioid} {Use} in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}: {Challenges} and {Silver} {Linings}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {2641-7804 (Electronic) 2641-7804 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.13023/jah.0204.03},\n\tabstract = {Appalachian Kentucky is currently fighting two public health emergencies-COVID-19 and the opioid epidemic-leaving the area strapped for resources to care for these ongoing crises. During this time, people who use opioids (PWUO) have increased vulnerability to fatal overdoses and drug-related harms (e.g., HIV). Disruption of already limited services posed by COVID-19 could have an especially detrimental impact on the health of PWUO. Though the COVID-19 pandemic is jeopardizing hard-won progress in fighting the opioid epidemic, innovations in state policy and service delivery brought about by the pandemic may improve the health of PWUO long-term if they are retained.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {J Appalach Health},\n\tauthor = {Vickers-Smith, R. and Cooper, H. L. F. and Young, A. M.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8330514},\n\tkeywords = {Appalachia, Covid-19, drug market, opioids, rural, social services},\n\tpages = {11--16},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Appalachian Kentucky is currently fighting two public health emergencies-COVID-19 and the opioid epidemic-leaving the area strapped for resources to care for these ongoing crises. During this time, people who use opioids (PWUO) have increased vulnerability to fatal overdoses and drug-related harms (e.g., HIV). Disruption of already limited services posed by COVID-19 could have an especially detrimental impact on the health of PWUO. Though the COVID-19 pandemic is jeopardizing hard-won progress in fighting the opioid epidemic, innovations in state policy and service delivery brought about by the pandemic may improve the health of PWUO long-term if they are retained.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evans-goff-upchurch-grella-childhoodadversityandmentalhealthcomorbidityinmenandwomenwithopioidusedisorders-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'evans-goff-upchurch-grella-childhoodadversityandmentalhealthcomorbidityinmenandwomenwithopioidusedisorders-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847', event);\">\n    Childhood adversity and mental health comorbidity in men and women with opioid use disorders.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evans, E. A.; Goff, S. L.; Upchurch, D. M.;  and Grella, C. E.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addictive Behaviors</i>, 102: 106149. March 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-goff-upchurch-grella-childhoodadversityandmentalhealthcomorbidityinmenandwomenwithopioidusedisorders-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Childhood adversity and mental health comorbidity in men and women with opioid use disorders [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-goff-upchurch-grella-childhoodadversityandmentalhealthcomorbidityinmenandwomenwithopioidusedisorders-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evans-goff-upchurch-grella-childhoodadversityandmentalhealthcomorbidityinmenandwomenwithopioidusedisorders-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evans-goff-upchurch-grella-childhoodadversityandmentalhealthcomorbidityinmenandwomenwithopioidusedisorders-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evans_childhood_2020,\n\ttitle = {Childhood adversity and mental health comorbidity in men and women with opioid use disorders},\n\tvolume = {102},\n\tissn = {03064603},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460319306847},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Addictive Behaviors},\n\tauthor = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Goff, Sarah L. and Upchurch, Dawn M. and Grella, Christine E.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), *DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, *DSM-5 opioid use disorder, *Gender differences, *National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Adolescent, Adult, Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events/*psychology, Adverse Childhood Experiences/*psychology, Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), Aged, Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder/*epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, DSM-5 comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, DSM-5 opioid use disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Gender differences, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/epidemiology, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Personality Disorders/epidemiology, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {106149},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"geissler-evans-changesinmedicaidacceptancebysubstanceabusetreatmentfacilitiesafterimplementationoffederalparity-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'geissler-evans-changesinmedicaidacceptancebysubstanceabusetreatmentfacilitiesafterimplementationoffederalparity-2020', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242', event);\">\n    Changes in Medicaid Acceptance by Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities After Implementation of Federal Parity.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Geissler, K. H.;  and Evans, E. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Medical Care</i>, 58(2): 101–107. February 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geissler-evans-changesinmedicaidacceptancebysubstanceabusetreatmentfacilitiesafterimplementationoffederalparity-2020', 'https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Changes in Medicaid Acceptance by Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities After Implementation of Federal Parity [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('geissler-evans-changesinmedicaidacceptancebysubstanceabusetreatmentfacilitiesafterimplementationoffederalparity-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/geissler-evans-changesinmedicaidacceptancebysubstanceabusetreatmentfacilitiesafterimplementationoffederalparity-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('geissler-evans-changesinmedicaidacceptancebysubstanceabusetreatmentfacilitiesafterimplementationoffederalparity-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{geissler_changes_2020,\n\ttitle = {Changes in {Medicaid} {Acceptance} by {Substance} {Abuse} {Treatment} {Facilities} {After} {Implementation} of {Federal} {Parity}},\n\tvolume = {58},\n\tissn = {0025-7079},\n\turl = {https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/MLR.0000000000001242},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Medical Care},\n\tauthor = {Geissler, Kimberley H. and Evans, Elizabeth A.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Healthcare Disparities/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Interrupted Time Series Analysis, Medicaid/legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence/*organization \\&amp; administration/standards, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Substance-Related Disorders/*therapy, United States},\n\tpages = {101--107},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"vasylyeva-smyrnov-strathdee-friedman-challengesposedbycovid19topeoplewhoinjectdrugsandlessonsfromotheroutbreaks-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'vasylyeva-smyrnov-strathdee-friedman-challengesposedbycovid19topeoplewhoinjectdrugsandlessonsfromotheroutbreaks-2020', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583', event);\">\n    Challenges posed by COVID‐19 to people who inject drugs and lessons from other outbreaks.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Vasylyeva, T. I; Smyrnov, P.; Strathdee, S.;  and Friedman, S. R\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of the International AIDS Society</i>, 23(7). July 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vasylyeva-smyrnov-strathdee-friedman-challengesposedbycovid19topeoplewhoinjectdrugsandlessonsfromotheroutbreaks-2020', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Challenges posed by COVID‐19 to people who inject drugs and lessons from other outbreaks [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25583\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('vasylyeva-smyrnov-strathdee-friedman-challengesposedbycovid19topeoplewhoinjectdrugsandlessonsfromotheroutbreaks-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25583', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/vasylyeva-smyrnov-strathdee-friedman-challengesposedbycovid19topeoplewhoinjectdrugsandlessonsfromotheroutbreaks-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('vasylyeva-smyrnov-strathdee-friedman-challengesposedbycovid19topeoplewhoinjectdrugsandlessonsfromotheroutbreaks-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{vasylyeva_challenges_2020,\n\ttitle = {Challenges posed by {COVID}‐19 to people who inject drugs and lessons from other outbreaks},\n\tvolume = {23},\n\tissn = {1758-2652, 1758-2652},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jia2.25583},\n\tdoi = {10.1002/jia2.25583},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the International AIDS Society},\n\tauthor = {Vasylyeva, Tetyana I and Smyrnov, Pavlo and Strathdee, Steffanie and Friedman, Samuel R},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Betacoronavirus, *covid-19, *harm reduction, *inequality, *infectious disease, *outbreak, *people who inject drugs, Adult, Coronavirus Infections/*complications, Covid-19, Disease Outbreaks, Drug Overdose/epidemiology, HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology, Homeless Persons/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Ill-Housed Persons/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Injections/adverse effects, Male, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral/*complications, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications, Unsafe Sex/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, harm reduction, inequality, infectious disease, outbreak, people who inject drugs},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-cloud-freeman-fadanelli-green-vanmeter-beane-ibragimov-etal-buprenorphinedispensinginanepicenteroftheusopioidepidemicacasestudyoftheruralriskenvironmentinappalachiankentucky-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cooper-cloud-freeman-fadanelli-green-vanmeter-beane-ibragimov-etal-buprenorphinedispensinginanepicenteroftheusopioidepidemicacasestudyoftheruralriskenvironmentinappalachiankentucky-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426', event);\">\n    Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the U.S. opioid epidemic: A case study of the rural risk environment in Appalachian Kentucky.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, H. L.; Cloud, D. H.; Freeman, P. R.; Fadanelli, M.; Green, T.; Van Meter, C.; Beane, S.; Ibragimov, U.;  and Young, A. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 85: 102701. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-cloud-freeman-fadanelli-green-vanmeter-beane-ibragimov-etal-buprenorphinedispensinginanepicenteroftheusopioidepidemicacasestudyoftheruralriskenvironmentinappalachiankentucky-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the U.S. opioid epidemic: A case study of the rural risk environment in Appalachian Kentucky [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102701\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-cloud-freeman-fadanelli-green-vanmeter-beane-ibragimov-etal-buprenorphinedispensinginanepicenteroftheusopioidepidemicacasestudyoftheruralriskenvironmentinappalachiankentucky-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102701', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-cloud-freeman-fadanelli-green-vanmeter-beane-ibragimov-etal-buprenorphinedispensinginanepicenteroftheusopioidepidemicacasestudyoftheruralriskenvironmentinappalachiankentucky-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-cloud-freeman-fadanelli-green-vanmeter-beane-ibragimov-etal-buprenorphinedispensinginanepicenteroftheusopioidepidemicacasestudyoftheruralriskenvironmentinappalachiankentucky-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_buprenorphine_2020,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the {U}.{S}. opioid epidemic: {A} case study of the rural risk environment in {Appalachian} {Kentucky}},\n\tvolume = {85},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\tshorttitle = {Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the {U}.{S}. opioid epidemic},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395920300426},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102701},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, Hannah LF and Cloud, David H. and Freeman, Patricia R. and Fadanelli, Monica and Green, Travis and Van Meter, Connor and Beane, Stephanie and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Young, April M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine/therapeutic use, *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use, Appalachian Region/epidemiology, Buprenorphine, Humans, Kentucky/epidemiology, Opioid Epidemic, implementation chasm, pharmacists, risk environment, rural areas},\n\tpages = {102701},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ellis-walters-friedman-ouellet-ezell-rosentel-pho-breachingtrustaqualitativestudyofhealthcareexperiencesofpeoplewhousedrugsinaruralsetting-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Breaching Trust: A Qualitative Study of Healthcare Experiences of People Who Use Drugs in a Rural Setting.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ellis, K.; Walters, S.; Friedman, S. R.; Ouellet, L. J.; Ezell, J.; Rosentel, K.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Front Sociol</i>, 5: 593925.  2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.593925\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ellis-walters-friedman-ouellet-ezell-rosentel-pho-breachingtrustaqualitativestudyofhealthcareexperiencesofpeoplewhousedrugsinaruralsetting-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.593925', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ellis-walters-friedman-ouellet-ezell-rosentel-pho-breachingtrustaqualitativestudyofhealthcareexperiencesofpeoplewhousedrugsinaruralsetting-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ellis-walters-friedman-ouellet-ezell-rosentel-pho-breachingtrustaqualitativestudyofhealthcareexperiencesofpeoplewhousedrugsinaruralsetting-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ellis_breaching_2020,\n\ttitle = {Breaching {Trust}: {A} {Qualitative} {Study} of {Healthcare} {Experiences} of {People} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in a {Rural} {Setting}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2297-7775 (Electronic) 2297-7775 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fsoc.2020.593925},\n\tabstract = {Background: Increased drug use has disproportionately impacted rural areas across the U.S. People who use drugs are at risk of overdose and other medical complications, including infectious diseases. Understanding barriers to healthcare access for this often stigmatized population is key to reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in rural settings where resources may be limited. Methods: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs, including 17 who inject drugs, in rural southern Illinois between June 2018 and February 2019. Interviews were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach where themes are coded and organized as they emerge from the data. Results: Participants reported breaches of trust by healthcare providers, often involving law enforcement and Emergency Medical Services, that dissuaded them from accessing medical care. Participants described experiences of mistreatment in emergency departments, with one account of forced catheterization. They further recounted disclosures of protected health information by healthcare providers, including communicating drug test results to law enforcement and sharing details of counseling sessions with community members without consent. Participants also described a hesitancy common among people who use drugs to call emergency medical services for an overdose due to fear of arrest. Conclusion: Breaches of trust by healthcare providers in rural communities discouraged people who use drugs from accessing medical care until absolutely necessary, if at all. These experiences may worsen healthcare outcomes and further stigmatize this marginalized community. Structural changes including reforming and clarifying law enforcement&#x27;s role in Emergency Departments as well as instituting diversion policies during arrests may help rebuild trust in these communities. Other possible areas for intervention include stigma training and harm reduction education for emergency medicine providers, as well as developing and implementing referral systems between Emergency Departments and local harm reduction providers and medically assisted drug treatment programs.},\n\tjournal = {Front Sociol},\n\tauthor = {Ellis, K. and Walters, S. and Friedman, S. R. and Ouellet, L. J. and Ezell, J. and Rosentel, K. and Pho, M. T.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpmcid = {PMC8022503},\n\tkeywords = {access, barriers, drugs, healthcare, inject, opioid, rural, stigma},\n\tpages = {593925},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: Increased drug use has disproportionately impacted rural areas across the U.S. People who use drugs are at risk of overdose and other medical complications, including infectious diseases. Understanding barriers to healthcare access for this often stigmatized population is key to reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in rural settings where resources may be limited. Methods: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs, including 17 who inject drugs, in rural southern Illinois between June 2018 and February 2019. Interviews were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach where themes are coded and organized as they emerge from the data. Results: Participants reported breaches of trust by healthcare providers, often involving law enforcement and Emergency Medical Services, that dissuaded them from accessing medical care. Participants described experiences of mistreatment in emergency departments, with one account of forced catheterization. They further recounted disclosures of protected health information by healthcare providers, including communicating drug test results to law enforcement and sharing details of counseling sessions with community members without consent. Participants also described a hesitancy common among people who use drugs to call emergency medical services for an overdose due to fear of arrest. Conclusion: Breaches of trust by healthcare providers in rural communities discouraged people who use drugs from accessing medical care until absolutely necessary, if at all. These experiences may worsen healthcare outcomes and further stigmatize this marginalized community. Structural changes including reforming and clarifying law enforcement's role in Emergency Departments as well as instituting diversion policies during arrests may help rebuild trust in these communities. Other possible areas for intervention include stigma training and harm reduction education for emergency medicine providers, as well as developing and implementing referral systems between Emergency Departments and local harm reduction providers and medically assisted drug treatment programs.