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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Building Urban Resilience with Nature-Based Solutions: A Multi-Scale Case Study of the Atmospheric Cleansing Potential of Green Infrastructure in Southern Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; Zgela, M.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sustainability, 15(19): 14146. January 2023.\n Number: 19 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Building$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_building_2023,\n\ttitle = {Building {Urban} {Resilience} with {Nature}-{Based} {Solutions}: {A} {Multi}-{Scale} {Case} {Study} of the {Atmospheric} {Cleansing} {Potential} of {Green} {Infrastructure} in {Southern} {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {15},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2071-1050},\n\tshorttitle = {Building {Urban} {Resilience} with {Nature}-{Based} {Solutions}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14146},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/su151914146},\n\tabstract = {Green infrastructure is a nature-based solution that supports sustainable development and restores urban, suburban, and peri-urban environments. Using a multi-scale evaluation, this study explores the impact of the application of green infrastructure, as a form of atmospheric cleansing, on tropospheric nitrogen dioxide. The impacts are not limited to specific green infrastructure treatments nor geographic location and land use type. Using both site-specific stationary air monitoring and coarser resolution satellite derived remote sensing, this study demonstrates the nature-based remediation effect of green infrastructure on nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Southern Ontario, Canada. At these scales, remote sensing and stationary air monitoring observations support the hypothesis that green infrastructure can cleanse the atmosphere by reducing nitrogen dioxide through scavenging by trees and dense vegetation at the neighbourhood level, consistent with the findings from microscale field campaigns. The study showed a clear link between compact, built-up, industrialized areas and higher nitrogen dioxide levels at the mesoscale, particularly notable to the west of the city of Toronto. Nature-based solutions provide an opportunity to address the impacts of urbanization, increase climate resilience, and support healthy urban environments.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {19},\n\turldate = {2024-02-12},\n\tjournal = {Sustainability},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Zgela, Matej and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Number: 19\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {air pollution, built environment, green roofs, green walls, tree-based intercropping, urban design, urban forestry, urban vegetation},\n\tpages = {14146},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Seasonal Sea Ice of Arctic Bay, Nunavut.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kowal, S.; Gough, W. A.; and Butler, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Coasts, 3(2): 113–124. June 2023.\n Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Temporal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kowal_temporal_2023,\n\ttitle = {Temporal and {Spatial} {Evolution} of {Seasonal} {Sea} {Ice} of {Arctic} {Bay}, {Nunavut}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2673-964X},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-964X/3/2/7},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/coasts3020007},\n\tabstract = {The temporal and spatial variation in seasonal sea ice in Arctic Bay, Nunavut, are examined using time series and spatial clustering analyses. For the period of 1971 to 2018, a time series of sea ice break-up, and freeze-up, dates and ice-free season length at nine grid points are generated from sea ice charts derived from satellites and other data. These data are analysed temporally and spatially. The temporal analyses indicate an unambiguous response to a warming climate with statistically significant earlier break-up dates, later freeze-up dates, and longer ice-free seasons with clear statistically significant linkages to local air temperature. The rate of change in freeze-up dates and ice-free season length was particularly strong in the early 2000s and less in the 2010s. Spatial clustering analysis indicated a roughly linear pathway of south to north behaviour, following the contours of the bay with the exception of modified behaviour for landfast sea ice near the hamlet of Arctic Bay. The temporal analysis confirms and expands upon an earlier time series analysis of local seasonal sea ice. The spatial analysis indicates that while the ice-free season is increasing, it does not provide clear evidence that there has been a regime change in the seasonal characteristics of how sea ice forms and melts each year.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2023-05-13},\n\tjournal = {Coasts},\n\tauthor = {Kowal, Slawomir and Gough, William A. and Butler, Kenneth},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Number: 2\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {Arctic Bay, break-up, climate change, freeze-up, ice-free period, sea ice, spatial analysis, times series analysis},\n\tpages = {113--124},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Methodology for Air Temperature Extrema Characterization Pertinent to Improving the Accuracy of Climatological Analyses.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žaknić-Ćatović, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Encyclopedia, 3(1): 371–379. March 2023.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zaknic-catovic_methodology_2023,\n\ttitle = {A {Methodology} for {Air} {Temperature} {Extrema} {Characterization} {Pertinent} to {Improving} the {Accuracy} of {Climatological} {Analyses}},\n\tvolume = {3},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2673-8392},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/3/1/23},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/encyclopedia3010023},\n\tabstract = {The suggested methodology for the characterization of temperature extrema presents a multistep preprocessing procedure intended to derive extrema time series of correctly identified and thermally defined daily air temperature extrema pairs. The underlying conceptual framework for this approach was developed in response to the existing gaps in the current state of daily extrema identification and the development of extrema-based synthetic air temperature time series. A code consisting of a series of algorithms was developed to establish four-parameter criteria for a more accurate representation of daily variability that allows easy replication of temperature distribution based on the correct characterization of daily temperature patterns. The first preprocessing step consists of subjecting the high-frequency temperature time series to a theoretical diurnal observing window that imposes latitudinally and seasonally crafted limits for the individual identification of daily minima and maxima. The following pre-processing step involves the supplementation of air temperature extrema with the information on the occurrence of extrema timing deemed as vital information for the reconstruction of the temperature time series. The subsequent step involves the application of an innovative temperature pattern recognition algorithm that identifies physically homogeneous air temperature populations based on the information obtained in previous steps. The last step involves the use of a metric for the assessment of extrema temperature and timing parameters’ susceptibility to climate change. The application of the presented procedure to high-frequency temperature data yields two strains of physically homogeneous extrema time series with the preserved characteristics of the overall temperature variability. In the present form, individual elements of this methodology are applicable for correcting historical sampling and air temperature averaging biases, improving the reproducibility of daily air temperature variation, and enhancing the performance of temperature index formulae based on daily temperature extrema. The objective of this analysis is the eventual implementation of the presented methodology into the practice of systematic temperature extrema identification and preprocessing of temperature time series for the configuration of physically homogeneous air temperature subpopulations.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2023-05-13},\n\tjournal = {Encyclopedia},\n\tauthor = {Žaknić-Ćatović, Ana and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {air temperature, analysis, maximum, minimum},\n\tpages = {371--379},\n}\n\n

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\n The suggested methodology for the characterization of temperature extrema presents a multistep preprocessing procedure intended to derive extrema time series of correctly identified and thermally defined daily air temperature extrema pairs. The underlying conceptual framework for this approach was developed in response to the existing gaps in the current state of daily extrema identification and the development of extrema-based synthetic air temperature time series. A code consisting of a series of algorithms was developed to establish four-parameter criteria for a more accurate representation of daily variability that allows easy replication of temperature distribution based on the correct characterization of daily temperature patterns. The first preprocessing step consists of subjecting the high-frequency temperature time series to a theoretical diurnal observing window that imposes latitudinally and seasonally crafted limits for the individual identification of daily minima and maxima. The following pre-processing step involves the supplementation of air temperature extrema with the information on the occurrence of extrema timing deemed as vital information for the reconstruction of the temperature time series. The subsequent step involves the application of an innovative temperature pattern recognition algorithm that identifies physically homogeneous air temperature populations based on the information obtained in previous steps. The last step involves the use of a metric for the assessment of extrema temperature and timing parameters’ susceptibility to climate change. The application of the presented procedure to high-frequency temperature data yields two strains of physically homogeneous extrema time series with the preserved characteristics of the overall temperature variability. In the present form, individual elements of this methodology are applicable for correcting historical sampling and air temperature averaging biases, improving the reproducibility of daily air temperature variation, and enhancing the performance of temperature index formulae based on daily temperature extrema. The objective of this analysis is the eventual implementation of the presented methodology into the practice of systematic temperature extrema identification and preprocessing of temperature time series for the configuration of physically homogeneous air temperature subpopulations.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Using the snow-day fraction to measure climatic change in southern Ontario (Canada): historical trends in winter season precipitation phase.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology. November 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Using$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_using_2022,\n\ttitle = {Using the snow-day fraction to measure climatic change in southern {Ontario} ({Canada}): historical trends in winter season precipitation phase},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\tshorttitle = {Using the snow-day fraction to measure climatic change in southern {Ontario} ({Canada})},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04267-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00704-022-04267-2},\n\tabstract = {Global temperatures are increasing, and regional precipitation patterns are changing. Snow is an excellent indicator of regional climate change; 50 years of temperature and precipitation data were analysed from weather stations located within the five most populated cities of Ontario (Canada). Recorded measurements for temperature and precipitation were converted into binary values to indicate the frequency of rain days, snow days, wet days (when total precipitation is greater than 0.2 mm) and freezing days (when the average temperature is less than 0 °C); then, these values were summed over each winter season from 1970/71 to 2019/20. The snow-day fraction was calculated from the seasonal totals by dividing the total number of snow days by the total number of wet days. Historical trends were detected using Pearson’s R, Kendall’s Tau and Spearman’s Rho. Differences in mean values between the first decade (1971–1980) and the last decade (2011–2020) within the time series for the snow-day fraction and total freezing days were determined using Student’s t-tests. During the winter season in southern Ontario (December 1 to March 31), total snow days, total wet days, the snow-day fraction and freezing days were all decreasing at statistically significant rates (90 to 99\\% confidence levels) across four of the five cities studied (Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton and London). Mississauga was the exception, being the only city where rain days were increasing, but no trends were detected for snow days or wet days. The snow-day fraction was decreasing in Mississauga but not at a statistically significant rate, despite freezing days decreasing at the greatest rate compared to the other four cities. Total freezing days were highly correlated with the snow-day fraction during the winter season, being able to explain 61 to 76 percent of the observed variability, where Mississauga recorded the weakest correlation and London recorded the strongest correlation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-11-09},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2022},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Seasonal Aspects of Radiative and Advective Air Temperature Populations: A Canadian Perspective.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žaknić-Ćatović, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere, 13(7): 1017. July 2022.