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chan-freeman-ayers-korthuis-paynter-kondo-kansagara-asystematicreviewandmetaanalysisofmedicationsforstimulantusedisordersinpatientswithcooccurringopioidusedisorders-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chan-freeman-ayers-korthuis-paynter-kondo-kansagara-asystematicreviewandmetaanalysisofmedicationsforstimulantusedisordersinpatientswithcooccurringopioidusedisorders-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586', event);\">\n    A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chan, B.; Freeman, M.; Ayers, C.; Korthuis, P. T.; Paynter, R.; Kondo, K.;  and Kansagara, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</i>, 216: 108193. November 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-freeman-ayers-korthuis-paynter-kondo-kansagara-asystematicreviewandmetaanalysisofmedicationsforstimulantusedisordersinpatientswithcooccurringopioidusedisorders-2020', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108193\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-freeman-ayers-korthuis-paynter-kondo-kansagara-asystematicreviewandmetaanalysisofmedicationsforstimulantusedisordersinpatientswithcooccurringopioidusedisorders-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108193', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chan-freeman-ayers-korthuis-paynter-kondo-kansagara-asystematicreviewandmetaanalysisofmedicationsforstimulantusedisordersinpatientswithcooccurringopioidusedisorders-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chan-freeman-ayers-korthuis-paynter-kondo-kansagara-asystematicreviewandmetaanalysisofmedicationsforstimulantusedisordersinpatientswithcooccurringopioidusedisorders-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chan_systematic_2020,\n\ttitle = {A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders},\n\tvolume = {216},\n\tissn = {03768716},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871620303586},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108193},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},\n\tauthor = {Chan, Brian and Freeman, Michele and Ayers, Chelsea and Korthuis, P. Todd and Paynter, Robin and Kondo, Karli and Kansagara, Devan},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Amphetamine, *Central Nervous System Stimulants, *Cocaine, *Pharmacotherapy, *Stimulant, *Substance use disorder, *Systematic review, Amphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Antidepressive Agents, Cocaine, Cocaine-Related Disorders/drug therapy, Female, Humans, Methadone, Naltrexone, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pharmacotherapy, Stimulant, Substance use disorder, Systematic review},\n\tpages = {108193},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evans-delorme-cyr-goldstein-aqualitativestudyofbigdataandtheopioidepidemicrecommendationsfordatagovernance-2020\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'evans-delorme-cyr-goldstein-aqualitativestudyofbigdataandtheopioidepidemicrecommendationsfordatagovernance-2020', 'https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9', event);\">\n    A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evans, E. A.; Delorme, E.; Cyr, K.;  and Goldstein, D. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>BMC Medical Ethics</i>, 21(1): 101. December 2020.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-delorme-cyr-goldstein-aqualitativestudyofbigdataandtheopioidepidemicrecommendationsfordatagovernance-2020', 'https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-delorme-cyr-goldstein-aqualitativestudyofbigdataandtheopioidepidemicrecommendationsfordatagovernance-2020', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evans-delorme-cyr-goldstein-aqualitativestudyofbigdataandtheopioidepidemicrecommendationsfordatagovernance-2020\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evans-delorme-cyr-goldstein-aqualitativestudyofbigdataandtheopioidepidemicrecommendationsfordatagovernance-2020')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evans_qualitative_2020,\n\ttitle = {A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1472-6939},\n\tshorttitle = {A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic},\n\turl = {https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s12910-020-00544-9},\n\tabstract = {Abstract \n             \n              Background \n              The opioid epidemic has enabled rapid and unsurpassed use of big data on people with opioid use disorder to design initiatives to battle the public health crisis, generally without adequate input from impacted communities. Efforts informed by big data are saving lives, yielding significant benefits. Uses of big data may also undermine public trust in government and cause other unintended harms. \n             \n             \n              Objectives \n              We aimed to identify concerns and recommendations regarding how to use big data on opioid use in ethical ways. \n             \n             \n              Methods \n              We conducted focus groups and interviews in 2019 with 39 big data stakeholders (gatekeepers, researchers, patient advocates) who had interest in or knowledge of the Public Health Data Warehouse maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. \n             \n             \n              Results \n              Concerns regarding big data on opioid use are rooted in potential privacy infringements due to linkage of previously distinct data systems, increased profiling and surveillance capabilities, limitless lifespan, and lack of explicit informed consent. Also problematic is the inability of affected groups to control how big data are used, the potential of big data to increase stigmatization and discrimination of those affected despite data anonymization, and uses that ignore or perpetuate biases. Participants support big data processes that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions. Recommendations for ethical big data governance offer ways to narrow the big data divide (e.g., prioritize health equity, set off-limits topics/methods, recognize blind spots), enact shared data governance (e.g., establish community advisory boards), cultivate public trust and earn social license for big data uses (e.g., institute safeguards and other stewardship responsibilities, engage the public, communicate the greater good), and refocus ethical approaches. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions \n              Using big data to address the opioid epidemic poses ethical concerns which, if unaddressed, may undermine its benefits. Findings can inform guidelines on how to conduct ethical big data governance and in ways that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {BMC Medical Ethics},\n\tauthor = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Delorme, Elizabeth and Cyr, Karl and Goldstein, Daniel M.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {*Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects, *Big Data, *Big data, *Data governance, *Opioid epidemic, *Public health ethics, *Qualitative methods, Big data, Data Anonymization, Data governance, Humans, Opioid Epidemic, Public health ethics, Qualitative Research, Qualitative methods},\n\tpages = {101},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Background The opioid epidemic has enabled rapid and unsurpassed use of big data on people with opioid use disorder to design initiatives to battle the public health crisis, generally without adequate input from impacted communities. Efforts informed by big data are saving lives, yielding significant benefits. Uses of big data may also undermine public trust in government and cause other unintended harms. Objectives We aimed to identify concerns and recommendations regarding how to use big data on opioid use in ethical ways. Methods We conducted focus groups and interviews in 2019 with 39 big data stakeholders (gatekeepers, researchers, patient advocates) who had interest in or knowledge of the Public Health Data Warehouse maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Results Concerns regarding big data on opioid use are rooted in potential privacy infringements due to linkage of previously distinct data systems, increased profiling and surveillance capabilities, limitless lifespan, and lack of explicit informed consent. Also problematic is the inability of affected groups to control how big data are used, the potential of big data to increase stigmatization and discrimination of those affected despite data anonymization, and uses that ignore or perpetuate biases. Participants support big data processes that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions. Recommendations for ethical big data governance offer ways to narrow the big data divide (e.g., prioritize health equity, set off-limits topics/methods, recognize blind spots), enact shared data governance (e.g., establish community advisory boards), cultivate public trust and earn social license for big data uses (e.g., institute safeguards and other stewardship responsibilities, engage the public, communicate the greater good), and refocus ethical approaches. Conclusions Using big data to address the opioid epidemic poses ethical concerns which, if unaddressed, may undermine its benefits. Findings can inform guidelines on how to conduct ethical big data governance and in ways that protect and respect patients and society, ensure justice, and foster patient and public trust in public institutions.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2019\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2019')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2019</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (21)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ballard-cooper-young-webbasedeligibilityquizzestoverifyopioiduseandcountyresidenceamongruralyoungadultseligibilityscreeningresultsfromafeasibilitystudy-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ballard-cooper-young-webbasedeligibilityquizzestoverifyopioiduseandcountyresidenceamongruralyoungadultseligibilityscreeningresultsfromafeasibilitystudy-2019', 'http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/', event);\">\n    Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults: Eligibility Screening Results from a Feasibility Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ballard, A. M; Cooper, H. L.;  and Young, A. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JMIR Research Protocols</i>, 8(6): e12984. June 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballard-cooper-young-webbasedeligibilityquizzestoverifyopioiduseandcountyresidenceamongruralyoungadultseligibilityscreeningresultsfromafeasibilitystudy-2019', 'http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults: Eligibility Screening Results from a Feasibility Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2196/12984\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ballard-cooper-young-webbasedeligibilityquizzestoverifyopioiduseandcountyresidenceamongruralyoungadultseligibilityscreeningresultsfromafeasibilitystudy-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.2196/12984', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ballard-cooper-young-webbasedeligibilityquizzestoverifyopioiduseandcountyresidenceamongruralyoungadultseligibilityscreeningresultsfromafeasibilitystudy-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ballard-cooper-young-webbasedeligibilityquizzestoverifyopioiduseandcountyresidenceamongruralyoungadultseligibilityscreeningresultsfromafeasibilitystudy-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ballard_web-based_2019,\n\ttitle = {Web-{Based} {Eligibility} {Quizzes} to {Verify} {Opioid} {Use} and {County} {Residence} {Among} {Rural} {Young} {Adults}: {Eligibility} {Screening} {Results} from a {Feasibility} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1929-0748},\n\tshorttitle = {Web-{Based} {Eligibility} {Quizzes} to {Verify} {Opioid} {Use} and {County} {Residence} {Among} {Rural} {Young} {Adults}},\n\turl = {http://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/6/e12984/},\n\tdoi = {10.2196/12984},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {JMIR Research Protocols},\n\tauthor = {Ballard, April M and Cooper, Hannah LF and Young, April M},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Web-based methods, confidentiality, eligibility determination, internet, opioid use, recruitment, rural health, sampling methods, substance-related disorders, surveys and questionnaires},\n\tpages = {e12984},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cooper-crawford-haardrfer-prood-jonesharrell-ibragimov-ballard-young-usingwebbasedpindropmapstocaptureactivityspacesamongyoungadultswhousedrugsinruralareascrosssectionalsurvey-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cooper-crawford-haardrfer-prood-jonesharrell-ibragimov-ballard-young-usingwebbasedpindropmapstocaptureactivityspacesamongyoungadultswhousedrugsinruralareascrosssectionalsurvey-2019', 'https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593', event);\">\n    Using Web-Based Pin-Drop Maps to Capture Activity Spaces Among Young Adults Who Use Drugs in Rural Areas: Cross-Sectional Survey.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cooper, H. L. F.; Crawford, N. D; Haardörfer, R.; Prood, N.; Jones-Harrell, C.; Ibragimov, U.; Ballard, A. M;  and Young, A. M\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JMIR Public Health and Surveillance</i>, 5(4): e13593. October 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-crawford-haardrfer-prood-jonesharrell-ibragimov-ballard-young-usingwebbasedpindropmapstocaptureactivityspacesamongyoungadultswhousedrugsinruralareascrosssectionalsurvey-2019', 'https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Using Web-Based Pin-Drop Maps to Capture Activity Spaces Among Young Adults Who Use Drugs in Rural Areas: Cross-Sectional Survey [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2196/13593\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cooper-crawford-haardrfer-prood-jonesharrell-ibragimov-ballard-young-usingwebbasedpindropmapstocaptureactivityspacesamongyoungadultswhousedrugsinruralareascrosssectionalsurvey-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.2196/13593', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cooper-crawford-haardrfer-prood-jonesharrell-ibragimov-ballard-young-usingwebbasedpindropmapstocaptureactivityspacesamongyoungadultswhousedrugsinruralareascrosssectionalsurvey-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cooper-crawford-haardrfer-prood-jonesharrell-ibragimov-ballard-young-usingwebbasedpindropmapstocaptureactivityspacesamongyoungadultswhousedrugsinruralareascrosssectionalsurvey-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cooper_using_2019,\n\ttitle = {Using {Web}-{Based} {Pin}-{Drop} {Maps} to {Capture} {Activity} {Spaces} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}: {Cross}-{Sectional} {Survey}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {2369-2960},\n\tshorttitle = {Using {Web}-{Based} {Pin}-{Drop} {Maps} to {Capture} {Activity} {Spaces} {Among} {Young} {Adults} {Who} {Use} {Drugs} in {Rural} {Areas}},\n\turl = {https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e13593},\n\tdoi = {10.2196/13593},\n\tabstract = {Background \n              Epicenters of harmful drug use are expanding to US rural areas, with rural young adults bearing a disproportionate burden. A large body of work suggests that place characteristics (eg, spatial access to health services) shape vulnerability to drug-related harms among urban residents. Research on the role of place characteristics in shaping these harms among rural residents is nascent, as are methods of gathering place-based data. \n             \n             \n              Objective \n              We (1) analyzed whether young rural adults who used drugs answered self-administered Web-based mapping items about locations where they engaged in risk behaviors and (2) determined the precision of mapped locations. \n             \n             \n              Methods \n              Eligible individuals had to report recently using opioids to get high; be aged between 18 and 35 years; and live in the 5-county rural Appalachian Kentucky study area. We used targeted outreach and peer-referral methods to recruit participants. The survey asked participants to drop a pin in interactive maps to mark where they completed the survey, and where they had slept most; used drugs most; and had sex most in the past 6 months. Precision was assessed by (1) determining whether mapped locations were within 100 m of a structure and (2) calculating the Euclidean distance between the pin-drop home location and the street address where participants reported sleeping most often. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for all variables; distributions of missingness for mapping items and for the Euclidean distance variable were explored across participant characteristics. \n             \n             \n              Results \n              Of the 151 participants, 88.7\\% (134/151) completed all mapping items, and ≥92.1\\% ({\\textgreater}139/151) dropped a pin at each of the 4 locations queried. Missingness did not vary across most participant characteristics, except that lower percentages of full-time workers and peer-recruited participants mapped some locations. Two-thirds of the pin-drop sex and drug use locations were less than 100 m from a structure, as were 92.1\\% (139/151) of pin-drop home locations. The median distance between the pin-drop and street-address home locations was 2.0 miles (25th percentile=0.8 miles; 75th percentile=5.5 miles); distances were shorter for high-school graduates, staff-recruited participants, and participants reporting no technical difficulties completing the survey. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions \n              Missingness for mapping items was low and unlikely to introduce bias, given that it varied across few participant characteristics. Precision results were mixed. In a rural study area of 1378 square miles, most pin-drop home addresses were near a structure; it is unsurprising that fewer drug and sex locations were near structures because most participants reported engaging in these activities outside at times. The error in pin-drop home locations, however, might be too large for some purposes. We offer several recommendations to strengthen future research, including gathering metadata on the extent to which participants zoom in on each map and recruiting participants via trusted staff.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {JMIR Public Health and Surveillance},\n\tauthor = {Cooper, Hannah Luke Fenimore and Crawford, Natalie D and Haardörfer, Regine and Prood, Nadya and Jones-Harrell, Carla and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Ballard, April M and Young, April M},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Web-based data collection, activity spaces, geospatial methods, risk environment, rural, substance use disorder},\n\tpages = {e13593},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background Epicenters of harmful drug use are expanding to US rural areas, with rural young adults bearing a disproportionate burden. A large body of work suggests that place characteristics (eg, spatial access to health services) shape vulnerability to drug-related harms among urban residents. Research on the role of place characteristics in shaping these harms among rural residents is nascent, as are methods of gathering place-based data. Objective We (1) analyzed whether young rural adults who used drugs answered self-administered Web-based mapping items about locations where they engaged in risk behaviors and (2) determined the precision of mapped locations. Methods Eligible individuals had to report recently using opioids to get high; be aged between 18 and 35 years; and live in the 5-county rural Appalachian Kentucky study area. We used targeted outreach and peer-referral methods to recruit participants. The survey asked participants to drop a pin in interactive maps to mark where they completed the survey, and where they had slept most; used drugs most; and had sex most in the past 6 months. Precision was assessed by (1) determining whether mapped locations were within 100 m of a structure and (2) calculating the Euclidean distance between the pin-drop home location and the street address where participants reported sleeping most often. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for all variables; distributions of missingness for mapping items and for the Euclidean distance variable were explored across participant characteristics. Results Of the 151 participants, 88.7% (134/151) completed all mapping items, and ≥92.1% (\\textgreater139/151) dropped a pin at each of the 4 locations queried. Missingness did not vary across most participant characteristics, except that lower percentages of full-time workers and peer-recruited participants mapped some locations. Two-thirds of the pin-drop sex and drug use locations were less than 100 m from a structure, as were 92.1% (139/151) of pin-drop home locations. The median distance between the pin-drop and street-address home locations was 2.0 miles (25th percentile=0.8 miles; 75th percentile=5.5 miles); distances were shorter for high-school graduates, staff-recruited participants, and participants reporting no technical difficulties completing the survey. Conclusions Missingness for mapping items was low and unlikely to introduce bias, given that it varied across few participant characteristics. Precision results were mixed. In a rural study area of 1378 square miles, most pin-drop home addresses were near a structure; it is unsurprising that fewer drug and sex locations were near structures because most participants reported engaging in these activities outside at times. The error in pin-drop home locations, however, might be too large for some purposes. We offer several recommendations to strengthen future research, including gathering metadata on the extent to which participants zoom in on each map and recruiting participants via trusted staff.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"nichols-kunkel-baker-jelstrom-addis-hoffman-mccarty-korthuis-useofsingleirbsformultisitestudiesacasereportandcommentaryfromanationaldrugabusetreatmentclinicaltrialsnetworkstudy-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'nichols-kunkel-baker-jelstrom-addis-hoffman-mccarty-korthuis-useofsingleirbsformultisitestudiesacasereportandcommentaryfromanationaldrugabusetreatmentclinicaltrialsnetworkstudy-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273', event);\">\n    Use of single IRBs for multi-site studies: A case report and commentary from a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Nichols, C.; Kunkel, L. E.; Baker, R.; Jelstrom, E.; Addis, M.; Hoffman, K. A.; McCarty, D.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications</i>, 14: 100319. June 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nichols-kunkel-baker-jelstrom-addis-hoffman-mccarty-korthuis-useofsingleirbsformultisitestudiesacasereportandcommentaryfromanationaldrugabusetreatmentclinicaltrialsnetworkstudy-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Use of single IRBs for multi-site studies: A case report and commentary from a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100319\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('nichols-kunkel-baker-jelstrom-addis-hoffman-mccarty-korthuis-useofsingleirbsformultisitestudiesacasereportandcommentaryfromanationaldrugabusetreatmentclinicaltrialsnetworkstudy-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100319', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/nichols-kunkel-baker-jelstrom-addis-hoffman-mccarty-korthuis-useofsingleirbsformultisitestudiesacasereportandcommentaryfromanationaldrugabusetreatmentclinicaltrialsnetworkstudy-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('nichols-kunkel-baker-jelstrom-addis-hoffman-mccarty-korthuis-useofsingleirbsformultisitestudiesacasereportandcommentaryfromanationaldrugabusetreatmentclinicaltrialsnetworkstudy-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{nichols_use_2019,\n\ttitle = {Use of single {IRBs} for multi-site studies: {A} case report and commentary from a {National} {Drug} {Abuse} {Treatment} {Clinical} {Trials} {Network} study},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {24518654},\n\tshorttitle = {Use of single {IRBs} for multi-site studies},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451865418301273},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100319},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications},\n\tauthor = {Nichols, Ceilidh and Kunkel, Lynn E. and Baker, Robin and Jelstrom, Eve and Addis, Megan and Hoffman, Kim A. and McCarty, Dennis and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Clinical trial regulations, Institutional Review Boards, NIH IRB regulations, Single IRB},\n\tpages = {100319},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"stopka-jacque-kelso-guhnknight-nolte-hoskinson-jones-harding-etal-theopioidepidemicinruralnorthernnewenglandanapproachtoepidemiologicpolicyandlegalsurveillance-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'stopka-jacque-kelso-guhnknight-nolte-hoskinson-jones-harding-etal-theopioidepidemicinruralnorthernnewenglandanapproachtoepidemiologicpolicyandlegalsurveillance-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026', event);\">\n    The opioid epidemic in rural northern New England: An approach to epidemiologic, policy, and legal surveillance.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Stopka, T. J.; Jacque, E.; Kelso, P.; Guhn-Knight, H.; Nolte, K.; Hoskinson, R.; Jones, A.; Harding, J.; Drew, A.; VanDonsel, A.;  and Friedmann, P. D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Preventive Medicine</i>, 128: 105740. November 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stopka-jacque-kelso-guhnknight-nolte-hoskinson-jones-harding-etal-theopioidepidemicinruralnorthernnewenglandanapproachtoepidemiologicpolicyandlegalsurveillance-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The opioid epidemic in rural northern New England: An approach to epidemiologic, policy, and legal surveillance [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.028\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('stopka-jacque-kelso-guhnknight-nolte-hoskinson-jones-harding-etal-theopioidepidemicinruralnorthernnewenglandanapproachtoepidemiologicpolicyandlegalsurveillance-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.028', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/stopka-jacque-kelso-guhnknight-nolte-hoskinson-jones-harding-etal-theopioidepidemicinruralnorthernnewenglandanapproachtoepidemiologicpolicyandlegalsurveillance-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('stopka-jacque-kelso-guhnknight-nolte-hoskinson-jones-harding-etal-theopioidepidemicinruralnorthernnewenglandanapproachtoepidemiologicpolicyandlegalsurveillance-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{stopka_opioid_2019,\n\ttitle = {The opioid epidemic in rural northern {New} {England}: {An} approach to epidemiologic, policy, and legal surveillance},\n\tvolume = {128},\n\tissn = {00917435},\n\tshorttitle = {The opioid epidemic in rural northern {New} {England}},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091743519302026},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.028},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Preventive Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Stopka, Thomas J. and Jacque, Erin and Kelso, Patsy and Guhn-Knight, Haley and Nolte, Kerry and Hoskinson, Randall and Jones, Amanda and Harding, Joseph and Drew, Aurora and VanDonsel, Anne and Friedmann, Peter D.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Health policy, *New England, *Opioid epidemic, *Population Surveillance, *Rural, *Spatial epidemiology, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Epidemics/*legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Female, Health Policy/*legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence, Health policy, Humans, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Middle Aged, New England, New Hampshire/epidemiology, Opioid epidemic, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Rural, Rural Population/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Spatial epidemiology, Vermont/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {105740},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bolinski-ellis-zahnd-walters-mcluckie-schneider-rodriguez-ezell-etal-socialnormsassociatedwithnonmedicalopioiduseinruralcommunitiesasystematicreview-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bolinski-ellis-zahnd-walters-mcluckie-schneider-rodriguez-ezell-etal-socialnormsassociatedwithnonmedicalopioiduseinruralcommunitiesasystematicreview-2019', 'https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841', event);\">\n    Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities: a systematic review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Bolinski, R.; Ellis, K.; Zahnd, W. E; Walters, S.; McLuckie, C.; Schneider, J.; Rodriguez, C.; Ezell, J.; Friedman, S. R; Pho, M.;  and Jenkins, W. D\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Translational Behavioral Medicine</i>, 9(6): 1224–1232. November 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bolinski-ellis-zahnd-walters-mcluckie-schneider-rodriguez-ezell-etal-socialnormsassociatedwithnonmedicalopioiduseinruralcommunitiesasystematicreview-2019', 'https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities: a systematic review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz129\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bolinski-ellis-zahnd-walters-mcluckie-schneider-rodriguez-ezell-etal-socialnormsassociatedwithnonmedicalopioiduseinruralcommunitiesasystematicreview-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz129', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bolinski-ellis-zahnd-walters-mcluckie-schneider-rodriguez-ezell-etal-socialnormsassociatedwithnonmedicalopioiduseinruralcommunitiesasystematicreview-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bolinski-ellis-zahnd-walters-mcluckie-schneider-rodriguez-ezell-etal-socialnormsassociatedwithnonmedicalopioiduseinruralcommunitiesasystematicreview-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{bolinski_social_2019,\n\ttitle = {Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities: a systematic review},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tissn = {1869-6716, 1613-9860},\n\tshorttitle = {Social norms associated with nonmedical opioid use in rural communities},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article/9/6/1224/5553841},\n\tdoi = {10.1093/tbm/ibz129},\n\tabstract = {Successful intervention in rural opioid misuse requires a better understanding of how local social norms and networks, and employment and medical care access, combine to facilitate or hinder individual use.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Translational Behavioral Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Bolinski, Rebecca and Ellis, Kaitlin and Zahnd, Whitney E and Walters, Suzan and McLuckie, Colleen and Schneider, John and Rodriguez, Christofer and Ezell, Jerel and Friedman, Samuel R and Pho, Mai and Jenkins, Wiley D},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Opioid, *Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology, *Rural, *Rural Population, *Social Networking, *Social Norms, *Social Stigma, *Social networks, *Stigma, Humans, Opioid, Rural, Social networks, Social norms, Stigma},\n\tpages = {1224--1232},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Successful intervention in rural opioid misuse requires a better understanding of how local social norms and networks, and employment and medical care access, combine to facilitate or hinder individual use.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"cloud-ibragimov-prood-young-cooper-ruralriskenvironmentsforhepatitiscamongyoungadultsinappalachiankentucky-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'cloud-ibragimov-prood-young-cooper-ruralriskenvironmentsforhepatitiscamongyoungadultsinappalachiankentucky-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288', event);\">\n    Rural risk environments for hepatitis c among young adults in appalachian kentucky.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Cloud, D. H.; Ibragimov, U.; Prood, N.; Young, A. M.;  and Cooper, H. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>, 72: 47–54. October 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cloud-ibragimov-prood-young-cooper-ruralriskenvironmentsforhepatitiscamongyoungadultsinappalachiankentucky-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Rural risk environments for hepatitis c among young adults in appalachian kentucky [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('cloud-ibragimov-prood-young-cooper-ruralriskenvironmentsforhepatitiscamongyoungadultsinappalachiankentucky-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/cloud-ibragimov-prood-young-cooper-ruralriskenvironmentsforhepatitiscamongyoungadultsinappalachiankentucky-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('cloud-ibragimov-prood-young-cooper-ruralriskenvironmentsforhepatitiscamongyoungadultsinappalachiankentucky-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{cloud_rural_2019,\n\ttitle = {Rural risk environments for hepatitis c among young adults in appalachian kentucky},\n\tvolume = {72},\n\tissn = {09553959},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395919301288},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},\n\tauthor = {Cloud, David H. and Ibragimov, Umedjon and Prood, Nadya and Young, April M. and Cooper, Hannah L.F.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Harm Reduction, *Hepatitis C, *Kentucky, *Opioid, *Risk environment, *Rural, *Rural Population, Adult, Appalachian Region, Female, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology/transmission, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Kentucky, Kentucky/epidemiology, Male, Opioid, Risk environment, Risk-Taking, Rural, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*complications/epidemiology, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {47--54},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chen-issema-khanna-pho-schneider-theuconnectstudyteam-prescriptionopioiduseinapopulationbasedsampleofyoungblackmenwhohavesexwithmenalongitudinalcohortstudy-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chen-issema-khanna-pho-schneider-theuconnectstudyteam-prescriptionopioiduseinapopulationbasedsampleofyoungblackmenwhohavesexwithmenalongitudinalcohortstudy-2019', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400', event);\">\n    Prescription Opioid Use in a Population-Based Sample of Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chen, Y.; Issema, R. S.; Khanna, A. S.; Pho, M. T.; Schneider, J. A.;  and The UConnect Study Team\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Substance Use & Misuse</i>, 54(12): 1991–2000. October 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-issema-khanna-pho-schneider-theuconnectstudyteam-prescriptionopioiduseinapopulationbasedsampleofyoungblackmenwhohavesexwithmenalongitudinalcohortstudy-2019', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Prescription Opioid Use in a Population-Based Sample of Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Longitudinal Cohort Study [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chen-issema-khanna-pho-schneider-theuconnectstudyteam-prescriptionopioiduseinapopulationbasedsampleofyoungblackmenwhohavesexwithmenalongitudinalcohortstudy-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chen-issema-khanna-pho-schneider-theuconnectstudyteam-prescriptionopioiduseinapopulationbasedsampleofyoungblackmenwhohavesexwithmenalongitudinalcohortstudy-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chen-issema-khanna-pho-schneider-theuconnectstudyteam-prescriptionopioiduseinapopulationbasedsampleofyoungblackmenwhohavesexwithmenalongitudinalcohortstudy-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chen_prescription_2019,\n\ttitle = {Prescription {Opioid} {Use} in a {Population}-{Based} {Sample} of {Young} {Black} {Men} {Who} {Have} {Sex} with {Men}: {A} {Longitudinal} {Cohort} {Study}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {1082-6084, 1532-2491},\n\tshorttitle = {Prescription {Opioid} {Use} in a {Population}-{Based} {Sample} of {Young} {Black} {Men} {Who} {Have} {Sex} with {Men}},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/10826084.2019.1625400},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Substance Use \\&amp; Misuse},\n\tauthor = {Chen, Yen-Tyng and Issema, Rodal S. and Khanna, Aditya S. and Pho, Mai T. and Schneider, John A. and {The UConnect Study Team}},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Black, *Prescription opioid use, *longitudinal analysis, *young men who have sex with men (YMSM), Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/*psychology, Black, Black or African American/*psychology, Chicago/epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Homosexuality, Male/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Prescription opioid use, Risk Factors, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Young Adult, longitudinal analysis, young men who have sex with men (YMSM)},\n\tpages = {1991--2000},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"wyse-robbins-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-etal-predictorsoftimelyopioidagonisttreatmentinitiationamongveteranswithandwithouthiv-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'wyse-robbins-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-etal-predictorsoftimelyopioidagonisttreatmentinitiationamongveteranswithandwithouthiv-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705', event);\">\n    Predictors of timely opioid agonist treatment initiation among veterans with and without HIV.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Wyse, J. J.; Robbins, J. L.; McGinnis, K. A.; Edelman, E. J.; Gordon, A. J.; Manhapra, A.; Fiellin, D. A.; Moore, B. A.; Korthuis, P. T.; Gaither, J. R.; Gordon, K.; Skanderson, M.; Barry, D. T.; Crystal, S.; Justice, A.;  and Kraemer, K. L.