\n Number: 7 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Seasonal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zaknic-catovic_seasonal_2022,\n\ttitle = {Seasonal {Aspects} of {Radiative} and {Advective} {Air} {Temperature} {Populations}: {A} {Canadian} {Perspective}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2073-4433},\n\tshorttitle = {Seasonal {Aspects} of {Radiative} and {Advective} {Air} {Temperature} {Populations}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1017},\n\tdoi = {10/gq4f8t},\n\tabstract = {Canadian high-frequency temperature time series exhibit physical heterogeneity in the coexistence of radiative and advective populations in the total air temperature sample. This work examines forty-five Canadian hourly air temperature records to study seasonal characteristics and variability of radiative and advective population counts and their corresponding temperature biases and trends. The Linear Pattern Discrimination algorithm, conceptualized in a previous study, was adjusted to seasonal analysis on the equinox-to-equinox time scale. Count analysis of radiative and advective days supports the existence of two distinct thermal regimes, Spring–Summer and Fall–Winter. Further, seasonal advective counts for the majority of examined stations typically decrease in numbers. The consistently warmer winter radiative temperature extrema points to the critical role of the advective population in control of the overall temperature magnitude. Canadian northwest warming trends are found to be the highest, indicating the amplifying effect of decreasing advective counts with rapidly increasing temperatures that weaken the advective population’s moderating ability to control the magnitude of the total temperature population.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2022-10-11},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere},\n\tauthor = {Žaknić-Ćatović, Ana and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 7\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {advective temperature population, climate change, radiative temperature population, seasonal analysis, temperature, trend analysis},\n\tpages = {1017},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Challenge of Climate Change in Agriculture Management in the Persian Gulf-Oman Sea Coasts in Iran.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorisameleh, Z.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Lama, T.; Burman, D.; Mandal, U. K.; Sarangi, S. K.; and Sen, H., editor(s), Transforming Coastal Zone for Sustainable Food and Income Security, pages 887–893, Cham, August 2022. Springer International Publishing\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@inproceedings{noorisameleh_challenge_2022,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {The {Challenge} of {Climate} {Change} in {Agriculture} {Management} in the {Persian} {Gulf}-{Oman} {Sea} {Coasts} in {Iran}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-030-95618-9},\n\tdoi = {10/gq4f8q},\n\tabstract = {Agriculture is a major part of Iran's economy that will face different threats and opportunities and threats from future climate change. Changing rainfall and temperature patterns challenge long-term agricultural management and planning. In this study, the effect of climate change on agricultural management on the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Makran (Oman Sea) has been investigated. For this purpose, precipitation and temperature parameters of 30 synoptic stations under RCP scenarios (2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) have been simulated with the SDSM tool. The results show that the probability of increase and decrease of temperature and precipitation, respectively, in Persian Gulf stations is higher than that of the Makran coast. The southern coasts of Iran have the longest growing season in the country due to their unique geographical and climatic characteristics. Also, in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, where agricultural production is especially important, under RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, the maximum temperature shows a further increase in the future. However, increasing maximum temperature could decrease crop diversity and threaten plants with lower temperature thresholds in the Persian Gulf coast. Also, in the east of the Makran coast, the temperature will increase significantly for RCP 8.5. Generally, agricultural management and the effects of climate change in the Persian Gulf coastal require the application of mitigation/adaptation plans.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tbooktitle = {Transforming {Coastal} {Zone} for {Sustainable} {Food} and {Income} {Security}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Noorisameleh, Zahra and Gough, William A.},\n\teditor = {Lama, T.D. and Burman, Dhiman and Mandal, Uttam Kumar and Sarangi, Sukanta Kumar and Sen, H.S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tkeywords = {Agricultural management, Climate change, Growing season, Oman Sea, Persian Gulf},\n\tpages = {887--893},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Typology of Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable Development: An Analysis of Form, Function, Nomenclature, and Associated Applications.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Land, 11(7): 1072. July 2022.\n Number: 7 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_typology_2022,\n\ttitle = {A {Typology} of {Nature}-{Based} {Solutions} for {Sustainable} {Development}: {An} {Analysis} of {Form}, {Function}, {Nomenclature}, and {Associated} {Applications}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2073-445X},\n\tshorttitle = {A {Typology} of {Nature}-{Based} {Solutions} for {Sustainable} {Development}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/7/1072},\n\tdoi = {10/gq4f8r},\n\tabstract = {This study presents a typology of nature-based solutions (NbS), addressing the need for a standardized source of definitions and nomenclature, and to facilitate communication in this interdisciplinary field of theory and practice. Growing usage of the umbrella phrase ‘nature-based solutions’ has led to a broad inclusion of terms. With the diversity of terminology used, the full potential of NbS may be lost in the confusion of misapplied terms. Standardization and definition of commonly used nature-based nomenclature are necessary to facilitate communication in this rapidly expanding field. Through objective systemization of applications, functions, and benefits, NbS can be embraced as a standard intervention to address societal challenges and support achievement of the UN SDGs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2022-10-11},\n\tjournal = {Land},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 7\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {forests, grasslands, green roofs, green walls, rain gardens, riparian buffer zones, sustainability, tree-based intercropping, vegetation, wetlands},\n\tpages = {1072},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lowering the Temperature to Increase Heat Equity: A Multi-Scale Evaluation of Nature-Based Solutions in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; Gough, W. A.; Zgela, M.; Milosevic, D.; and Dunjic, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere, 13(7): 1027. July 2022.\n Number: 7 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lowering$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_lowering_2022,\n\ttitle = {Lowering the {Temperature} to {Increase} {Heat} {Equity}: {A} {Multi}-{Scale} {Evaluation} of {Nature}-{Based} {Solutions} in {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2073-4433},\n\tshorttitle = {Lowering the {Temperature} to {Increase} {Heat} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1027},\n\tdoi = {10/gq4f8s},\n\tabstract = {Nature-based solutions (NbS) present an opportunity to reduce rising temperatures and the urban heat island effect. A multi-scale study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, evaluates the effect of NbS on air and land surface temperature through two field campaigns at the micro and meso scales, using in situ measurements and LANDSAT imagery. This research demonstrates that the application of NbS in the form of green infrastructure has a beneficial impact on urban climate regimes with measurable reductions in air and land surface temperatures. Broad implementation of green infrastructure is a sustainable solution to improve the urban climate, enhance heat and greenspace equity, and increase resilience.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {7},\n\turldate = {2022-10-11},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A. and Zgela, Matej and Milosevic, Dragan and Dunjic, Jelena},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 7\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {built environment, climate change, green infrastructure, green roofs, green walls, heat mitigation, temperature, urban agriculture, urban forestry, urban heat island},\n\tpages = {1027},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Leung, A. C. W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Meteorology, 1(2): 171–182. June 2022.\n Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Do$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_airports_2022,\n\ttitle = {Do {Airports} {Have} {Their} {Own} {Climate}?},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2674-0494},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0494/1/2/12},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/meteorology1020012},\n\tabstract = {Sixty-four airport climate records were examined across Canada. Day-to-day (DTD) temperature variability metrics were used to assess the nature of the local environment. In total, 86\\% of the airports were assessed as peri-urban, reflective of either their location at the fringe of the urban centers or the creation of a peri-urban microclimate by the airport itself. The remaining nine stations were identified using a previously identified metric as marine, or “mountain”, a new category developed in this study. The analysis included a proposal for a decision flow chart to identify the nature of the local climate based on DTD thermal variability. An analysis of the peri-urban thermal metric and population indicated that a peri-urban climate was consistently identified for airports independent of the magnitude of the local population (or urbanization), lending support to the idea of a localized “airport” climate that matched peri-urban characteristics.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Meteorology},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Leung, Andrew C. W.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 2\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {aviation, climate classification, day-to-day temperature variability, marine, mountain, peri-urban, rural, urban},\n\tpages = {171--182},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Thermal Metrics to Identify Canadian Coastal Environments.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Coasts, 2(2): 93–101. June 2022.\n Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Thermal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_thermal_2022,\n\ttitle = {Thermal {Metrics} to {Identify} {Canadian} {Coastal} {Environments}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2673-964X},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-964X/2/2/6},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/coasts2020006},\n\tabstract = {A thermal metric developed using the day-to-day temperature variability framework that was previously applied to the east coast of China has been adapted for Canadian climate station data. The same metric, based on the variability of the minimum temperature of the day, was able to distinguish between coastal and inland stations, especially when the winter months of December, January and February, were removed from the analysis. While the threshold of the metric that distinguished between the two groups was different than that developed for the east coast of China, it was nonetheless unambiguous. The range of latitudes in the Canadian setting was sufficiently narrow that a latitude correction, as was performed for the China climate stations, was not required. A comparison with a more traditional measure of continentality suggests that the thermal variability measure performs better at identifying the coastal/continental nature of the climate station data. This work also suggests that a more nuanced treatment of winter months should be considered for all such measures in colder climates.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Coasts},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 2\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {Canada, climate data, coastalization, continentality, day-to-day variability, thermal metrics, winter},\n\tpages = {93--101},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metal in Pacific Sector of Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait Surface Sediments.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wang, J.; Gough, W. A.; Yan, J.; and Lu, Z.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8): 4454. January 2022.\n Number: 8 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ecological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wang_ecological_2022,\n\ttitle = {Ecological {Risk} {Assessment} of {Trace} {Metal} in {Pacific} {Sector} of {Arctic} {Ocean} and {Bering} {Strait} {Surface} {Sediments}},\n\tvolume = {19},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {1660-4601},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/8/4454},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/ijerph19084454},\n\tabstract = {The arctic region is a remote area with relatively few anthropogenic inputs, but there is increasing concern over toxic trace metal contamination in the Arctic Ocean. In this study, distribution characteristics of eight trace metals in the surface sediment of the Pacific Sector of the Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait are analyzed. The geochemical baseline value of each metal element is explored using the relative cumulative frequency curve method; the enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) are applied to assess the ecological risk level of the trace metals. According to the results, Cu, As and Hg had a little more content variation, and their contents in some areas were significantly higher than the previous reports. EF values show an obvious enrichment of element As, followed by Cr element with the moderate enrichment; the enrichment of the other six elements are not related to human activity. The Igeo value shows a moderately contaminated to heavily contaminated level of As and a moderately contaminated level of Cr. According to the potential ecological risk indexes in each site, most sites are at a low ecological risk level except five sites with RI/baseline values exceeding 150 which are at a moderate ecological risk level.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-05-05},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Wang, Juan and Gough, William A. and Yan, Jing and Lu, Zhibo},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 8\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {ecological risk assessment, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk index, surface sediment, trace metals},\n\tpages = {4454},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Comparing future climatic suitability to shoreline loss for recreational beach use: a case study of five Japanese beaches.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zajch, A.; Hewer, M. J.; Gough, W. A.; and Udo, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Regional Environmental Change, 22(2): 54. March 2022.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Comparing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zajch_comparing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Comparing future climatic suitability to shoreline loss for recreational beach use: a case study of five {Japanese} beaches},\n\tvolume = {22},\n\tissn = {1436-378X},\n\tshorttitle = {Comparing future climatic suitability to shoreline loss for recreational beach use},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-022-01906-2},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10113-022-01906-2},\n\tabstract = {Coastal tourism is impacted by regional environmental change, including sea-level rise and climatic change. A case study at five Japanese beaches was conducted to determine the relative difference in coastal and climatic changes that are important for recreational beach tourism. Future climate conditions and projections of shoreline changes due to sea-level rise were estimated using ensembles of 14 and 21 Global Circulation Models (GCMs), respectively. The Holiday Climate Index (HCI:Beach) specific to recreational beach use was used to assess historical and future climatic suitability while beach loss area was used to quantify physical changes to beach conditions. Diminished beaches with improved climate conditions were observed at all sites except Yonehara, which had both diminished beach and climate conditions. Comparing HCI:Beach scores relative to historical conditions revealed a change of −2.4 to +10\\%, while beach losses were typically {\\textgreater}60\\%. These results highlight that beach tourism suitability at the study sites will likely exhibit greater changes due to sea-level rise, compared to those driven by changing atmospheric conditions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2022-03-31},\n\tjournal = {Regional Environmental Change},\n\tauthor = {Zajch, Andrew and Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A. and Udo, Keiko},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {54},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Changing Air Quality and the Ozone Weekend Effect during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Anderson, V.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climate, 10(3): 41. March 2022.\n Number: 3 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Changing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_changing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Changing {Air} {Quality} and the {Ozone} {Weekend} {Effect} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic} in {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2225-1154},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/10/3/41},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/cli10030041},\n\tabstract = {Air pollutants, NO, NO2, and O3, were examined from April to June 2020 and compared to a 10-year (2010–2019) climatology of these pollutants for two monitoring sites in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, coinciding with local lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. NO and NO2 values were lower than any of the preceding 10 years at the two Toronto sites for both weekdays and weekends. Ozone concentrations did not have a corresponding decrease and in fact increased for weekdays, similar to other parts of the world. The well-documented ozone weekend effect was considerably muted during the morning rush hour throughout this pandemic period. A Fisher exact test on hourly averaged data revealed statistically significant record hourly minimums for NO and NO2, but this was not found for ozone, consistent with the aggregate ranking results. These findings are likely the result of considerably reduced vehicular traffic during this time and ozone chemistry in a NOx-saturated (VOC limited) environment. This has important implications for ozone abatement strategies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2022-03-23},\n\tjournal = {Climate},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Anderson, Vidya},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 3\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, traffic patterns, vehicular emissions},\n\tpages = {41},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Analysing Historical and Modelling Future Soil Temperature at Kuujjuaq, Quebec (Canada): Implications on Aviation Infrastructure.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Leung, A. C. W.; Gough, W. A.; and Mohsin, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Forecasting, 4(1): 95–125. March 2022.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Analysing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{leung_analysing_2022,\n\ttitle = {Analysing {Historical} and {Modelling} {Future} {Soil} {Temperature} at {Kuujjuaq}, {Quebec} ({Canada}): {Implications} on {Aviation} {Infrastructure}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2571-9394},\n\tshorttitle = {Analysing {Historical} and {Modelling} {Future} {Soil} {Temperature} at {Kuujjuaq}, {Quebec} ({Canada})},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9394/4/1/6},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/forecast4010006},\n\tabstract = {The impact of climate change on soil temperatures at Kuujjuaq, Quebec in northern Canada is assessed. First, long-term historical soil temperature records (1967–1995) are statistically analyzed to provide a climatological baseline for soils at 5 to 150 cm depths. Next, the nature of the relationship between atmospheric variables and soil temperature are determined using a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), a climatological data set. SDSM was found to replicate historic soil temperatures well and used to project soil temperatures for the remainder of the century using climate model output Canadian Second Generation Earth System Model (CanESM2). Three Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) were used from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). This study found that the soil temperature at this location may warm at 0.9 to 1.2 °C per decade at various depths. Annual soil temperatures at all depths are projected to rise to above 0 °C for the 1997–2026 period for all climate scenarios. The melting soil poses a hazard to the airport infrastructure and will require adaptation measures.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-03-23},\n\tjournal = {Forecasting},\n\tauthor = {Leung, Andrew C. W. and Gough, William A. and Mohsin, Tanzina},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {Northern Canada, climate change impacts, climate projection, critical infrastructure vulnerability, statistical downscaling, subarctic, time series analysis},\n\tpages = {95--125},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Enabling Nature-Based Solutions to Build Back Better—An Environmental Regulatory Impact Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Buildings, 12(1): 61. January 2022.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Enabling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_enabling_2022,\n\ttitle = {Enabling {Nature}-{Based} {Solutions} to {Build} {Back} {Better}—{An} {Environmental} {Regulatory} {Impact} {Analysis} of {Green} {Infrastructure} in {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2075-5309},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/1/61},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/buildings12010061},\n\tabstract = {The application of green infrastructure in the built environment delivers a nature-based solution to address the impacts of climate change. This study presents a qualitative evidence synthesis that evaluates policy instruments which enable the use and implementation of green infrastructure, using Ontario, Canada as a case study. Unpacking the elements of the policy landscape that govern green infrastructure through environmental regulatory impact analysis can inform effective implementation of this nature-based solution and support decision-making in public policy. This environmental regulatory impact analysis is based on a systematic review of existing policy instruments, contextual framing in a continuum of coercion, and identification of alignment with relevant UN SDGs. Enabling widespread usage of green infrastructure in the built environment could be a viable strategy to build back better, localize the UN SDGs, and address multiple climate change impacts.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-03-23},\n\tjournal = {Buildings},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {UN SDGs, build back better, climate change, environmental policy, green infrastructure, resilience planning},\n\tpages = {61},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Diurnal Extrema Timing—A New Climatological Parameter?.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žaknić-Ćatović, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climate, 10(1): 5. January 2022.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Diurnal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zaknic-catovic_diurnal_2022,\n\ttitle = {Diurnal {Extrema} {Timing}—{A} {New} {Climatological} {Parameter}?},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2225-1154},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/10/1/5},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/cli10010005},\n\tabstract = {We address the following question: Are turning points of daily air temperature function a piece of relevant climatological information worth recording and analyzing? Diurnal Extrema Timing (DET) are daily occurrence times of air temperature minimum and maximum. Although unrecognized and unrecorded as a meteorological variable, the exact timing of daily temperature extrema plays a crucial role in the characterization of air temperature variability. In this study, we introduce the DET concept and assess the plausibility of this potential parameter in detecting temperature extrema timing changes. Conceptualization of the DET parameter has, for a primary goal, the supplementation of vital spatial information to the daily measurements of air temperature extrema. The elementary analysis of annual trends of daily DET examines the significance of this parameter in describing changes in the time domain of air temperature variability. The introduction of the new Climate Parameter Sensitivity Index (CPSI) for evaluating the susceptibility of climate parameters to climate change directs attention to the importance of the systematic acquisition of the timing of daily extrema in climate observations. The results of this study reveal the timing of daily air temperature maximum as the most vulnerable to climate change among temperature and timing extrema indices.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-03-23},\n\tjournal = {Climate},\n\tauthor = {Žaknić-Ćatović, Ana and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {air temperature, climate change, climate indices, daily temperature extrema, extrema timing, mid-latitude, temperature variability, trend analysis},\n\tpages = {5},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Climate change impact assessment on grape growth and wine production in the Okanagan Valley (Canada).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climate Risk Management, 33: 100343. January 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Climate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_climate_2021,\n\ttitle = {Climate change impact assessment on grape growth and wine production in the {Okanagan} {Valley} ({Canada})},\n\tvolume = {33},\n\tissn = {2212-0963},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096321000723},\n\tdoi = {10/gmnxnx},\n\tabstract = {This study assesses the impacts of observed (1970–2019) and projected (2011–2100) climate change on key indicators and critical thresholds for grape growth (viticulture) and wine production (oenology) in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia (Canada). Observational data was retrieved from the Kelowna weather station located in the centre of the valley. Indicators and thresholds associated with climate risks and climatic suitability were identified from among previous impact assessments on grape and wine within cool climate viticultural areas. Climate change projections from Global Climate Models were retrieved from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5, including both medium (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) Representative Concentration Pathways. Two different statistical downscaling techniques were employed, evaluated, and selected, based on their ability to reproduce historical climate conditions. Scenarios from the Statistical Down-Scaling Model were used for temperature projections while scenarios from the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium were used for precipitation projections. All the temperature variables considered demonstrated statistically significant warming trends during the historical period with continued warming projected over the course of the 21st century. Precipitation trends were less conclusive, with a wetter climate projected despite some evidence of historical drying. The results of this study demonstrate that the Okanagan Valley has already transitioned from cool to intermediate climate viticulture and may shift further into warm climate viticultural classifications. This means greater climate risks associated with heat stress but less risk due to freeze damage and frost potential. Effective climate change adaptation is of critical importance to the grape and wine industry in this region. Such planning and management strategies can ensure climate risks are minimised while capitalising on new opportunities associated with improved climatic suitability for growing more Europeans grape varieties, capable of producing higher quality wines, which often sell for greater market prices.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Climate Risk Management},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource, Canadian geography, Climate change impacts and adaptation, Climate risk, Climatic suitability, Kelowna (British Columbia), Oenology, Viticulture},\n\tpages = {100343},\n}\n\n