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence</i>, 198: 70–75. May 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wyse-robbins-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-etal-predictorsoftimelyopioidagonisttreatmentinitiationamongveteranswithandwithouthiv-2019', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Predictors of timely opioid agonist treatment initiation among veterans with and without HIV [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.038\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('wyse-robbins-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-etal-predictorsoftimelyopioidagonisttreatmentinitiationamongveteranswithandwithouthiv-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.038', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/wyse-robbins-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-etal-predictorsoftimelyopioidagonisttreatmentinitiationamongveteranswithandwithouthiv-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('wyse-robbins-mcginnis-edelman-gordon-manhapra-fiellin-moore-etal-predictorsoftimelyopioidagonisttreatmentinitiationamongveteranswithandwithouthiv-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{wyse_predictors_2019,\n\ttitle = {Predictors of timely opioid agonist treatment initiation among veterans with and without {HIV}},\n\tvolume = {198},\n\tissn = {03768716},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871619300705},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.038},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence},\n\tauthor = {Wyse, Jessica J. and Robbins, Jonathan L. and McGinnis, Kathleen A. and Edelman, E. Jennifer and Gordon, Adam J. and Manhapra, Ajay and Fiellin, David A. and Moore, Brent A. and Korthuis, P. Todd and Gaither, Julie R. and Gordon, Kirsha and Skanderson, Melissa and Barry, Declan T. and Crystal, Stephen and Justice, Amy and Kraemer, Kevin L.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Methadone, *Opioid agonist therapy, *Opioid use disorder, *Veterans affairs hospital, *hiv, Adult, Buprenorphine, Cohort Studies, Female, HIV Infections/*psychology, Hiv, Humans, Male, Methadone, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Opioid agonist therapy, Opioid use disorder, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy/epidemiology/virology, Prevalence, Time-to-Treatment/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, United States/epidemiology, Veterans affairs hospital, Veterans/psychology/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data},\n\tpages = {70--75},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"follman-arora-lyttle-moore-pho-naloxoneprescriptionsamongcommerciallyinsuredindividualsathighriskofopioidoverdose-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'follman-arora-lyttle-moore-pho-naloxoneprescriptionsamongcommerciallyinsuredindividualsathighriskofopioidoverdose-2019', 'http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209', event);\">\n    Naloxone Prescriptions Among Commercially Insured Individuals at High Risk of Opioid Overdose.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Follman, S.; Arora, V. M.; Lyttle, C.; Moore, P. Q.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA Network Open</i>, 2(5): e193209. May 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('follman-arora-lyttle-moore-pho-naloxoneprescriptionsamongcommerciallyinsuredindividualsathighriskofopioidoverdose-2019', 'http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Naloxone Prescriptions Among Commercially Insured Individuals at High Risk of Opioid Overdose [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('follman-arora-lyttle-moore-pho-naloxoneprescriptionsamongcommerciallyinsuredindividualsathighriskofopioidoverdose-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/follman-arora-lyttle-moore-pho-naloxoneprescriptionsamongcommerciallyinsuredindividualsathighriskofopioidoverdose-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('follman-arora-lyttle-moore-pho-naloxoneprescriptionsamongcommerciallyinsuredindividualsathighriskofopioidoverdose-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{follman_naloxone_2019,\n\ttitle = {Naloxone {Prescriptions} {Among} {Commercially} {Insured} {Individuals} at {High} {Risk} of {Opioid} {Overdose}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {2574-3805},\n\turl = {http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3209},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA Network Open},\n\tauthor = {Follman, Sarah and Arora, Vineet M. and Lyttle, Chris and Moore, P. Quincy and Pho, Mai T.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Drug Utilization/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Prescriptions/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Retrospective Studies, United States},\n\tpages = {e193209},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"fanucchi-springer-korthuis-medicationsfortreatmentofopioidusedisorderamongpersonslivingwithhiv-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'fanucchi-springer-korthuis-medicationsfortreatmentofopioidusedisorderamongpersonslivingwithhiv-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7', event);\">\n    Medications for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder among Persons Living with HIV.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Fanucchi, L.; Springer, S. A.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current HIV/AIDS Reports</i>, 16(1): 1–6. February 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fanucchi-springer-korthuis-medicationsfortreatmentofopioidusedisorderamongpersonslivingwithhiv-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Medications for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder among Persons Living with HIV [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('fanucchi-springer-korthuis-medicationsfortreatmentofopioidusedisorderamongpersonslivingwithhiv-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/fanucchi-springer-korthuis-medicationsfortreatmentofopioidusedisorderamongpersonslivingwithhiv-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('fanucchi-springer-korthuis-medicationsfortreatmentofopioidusedisorderamongpersonslivingwithhiv-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{fanucchi_medications_2019,\n\ttitle = {Medications for {Treatment} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} among {Persons} {Living} with {HIV}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-019-00436-7},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\n\tauthor = {Fanucchi, Laura and Springer, Sandra A. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Extended-release naltrexone, *Medication for opioid use disorder, *Methadone, *Opioid addiction, *Opioid use disorders, *hiv, *mat, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Extended-release naltrexone, HIV Infections/drug therapy/etiology, Hiv, Humans, Mat, Medication for opioid use disorder, Methadone, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Naltrexone/*therapeutic use, Opioid addiction, Opioid use disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Treatment Outcome},\n\tpages = {1--6},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"englander-dobbertin-lind-nicolaidis-graven-dorfman-korthuis-inpatientaddictionmedicineconsultationandposthospitalsubstanceusedisordertreatmentengagementapropensitymatchedanalysis-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'englander-dobbertin-lind-nicolaidis-graven-dorfman-korthuis-inpatientaddictionmedicineconsultationandposthospitalsubstanceusedisordertreatmentengagementapropensitymatchedanalysis-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9', event);\">\n    Inpatient Addiction Medicine Consultation and Post-Hospital Substance Use Disorder Treatment Engagement: a Propensity-Matched Analysis.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Englander, H.; Dobbertin, K.; Lind, B. K.; Nicolaidis, C.; Graven, P.; Dorfman, C.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of General Internal Medicine</i>, 34(12): 2796–2803. December 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('englander-dobbertin-lind-nicolaidis-graven-dorfman-korthuis-inpatientaddictionmedicineconsultationandposthospitalsubstanceusedisordertreatmentengagementapropensitymatchedanalysis-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Inpatient Addiction Medicine Consultation and Post-Hospital Substance Use Disorder Treatment Engagement: a Propensity-Matched Analysis [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('englander-dobbertin-lind-nicolaidis-graven-dorfman-korthuis-inpatientaddictionmedicineconsultationandposthospitalsubstanceusedisordertreatmentengagementapropensitymatchedanalysis-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/englander-dobbertin-lind-nicolaidis-graven-dorfman-korthuis-inpatientaddictionmedicineconsultationandposthospitalsubstanceusedisordertreatmentengagementapropensitymatchedanalysis-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('englander-dobbertin-lind-nicolaidis-graven-dorfman-korthuis-inpatientaddictionmedicineconsultationandposthospitalsubstanceusedisordertreatmentengagementapropensitymatchedanalysis-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{englander_inpatient_2019,\n\ttitle = {Inpatient {Addiction} {Medicine} {Consultation} and {Post}-{Hospital} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Engagement}: a {Propensity}-{Matched} {Analysis}},\n\tvolume = {34},\n\tissn = {0884-8734, 1525-1497},\n\tshorttitle = {Inpatient {Addiction} {Medicine} {Consultation} and {Post}-{Hospital} {Substance} {Use} {Disorder} {Treatment} {Engagement}},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11606-019-05251-9},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Englander, Honora and Dobbertin, Konrad and Lind, Bonnie K. and Nicolaidis, Christina and Graven, Peter and Dorfman, Claire and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Medicaid, *Propensity Score, *hospitalization, *substance use treatment, *substance-related disorders, Addiction Medicine/methods/*trends, Adolescent, Adult, Continuity of Patient Care/*trends, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Male, Medicaid, Medicaid/trends, Middle Aged, Oregon/epidemiology, Patient Discharge/*trends, Referral and Consultation/*trends, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult, hospitalization, substance use treatment, substance-related disorders},\n\tpages = {2796--2803},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"pesarsick-gwilliam-adeniran-rudisill-smith-hendricks-identifyinghighriskareasfornonfatalopioidoverdoseaspatialcasecontrolstudyusingemsrundata-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using EMS run data.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Pesarsick, J.; Gwilliam, M.; Adeniran, O.; Rudisill, T.; Smith, G.;  and Hendricks, B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Ann Epidemiol</i>, 36: 20–25. August 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.001\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('pesarsick-gwilliam-adeniran-rudisill-smith-hendricks-identifyinghighriskareasfornonfatalopioidoverdoseaspatialcasecontrolstudyusingemsrundata-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.001', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/pesarsick-gwilliam-adeniran-rudisill-smith-hendricks-identifyinghighriskareasfornonfatalopioidoverdoseaspatialcasecontrolstudyusingemsrundata-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('pesarsick-gwilliam-adeniran-rudisill-smith-hendricks-identifyinghighriskareasfornonfatalopioidoverdoseaspatialcasecontrolstudyusingemsrundata-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{pesarsick_identifying_2019,\n\ttitle = {Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using {EMS} run data},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1873-2585 (Electronic) 1047-2797 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.001},\n\tabstract = {PURPOSE: The objective of our study was to incorporate stricter probable nonfatal opioid overdose case criteria, and advanced epidemiologic approaches to more reliably detect local clustering in nonfatal opioid overdose activity in EMS runs data. METHODS: Data were obtained using emsCharts for our study area in southwestern Pennsylvania from 2007 to 2018. Cases were identified as emergency medical service (EMS) responses where naloxone was administered, and improvement was noted in patient records between initial and final Glasgow Coma Score. A subsample of all-cause EMS responses sites were used as controls and exact matched to cases on sex and 10-year-age category. Clustering was assessed using difference in Ripley&#x27;s K function for cases and controls and Kulldorff scan statistics. RESULTS: Difference in K functions indicated no significant difference in probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs across the study area compared to all-cause EMS runs. However, scan statistics did identify significant local clustering of probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs (maximum likelihood = 16.40, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight relevance of EMS data to detect community-level overdose activity and promote reliable use through stricter case definition criteria and advanced methodological approaches. Techniques examined have the potential to improve targeted delivery of neighborhood-level public health response activities using a near real-time data source.},\n\tjournal = {Ann Epidemiol},\n\tauthor = {Pesarsick, J. and Gwilliam, M. and Adeniran, O. and Rudisill, T. and Smith, G. and Hendricks, B.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6733038},\n\tkeywords = {*Cluster analysis, *EMS runs, *Nonfatal overdose, Analgesics, Opioid/administration \\&amp; dosage/*adverse effects/therapeutic use, Case-Control Studies, Cluster Analysis, Drug Overdose/*drug therapy, Emergency Medical Services/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Geographic Information Systems/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Naloxone/*therapeutic use, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Pennsylvania, Spatial Analysis},\n\tpages = {20--25},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  PURPOSE: The objective of our study was to incorporate stricter probable nonfatal opioid overdose case criteria, and advanced epidemiologic approaches to more reliably detect local clustering in nonfatal opioid overdose activity in EMS runs data. METHODS: Data were obtained using emsCharts for our study area in southwestern Pennsylvania from 2007 to 2018. Cases were identified as emergency medical service (EMS) responses where naloxone was administered, and improvement was noted in patient records between initial and final Glasgow Coma Score. A subsample of all-cause EMS responses sites were used as controls and exact matched to cases on sex and 10-year-age category. Clustering was assessed using difference in Ripley's K function for cases and controls and Kulldorff scan statistics. RESULTS: Difference in K functions indicated no significant difference in probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs across the study area compared to all-cause EMS runs. However, scan statistics did identify significant local clustering of probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs (maximum likelihood = 16.40, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight relevance of EMS data to detect community-level overdose activity and promote reliable use through stricter case definition criteria and advanced methodological approaches. Techniques examined have the potential to improve targeted delivery of neighborhood-level public health response activities using a near real-time data source.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mcluckie-pho-ellis-navon-walblay-jenkins-rodriguez-kolak-etal-identifyingareaswithdisproportionatelocalhealthdepartmentservicesrelativetoopioidoverdosehivandhepatitiscdiagnosisratesastudyofruralillinois-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mcluckie-pho-ellis-navon-walblay-jenkins-rodriguez-kolak-etal-identifyingareaswithdisproportionatelocalhealthdepartmentservicesrelativetoopioidoverdosehivandhepatitiscdiagnosisratesastudyofruralillinois-2019', 'https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989', event);\">\n    Identifying Areas with Disproportionate Local Health Department Services Relative to Opioid Overdose, HIV and Hepatitis C Diagnosis Rates: A Study of Rural Illinois.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McLuckie, C.; Pho, M.; Ellis, K.; Navon, L.; Walblay, K.; Jenkins, W.; Rodriguez, C.; Kolak, M.; Chen, Y.; Schneider, J.;  and Zahnd, W.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>, 16(6): 989. March 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcluckie-pho-ellis-navon-walblay-jenkins-rodriguez-kolak-etal-identifyingareaswithdisproportionatelocalhealthdepartmentservicesrelativetoopioidoverdosehivandhepatitiscdiagnosisratesastudyofruralillinois-2019', 'https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Identifying Areas with Disproportionate Local Health Department Services Relative to Opioid Overdose, HIV and Hepatitis C Diagnosis Rates: A Study of Rural Illinois [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060989\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mcluckie-pho-ellis-navon-walblay-jenkins-rodriguez-kolak-etal-identifyingareaswithdisproportionatelocalhealthdepartmentservicesrelativetoopioidoverdosehivandhepatitiscdiagnosisratesastudyofruralillinois-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060989', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mcluckie-pho-ellis-navon-walblay-jenkins-rodriguez-kolak-etal-identifyingareaswithdisproportionatelocalhealthdepartmentservicesrelativetoopioidoverdosehivandhepatitiscdiagnosisratesastudyofruralillinois-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>2 downloads</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mcluckie-pho-ellis-navon-walblay-jenkins-rodriguez-kolak-etal-identifyingareaswithdisproportionatelocalhealthdepartmentservicesrelativetoopioidoverdosehivandhepatitiscdiagnosisratesastudyofruralillinois-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mcluckie_identifying_2019,\n\ttitle = {Identifying {Areas} with {Disproportionate} {Local} {Health} {Department} {Services} {Relative} to {Opioid} {Overdose}, {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Diagnosis} {Rates}: {A} {Study} of {Rural} {Illinois}},\n\tvolume = {16},\n\tissn = {1660-4601},\n\tshorttitle = {Identifying {Areas} with {Disproportionate} {Local} {Health} {Department} {Services} {Relative} to {Opioid} {Overdose}, {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Diagnosis} {Rates}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/989},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph16060989},\n\tabstract = {Background: U.S. rural populations have been disproportionately affected by the syndemic of opioid-use disorder (OUD) and the associated increase in overdoses and risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Local health departments (LHDs) can play a critical role in the response to this syndemic. We utilized two geospatial approaches to identify areas of discordance between LHD service availability and disease burden to inform service prioritization in rural settings. Methods: We surveyed rural Illinois LHDs to assess their OUD-related services, and calculated county-level opioid overdose, HIV, and hepatitis C diagnosis rates. Bivariate choropleth maps were created to display LHD service provision relative to disease burden in rural Illinois counties. Results: Most rural LHDs provided limited OUD-related services, although many LHDs provided HIV and HCV testing. Bivariate mapping showed rural counties with limited OUD treatment and HIV services and with corresponding higher outcome/disease rates to be dispersed throughout Illinois. Additionally, rural counties with limited LHD-offered hepatitis C services and high hepatitis C diagnosis rates were geographically concentrated in southern Illinois. Conclusions: Bivariate mapping can enable geographic targeting of resources to address the opioid crisis and related infectious disease by identifying areas with low LHD services relative to high disease burden.