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\n This study assesses the impacts of observed (1970–2019) and projected (2011–2100) climate change on key indicators and critical thresholds for grape growth (viticulture) and wine production (oenology) in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia (Canada). Observational data was retrieved from the Kelowna weather station located in the centre of the valley. Indicators and thresholds associated with climate risks and climatic suitability were identified from among previous impact assessments on grape and wine within cool climate viticultural areas. Climate change projections from Global Climate Models were retrieved from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5, including both medium (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) Representative Concentration Pathways. Two different statistical downscaling techniques were employed, evaluated, and selected, based on their ability to reproduce historical climate conditions. Scenarios from the Statistical Down-Scaling Model were used for temperature projections while scenarios from the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium were used for precipitation projections. All the temperature variables considered demonstrated statistically significant warming trends during the historical period with continued warming projected over the course of the 21st century. Precipitation trends were less conclusive, with a wetter climate projected despite some evidence of historical drying. The results of this study demonstrate that the Okanagan Valley has already transitioned from cool to intermediate climate viticulture and may shift further into warm climate viticultural classifications. This means greater climate risks associated with heat stress but less risk due to freeze damage and frost potential. Effective climate change adaptation is of critical importance to the grape and wine industry in this region. Such planning and management strategies can ensure climate risks are minimised while capitalising on new opportunities associated with improved climatic suitability for growing more Europeans grape varieties, capable of producing higher quality wines, which often sell for greater market prices.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Comparison of the temporal distribution pattern of precipitation and the cumulative effect of daily droughts on the local scale in Iran.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorisameleh, Z.; Gough, W. A.; and Mirza, M. M. Q.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(20): 2120. October 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Comparison$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noorisameleh_comparison_2021,\n\ttitle = {Comparison of the temporal distribution pattern of precipitation and the cumulative effect of daily droughts on the local scale in {Iran}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1866-7538},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08531-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s12517-021-08531-z},\n\tabstract = {The environmental effects of drought appear to be substantial. At local scales, even small areas can have diverse climates due to their geographical location. This study compares the cumulative effect of daily droughts from 1989 to 2019 using daily precipitation data from nine synoptic stations in the Tehran Province, Iran. The Effective Drought Index (EDI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and the China Z-Index (CZI) have been applied to calculate droughts. Initially, we have determined drought characteristics (severity, frequency, and duration) using the run theory. Later, the copula models (Frank, Gaussian, and Gumbel) have been used to find dependence between drought characteristics at different time scales as a cumulative effect. The results show that a pattern of the number and order of temporal distribution variables of precipitation play a major role in intensifying droughts. Also, the findings indicate that the frequency-duration of daily droughts in semi-arid and mountainous stations located in the north of the province has a cumulative effect on monthly and annual droughts. The severity frequency of daily droughts affects long-term droughts in the stations located in the middle and south of the province characterized by a drier climate. The variability in the intensity and shift of daily droughts in the mountainous stations is higher compared to other areas but it decreases on monthly and annual scales. This study found that the copula model is an ideal tool to demonstrate regional differences of drought in the regions with climatic and geographical diversity.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {20},\n\turldate = {2022-03-23},\n\tjournal = {Arabian Journal of Geosciences},\n\tauthor = {Noorisameleh, Zahra and Gough, William A. and Mirza, M. Monirul Qader},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {2120},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of radiative and advective populations in Canadian temperature time series using the Linear Pattern Discrimination algorithm.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žaknić-Ćatović, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Climatology, 41(10): 5100–5124. 2021.\n _eprint: https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/joc.7120\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zaknic-catovic_identification_2021,\n\ttitle = {Identification of radiative and advective populations in {Canadian} temperature time series using the {Linear} {Pattern} {Discrimination} algorithm},\n\tvolume = {41},\n\tissn = {1097-0088},\n\turl = {https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.7120},\n\tdoi = {10/gmnxnw},\n\tabstract = {Long-term high-frequency air temperature time series, typically considered the most authoritative observed records for the detection of climate changes, appear physically heterogeneous by nature. We examine multiple Canadian air temperature records for the presence of physical heterogeneities, using the analysis of their diurnal temperature patterns as the main criterion for the separation of temperature series into ‘homogeneous’ populations. Based on the key differences observed in their diurnal air temperature patterns, two distinct populations of the air temperature sample are identified and assumed to be the result of different heat exchange mechanisms. The Linear Pattern Discrimination (LPD) algorithm, implemented in the R-code, is introduced in this work and applied to 66-year long hourly temperature records of 25 Canadian stations for the separation of the radiative temperature population from the advective temperature population and examination of incidences of specific, advective cases in air temperature data. The LPD analysis reveals a predominance of a remarkably warmer, radiatively driven air temperature regime. In contrast, the significantly colder and geographically controlled advective temperature regime plays a counterbalancing role on the overall magnitude of the midlatitude air temperature signal. Our findings suggest that a substantial temperature increase in annual averages of advective minima amplifies the effect of a positively shifted radiative temperature range, intensifying the overall heating observed in the Canadian North and northwestern regions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Žaknić-Ćatović, Ana and Gough, William A.},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/joc.7120},\n\tkeywords = {analysis, atmosphere, climate, geographic/climatic zone, geophysical sphere, mid-latitude, scale, tools and methods},\n\tpages = {5100--5124},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nature-based cooling potential: a multi-type green infrastructure evaluation in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Biometeorology. March 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nature-based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_nature-based_2021,\n\ttitle = {Nature-based cooling potential: a multi-type green infrastructure evaluation in {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tissn = {1432-1254},\n\tshorttitle = {Nature-based cooling potential},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02100-5},\n\tdoi = {10/gmnxnv},\n\tabstract = {The application of green infrastructure presents an opportunity to mitigate rising temperatures using a multi-faceted ecosystems-based approach. A controlled field study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, evaluates the impact of nature-based solutions on near surface air temperature regulation focusing on different applications of green infrastructure. A field campaign was undertaken over the course of two summers to measure the impact of green roofs, green walls, urban vegetation and forestry systems, and urban agriculture systems on near surface air temperature. This study demonstrates that multiple types of green infrastructure applications are beneficial in regulating near surface air temperature and are not limited to specific treatments. Widespread usage of green infrastructure could be a viable strategy to cool cities and improve urban climate.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Biometeorology},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluation of Drought Severity Changes in Iran Using Hurst Exponent and Standardized Precipitation Index.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorisameleh, Z.; Gough, W. A.; and Mirza, M. M. Q.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Ksibi, M.; Ghorbal, A.; Chakraborty, S.; Chaminé, H. I.; Barbieri, M.; Guerriero, G.; Hentati, O.; Negm, A.; Lehmann, A.; Römbke, J.; Costa Duarte, A.; Xoplaki, E.; Khélifi, N.; Colinet, G.; Miguel Dias, J.; Gargouri, I.; Van Hullebusch, E. D.; Sánchez Cabrero, B.; Ferlisi, S.; Tizaoui, C.; Kallel, A.; Rtimi, S.; Panda, S.; Michaud, P.; Sahu, J. N.; Seffen, M.; and Naddeo, V., editor(s), Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition), of Environmental Science and Engineering, pages 1951–1959, Cham, 2021. Springer International Publishing\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@inproceedings{noorisameleh_evaluation_2021,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\tseries = {Environmental {Science} and {Engineering}},\n\ttitle = {Evaluation of {Drought} {Severity} {Changes} in {Iran} {Using} {Hurst} {Exponent} and {Standardized} {Precipitation} {Index}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-030-51210-1},\n\tdoi = {10/gmnxnr},\n\tabstract = {Drought is a natural hazard that could inflict significant damage to agriculture, society, economy, and ecosystems. The study of drought persistence assists in understanding that droughts could be predictable by constructing the appropriate general climate circulation models. Using the daily precipitation data of 44 synoptic stations in Iran, the relationship between the frequency of drought and the persistence of its risk has been determined with the application of the Hurst Exponent and standardized precipitation index. The results showed that the average drought persistence in Iran is 0.78, but its severity varies because of different climates due to geographical diversification. In regions where the frequency of mild and moderate droughts is more severe, and the intensity of drought persistence has increased in the climate. Also, although the frequency of severe and extreme droughts and the coefficient of rainfall variation is higher, drought persistence is lower in the mountainous areas of the watersheds. However, climate change could be a threat that increases drought persistence in mountainous areas. Drought persistence in non-mountainous regions of Iran has increased the severity of aridity.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tbooktitle = {Recent {Advances} in {Environmental} {Science} from the {Euro}-{Mediterranean} and {Surrounding} {Regions} (2nd {Edition})},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Noorisameleh, Zahra and Gough, William A. and Mirza, M. Monirul Qader},\n\teditor = {Ksibi, Mohamed and Ghorbal, Achraf and Chakraborty, Sudip and Chaminé, Helder I. and Barbieri, Maurizio and Guerriero, Giulia and Hentati, Olfa and Negm, Abdelazim and Lehmann, Anthony and Römbke, Jörg and Costa Duarte, Armando and Xoplaki, Elena and Khélifi, Nabil and Colinet, Gilles and Miguel Dias, João and Gargouri, Imed and Van Hullebusch, Eric D. and Sánchez Cabrero, Benigno and Ferlisi, Settimio and Tizaoui, Chedly and Kallel, Amjad and Rtimi, Sami and Panda, Sandeep and Michaud, Philippe and Sahu, Jaya Narayana and Seffen, Mongi and Naddeo, Vincenzo},\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Drought persistence, Hurst exponent, Iran, SPI index},\n\tpages = {1951--1959},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Persistence and spatial–temporal variability of drought severity in Iran.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorisameleh, Z.; Gough, W. A.; and Mirza, M. M. Q.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(35): 48808–48822. September 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Persistence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noorisameleh_persistence_2021,\n\ttitle = {Persistence and spatial–temporal variability of drought severity in {Iran}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {1614-7499},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14100-4},\n\tdoi = {10/gmnxnp},\n\tabstract = {Drought is a natural hazard that can inflict significant damage to agriculture, society, economy, and ecosystems. The assessment of the persistence of drought severity (PDS) assists in understanding the characteristics of droughts better and enables the development of associated prediction tools and models. This work explores the persistence and spatial–temporal variability of drought severity (DS) in the diverse dryland of Iran. Using monthly precipitation and temperature data of 44 synoptic stations from 1989 to 2018, relationships between DS coefficient of precipitation variation, aridity, and the persistence percentage are determined by the application of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the dryland index, and the Hurst exponent (H). The results confirm the persistence of droughts in Iran as H exceeded the 0.5 threshold for all stations. The PDS average in Iran is 0.78 with high regional variability reflective of different climatic conditions and geographical locations. An inverse relationship exists between the long-term coefficient of variation of monthly precipitation and PDS in the hyper-arid and arid regions of watersheds. Higher PDS values and increasing trend in the DS are detected in dry-subhumid areas. Also, the effect of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a teleconnection metric, on the DS displays high spatial and temporal variability in Iran. The results show that the PDS is consistent with the spatial variation of DS changes during the period of 2009–2018.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {35},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},\n\tauthor = {Noorisameleh, Zahra and Gough, William A. and Mirza, M. Monirul Qader},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {48808--48822},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nature-Based Equity: An Assessment of the Public Health Impacts of Green Infrastructure in Ontario Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; Gough, W. A.; and Agic, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11): 5763. January 2021.