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},\n\tauthor = {McLuckie, Colleen and Pho, Mai and Ellis, Kaitlin and Navon, Livia and Walblay, Kelly and Jenkins, Wiley and Rodriguez, Christofer and Kolak, Marynia and Chen, Yen-Tyng and Schneider, John and Zahnd, Whitney},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Public Health Practice, *Rural Population, *bivariate mapping, *geographic information system (GIS), *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus (HCV), *human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), *local health department (LHD), *opioid use disorder (OUD), *persons who inject drugs (PWID), *resource analysis, *rural health, Geographic Information Systems, HIV Infections/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Hepatitis C/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Humans, Illinois/epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders/*complications/*epidemiology, bivariate mapping, geographic information system (GIS), harm reduction, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), local health department (LHD), opioid use disorder (OUD), persons who inject drugs (PWID), resource analysis, rural health},\n\tpages = {989},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background: U.S. rural populations have been disproportionately affected by the syndemic of opioid-use disorder (OUD) and the associated increase in overdoses and risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Local health departments (LHDs) can play a critical role in the response to this syndemic. We utilized two geospatial approaches to identify areas of discordance between LHD service availability and disease burden to inform service prioritization in rural settings. Methods: We surveyed rural Illinois LHDs to assess their OUD-related services, and calculated county-level opioid overdose, HIV, and hepatitis C diagnosis rates. Bivariate choropleth maps were created to display LHD service provision relative to disease burden in rural Illinois counties. Results: Most rural LHDs provided limited OUD-related services, although many LHDs provided HIV and HCV testing. Bivariate mapping showed rural counties with limited OUD treatment and HIV services and with corresponding higher outcome/disease rates to be dispersed throughout Illinois. Additionally, rural counties with limited LHD-offered hepatitis C services and high hepatitis C diagnosis rates were geographically concentrated in southern Illinois. Conclusions: Bivariate mapping can enable geographic targeting of resources to address the opioid crisis and related infectious disease by identifying areas with low LHD services relative to high disease burden.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koepke-sill-akhtar-mitchell-guilfoyle-westergaard-schauer-vergeront-hepatitisaandhepatitisbvaccinationcoverageamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsandhaveevidenceofhepatitiscinfection-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koepke-sill-akhtar-mitchell-guilfoyle-westergaard-schauer-vergeront-hepatitisaandhepatitisbvaccinationcoverageamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsandhaveevidenceofhepatitiscinfection-2019', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088', event);\">\n    Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Persons Who Inject Drugs and Have Evidence of Hepatitis C Infection.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koepke, R.; Sill, D. N.; Akhtar, W. Z.; Mitchell, K. P.; Guilfoyle, S. M.; Westergaard, R. P.; Schauer, S. L.;  and Vergeront, J. M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Public Health Reports</i>, 134(6): 651–659. November 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koepke-sill-akhtar-mitchell-guilfoyle-westergaard-schauer-vergeront-hepatitisaandhepatitisbvaccinationcoverageamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsandhaveevidenceofhepatitiscinfection-2019', 'http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Persons Who Inject Drugs and Have Evidence of Hepatitis C Infection [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1177/0033354919874088\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koepke-sill-akhtar-mitchell-guilfoyle-westergaard-schauer-vergeront-hepatitisaandhepatitisbvaccinationcoverageamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsandhaveevidenceofhepatitiscinfection-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1177/0033354919874088', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koepke-sill-akhtar-mitchell-guilfoyle-westergaard-schauer-vergeront-hepatitisaandhepatitisbvaccinationcoverageamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsandhaveevidenceofhepatitiscinfection-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koepke-sill-akhtar-mitchell-guilfoyle-westergaard-schauer-vergeront-hepatitisaandhepatitisbvaccinationcoverageamongpersonswhoinjectdrugsandhaveevidenceofhepatitiscinfection-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koepke_hepatitis_2019,\n\ttitle = {Hepatitis {A} and {Hepatitis} {B} {Vaccination} {Coverage} {Among} {Persons} {Who} {Inject} {Drugs} and {Have} {Evidence} of {Hepatitis} {C} {Infection}},\n\tvolume = {134},\n\tissn = {0033-3549, 1468-2877},\n\turl = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0033354919874088},\n\tdoi = {10.1177/0033354919874088},\n\tabstract = {Objectives: \n              Despite recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) for all adults at increased risk of infection, several US states have reported increases in HAV and HBV infections among persons who inject drugs. We investigated hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among a sample of persons who reported injecting drugs and had evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. \n             \n             \n              Methods: \n              We searched the Wisconsin Immunization Registry for the vaccination records of persons who underwent HCV testing at syringe services programs from January 1 through August 31, 2018, and were reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health as having positive HCV antibody test results and a history of injection drug use. We calculated the percentage of persons who were vaccinated according to national recommendations. \n             \n             \n              Results: \n              Of 215 persons reported, 204 (94.9\\%) had a client record in the Wisconsin Immunization Registry. Of these 204 persons, 66 (32.4\\%) had received ≥1 dose of hepatitis A vaccine, 46 (22.5\\%) had received 2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine, and 115 (56.4\\%) had received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine coverage decreased with increasing age, from 88.0\\% (22 of 25) among adults aged 20-24 to 30.3\\% (10 of 33) among adults aged 35-39. \n             \n             \n              Conclusions: \n              These findings suggest that most persons who inject drugs in Wisconsin are susceptible to HAV infection and that most persons aged ≥35 who inject drugs are susceptible to HBV infection. In addition to routine vaccination of children, targeted hepatitis vaccination programs should focus on adults who inject drugs to help prevent future infections.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Public Health Reports},\n\tauthor = {Koepke, Ruth and Sill, Danielle N. and Akhtar, Wajiha Z. and Mitchell, Kailynn P. and Guilfoyle, Sheila M. and Westergaard, Ryan P. and Schauer, Stephanie L. and Vergeront, James M.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*hepatitis A, *hepatitis B, *immunization information system, *injection drug use, *vaccination coverage, Adult, Female, Hepatitis A Vaccines/administration \\&amp; dosage, Hepatitis A/*epidemiology, Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration \\&amp; dosage, Hepatitis B virus/isolation \\&amp; purification, Hepatitis B/*epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/immunology, Vaccination Coverage/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Wisconsin/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {651--659},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Objectives: Despite recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) for all adults at increased risk of infection, several US states have reported increases in HAV and HBV infections among persons who inject drugs. We investigated hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among a sample of persons who reported injecting drugs and had evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: We searched the Wisconsin Immunization Registry for the vaccination records of persons who underwent HCV testing at syringe services programs from January 1 through August 31, 2018, and were reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health as having positive HCV antibody test results and a history of injection drug use. We calculated the percentage of persons who were vaccinated according to national recommendations. Results: Of 215 persons reported, 204 (94.9%) had a client record in the Wisconsin Immunization Registry. Of these 204 persons, 66 (32.4%) had received ≥1 dose of hepatitis A vaccine, 46 (22.5%) had received 2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine, and 115 (56.4%) had received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine coverage decreased with increasing age, from 88.0% (22 of 25) among adults aged 20-24 to 30.3% (10 of 33) among adults aged 35-39. Conclusions: These findings suggest that most persons who inject drugs in Wisconsin are susceptible to HAV infection and that most persons aged ≥35 who inject drugs are susceptible to HBV infection. In addition to routine vaccination of children, targeted hepatitis vaccination programs should focus on adults who inject drugs to help prevent future infections.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"abbasi-salisburyafshar-jovanov-berberet-arunkumar-aks-layden-pho-healthcareutilizationofopioidoverdosedecedentswithnoopioidanalgesicprescriptionhistory-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'abbasi-salisburyafshar-jovanov-berberet-arunkumar-aks-layden-pho-healthcareutilizationofopioidoverdosedecedentswithnoopioidanalgesicprescriptionhistory-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x', event);\">\n    Health Care Utilization of Opioid Overdose Decedents with No Opioid Analgesic Prescription History.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Abbasi, A. B.; Salisbury-Afshar, E.; Jovanov, D.; Berberet, C.; Arunkumar, P.; Aks, S. E.; Layden, J. E.;  and Pho, M. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Urban Health</i>, 96(1): 38–48. February 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abbasi-salisburyafshar-jovanov-berberet-arunkumar-aks-layden-pho-healthcareutilizationofopioidoverdosedecedentswithnoopioidanalgesicprescriptionhistory-2019', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Health Care Utilization of Opioid Overdose Decedents with No Opioid Analgesic Prescription History [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('abbasi-salisburyafshar-jovanov-berberet-arunkumar-aks-layden-pho-healthcareutilizationofopioidoverdosedecedentswithnoopioidanalgesicprescriptionhistory-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/abbasi-salisburyafshar-jovanov-berberet-arunkumar-aks-layden-pho-healthcareutilizationofopioidoverdosedecedentswithnoopioidanalgesicprescriptionhistory-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('abbasi-salisburyafshar-jovanov-berberet-arunkumar-aks-layden-pho-healthcareutilizationofopioidoverdosedecedentswithnoopioidanalgesicprescriptionhistory-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{abbasi_health_2019,\n\ttitle = {Health {Care} {Utilization} of {Opioid} {Overdose} {Decedents} with {No} {Opioid} {Analgesic} {Prescription} {History}},\n\tvolume = {96},\n\tissn = {1099-3460, 1468-2869},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11524-018-00329-x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Urban Health},\n\tauthor = {Abbasi, Ali B. and Salisbury-Afshar, Elizabeth and Jovanov, Dejan and Berberet, Craig and Arunkumar, Ponni and Aks, Steven E. and Layden, Jennifer E. and Pho, Mai T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Controlled substance monitoring programs, *Drug overdose prescription opioids, *Fentanyl, *Heroin, *Opioid overdose, Adult, African Americans/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Black or African American/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use, Chicago/epidemiology, Controlled substance monitoring programs, Drug Overdose/epidemiology/*mortality, Drug overdose prescription opioids, Female, Fentanyl, Fentanyl/*poisoning, Heroin, Heroin/*poisoning, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid overdose, Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology/*mortality, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Practice Patterns, Physicians&#x27;/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Public Health, Risk Factors},\n\tpages = {38--48},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"dai-abate-smith-kraner-mock-fentanylandfentanylanaloginvolvementindrugrelateddeaths-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Dai, Z.; Abate, M. A.; Smith, G. S.; Kraner, J. C.;  and Mock, A. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Drug Alcohol Depend</i>, 196: 1–8. March 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('dai-abate-smith-kraner-mock-fentanylandfentanylanaloginvolvementindrugrelateddeaths-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/dai-abate-smith-kraner-mock-fentanylandfentanylanaloginvolvementindrugrelateddeaths-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('dai-abate-smith-kraner-mock-fentanylandfentanylanaloginvolvementindrugrelateddeaths-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{dai_fentanyl_2019,\n\ttitle = {Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths},\n\tvolume = {196},\n\tissn = {1879-0046 (Electronic) 0376-8716 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: To describe and analyze the involvement of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs) in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of all WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2017 were performed, including comparisons of demographic and toxicological characteristics among total deaths, deaths in which fentanyl/FAs were present, deaths in which they were absent, heroin-related deaths, and prescription opioid-related deaths. RESULTS: Most of the 8813 drug-related deaths were overdoses, with about 11\\% resulting from transportation/other injuries in which drugs were contributors. Prescription opioid presence (without fentanyl) decreased by 75\\% from 2005-14 to 2015-17 (3545 deaths to 859 deaths, respectively), while fentanyl involvement in the deaths increased by 122\\% between these periods (487 to 1082 deaths). Ten FAs were identified (427 instances) after 2015. Alprazolam and ethanol were among the top five most frequently identified substances across years. Fentanyl, heroin and cocaine replaced oxycodone, diazepam and hydrocodone in the top five beginning in 2015. Few decedents had a prescription for fentanyl after 2015, with fewer prescriptions also present for other controlled substances identified. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl, rapidly emerging FAs, and other illicit drugs in recent years pose a serious health threat even though prescription opioid-related deaths decreased over the same time period.},\n\tjournal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},\n\tauthor = {Dai, Z. and Abate, M. A. and Smith, G. S. and Kraner, J. C. and Mock, A. R.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6447047},\n\tkeywords = {*Death, *Fentanyl, *Fentanyl analog, *Illicit drug, *Prescription opioid, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*poisoning, Databases, Factual/trends, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/*mortality, Female, Fentanyl/*analogs \\&amp; derivatives/*poisoning, Humans, Illicit Drugs/*poisoning, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality/trends, Retrospective Studies, United States/epidemiology, West Virginia/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {1--8},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: To describe and analyze the involvement of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs) in drug-related deaths in West Virginia (WV), United States. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of all WV drug-related deaths from 2005 to 2017 were performed, including comparisons of demographic and toxicological characteristics among total deaths, deaths in which fentanyl/FAs were present, deaths in which they were absent, heroin-related deaths, and prescription opioid-related deaths. RESULTS: Most of the 8813 drug-related deaths were overdoses, with about 11% resulting from transportation/other injuries in which drugs were contributors. Prescription opioid presence (without fentanyl) decreased by 75% from 2005-14 to 2015-17 (3545 deaths to 859 deaths, respectively), while fentanyl involvement in the deaths increased by 122% between these periods (487 to 1082 deaths). Ten FAs were identified (427 instances) after 2015. Alprazolam and ethanol were among the top five most frequently identified substances across years. Fentanyl, heroin and cocaine replaced oxycodone, diazepam and hydrocodone in the top five beginning in 2015. Few decedents had a prescription for fentanyl after 2015, with fewer prescriptions also present for other controlled substances identified. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl, rapidly emerging FAs, and other illicit drugs in recent years pose a serious health threat even though prescription opioid-related deaths decreased over the same time period.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ward-rock-slavova-young-bunn-kavuluru-enhancingtimelinessofdrugoverdosemortalitysurveillanceamachinelearningapproach-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ward-rock-slavova-young-bunn-kavuluru-enhancingtimelinessofdrugoverdosemortalitysurveillanceamachinelearningapproach-2019', 'https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318', event);\">\n    Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance: A machine learning approach.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Ward, P. J.; Rock, P. J.; Slavova, S.; Young, A. M.; Bunn, T. L.;  and Kavuluru, R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLOS ONE</i>, 14(10): e0223318. October 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ward-rock-slavova-young-bunn-kavuluru-enhancingtimelinessofdrugoverdosemortalitysurveillanceamachinelearningapproach-2019', 'https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance: A machine learning approach [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ward-rock-slavova-young-bunn-kavuluru-enhancingtimelinessofdrugoverdosemortalitysurveillanceamachinelearningapproach-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ward-rock-slavova-young-bunn-kavuluru-enhancingtimelinessofdrugoverdosemortalitysurveillanceamachinelearningapproach-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ward-rock-slavova-young-bunn-kavuluru-enhancingtimelinessofdrugoverdosemortalitysurveillanceamachinelearningapproach-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{ward_enhancing_2019,\n\ttitle = {Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance: {A} machine learning approach},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1932-6203},\n\tshorttitle = {Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance},\n\turl = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223318},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0223318},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {PLOS ONE},\n\tauthor = {Ward, Patrick J. and Rock, Peter J. and Slavova, Svetla and Young, April M. and Bunn, Terry L. and Kavuluru, Ramakanth},\n\teditor = {Pławiak, Paweł},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Cause of Death, Drug Overdose/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality, Humans, International Classification of Diseases, Kentucky/epidemiology, Machine Learning, Public Health Surveillance},\n\tpages = {e0223318},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rudisill-menon-hendricks-zhu-smith-differencesbetweenoccupationalandnonoccupationalrelatedmotorvehiclecollisionsinwestvirginiaacrosssectionalandspatialanalysis-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Differences between occupational and non-occupational-related motor vehicle collisions in West Virginia: A cross-sectional and spatial analysis.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rudisill, T. M.; Menon, S.; Hendricks, B.; Zhu, M.;  and Smith, G. S.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>PLoS One</i>, 14(12): e0227388.  2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227388\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rudisill-menon-hendricks-zhu-smith-differencesbetweenoccupationalandnonoccupationalrelatedmotorvehiclecollisionsinwestvirginiaacrosssectionalandspatialanalysis-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227388', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rudisill-menon-hendricks-zhu-smith-differencesbetweenoccupationalandnonoccupationalrelatedmotorvehiclecollisionsinwestvirginiaacrosssectionalandspatialanalysis-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rudisill-menon-hendricks-zhu-smith-differencesbetweenoccupationalandnonoccupationalrelatedmotorvehiclecollisionsinwestvirginiaacrosssectionalandspatialanalysis-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rudisill_differences_2019,\n\ttitle = {Differences between occupational and non-occupational-related motor vehicle collisions in {West} {Virginia}: {A} cross-sectional and spatial analysis},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0227388},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle collisions comprise the majority of occupational-related fatalities in the United States and West Virginia has one of the highest occupational-related fatality rates in the nation. The purpose of this study was to compare work and non-work-related collisions, crash locations, and the characteristics of in-state and out-of-state drivers {\\textgreater}/=18 years of age who were fatally injured in work-related collisions in West Virginia. METHODOLOGY: Data were from the 2000-2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Work and non-work-related crashes and characteristics in-state vs. out-of-state drivers were compared using binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Crash locations were compared via spatial analyses using kernel density estimations. RESULTS: Among the 5,835 individuals fatally injured in crashes, 209 were designated &#x27;at work&#x27;. The odds of being a work-related crash were 85\\% lower [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.15; 95\\% confidence interval (CI): 0.04, 0.49] among those testing positive for alcohol, but 2.5 times greater (OR = 2.56; 95\\% CI: 1.16, 5.65) among those holding a commercial driver&#x27;s license. The odds of being an in-state driver were 75\\% lower (OR = 0.25; 95\\% CI: 0.12, 0.53) among those wearing a safety belt, but 2.7 times greater among workers testing drug positive (OR = 2.67; 95\\% CI: 1.10, 6.52). In-state drivers were also less likely to be driving a large truck or be involved in single vehicle collisions and less likely to experience crashes on weekends, nights, or on highways. Spatial patterns of crash locations varied slightly between workers and non-workers. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related crashes differed greatly from non-work-related crashes in West Virginia. Stark differences existed between in-state and out-of-state workers and their crashes. Various avenues for workplace safety interventions exist, including seatbelt initiatives and drug testing policies for non-commercial drivers, which could help mitigate West Virginia&#x27;s elevated, occupational-related, traffic fatality rate.},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {PLoS One},\n\tauthor = {Rudisill, T. M. and Menon, S. and Hendricks, B. and Zhu, M. and Smith, G. S.},\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6938377},\n\tkeywords = {Accidents, Traffic/prevention \\&amp; control/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Adolescent, Adult, Automobile Driving/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethanol, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Seat Belts, Spatial Analysis, Substance Abuse Detection, West Virginia, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {e0227388},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle collisions comprise the majority of occupational-related fatalities in the United States and West Virginia has one of the highest occupational-related fatality rates in the nation. The purpose of this study was to compare work and non-work-related collisions, crash locations, and the characteristics of in-state and out-of-state drivers \\textgreater/=18 years of age who were fatally injured in work-related collisions in West Virginia. METHODOLOGY: Data were from the 2000-2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Work and non-work-related crashes and characteristics in-state vs. out-of-state drivers were compared using binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Crash locations were compared via spatial analyses using kernel density estimations. RESULTS: Among the 5,835 individuals fatally injured in crashes, 209 were designated 'at work'. The odds of being a work-related crash were 85% lower [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04, 0.49] among those testing positive for alcohol, but 2.5 times greater (OR = 2.56; 95% CI: 1.16, 5.65) among those holding a commercial driver's license. The odds of being an in-state driver were 75% lower (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.53) among those wearing a safety belt, but 2.7 times greater among workers testing drug positive (OR = 2.67; 95% CI: 1.10, 6.52). In-state drivers were also less likely to be driving a large truck or be involved in single vehicle collisions and less likely to experience crashes on weekends, nights, or on highways. Spatial patterns of crash locations varied slightly between workers and non-workers. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related crashes differed greatly from non-work-related crashes in West Virginia. Stark differences existed between in-state and out-of-state workers and their crashes. Various avenues for workplace safety interventions exist, including seatbelt initiatives and drug testing policies for non-commercial drivers, which could help mitigate West Virginia's elevated, occupational-related, traffic fatality rate.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"evans-zhu-yoo-huang-hser-criminaljusticeoutcomesover5yearsafterrandomizationtobuprenorphinenaloxoneormethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'evans-zhu-yoo-huang-hser-criminaljusticeoutcomesover5yearsafterrandomizationtobuprenorphinenaloxoneormethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2019', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620', event);\">\n    Criminal justice outcomes over 5 years after randomization to buprenorphine‐naloxone or methadone treatment for opioid use disorder.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Evans, E. A.; Zhu, Y.; Yoo, C.; Huang, D.;  and Hser, Y.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addiction</i>, 114(8): 1396–1404. August 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-zhu-yoo-huang-hser-criminaljusticeoutcomesover5yearsafterrandomizationtobuprenorphinenaloxoneormethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2019', 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Criminal justice outcomes over 5 years after randomization to buprenorphine‐naloxone or methadone treatment for opioid use disorder [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/add.14620\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('evans-zhu-yoo-huang-hser-criminaljusticeoutcomesover5yearsafterrandomizationtobuprenorphinenaloxoneormethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/add.14620', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/evans-zhu-yoo-huang-hser-criminaljusticeoutcomesover5yearsafterrandomizationtobuprenorphinenaloxoneormethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('evans-zhu-yoo-huang-hser-criminaljusticeoutcomesover5yearsafterrandomizationtobuprenorphinenaloxoneormethadonetreatmentforopioidusedisorder-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{evans_criminal_2019,\n\ttitle = {Criminal justice outcomes over 5 years after randomization to buprenorphine‐naloxone or methadone treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {0965-2140, 1360-0443},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.14620},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/add.14620},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Addiction},\n\tauthor = {Evans, Elizabeth A. and Zhu, Yuhui and Yoo, Caroline and Huang, David and Hser, Yih‐Ing},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Arrests, *buprenorphine treatment, *criminal justice outcomes, *incarcerations, *longitudinal, *methadone treatment, *opioid use disorder, *pharmacotherapy, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid/*therapeutic use, Arrests, Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination/*therapeutic use, California, Criminal Law/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Methadone/*therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy, Patient Outcome Assessment, buprenorphine treatment, criminal justice outcomes, incarcerations, longitudinal, methadone treatment, opioid use disorder, pharmacotherapy},\n\tpages = {1396--1404},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"crawford-haarderfer-cooper-mckinnon-jonesharrell-ballard-vonhellens-young-characterizingtheruralopioiduseenvironmentinkentuckyusinggoogleearthvirtualaudit-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'crawford-haarderfer-cooper-mckinnon-jonesharrell-ballard-vonhellens-young-characterizingtheruralopioiduseenvironmentinkentuckyusinggoogleearthvirtualaudit-2019', 'https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923', event);\">\n    Characterizing the Rural Opioid Use Environment in Kentucky Using Google Earth: Virtual Audit.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Crawford, N. D.; Haardöerfer, R.; Cooper, H.; McKinnon, I.; Jones-Harrell, C.; Ballard, A.; von Hellens, S. S.;  and Young, A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>, 21(10): e14923. October 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('crawford-haarderfer-cooper-mckinnon-jonesharrell-ballard-vonhellens-young-characterizingtheruralopioiduseenvironmentinkentuckyusinggoogleearthvirtualaudit-2019', 'https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Characterizing the Rural Opioid Use Environment in Kentucky Using Google Earth: Virtual Audit [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.2196/14923\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('crawford-haarderfer-cooper-mckinnon-jonesharrell-ballard-vonhellens-young-characterizingtheruralopioiduseenvironmentinkentuckyusinggoogleearthvirtualaudit-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.2196/14923', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/crawford-haarderfer-cooper-mckinnon-jonesharrell-ballard-vonhellens-young-characterizingtheruralopioiduseenvironmentinkentuckyusinggoogleearthvirtualaudit-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('crawford-haarderfer-cooper-mckinnon-jonesharrell-ballard-vonhellens-young-characterizingtheruralopioiduseenvironmentinkentuckyusinggoogleearthvirtualaudit-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{crawford_characterizing_2019,\n\ttitle = {Characterizing the {Rural} {Opioid} {Use} {Environment} in {Kentucky} {Using} {Google} {Earth}: {Virtual} {Audit}},\n\tvolume = {21},\n\tissn = {1438-8871},\n\tshorttitle = {Characterizing the {Rural} {Opioid} {Use} {Environment} in {Kentucky} {Using} {Google} {Earth}},\n\turl = {https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e14923},\n\tdoi = {10.2196/14923},\n\tabstract = {Background \n              The opioid epidemic has ravaged rural communities in the United States. Despite extensive literature relating the physical environment to substance use in urban areas, little is known about the role of physical environment on the opioid epidemic in rural areas. \n             \n             \n              Objective \n              This study aimed to examine the reliability of Google Earth to collect data on the physical environment related to substance use in rural areas. \n             \n             \n              Methods \n              Systematic virtual audits were performed in 5 rural Kentucky counties using Google Earth between 2017 and 2018 to capture land use, health care facilities, entertainment venues, and businesses. In-person audits were performed for a subset of the census blocks. \n             \n             \n              Results \n              We captured 533 features, most of which were images taken before 2015 (71.8\\%, 383/533). Reliability between the virtual audits and the gold standard was high for health care facilities ({\\textgreater}83\\%), entertainment venues ({\\textgreater}95\\%), and businesses ({\\textgreater}61\\%) but was poor for land use features ({\\textgreater}18\\%). Reliability between the virtual audit and in-person audit was high for health care facilities (83\\%) and entertainment venues (62\\%) but was poor for land use (0\\%) and businesses (12.5\\%). \n             \n             \n              Conclusions \n              Poor reliability for land use features may reflect difficulty characterizing features that require judgment or natural changes in the environment that are not reflective of the Google Earth imagery because it was captured several years before the audit was performed. Virtual Google Earth audits were an efficient way to collect rich neighborhood data that are generally not available from other sources. However, these audits should use caution when the images in the observation area are dated.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},\n\tauthor = {Crawford, Natalie Danielle and Haardöerfer, Regine and Cooper, Hannah and McKinnon, Izraelle and Jones-Harrell, Carla and Ballard, April and von Hellens, Sierra Shantel and Young, April},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*User-Computer Interface, *built environment, *opioid-related disorders, *rural health, Humans, Kentucky, Medical Audit, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Reproducibility of Results, Rural Population, United States, built environment, opioid-related disorders, rural health},\n\tpages = {e14923},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Background The opioid epidemic has ravaged rural communities in the United States. Despite extensive literature relating the physical environment to substance use in urban areas, little is known about the role of physical environment on the opioid epidemic in rural areas. Objective This study aimed to examine the reliability of Google Earth to collect data on the physical environment related to substance use in rural areas. Methods Systematic virtual audits were performed in 5 rural Kentucky counties using Google Earth between 2017 and 2018 to capture land use, health care facilities, entertainment venues, and businesses. In-person audits were performed for a subset of the census blocks. Results We captured 533 features, most of which were images taken before 2015 (71.8%, 383/533). Reliability between the virtual audits and the gold standard was high for health care facilities (\\textgreater83%), entertainment venues (\\textgreater95%), and businesses (\\textgreater61%) but was poor for land use features (\\textgreater18%). Reliability between the virtual audit and in-person audit was high for health care facilities (83%) and entertainment venues (62%) but was poor for land use (0%) and businesses (12.5%). Conclusions Poor reliability for land use features may reflect difficulty characterizing features that require judgment or natural changes in the environment that are not reflective of the Google Earth imagery because it was captured several years before the audit was performed. Virtual Google Earth audits were an efficient way to collect rich neighborhood data that are generally not available from other sources. However, these audits should use caution when the images in the observation area are dated.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hartung-johnston-geddes-leichtling-priest-korthuis-buprenorphinecoverageinthemedicarepartdprogramfor2007to2018-2019\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hartung-johnston-geddes-leichtling-priest-korthuis-buprenorphinecoverageinthemedicarepartdprogramfor2007to2018-2019', 'http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391', event);\">\n    Buprenorphine Coverage in the Medicare Part D Program for 2007 to 2018.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hartung, D. M.; Johnston, K.; Geddes, J.; Leichtling, G.; Priest, K. C.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>JAMA</i>, 321(6): 607. February 2019.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartung-johnston-geddes-leichtling-priest-korthuis-buprenorphinecoverageinthemedicarepartdprogramfor2007to2018-2019', 'http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Buprenorphine Coverage in the Medicare Part D Program for 2007 to 2018 [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.20391\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartung-johnston-geddes-leichtling-priest-korthuis-buprenorphinecoverageinthemedicarepartdprogramfor2007to2018-2019', 'http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.20391', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hartung-johnston-geddes-leichtling-priest-korthuis-buprenorphinecoverageinthemedicarepartdprogramfor2007to2018-2019\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hartung-johnston-geddes-leichtling-priest-korthuis-buprenorphinecoverageinthemedicarepartdprogramfor2007to2018-2019')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hartung_buprenorphine_2019,\n\ttitle = {Buprenorphine {Coverage} in the {Medicare} {Part} {D} {Program} for 2007 to 2018},\n\tvolume = {321},\n\tissn = {0098-7484},\n\turl = {http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2018.20391},\n\tdoi = {10.1001/jama.2018.20391},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {JAMA},\n\tauthor = {Hartung, Daniel M. and Johnston, Kirbee and Geddes, Jonah and Leichtling, Gillian and Priest, Kelsey C. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {*Buprenorphine, *Medicare Part D, Insurance Coverage/statistics \\&amp; numerical data/*trends, United States},\n\tpages = {607},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2018\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2018</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (13)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"mccarty-priest-korthuis-treatmentandpreventionofopioidusedisorderchallengesandopportunities-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'mccarty-priest-korthuis-treatmentandpreventionofopioidusedisorderchallengesandopportunities-2018', 'http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526', event);\">\n    Treatment and Prevention of Opioid Use Disorder: Challenges and Opportunities.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  McCarty, D.; Priest, K. C.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Annual Review of Public Health</i>, 39(1): 525–541. April 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarty-priest-korthuis-treatmentandpreventionofopioidusedisorderchallengesandopportunities-2018', 'http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Treatment and Prevention of Opioid Use Disorder: Challenges and Opportunities [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('mccarty-priest-korthuis-treatmentandpreventionofopioidusedisorderchallengesandopportunities-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/mccarty-priest-korthuis-treatmentandpreventionofopioidusedisorderchallengesandopportunities-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('mccarty-priest-korthuis-treatmentandpreventionofopioidusedisorderchallengesandopportunities-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{mccarty_treatment_2018,\n\ttitle = {Treatment and {Prevention} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}: {Challenges} and {Opportunities}},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093},\n\tshorttitle = {Treatment and {Prevention} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\n\turl = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526},\n\tdoi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013526},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Annual Review of Public Health},\n\tauthor = {McCarty, Dennis and Priest, Kelsey C. and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*opioid agonist therapy, *opioid antagonist therapy, *opioid overdose prevention, *opioid use disorder, *treatment for opioid use disorder, Drug and Narcotic Control/methods, Health Education/organization \\&amp; administration, Humans, Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use, Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods, Opioid-Related Disorders/*prevention \\&amp; control/*therapy, United States, opioid agonist therapy, opioid antagonist therapy, opioid overdose prevention, opioid use disorder, treatment for opioid use disorder},\n\tpages = {525--541},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"chan-edwards-devoe-gil-mitchell-englander-nicolaidis-kansagara-etal-thesummitambulatoryicuprimarycaremodelformedicallyandsociallycomplexpatientsinanurbanfederallyqualifiedhealthcenterstudydesignandrationale-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'chan-edwards-devoe-gil-mitchell-englander-nicolaidis-kansagara-etal-thesummitambulatoryicuprimarycaremodelformedicallyandsociallycomplexpatientsinanurbanfederallyqualifiedhealthcenterstudydesignandrationale-2018', 'https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y', event);\">\n    The SUMMIT ambulatory-ICU primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center: study design and rationale.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Chan, B.; Edwards, S. T.; Devoe, M.; Gil, R.; Mitchell, M.; Englander, H.; Nicolaidis, C.; Kansagara, D.; Saha, S.;  and Korthuis, P. T.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addiction Science & Clinical Practice</i>, 13(1): 27. December 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-edwards-devoe-gil-mitchell-englander-nicolaidis-kansagara-etal-thesummitambulatoryicuprimarycaremodelformedicallyandsociallycomplexpatientsinanurbanfederallyqualifiedhealthcenterstudydesignandrationale-2018', 'https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"The SUMMIT ambulatory-ICU primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center: study design and rationale [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('chan-edwards-devoe-gil-mitchell-englander-nicolaidis-kansagara-etal-thesummitambulatoryicuprimarycaremodelformedicallyandsociallycomplexpatientsinanurbanfederallyqualifiedhealthcenterstudydesignandrationale-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/chan-edwards-devoe-gil-mitchell-englander-nicolaidis-kansagara-etal-thesummitambulatoryicuprimarycaremodelformedicallyandsociallycomplexpatientsinanurbanfederallyqualifiedhealthcenterstudydesignandrationale-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('chan-edwards-devoe-gil-mitchell-englander-nicolaidis-kansagara-etal-thesummitambulatoryicuprimarycaremodelformedicallyandsociallycomplexpatientsinanurbanfederallyqualifiedhealthcenterstudydesignandrationale-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{chan_summit_2018,\n\ttitle = {The {SUMMIT} ambulatory-{ICU} primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center: study design and rationale},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1940-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {The {SUMMIT} ambulatory-{ICU} primary care model for medically and socially complex patients in an urban federally qualified health center},\n\turl = {https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-018-0128-y},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Addiction Science \\&amp; Clinical Practice},\n\tauthor = {Chan, Brian and Edwards, Samuel T. and Devoe, Meg and Gil, Richard and Mitchell, Matthew and Englander, Honora and Nicolaidis, Christina and Kansagara, Devan and Saha, Somnath and Korthuis, P. Todd},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Complex care, *Health service delivery, *Homeless Persons, *Homelessness, *Ill-Housed Persons, *Partnered-research, *Patient Acceptance of Health Care, *Patient centered medical home, *Patient experience, *Primary care innovation, *Substance use, Adult, Advance Care Planning/organization \\&amp; administration, Aged, Chronic Disease/*therapy, Comorbidity, Complex care, Cooperative Behavior, Female, Health service delivery, Homelessness, Humans, Interinstitutional Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Motivational Interviewing/organization \\&amp; administration, Partnered-research, Patient Care Planning, Patient Care Team/*organization \\&amp; administration, Patient Satisfaction, Patient centered medical home, Patient experience, Primary Health Care/*organization \\&amp; administration, Primary care innovation, Research Design, Safety-net Providers/*organization \\&amp; administration, Social Work/organization \\&amp; administration, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance use, Urban Health Services},\n\tpages = {27},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"korthuis-edelman-substanceuseandthehivcarecontinuumimportantadvances-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'korthuis-edelman-substanceuseandthehivcarecontinuumimportantadvances-2018', 'https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4', event);\">\n    Substance use and the HIV care continuum: important advances.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Korthuis, P. T.;  and Edelman, E. J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addiction Science & Clinical Practice</i>, 13(1): 13, s13722–018–0114–4. December 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('korthuis-edelman-substanceuseandthehivcarecontinuumimportantadvances-2018', 'https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Substance use and the HIV care continuum: important advances [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('korthuis-edelman-substanceuseandthehivcarecontinuumimportantadvances-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/korthuis-edelman-substanceuseandthehivcarecontinuumimportantadvances-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('korthuis-edelman-substanceuseandthehivcarecontinuumimportantadvances-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{korthuis_substance_2018,\n\ttitle = {Substance use and the {HIV} care continuum: important advances},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tissn = {1940-0640},\n\tshorttitle = {Substance use and the {HIV} care continuum},\n\turl = {https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4},\n\tdoi = {10.1186/s13722-018-0114-4},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Addiction Science \\&amp; Clinical Practice},\n\tauthor = {Korthuis, P. Todd and Edelman, E. Jennifer},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Alcoholism/epidemiology/therapy, Anti-Retroviral Agents/*therapeutic use, Continuity of Patient Care/*organization \\&amp; administration, HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/therapy, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy},\n\tpages = {13, s13722--018--0114--4},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hurt-preparingprovidersthenextchallengeinimplementinghumanimmunodeficiencyviruspreexposureprophylaxis-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  PrEParing Providers: The Next Challenge in Implementing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hurt, C. B.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Sex Transm Dis</i>, 45(7): 459–461. July 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000835\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hurt-preparingprovidersthenextchallengeinimplementinghumanimmunodeficiencyviruspreexposureprophylaxis-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000835', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hurt-preparingprovidersthenextchallengeinimplementinghumanimmunodeficiencyviruspreexposureprophylaxis-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hurt-preparingprovidersthenextchallengeinimplementinghumanimmunodeficiencyviruspreexposureprophylaxis-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hurt_preparing_2018,\n\ttitle = {{PrEParing} {Providers}: {The} {Next} {Challenge} in {Implementing} {Human} {Immunodeficiency} {Virus} {Preexposure} {Prophylaxis}},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1537-4521 (Electronic) 0148-5717 (Linking)},\n\tdoi = {10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000835},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\tjournal = {Sex Transm Dis},\n\tauthor = {Hurt, C. B.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpmcid = {PMC6009835},\n\tkeywords = {Anti-HIV Agents/administration \\&amp; dosage, Delivery of Health Care/legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence/methods/*statistics \\&amp;, HIV Infections/*prevention \\&amp; control, HIV/drug effects, Health Personnel/*education/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Humans, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/legislation \\&amp; jurisprudence/*methods, Student Health Services/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, numerical data},\n\tpages = {459--461},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"friedman-williams-young-teubl-paraskevis-kostaki-latkin-german-etal-networkresearchexperiencesinnewyorkandeasterneuropelessonsforthesouthernusinunderstandinghivtransmissiondynamics-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'friedman-williams-young-teubl-paraskevis-kostaki-latkin-german-etal-networkresearchexperiencesinnewyorkandeasterneuropelessonsforthesouthernusinunderstandinghivtransmissiondynamics-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2', event);\">\n    Network Research Experiences in New York and Eastern Europe: Lessons for the Southern US in Understanding HIV Transmission Dynamics.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Friedman, S. R.; Williams, L.; Young, A. M.; Teubl, J.; Paraskevis, D.; Kostaki, E.; Latkin, C.; German, D.; Mateu-Gelabert, P.; Guarino, H.; Vasylyeva, T. I.; Skaathun, B.; Schneider, J.; Korobchuk, A.; Smyrnov, P.;  and Nikolopoulos, G.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current HIV/AIDS Reports</i>, 15(3): 283–292. June 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('friedman-williams-young-teubl-paraskevis-kostaki-latkin-german-etal-networkresearchexperiencesinnewyorkandeasterneuropelessonsforthesouthernusinunderstandinghivtransmissiondynamics-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Network Research Experiences in New York and Eastern Europe: Lessons for the Southern US in Understanding HIV Transmission Dynamics [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('friedman-williams-young-teubl-paraskevis-kostaki-latkin-german-etal-networkresearchexperiencesinnewyorkandeasterneuropelessonsforthesouthernusinunderstandinghivtransmissiondynamics-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/friedman-williams-young-teubl-paraskevis-kostaki-latkin-german-etal-networkresearchexperiencesinnewyorkandeasterneuropelessonsforthesouthernusinunderstandinghivtransmissiondynamics-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('friedman-williams-young-teubl-paraskevis-kostaki-latkin-german-etal-networkresearchexperiencesinnewyorkandeasterneuropelessonsforthesouthernusinunderstandinghivtransmissiondynamics-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{friedman_network_2018,\n\ttitle = {Network {Research} {Experiences} in {New} {York} and {Eastern} {Europe}: {Lessons} for the {Southern} {US} in {Understanding} {HIV} {Transmission} {Dynamics}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\n\tshorttitle = {Network {Research} {Experiences} in {New} {York} and {Eastern} {Europe}},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0403-2},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\n\tauthor = {Friedman, Samuel R. and Williams, Leslie and Young, April M. and Teubl, Jennifer and Paraskevis, Dimitrios and Kostaki, Evangelia and Latkin, Carl and German, Danielle and Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro and Guarino, Honoria and Vasylyeva, Tetyana I. and Skaathun, Britt and Schneider, John and Korobchuk, Ania and Smyrnov, Pavlo and Nikolopoulos, Georgios},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Behaviors, *Opioid users, *Phylogenetics, *Quasi-networks, *Respondent-driven sampling, *Risk networks, *Risk-Taking, *Social Support, *Social networks, *hiv, *pwud, Adult, Behaviors, Europe, Eastern/epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections/*prevention \\&amp; control/transmission, Hiv, Humans, Male, New York/epidemiology, Opioid users, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology/*therapy, Phylogenetics, Pwud, Quasi-networks, Respondent-driven sampling, Risk, Risk networks, Social networks},\n\tpages = {283--292},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"englander-wilson-collins-phoutrides-weimer-korthuis-calcagni-nicolaidis-lessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofamedicallyenhancedresidentialtreatmentmertmodelintegratingintravenousantibioticsandresidentialaddictiontreatment-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'englander-wilson-collins-phoutrides-weimer-korthuis-calcagni-nicolaidis-lessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofamedicallyenhancedresidentialtreatmentmertmodelintegratingintravenousantibioticsandresidentialaddictiontreatment-2018', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326', event);\">\n    Lessons learned from the implementation of a medically enhanced residential treatment (MERT) model integrating intravenous antibiotics and residential addiction treatment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Englander, H.; Wilson, T.; Collins, D.; Phoutrides, E.; Weimer, M.; Korthuis, P. T.; Calcagni, J.;  and Nicolaidis, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Substance Abuse</i>, 39(2): 225–232. April 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('englander-wilson-collins-phoutrides-weimer-korthuis-calcagni-nicolaidis-lessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofamedicallyenhancedresidentialtreatmentmertmodelintegratingintravenousantibioticsandresidentialaddictiontreatment-2018', 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lessons learned from the implementation of a medically enhanced residential treatment (MERT) model integrating intravenous antibiotics and residential addiction treatment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('englander-wilson-collins-phoutrides-weimer-korthuis-calcagni-nicolaidis-lessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofamedicallyenhancedresidentialtreatmentmertmodelintegratingintravenousantibioticsandresidentialaddictiontreatment-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/englander-wilson-collins-phoutrides-weimer-korthuis-calcagni-nicolaidis-lessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofamedicallyenhancedresidentialtreatmentmertmodelintegratingintravenousantibioticsandresidentialaddictiontreatment-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('englander-wilson-collins-phoutrides-weimer-korthuis-calcagni-nicolaidis-lessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofamedicallyenhancedresidentialtreatmentmertmodelintegratingintravenousantibioticsandresidentialaddictiontreatment-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{englander_lessons_2018,\n\ttitle = {Lessons learned from the implementation of a medically enhanced residential treatment ({MERT}) model integrating intravenous antibiotics and residential addiction treatment},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0889-7077, 1547-0164},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/08897077.2018.1452326},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Substance Abuse},\n\tauthor = {Englander, Honora and Wilson, Talitha and Collins, Devin and Phoutrides, Elena and Weimer, Melissa and Korthuis, P. Todd and Calcagni, Jessica and Nicolaidis, Christina},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Administration, Intravenous, Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration \\&amp; dosage/*therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Infections/*drug therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Program Development, Program Evaluation, Residential Treatment/*methods, Substance-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/therapy, Young Adult},\n\tpages = {225--232},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"springer-korthuis-delrio-integratingtreatmentattheintersectionofopioidusedisorderandinfectiousdiseaseepidemicsinmedicalsettingsacallforactionafteranationalacademiesofsciencesengineeringandmedicineworkshop-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'springer-korthuis-delrio-integratingtreatmentattheintersectionofopioidusedisorderandinfectiousdiseaseepidemicsinmedicalsettingsacallforactionafteranationalacademiesofsciencesengineeringandmedicineworkshop-2018', 'https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203', event);\">\n    Integrating Treatment at the Intersection of Opioid Use Disorder and Infectious Disease Epidemics in Medical Settings: A Call for Action After a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Workshop.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Springer, S. A.