\n Number: 11 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nature-Based$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_nature-based_2021-1,\n\ttitle = {Nature-{Based} {Equity}: {An} {Assessment} of the {Public} {Health} {Impacts} of {Green} {Infrastructure} in {Ontario} {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tshorttitle = {Nature-{Based} {Equity}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/11/5763},\n\tdoi = {10/gmnxnn},\n\tabstract = {The built environment is a physical determinant of health essential to the planning and development of a more equitable society. Communities face growing challenges due to environmental stressors such as climate change, with vulnerable communities experiencing a disproportionate burden of adverse health outcomes. The interdependencies between urban planning and public health outcomes are inextricable, with respect to improving access to healthier built environments for vulnerable and marginalized groups. Widespread implementation of nature-based solutions, such as green infrastructure, provides a multi-functional strategy to support sustainable development, increase climate resilience, enhance ecological connectivity, and create healthier communities. A Health Equity Impact Assessment presents the findings of a participatory research study utilizing key informant interviews of public health unit professionals (eight) and a survey of green infrastructure volunteers and workers (36) on the impact of green infrastructure on individual and community mental and physical well-being, service use, and perceived unmet needs, using Ontario, Canada as a case study. Study findings indicate that where green infrastructure is both productive and publicly accessible, the benefits were significant for vulnerable populations. These benefits include increased social connectivity, skills development, and food security. Green infrastructure could be a viable strategy to address environmental stressors, improve health equity, and support localization of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2021-09-01},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A. and Agic, Branka},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Number: 11\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {adaptation, climate change, community gardens, environmental health, food security, green roofs, growing roofs, rooftop farms, sustainable development, urban agriculture},\n\tpages = {5763},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Seasonal sensitivity to atmospheric and ground surface temperature changes of an open earth-air heat exchanger in Canadian climates.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zajch, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geothermics, 89: 101914. January 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Seasonal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zajch_seasonal_2021,\n\ttitle = {Seasonal sensitivity to atmospheric and ground surface temperature changes of an open earth-air heat exchanger in {Canadian} climates},\n\tvolume = {89},\n\tissn = {0375-6505},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650520302066},\n\tdoi = {10/gjwchg},\n\tabstract = {Open earth-air heat exchangers (EAHE) have an inherent relationship with their surrounding environment, relying on the natural contrast between ambient air and subsurface temperatures. This work explored the seasonal sensitivity of open earth air heat exchanger systems to variations in these temperatures. Utilizing 492 weather files in Canada, the heating and cooling potential of open earth air heat exchangers computed using a climate-based approach were compared for different seasonal variation scenarios. Heightened sensitivity to seasonal changes in ground temperatures relative to air temperatures were observed. These effects expectedly decreased with depth. Heating and cooling potential sensitivity to seasonal variations in air temperatures are dependent on the timing, often observing the greatest influence during peak demand periods. Binning by climates identified that regions with a greater mix of heating and cooling potential were more susceptible to seasonal variations. These results also suggest improvements to the heating potential in Canada can be improved by increasing ground surface temperatures outside the summer season, with little influence on the cooling potential. Understanding the interaction between open earth air heat exchanger systems and their environments can ultimately help outline limitations and design solutions specific to their implementation in Canadian climates.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-21},\n\tjournal = {Geothermics},\n\tauthor = {Zajch, Andrew and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Climate, Earth-air heat exchanger, Seasonal sensitivity},\n\tpages = {101914},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Harnessing the Four Horsemen of Climate Change: A Framework for Deep Resilience, Decarbonization, and Planetary Health in Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sustainability, 13(1): 379. January 2021.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Harnessing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_harnessing_2021,\n\ttitle = {Harnessing the {Four} {Horsemen} of {Climate} {Change}: {A} {Framework} for {Deep} {Resilience}, {Decarbonization}, and {Planetary} {Health} in {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {13},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tshorttitle = {Harnessing the {Four} {Horsemen} of {Climate} {Change}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/1/379},\n\tdoi = {10/gjwchf},\n\tabstract = {Widespread implementation of nature-based solutions like green infrastructure, provides a multi-functional strategy to increase climate resilience, enhance ecological connectivity, create healthier communities, and support sustainable urban development. This paper presents a decision-support framework to facilitate adoption of green infrastructure within communities using the Climate Change Local Adaptation Action Model (CCLAAM) developed for this purpose. It also presents an ecosystems-based approach to bridging the gap between climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in Ontario, Canada. Green infrastructure could be a viable strategy to address multiple climate change impacts and support the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-03-21},\n\tjournal = {Sustainability},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {climate security, food security, green infrastructure, green roofs, green walls, nature-based solutions, public health, tree-based intercropping, urban agriculture, urban forestry},\n\tpages = {379},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Development and validation of the Climate Model Confidence Index (CMCI): measuring ability to reproduce historical climate conditions.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; Beech, N.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology. March 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Development$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_development_2021,\n\ttitle = {Development and validation of the {Climate} {Model} {Confidence} {Index} ({CMCI}): measuring ability to reproduce historical climate conditions},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\tshorttitle = {Development and validation of the {Climate} {Model} {Confidence} {Index} ({CMCI})},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03581-5},\n\tdoi = {10/gjwchd},\n\tabstract = {This study further develops and finally validates the Climate Model Confidence Index (CMCI) as a simple and effective metric for evaluating and ranking the ability of climate models to reproduce historical climate conditions. Modelled daily climate data outputs from two different statistical downscaling techniques (PCIC: Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium; SDSM: Statistical Down-Scaling Model) are compared with observational data recorded by Environment Canada weather stations located in Kelowna, BC (Canada), for the period from 1969 to 2005. Using daily data (N {\\textgreater} 13,000), Student’s t-tests determined if there were statistically significant differences between the modelled and observed means while ANOVA F-tests identified differences between variances. Using aggregated annual data (N = 37), CMCI values were also calculated for the individual model runs from each statistical downscaling technique. Climate model outputs were ranked according to the absolute value of the t statistics. The 20 SDSM ensembles outperformed the 27 PCIC models for both minimum and maximum temperatures, while PCIC outperformed SDSM for total precipitation. Linear regression determined the correlation between the absolute value of the t statistics and the corresponding CMCI values (R2 {\\textgreater} 0.99, P {\\textless} 0.001). Rare discrepancies ({\\textless} 10\\% of all model rankings) between the t statistic and CMCI rankings occurred at the third decimal place and resulted in a one rank difference between models. These discrepancies are attributed to the precision of the t tests which rely on daily data and consider observed as well as modelled variance, whereas the simplicity and utility of the CMCI are demonstrated by only requiring annual data and observed variance to calculate.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-21},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Beech, Nathan and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2021},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Impact of urbanization on the nature of precipitation at Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, -1(aop). February 2021.\n Publisher: American Meteorological Society Section: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Impact$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_impact_2021,\n\ttitle = {Impact of urbanization on the nature of precipitation at {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {-1},\n\tissn = {1558-8424, 1558-8432},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/aop/JAMC-D-20-0179.1/JAMC-D-20-0179.1.xml},\n\tdoi = {10/gh3znn},\n\tabstract = {{\\textless}section class="abstract"{\\textgreater}{\\textless}h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d1708e2"{\\textgreater}Abstract{\\textless}/h2{\\textgreater}{\\textless}p{\\textgreater}A newly developed precipitation phase metric is used to detect the impact of urbanization on the nature of precipitation at Toronto, Ontario, Canada, by contrasting the relative amounts of rain and snow. 162 years of observed precipitation data were analyzed to classify the nature of winter season precipitation for the Canadian city of Toronto. In addition shorter records were examined for nearby climate stations in less urbanized areas in and near Toronto. For Toronto, all winters from 1849 to 2010 as well as three climate normal periods (1961-1990, 1971-2000, 1981-2010) were thus categorized for the Toronto climate record. The results show that Toronto winters have become increasingly “rainy” across these time-periods in a statistically significant fashion, consistent with a warming climate. Toronto was compared to the other less urban sites to tease out the impacts of the urban heat island from larger scale warming. This yielded an estimate of 19 to 27\\% of the Toronto shift in precipitation type (snow to rain) that can be attributed to urbanization for coincident time periods. Other regions characterized by similar climates and urbanization with temperatures near the freezing point are likely to experience similar climatic changes expressed as a change in the phase of winter season precipitation.{\\textless}/p{\\textgreater}{\\textless}/section{\\textgreater}},\n\tlanguage = {EN},\n\tnumber = {aop},\n\turldate = {2021-03-21},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society\nSection: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Chapter 8 - Form, function, and nomenclature: Deconstructing green infrastructure and its role in a changing climate.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Fares, A., editor(s), Climate Change and Extreme Events, pages 125–144. Elsevier, January 2021.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Chapter$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{anderson_chapter_2021,\n\ttitle = {Chapter 8 - {Form}, function, and nomenclature: {Deconstructing} green infrastructure and its role in a changing climate},\n\tisbn = {978-0-12-822700-8},\n\tshorttitle = {Chapter 8 - {Form}, function, and nomenclature},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128227008000056},\n\tabstract = {The application of green infrastructure presents an opportunity to address the impacts of climate change using nature-based solutions. This chapter presents a systematic review of various types of green infrastructure, characteristics and associated benefits, and mainstream uses by deconstructing the nomenclature. Deconstruction of the nomenclature will facilitate organization of direct and indirect impacts, their complexities, and interconnectivity. This can inform appropriate and effective climate change mitigation and adaptation and decision making for the strategic adoption of green infrastructure. Widespread usage of green infrastructure could be a viable strategy to address multiple climate change impacts.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2021-03-21},\n\tbooktitle = {Climate {Change} and {Extreme} {Events}},\n\tpublisher = {Elsevier},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A.},\n\teditor = {Fares, Ali},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-822700-8.00005-6},\n\tkeywords = {Air pollution, Biodiversity, Carbon sequestration, Green roofs, Green walls, Nature-based solutions, Stormwater management, Tree-based intercropping, Urban agriculture, Urban forestry},\n\tpages = {125--144},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2020\n \n \n (16)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Assessing the impact of projected climate change on the future of grape growth and wine production in the Niagara Peninsula (Canada).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Wine Research, 31(1): 6–34. January 2020.\n Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571264.2019.1699781\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Assessing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_assessing_2020,\n\ttitle = {Assessing the impact of projected climate change on the future of grape growth and wine production in the {Niagara} {Peninsula} ({Canada})},\n\tvolume = {31},\n\tissn = {0957-1264},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09571264.2019.1699781},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/09571264.2019.1699781},\n\tabstract = {The impacts of projected climate change on several key climatic indicators for grape growth and wine production are assessed for the Niagara Peninsula (Canada). Global Climate Model outputs are evaluated and ranked for the study region to create selective ensembles of seasonal climate change projections. Statistical downscaling is performed to create local, daily, climate change scenarios. Average growing season temperature and the number of growing degree days have been increasing over time (1981–2010) and are projected to increase further under climate change (2011–2100). There were trends in total accumulated growing season precipitation or in the number of days with total precipitation greater than 10 mm, but slight increases were still projected under climate change. Minimum winter temperatures were warming over time and the number of days with temperatures below −20°C were decreasing, with both these trends projected to continue. There were no statistically significant trends associated with maximum summer temperatures or the number of days with temperatures above 30°C, but both were projected to increase considerably in the future. A warmer, wetter climate in the region is expected to lengthen growing seasons, increase growth potential, diminish risk of winter freeze damage, while increasing summer heat stress.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2022-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Wine Research},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Routledge\n\\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571264.2019.1699781},\n\tkeywords = {Wine grapes, climate change impacts, climate risks, climatic suitability, freeze damage, heat stress, selective ensembles, statistical downscaling},\n\tpages = {6--34},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Quantifying the Changing Nature of the Winter Season Precipitation Phase from 1849 to 2017 in Downtown Toronto (Canada).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere, 11(8): 867. August 2020.\n Number: 8 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Quantifying$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_quantifying_2020,\n\ttitle = {Quantifying the {Changing} {Nature} of the {Winter} {Season} {Precipitation} {Phase} from 1849 to 2017 in {Downtown} {Toronto} ({Canada})},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tissn = {2073-4433},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/8/867},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/atmos11080867},\n\tabstract = {One hundred and sixty–nine years of weather station data were analyzed to quantify the changing nature of the winter season precipitation phase in the downtown area of Toronto (Canada). The precipitation variables examined were rainfall, snowfall water equivalent, total precipitation, rain days, snow days, and precipitation days. From these precipitation variables, three precipitation phase metrics were constructed for further analysis: the fraction of total precipitation that fell as snow, the fraction of precipitation days that recorded snow, and finally, the precipitation phase index (PPI) derived from comparing the rainfall to the snowfall water equivalent. Snowfall and snow days were decreasing at the most significant rate over this time period, and although rain days were increasing, total precipitation and precipitation days were also decreasing at a statistically significant rate. All three precipitation phase metrics suggest that winters are becoming less snowy in Toronto’s urban center. We also looked at trends and changes in average winter season temperatures to explore correlations between warming temperatures and changes in the winter season precipitation phase. Of the three precipitation phase metrics considered, the ratio of snow days to precipitation days recorded the strongest time series trend and the strongest correlation with warming temperatures.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {8},\n\turldate = {2022-05-05},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Number: 8\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {Toronto (Canada), climate change, precipitation phase, regional warming, snow day fraction, snowfall fraction},\n\tpages = {867},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, V.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n City and Environment Interactions,100043. July 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evaluating$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_evaluating_2020,\n\ttitle = {Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tissn = {2590-2520},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300246},\n\tdoi = {10/ghft7f},\n\tabstract = {The application of green infrastructure presents an opportunity to improve air quality using a multi-faceted ecosystems-based approach. A controlled field study evaluates the impact of multiple green infrastructure applications on air pollution and carbon dioxide concentrations across different urban, suburban and peri-urban morphologies. This study demonstrates that multiple types of green infrastructure applications are beneficial in air pollution abatement, specifically the reduction of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. This study also shows that multiple types of green infrastructure applications are beneficial in reducing carbon dioxide concentrations and are not limited to specific treatments regardless of location, geography, or land use type.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-08-12},\n\tjournal = {City and Environment Interactions},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Vidya and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Agroforestry, Built environment, Green roofs, Green walls, Tree-based intercropping, Urban agriculture, Urban design, Urban forestry},\n\tpages = {100043},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Influence of daily temperature behavior on earth-air heat exchangers: A case study from Aichi, Japan.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zajch, A.; Gough, W. A.; and Yoon, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n City and Environment Interactions, 8: 100054. November 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Influence$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zajch_influence_2020,\n\ttitle = {Influence of daily temperature behavior on earth-air heat exchangers: {A} case study from {Aichi}, {Japan}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {2590-2520},\n\tshorttitle = {Influence of daily temperature behavior on earth-air heat exchangers},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590252020300350},\n\tdoi = {10/ghmh8b},\n\tabstract = {Urban climate modifications are evolving the heating and cooling regime. Earth-air heat exchangers (EAHE) are a potential solution in addressing these needs opposite of conventional approaches which are intrinsically ill-suited for the urban environment. Heating and cooling were classified by detrimental and beneficial conditions based on a degree hours approach for a multi-tube EAHE system in Aichi, Japan. Linear models were also constructed for a winter and summer season based on the inlet air and surrounding soil temperatures. Inputting temporally decomposed model inputs (annual, weekly and random) into the linear models highlighted the importance of diurnal inlet air temperature variations on producing beneficial cooling in the summer. Weekly signals in the inlet air temperature also perturbed the surrounding soil, although this had a smaller effect on system performance relative to inlet air temperature variations. Beneficial cooling was maximized during the diurnal temperature maximum when inlet air was typically warmer than the soil. This implies a susceptibility to increased cooling needs during daily temperature minimums. As a result, urbanizing sites where enhanced morning cooling may arise should consider the impacts of urban climate during the pre-design stage.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-11-25},\n\tjournal = {City and Environment Interactions},\n\tauthor = {Zajch, Andrew and Gough, William A. and Yoon, Gyuyoung},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Daily temperature, Earth-air heat exchanger, Urban climate},\n\tpages = {100054},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterizing observed surface wind speed in the Hudson Bay and Labrador regions of Canada from an aviation perspective.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Leung, A. C. W.; Gough, W. A.; Butler, K. A.; Mohsin, T.; and Hewer, M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Biometeorology. October 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterizing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{leung_characterizing_2020,\n\ttitle = {Characterizing observed surface wind speed in the {Hudson} {Bay} and {Labrador} regions of {Canada} from an aviation perspective},\n\tissn = {1432-1254},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-02021-9},\n\tdoi = {10/ghmh8c},\n\tabstract = {Wind speed analysis is important for informing airport operation and safety. Many communities in the Hudson Bay and Labrador regions (Canada) are remote communities that rely heavily on aircraft for passenger and freight movement. Historical trends in average daily wind speed and maximum daily wind speed from 1971 to 2010 were examined to identify patterns of change and determine how these changes may influence aviation in six northern communities across Hudson Bay and Labrador in Canada. Significant increases in average wind speed and maximum wind speed were found for some of the months and seasons of the year for the Hudson Bay region, along with a significant decrease in those variables for the Labrador communities. Average wind speeds at multiple locations are approaching the threshold (18.5 km/h or 10 knots) when take-off and landing would be restricted to one direction. The results of this study agree with previous research that examined historical patterns for wind speed in these regions but calls into question climate change impact assessments that suggest wind speeds will continue to increase under future climatic conditions for this study area. Future research is needed to further analyse shifts in prevailing wind directions and changes in the frequency of extreme wind conditions, to better understand the potential impacts of projected climate change on this climatic variable and the implications these changes may have on applied sectors, such as aviation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-11-25},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Biometeorology},\n\tauthor = {Leung, Andrew C. W. and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken A. and Mohsin, Tanzina and Hewer, Micah J.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2020},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Seasonality patterns and distinctive signature of latitude and population on ozone concentrations in Southern Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Leung, K. H. Y.; Arnillas, C. A.; Cheng, V. Y. S.; Gough, W. A.; and Arhonditsis, G. B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmospheric Environment,118077. November 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Seasonality$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{leung_seasonality_2020,\n\ttitle = {Seasonality patterns and distinctive signature of latitude and population on ozone concentrations in {Southern} {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tissn = {1352-2310},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231020308098},\n\tdoi = {10/ghmh78},\n\tabstract = {Ozone is a serious health concern and the only major pollutant in Ontario that is increasing, despite major efforts to control atmospheric pollutants in North America. Ambient ozone levels are affected by local atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, radiation, precipitation) and the concentration of its main precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the present study, our aim is to elucidate the day-to-day and seasonal variability of the influence of synoptic atmospheric descriptors on daily average ozone concentrations, as well as to establish a predictive framework of the likelihood of exceedance of harmful levels in Southern Ontario. Using 31 stations in Southern Ontario with daily ozone concentration data from 2007 to 2015, we developed parsimonious models using as predictors a suite of atmospheric variables, available from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis dataset, and terms that recreate the seasonality and weekend/weekday effects of the previous day ozone concentrations. In all sites, seasonal (among-month) variability was distinctly lower than within-month variability. Our analysis showed that the population size reduced the average ambient ozone concentrations, increased their variability, and decreased the predictive power of our models. Ambient ozone levels in higher latitude sites displayed stronger dependence on the antecedent conditions, whereas the human activities weakened the serial correlation in the ozone time series in urban areas. Seasonal changes in the magnitude and sign of the slopes of the atmospheric predictors were consistent within the spatial domain of our study: shortwave radiation consistently increased ambient ozone levels, temperature displayed a positive relationship during the summer but a negative one during the winter; humidity was characterized by a negative relationship with ozone; precipitation increased ozone during late summer and winter, with no consistent effect during the rest of the year; wind speed and direction also showed contrasting effects between summer and winter months. Seasonality strongly affected the probability of exceedance in low population sites but had a minor role in more densely populated areas, while the difference in ozone concentrations between weekend and weekdays increased in urban sites. Overall, our results suggest that population and seasonality of the prevailing ambient conditions affect the local daily average ozone concentrations by modulating the importance of different processes and can thus be used to understand why high ozone concentrations may occur locally even during winter months.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-11-25},\n\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\n\tauthor = {Leung, Kinson H. Y. and Arnillas, Carlos Alberto and Cheng, Vincent Y. S. and Gough, William A. and Arhonditsis, George B.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Atmospheric pollution, Bayesian inference, Ontario, Ozone, Urbanization},\n\tpages = {118077},\n}\n\n