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and del Rio, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i>, 169(5): 335–336. September 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('springer-korthuis-delrio-integratingtreatmentattheintersectionofopioidusedisorderandinfectiousdiseaseepidemicsinmedicalsettingsacallforactionafteranationalacademiesofsciencesengineeringandmedicineworkshop-2018', 'https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Integrating Treatment at the Intersection of Opioid Use Disorder and Infectious Disease Epidemics in Medical Settings: A Call for Action After a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Workshop [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.7326/M18-1203\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('springer-korthuis-delrio-integratingtreatmentattheintersectionofopioidusedisorderandinfectiousdiseaseepidemicsinmedicalsettingsacallforactionafteranationalacademiesofsciencesengineeringandmedicineworkshop-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.7326/M18-1203', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/springer-korthuis-delrio-integratingtreatmentattheintersectionofopioidusedisorderandinfectiousdiseaseepidemicsinmedicalsettingsacallforactionafteranationalacademiesofsciencesengineeringandmedicineworkshop-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('springer-korthuis-delrio-integratingtreatmentattheintersectionofopioidusedisorderandinfectiousdiseaseepidemicsinmedicalsettingsacallforactionafteranationalacademiesofsciencesengineeringandmedicineworkshop-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{springer_integrating_2018,\n\ttitle = {Integrating {Treatment} at the {Intersection} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Infectious} {Disease} {Epidemics} in {Medical} {Settings}: {A} {Call} for {Action} {After} a {National} {Academies} of {Sciences}, {Engineering}, and {Medicine} {Workshop}},\n\tvolume = {169},\n\tissn = {0003-4819, 1539-3704},\n\tshorttitle = {Integrating {Treatment} at the {Intersection} of {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder} and {Infectious} {Disease} {Epidemics} in {Medical} {Settings}},\n\turl = {https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-1203},\n\tdoi = {10.7326/M18-1203},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},\n\tauthor = {Springer, Sandra A. and Korthuis, P. Todd and del Rio, Carlos},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Epidemics, Clinical Protocols, Communicable Diseases/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Community Mental Health Services, Comorbidity, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Inservice Training, Mass Screening, Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*drug therapy/*epidemiology, Referral and Consultation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis/drug therapy, United States/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {335--336},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"rich-bia-altice-feinberg-integratedmodelsofcareforindividualswithopioidusedisorderhowdowepreventhivandhcv-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'rich-bia-altice-feinberg-integratedmodelsofcareforindividualswithopioidusedisorderhowdowepreventhivandhcv-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x', event);\">\n    Integrated Models of Care for Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder: How Do We Prevent HIV and HCV?.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Rich, K. M.; Bia, J.; Altice, F. L.;  and Feinberg, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current HIV/AIDS Reports</i>, 15(3): 266–275. June 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rich-bia-altice-feinberg-integratedmodelsofcareforindividualswithopioidusedisorderhowdowepreventhivandhcv-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Integrated Models of Care for Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder: How Do We Prevent HIV and HCV? [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('rich-bia-altice-feinberg-integratedmodelsofcareforindividualswithopioidusedisorderhowdowepreventhivandhcv-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/rich-bia-altice-feinberg-integratedmodelsofcareforindividualswithopioidusedisorderhowdowepreventhivandhcv-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('rich-bia-altice-feinberg-integratedmodelsofcareforindividualswithopioidusedisorderhowdowepreventhivandhcv-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{rich_integrated_2018,\n\ttitle = {Integrated {Models} of {Care} for {Individuals} with {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}: {How} {Do} {We} {Prevent} {HIV} and {HCV}?},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\n\tshorttitle = {Integrated {Models} of {Care} for {Individuals} with {Opioid} {Use} {Disorder}},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0396-x},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\n\tauthor = {Rich, Katherine M. and Bia, Joshua and Altice, Frederick L. and Feinberg, Judith},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Co-located care, *Harm Reduction, *Health Services, *Hepatitis C virus, *Integrated care, *Needle-Exchange Programs, *Opioid use disorder, *hiv, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention \\&amp; control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*prevention \\&amp; control, Hiv, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders/*therapy, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods, Primary Health Care/*methods},\n\tpages = {266--275},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"havens-walsh-korthuis-fiellin-implementingtreatmentofopioidusedisorderinruralsettingsafocusonhivandhepatitiscpreventionandtreatment-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'havens-walsh-korthuis-fiellin-implementingtreatmentofopioidusedisorderinruralsettingsafocusonhivandhepatitiscpreventionandtreatment-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3', event);\">\n    Implementing Treatment of Opioid-Use Disorder in Rural Settings: a Focus on HIV and Hepatitis C Prevention and Treatment.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Havens, J. R.; Walsh, S. L.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Fiellin, D. A.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current HIV/AIDS Reports</i>, 15(4): 315–323. August 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('havens-walsh-korthuis-fiellin-implementingtreatmentofopioidusedisorderinruralsettingsafocusonhivandhepatitiscpreventionandtreatment-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Implementing Treatment of Opioid-Use Disorder in Rural Settings: a Focus on HIV and Hepatitis C Prevention and Treatment [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('havens-walsh-korthuis-fiellin-implementingtreatmentofopioidusedisorderinruralsettingsafocusonhivandhepatitiscpreventionandtreatment-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/havens-walsh-korthuis-fiellin-implementingtreatmentofopioidusedisorderinruralsettingsafocusonhivandhepatitiscpreventionandtreatment-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('havens-walsh-korthuis-fiellin-implementingtreatmentofopioidusedisorderinruralsettingsafocusonhivandhepatitiscpreventionandtreatment-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{havens_implementing_2018,\n\ttitle = {Implementing {Treatment} of {Opioid}-{Use} {Disorder} in {Rural} {Settings}: a {Focus} on {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C} {Prevention} and {Treatment}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\n\tshorttitle = {Implementing {Treatment} of {Opioid}-{Use} {Disorder} in {Rural} {Settings}},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0402-3},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\n\tauthor = {Havens, Jennifer R. and Walsh, Sharon L. and Korthuis, P. Todd and Fiellin, David A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C, *Opioid treatment, *Opioid treatment programs, *hiv, Drug Overdose, HIV Infections/*prevention \\&amp; control, Health Plan Implementation/methods, Health Services Accessibility/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/*prevention \\&amp; control, Hiv, Humans, Opiate Substitution Treatment/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Opioid treatment, Opioid treatment programs, Opioid-Related Disorders/complications/*drug therapy/epidemiology, Rural Population, United States/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {315--323},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"jenkins-gilbert-chen-carnahan-findingpathswiththegreatestchanceofsuccessenablingandfocusinglungcancerscreeningandcessationinresourceconstrainedareas-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'jenkins-gilbert-chen-carnahan-findingpathswiththegreatestchanceofsuccessenablingandfocusinglungcancerscreeningandcessationinresourceconstrainedareas-2018', 'http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282', event);\">\n    Finding paths with the greatest chance of success: enabling and focusing lung cancer screening and cessation in resource-constrained areas.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Jenkins, W. D.; Gilbert, D.; Chen, L.;  and Carnahan, L. R.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Translational Lung Cancer Research</i>, 7(S3): S261–S264. September 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-gilbert-chen-carnahan-findingpathswiththegreatestchanceofsuccessenablingandfocusinglungcancerscreeningandcessationinresourceconstrainedareas-2018', 'http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Finding paths with the greatest chance of success: enabling and focusing lung cancer screening and cessation in resource-constrained areas [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2018.09.11\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('jenkins-gilbert-chen-carnahan-findingpathswiththegreatestchanceofsuccessenablingandfocusinglungcancerscreeningandcessationinresourceconstrainedareas-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2018.09.11', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/jenkins-gilbert-chen-carnahan-findingpathswiththegreatestchanceofsuccessenablingandfocusinglungcancerscreeningandcessationinresourceconstrainedareas-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('jenkins-gilbert-chen-carnahan-findingpathswiththegreatestchanceofsuccessenablingandfocusinglungcancerscreeningandcessationinresourceconstrainedareas-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{jenkins_finding_2018,\n\ttitle = {Finding paths with the greatest chance of success: enabling and focusing lung cancer screening and cessation in resource-constrained areas},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tissn = {22186751, 22264477},\n\tshorttitle = {Finding paths with the greatest chance of success},\n\turl = {http://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/24028/18282},\n\tdoi = {10.21037/tlcr.2018.09.11},\n\tnumber = {S3},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Translational Lung Cancer Research},\n\tauthor = {Jenkins, Wiley D. and Gilbert, David and Chen, Li-Shiun and Carnahan, Leslie R.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {S261--S264},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"lancaster-malvestutto-miller-go-commentaryonfraseretal2018evidencebaseforharmreductionservicestheurbanruraldivide-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'lancaster-malvestutto-miller-go-commentaryonfraseretal2018evidencebaseforharmreductionservicestheurbanruraldivide-2018', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052', event);\">\n    Commentary on Fraser et al. (2018): Evidence base for harm reduction services-the urban-rural divide.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lancaster, K. E.; Malvestutto, C. D.; Miller, W. C.;  and Go, V. F.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addiction</i>, 113(1): 183–184. January 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lancaster-malvestutto-miller-go-commentaryonfraseretal2018evidencebaseforharmreductionservicestheurbanruraldivide-2018', 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Commentary on Fraser et al. (2018): Evidence base for harm reduction services-the urban-rural divide [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1111/add.14052\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('lancaster-malvestutto-miller-go-commentaryonfraseretal2018evidencebaseforharmreductionservicestheurbanruraldivide-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1111/add.14052', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/lancaster-malvestutto-miller-go-commentaryonfraseretal2018evidencebaseforharmreductionservicestheurbanruraldivide-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('lancaster-malvestutto-miller-go-commentaryonfraseretal2018evidencebaseforharmreductionservicestheurbanruraldivide-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lancaster_commentary_2018,\n\ttitle = {Commentary on {Fraser} et al. (2018): {Evidence} base for harm reduction services-the urban-rural divide},\n\tvolume = {113},\n\tissn = {09652140},\n\tshorttitle = {Commentary on {Fraser} \\textit{et al} . (2018)},\n\turl = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/add.14052},\n\tdoi = {10.1111/add.14052},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Addiction},\n\tauthor = {Lancaster, Kathryn E. and Malvestutto, Carlos D. and Miller, William C. and Go, Vivian F.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Epidemics, *harm reduction, *hepatitis C virus, *medication-assisted treatment, *opioid use, *people who inject drugs, *syringe service programs, Harm Reduction, Hepatitis C/*epidemiology, Humans, Needle-Exchange Programs, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, United States, hepatitis C virus, medication-assisted treatment, opioid use, people who inject drugs, syringe service programs},\n\tpages = {183--184},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"schranz-barrett-hurt-malvestutto-miller-challengesfacingaruralopioidepidemictreatmentandpreventionofhivandhepatitisc-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'schranz-barrett-hurt-malvestutto-miller-challengesfacingaruralopioidepidemictreatmentandpreventionofhivandhepatitisc-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0', event);\">\n    Challenges Facing a Rural Opioid Epidemic: Treatment and Prevention of HIV and Hepatitis C.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Schranz, A. J.; Barrett, J.; Hurt, C. B.; Malvestutto, C.;  and Miller, W. C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Current HIV/AIDS Reports</i>, 15(3): 245–254. June 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schranz-barrett-hurt-malvestutto-miller-challengesfacingaruralopioidepidemictreatmentandpreventionofhivandhepatitisc-2018', 'http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Challenges Facing a Rural Opioid Epidemic: Treatment and Prevention of HIV and Hepatitis C [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('schranz-barrett-hurt-malvestutto-miller-challengesfacingaruralopioidepidemictreatmentandpreventionofhivandhepatitisc-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/schranz-barrett-hurt-malvestutto-miller-challengesfacingaruralopioidepidemictreatmentandpreventionofhivandhepatitisc-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('schranz-barrett-hurt-malvestutto-miller-challengesfacingaruralopioidepidemictreatmentandpreventionofhivandhepatitisc-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{schranz_challenges_2018,\n\ttitle = {Challenges {Facing} a {Rural} {Opioid} {Epidemic}: {Treatment} and {Prevention} of {HIV} and {Hepatitis} {C}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tissn = {1548-3568, 1548-3576},\n\tshorttitle = {Challenges {Facing} a {Rural} {Opioid} {Epidemic}},\n\turl = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s11904-018-0393-0},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Current HIV/AIDS Reports},\n\tauthor = {Schranz, Asher J. and Barrett, Jessica and Hurt, Christopher B. and Malvestutto, Carlos and Miller, William C.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Hepatitis C, *Opiate-related disorders, *Rural health, *Substance abuse, intravenous, *hiv, Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use, HIV Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention \\&amp; control, Hiv, Humans, Needle Sharing/adverse effects, Opiate-related disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Rural Health/*statistics \\&amp; numerical data, Rural Population, Rural health, Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology, Substance abuse, intravenous, United States/epidemiology},\n\tpages = {245--254},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"hartung-alley-leichtling-korthuis-hildebran-astatewideefforttoreducehighdoseopioidprescribingthroughcoordinatedcareorganizations-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'hartung-alley-leichtling-korthuis-hildebran-astatewideefforttoreducehighdoseopioidprescribingthroughcoordinatedcareorganizations-2018', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654', event);\">\n    A statewide effort to reduce high-dose opioid prescribing through coordinated care organizations.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Hartung, D. M.; Alley, L.; Leichtling, G.; Korthuis, P. T.;  and Hildebran, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Addictive Behaviors</i>, 86: 32–39. November 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartung-alley-leichtling-korthuis-hildebran-astatewideefforttoreducehighdoseopioidprescribingthroughcoordinatedcareorganizations-2018', 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A statewide effort to reduce high-dose opioid prescribing through coordinated care organizations [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.020\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('hartung-alley-leichtling-korthuis-hildebran-astatewideefforttoreducehighdoseopioidprescribingthroughcoordinatedcareorganizations-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.020', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/hartung-alley-leichtling-korthuis-hildebran-astatewideefforttoreducehighdoseopioidprescribingthroughcoordinatedcareorganizations-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('hartung-alley-leichtling-korthuis-hildebran-astatewideefforttoreducehighdoseopioidprescribingthroughcoordinatedcareorganizations-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{hartung_statewide_2018,\n\ttitle = {A statewide effort to reduce high-dose opioid prescribing through coordinated care organizations},\n\tvolume = {86},\n\tissn = {03064603},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460318303654},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.020},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-01},\n\tjournal = {Addictive Behaviors},\n\tauthor = {Hartung, Daniel M. and Alley, Lindsey and Leichtling, Gillian and Korthuis, P. Todd and Hildebran, Christi},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {*Coordinated care, *Opioid, *Opioid policy, *Opioid safety interventions, *Pain Management, *Practice Patterns, Physicians&#x27;, *Prescribing limits, *Tapering, Analgesics, Opioid/*administration \\&amp; dosage, Community Health Services/*organization \\&amp; administration, Coordinated care, Humans, Medicaid, Opioid, Opioid policy, Opioid safety interventions, Oregon, Organizational Policy, Prescribing limits, Tapering, United States},\n\tpages = {32--39},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);