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\n Ozone is a serious health concern and the only major pollutant in Ontario that is increasing, despite major efforts to control atmospheric pollutants in North America. Ambient ozone levels are affected by local atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, radiation, precipitation) and the concentration of its main precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the present study, our aim is to elucidate the day-to-day and seasonal variability of the influence of synoptic atmospheric descriptors on daily average ozone concentrations, as well as to establish a predictive framework of the likelihood of exceedance of harmful levels in Southern Ontario. Using 31 stations in Southern Ontario with daily ozone concentration data from 2007 to 2015, we developed parsimonious models using as predictors a suite of atmospheric variables, available from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis dataset, and terms that recreate the seasonality and weekend/weekday effects of the previous day ozone concentrations. In all sites, seasonal (among-month) variability was distinctly lower than within-month variability. Our analysis showed that the population size reduced the average ambient ozone concentrations, increased their variability, and decreased the predictive power of our models. Ambient ozone levels in higher latitude sites displayed stronger dependence on the antecedent conditions, whereas the human activities weakened the serial correlation in the ozone time series in urban areas. Seasonal changes in the magnitude and sign of the slopes of the atmospheric predictors were consistent within the spatial domain of our study: shortwave radiation consistently increased ambient ozone levels, temperature displayed a positive relationship during the summer but a negative one during the winter; humidity was characterized by a negative relationship with ozone; precipitation increased ozone during late summer and winter, with no consistent effect during the rest of the year; wind speed and direction also showed contrasting effects between summer and winter months. Seasonality strongly affected the probability of exceedance in low population sites but had a minor role in more densely populated areas, while the difference in ozone concentrations between weekend and weekdays increased in urban sites. Overall, our results suggest that population and seasonality of the prevailing ambient conditions affect the local daily average ozone concentrations by modulating the importance of different processes and can thus be used to understand why high ozone concentrations may occur locally even during winter months.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Comparative evaluation of impacts of climate change and droughts on river flow vulnerability in Iran.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Noorisameleh, Z.; Khaledi, S.; Shakiba, A.; Firouzabadi, P. Z.; Gough, W. A.; and Qader Mirza, M. M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Water Science and Engineering. November 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Comparative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{noorisameleh_comparative_2020,\n\ttitle = {Comparative evaluation of impacts of climate change and droughts on river flow vulnerability in {Iran}},\n\tissn = {1674-2370},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674237020300922},\n\tdoi = {10/ghmh79},\n\tabstract = {Rivers in arid and semi-arid regions are threatened by droughts and climate change. This study focused on a comparative evaluation of the impacts of climate change and droughts on the vulnerability of river flows in three basins with diverse climates in Iran. The standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and precipitation effectiveness variables (PEVs) extracted from the conjunctive precipitation effectiveness index (CPEI) were used to analyze the drought severity. To investigate hydrological droughts in the basins, the normalized difference surface water index (NDSWI) and the streamflow drought index (SDI) were calculated and compared. The effects of droughts were assessed under various representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. Changes in the number of wet days and precipitation depth restricted hydrological droughts, whereas an increasing number of dry days amplified their severity. The projected increases in dry days and precipitation over short durations throughout a year under future climate scenarios would produce changes in drought and flood periods and ultimately impact the frequency and severity of hydrological droughts. Under RCP 4.5, an increase in the frequencies of moderate and severe meteorological/hydrological droughts would further affect the Central Desert Basin. Under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5, the frequencies of severe and extreme droughts would increase, but the drought area would be smaller than that under RCP 4.5, demonstrating less severe drought conditions. Due to the shallow depths of most rivers, SDI was found to be more feasible than NDSWI in detecting hydrological droughts.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-11-25},\n\tjournal = {Water Science and Engineering},\n\tauthor = {Noorisameleh, Zahra and Khaledi, Shahriar and Shakiba, Alireza and Firouzabadi, Parviz Zeaiean and Gough, William A. and Qader Mirza, M. Monirul},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Climate change, Drought index, Iran, Precipitation, River flow, Standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Thermal signatures of peri-urban landscapes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,1–31. August 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Thermal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_thermal_2020,\n\ttitle = {Thermal signatures of peri-urban landscapes},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/jamc/article/doi/10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0292.1/353811/Thermal-signatures-of-peri-urban-landscapes},\n\tdoi = {10/ghft7d},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2020-08-12},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {1--31},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Climate change impact assessment on grape and wine for Ontario, Canada’s appellations of origin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Brunette, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Regional Environmental Change, 20(3): 86. July 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Climate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_climate_2020,\n\ttitle = {Climate change impact assessment on grape and wine for {Ontario}, {Canada}’s appellations of origin},\n\tvolume = {20},\n\tissn = {1436-378X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01673-y},\n\tdoi = {10/gg7ggv},\n\tabstract = {This paper assesses the impacts of observed (1981–2010) and projected (2011–2100) climate changes on key indicators and critical thresholds for grape growth and wine production across the three appellations of origin in Ontario (Canada). The historical analysis is based on local weather station data from Environment Canada and the projections are based on selective ensembles of seasonal global climate model projections, statistically downscaled to create local-daily climate change scenarios. Average growing season temperatures have already been warming and growing degree days are increasing, both at statistically significant rates, and are both projected to continue increasing over the course of the twenty-first century. For Niagara Peninsula and Lake Erie North Shore, these one-time cool climate wine regions have already evolved into intermediate climate wine regions and are projected to transition into warm or even hot climate regions by the 2080s. There is also evidence showing that heat stress has and will likely continue to increase, while freeze damage has and likely will continue to decrease. Pruning and shading are the key short-term adaptation strategies while varietal selection is the key long-term adaptation strategy to minimize risks and maximise opportunities in response to these observed and projected regional climate change impacts.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-07-16},\n\tjournal = {Regional Environmental Change},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Brunette, Mathieu},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {86},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Earth–Air Heat Exchanger Potential Under Future Climate Change Scenarios in Nine North American Cities.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Zajch, A.; Gough, W.; and Chiesa, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Littlewood, J.; Howlett, R. J.; Capozzoli, A.; and Jain, L. C., editor(s), Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, of Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, pages 109–119, Singapore, 2020. Springer\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@inproceedings{zajch_earthair_2020,\n\taddress = {Singapore},\n\tseries = {Smart {Innovation}, {Systems} and {Technologies}},\n\ttitle = {Earth–{Air} {Heat} {Exchanger} {Potential} {Under} {Future} {Climate} {Change} {Scenarios} in {Nine} {North} {American} {Cities}},\n\tisbn = {978-981-329-868-2},\n\tdoi = {10/gg7ggs},\n\tabstract = {Earth–air heat exchanger (EAHE) potential was evaluated for nine locations representing a range of North American climates to determine the impact of future climate scenarios. This was motivated by the intrinsic relationship between climate conditions and EAHE potential. Future weather files were created using general circulation model (GCM) outputs for three representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios and two separate timeframes. These were used in a climate-based approach for estimating EAHE potential based on their capacity to provide either heating or cooling. The results demonstrated, cooling capacity of a hypothetical EAHE system decreased and heating capacity increased due to changes in demand. The largest effects were observed for later time periods and more drastic changes to radiative forcing. From the chosen locations, heating dominated sites are most susceptible to unfavorable changes in cooling capacity due to the synchronous timing of changes in cooling capacity relative to peak demand. This work highlights the importance of conducting a climate change impact assessment on EAHE potential in these climates to ensure system effectiveness into the future. Further work is required to explore the impact of depth and efficiency in addition to the resolution of climate changes models used.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tbooktitle = {Sustainability in {Energy} and {Buildings}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer},\n\tauthor = {Zajch, A. and Gough, W. and Chiesa, G.},\n\teditor = {Littlewood, John and Howlett, Robert J. and Capozzoli, Alfonso and Jain, Lakhmi C.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Climate, Earth-air heat exchanger},\n\tpages = {109--119},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Determining future thunderstorm-prone environments in Southern Ontario by using statistical downscaling to project changes in convective available potential energy (CAPE).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Huryn, S. M.; Mohsin, T.; Gough, W. A.; and Butler, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 141(3): 1235–1249. August 2020.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Determining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{huryn_determining_2020,\n\ttitle = {Determining future thunderstorm-prone environments in {Southern} {Ontario} by using statistical downscaling to project changes in convective available potential energy ({CAPE})},\n\tvolume = {141},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03260-x},\n\tdoi = {10/gg7ggq},\n\tabstract = {Considering the potential risks associated with thunderstorms, to date, there has been limited analysis on the projection of thunderstorm occurrence trends in Canada. The small spatial and temporal scales of thunderstorms are not resolved in global climate models (GCMs). In this study, the relationship is established between thunderstorm observations from nine weather stations across Southern Ontario, Canada, and daily maximum convective available potential energy (CAPE). The results from the correlation analysis between CAPE and thunderstorm days suggested that the probability of observing a thunderstorm increases as maximum daily CAPE increases. We then utilize the novel approach of applying statistical downscaling (SDSM) to CAPE. After regenerating CAPE over a 30-year reference period (1981–2010) at each weather station, it was determined that the SDSM-modeled CAPE values well compared to observed CAPE values. Future CAPE values up to the end of the current century are then projected using the SDSM models for each station in combination with three GCMs for future climate. The forecast from the downscaling suggested large increases, as much as tripling, in annual mean CAPE, summer mean CAPE, and number of days exceeding a 50\\% probability and 80\\% probability of observing a thunderstorm at all weather stations under SRES business-as-usual and RCP 8.5 scenarios for the study period of 2011–2100. All else being equal, this suggests an increase in the number of days with conditions favorable for thunderstorms under a warmer climate.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Huryn, Steven M. and Mohsin, Tanzina and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {1235--1249},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Impact of Coastalization on Day-to-Day Temperature Variability along China's East Coast.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Shi, B.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3): 451–456. May 2020.\n Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Impact$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_impact_2020,\n\ttitle = {Impact of {Coastalization} on {Day}-to-{Day} {Temperature} {Variability} along {China}'s {East} {Coast}},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {0749-0208, 1551-5036},\n\turl = {https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Coastal-Research/volume-36/issue-3/JCOASTRES-D-19-00167.1/Impact-of-Coastalization-on-Day-to-Day-Temperature-Variability-along/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00167.1.full},\n\tdoi = {10/gg7ggr},\n\tabstract = {Gough, W.A. and Shi, B., 2020. Impact of coastalization on day-to-day temperature variability along China's east coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3), 451–456. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Annual day-to-day temperature variability is examined for 16 urban areas along China's east coast. This day-to-day temperature framework was used to compare these cities and to discern differences between coastal locations and those inland from the coast. The day-to-day variation of the minimum temperature of the day was found to be the clearest indicator of coastalization, particularly when the effects of latitude were included. In addition, this metric was found to be superior and more nuanced than traditional measures of continentality and coastalization. An inland transect from Shanghai Pudong to Nanjing within the Yangtze River delta is suggestive of the relationship between the day-to-day temperature metrics and inland displacement and elevation. This work supports the further utility of the day-to-day temperature variation framework in detecting subtle changes in the thermal response to local meteorological and geographical features and may provide a useful tool for assessing marine impacts on climate data.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2020-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Coastal Research},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Shi, Bowen},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation},\n\tpages = {451--456},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Changes in Fog, Ice Fog, and Low Visibility in the Hudson Bay Region: Impacts on Aviation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Leung, A. C. W.; Gough, W. A.; and Butler, K. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere, 11(2): 186. February 2020.\n Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Changes$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{leung_changes_2020,\n\ttitle = {Changes in {Fog}, {Ice} {Fog}, and {Low} {Visibility} in the {Hudson} {Bay} {Region}: {Impacts} on {Aviation}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tshorttitle = {Changes in {Fog}, {Ice} {Fog}, and {Low} {Visibility} in the {Hudson} {Bay} {Region}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/2/186},\n\tdoi = {10/gg7ggp},\n\tabstract = {Fog and low visibility present a natural hazard for aviation in the Hudson Bay region. Sixteen communities on the eastern and western shores of Hudson and James Bays, Canada, were selected for fog, ice fog, and low visibility statistical analyses for a range of 21 to 62 year time series. Both fog hours and ice fog hours were found to be in general decline, with some locations experiencing statistically significant declines. Spatial asymmetries for fog and ice fog were observed among the various areas within the Hudson Bay region. The more northerly locations in this study experienced statistically significant declines in fog hours while the southerly locations\\&rsquo; declines were not significant. Fog was significantly declining in some western Hudson Bay locations during spring and fall and in James Bay during winter and summer, but minimal trends were observed in eastern Hudson Bay. For ice fog hours, all of the locations in the western shore of Hudson Bay experienced a significant decline in winter while only one-third of the locations in eastern shores were found to be declining significantly during winter. Blowing snow, snow, ice and fog were the leading causes for reduced and low visibilities at the majority of the locations. Other factors such as rain contributed a minor role to low visibility.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2020-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere},\n\tauthor = {Leung, Andrew C. W. and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken A.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Number: 2\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {airport, flight safety, fog observation, spatial variability, subarctic, time series analysis},\n\tpages = {186},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identification of Physical Heterogeneities in Canadian High-Frequency Air Temperature Records.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žaknić-Ćatović, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In January 2020. AMS\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identification$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@inproceedings{zaknic-catovic_identification_2020,\n\ttitle = {Identification of {Physical} {Heterogeneities} in {Canadian} {High}-{Frequency} {Air} {Temperature} {Records}},\n\turl = {https://ams.confex.com/ams/2020Annual/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/369008},\n\tabstract = {Apart from inhomogeneities in climatological records, often caused by human err...},\n\turldate = {2020-07-22},\n\tpublisher = {AMS},\n\tauthor = {Žaknić-Ćatović, Ana and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sampling frequency of climate data for the determination of daily temperature and daily temperature extrema.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; Žaknić‐Ćatović, A.; and Zajch, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Climatology, n/a(n/a). February 2020.\n _eprint: https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/joc.6528\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sampling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_sampling_2020,\n\ttitle = {Sampling frequency of climate data for the determination of daily temperature and daily temperature extrema},\n\tvolume = {n/a},\n\tcopyright = {© 2020 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society.},\n\tissn = {1097-0088},\n\turl = {https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.6528},\n\tdoi = {10/ggzt3s},\n\tabstract = {The sampling frequency of temperature data is examined. The range of sampling from hourly to twice daily are explored to determine the uncertainty that is introduced by sampling less frequently than hourly in the determination of daily temperature and daily temperature extrema. The standards for comparison for the daily average temperature are the average of hourly data and the average of the daily maximum and minimum temperature. Hourly temperature data from 12 Canadian climate stations are examined for several decades leading up to 2017. Daily average temperatures were calculated using data sampled 24 times a day (hourly), 12 times, 8 times, 6 times, 4 times and twice daily. Two triad algorithms from the literature and an experimental one are assessed relative to these sampling frequencies. The sampling frequency analysis was remarkably consistent across all climate stations. The departure from the hourly estimate ranged from 0.1°C for the bi-hourly sampling to 1°C for the twice daily sampling. The uncertainty associated with the min/max method consistently fell within that of three and four samples per day. Comparison of triad algorithms, based on a quantitative criterion for determination of best sampling hours, revealed a station specific triad that outperforms algorithms from the literature and thrice daily evenly spaced sampling. Minimum and maximum estimates were compared across the different sampling frequencies for all stations as well. The accuracy of estimating temperature extrema decreases with lower sampling rates with the exception of the 8 hr sampling where hour of sampling influences accuracy. The results demonstrate that the local climate characteristics needs to be considered when choosing the optimal sampling frequency and calculation method for daily means and extrema.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {n/a},\n\turldate = {2020-06-04},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Žaknić‐Ćatović, Ana and Zajch, Andrew},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {\\_eprint: https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/joc.6528},\n\tkeywords = {Canada, hourly data, observational data, sampling strategies},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Determining the Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Human Participation in Recreation and Tourism: A Case Study of the Toronto Zoo.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere, 11(1): 99. January 2020.\n Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Determining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_determining_2020,\n\ttitle = {Determining the {Effect} of {Extreme} {Weather} {Events} on {Human} {Participation} in {Recreation} and {Tourism}: {A} {Case} {Study} of the {Toronto} {Zoo}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\tshorttitle = {Determining the {Effect} of {Extreme} {Weather} {Events} on {Human} {Participation} in {Recreation} and {Tourism}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/1/99},\n\tdoi = {10/ggzt3r},\n\tabstract = {This study devises a novel approach for defining extreme weather events and assessing their effects on human participation in recreation and tourism, based on a case study of attendance at the Toronto Zoo (Toronto, ON, Canada). Daily zoo attendance data from 1999 to 2018 was obtained and analyzed in connection with daily weather data from local weather stations for the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, total precipitation, and maximum wind speed. The \\&ldquo;climatic distance\\&rdquo; method, used for evaluating representative weather stations for case studies in applied climatology, was employed to rank and select surrounding weather stations that most accurately captured daily weather observations recorded at the Toronto Zoo from 1990 to 1992. Extreme weather events can be defined as lying in the outermost (most unusual) 10 percent of a place\\&rsquo;s history. Using this definition as the foundation, a percentile approach was developed to identify and assess the effects of extreme weather events across the following thresholds: the 99th percentile, the 95th percentile, and the 90th percentile, as well as less than the 1st percentile, less than the 5th percentile, and less than the 10th percentile. Additionally, revealed, theoretical, and binary thresholds were also assessed to verify their merit and determine their effects, and were compared to the extreme weather events defined by the percentiles approach. Overall, extreme daily weather events had statistically significant negative effects on zoo attendance in Toronto, apart from a few cases, such as the positive effect of usually warm daytime temperatures in the winter and usually cool nighttime temperatures in the summer. The most influential weather event across all seasons was extremely hot temperatures, which has important implications for climate change impact assessments.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2020-06-04},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {attendance, climate change, extreme weather events, participation, recreation, tourism, zoos and aquariums},\n\tpages = {99},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2019\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Key Agri-Climatic and Socio-Economic Indicators for Cereal Production across the World.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n P, K. G.; Mohsin, T.; Arhonditsis, G.; Mirza, M.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 4(2). October 2019.\n Number: 2\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Key$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{p_key_2019,\n\ttitle = {Key {Agri}-{Climatic} and {Socio}-{Economic} {Indicators} for {Cereal} {Production} across the {World}},\n\tvolume = {4},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c)},\n\tissn = {2456-1878},\n\turl = {http://journal-repository.com/index.php/ijeab/article/view/473},\n\tabstract = {This research focuses on the identification of key indicators of climate change impacting the cereal crop yields for fourteen countries across the world employing the principal component analysis (PCA) and the linear scoring technique using the World Bank Data for the period 1961 to 2013 for all indicators for all the countries. The Climate Change Crop Performance Indices (CCCPIs) are generated for each country for the first time using both the climatological and socio-economic indicators. These indices are used for comparing and monitoring the relative crop performance during the study period. The locations under study included Canada and Mexico from North America; Argentina, and Cuba from Latin America; France, and Portugal from Europe; Iran, and Israel from Middle East; Liberia and Somalia from Africa; and Mongolia, Nepal, Myanmar, and Philippines from Asia. Based on the PCA analysis and underlying assumptions, the following list of key indicators are identified for each country: Canada: temperature, CO2e and LACP; Mexico, France and Israel: temperature, CO2e and RF; Argentina and Cuba: CO2e and RF; Portugal and Somalia: Temperature, CO2e, LACP and RF; Iran:temperature, CO2e, CY and RF; Liberia and Mongolia: CO2e, CY and temperature; Nepal: CO2e, CY and RF, and Myanmar and Philippines:temperature and CO2e;. These indicators provide a signal of the desirable or undesirable changes in climatological or socioeconomic parameters that have occurred or may occur in future in the above-mentioned countries. These key indicators might help even the technology developers, land managers and the policy makers to develop new strategies and formulate new policies.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2020-07-22},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology},\n\tauthor = {P, Kusuma Grace and Mohsin, Tanzina and Arhonditsis, George and Mirza, Monirul and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Number: 2},\n\tkeywords = {⛔ No DOI found},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Using a Multiyear Temporal Climate-Analog Approach to Assess Climate Change Impacts on Park Visitation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Weather, Climate, and Society, 11(2): 291–305. April 2019.\n Publisher: American Meteorological Society\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Using$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_using_2019,\n\ttitle = {Using a {Multiyear} {Temporal} {Climate}-{Analog} {Approach} to {Assess} {Climate} {Change} {Impacts} on {Park} {Visitation}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1948-8327},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/wcas/article/11/2/291/107454/Using-a-Multiyear-Temporal-Climate-Analog-Approach},\n\tdoi = {10/gg7ggt},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2020-07-22},\n\tjournal = {Weather, Climate, and Society},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tnote = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society},\n\tpages = {291--305},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A New Approach to Air Temperature Analysis.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žaknić-Ćatović, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In January 2019. AMS\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@inproceedings{zaknic-catovic_new_2019,\n\ttitle = {A {New} {Approach} to {Air} {Temperature} {Analysis}},\n\turl = {https://ams.confex.com/ams/2019Annual/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/352891},\n\tabstract = {Two new aspects of measured air temperature data analysis are examined: the ext...},\n\turldate = {2020-07-22},\n\tpublisher = {AMS},\n\tauthor = {Žaknić-Ćatović, Ana and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2019},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Lake Ontario ice coverage: Past, present and future.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Great Lakes Research, 45(6): 1080–1089. December 2019.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Lake$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_lake_2019,\n\ttitle = {Lake {Ontario} ice coverage: {Past}, present and future},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {0380-1330},\n\tshorttitle = {Lake {Ontario} ice coverage},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133019301947},\n\tdoi = {10/ggzt3t},\n\tabstract = {Lake Ontario ice conditions are statistically linked to regional temperatures recorded in Toronto, during the most recent climate normal (1980/81–2009/10). A metric was developed to capture the net melting effect of average winter temperatures to characterize lake ice conditions, referred to as Net Melting-Degree Days (NMDD). This metric was able to account for 78\\% of lake ice interannual variability (R2 = 0.783, P {\\textless} 0.001). Based on NMDD parameters, current lake ice conditions were characterized in four ways: heavy, moderate, light and very light. Lake Ontario ice conditions were reconstructed to create a hindcast for the span of the instrumental temperature record (1840/41–1979/80). Based on a decadal analysis, heavy ice seasons decreased significantly (R2 = 0.658, P {\\textless} 0.001) from the 1840s to the 2000s, declining from an average of 6 heavy ice seasons per decade during the most distant climate normal (1840s to 1960s) to an average of only 1 heavy ice season per decade during the most recent climate normal (1980s to 2000s). Finally, lake ice conditions are projected to the end of the 21st century, using an optimal ensemble of Global Climate Model outputs for two different climate change scenarios (RCP4.5, RCP8.5). Heavy ice seasons no longer occur as early as the 2050s under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Whereas, very light ice seasons go from being an extreme in the baseline period (10\\%), to the dominant characterization of Lake Ontario ice conditions by the 2080s, for both RCP4.5 (73\\%) and RCP8.5 (100\\%).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2020-06-04},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2019},\n\tkeywords = {Climate change projections, Freezing-degree days, Hindcasting, Lake ice, Melting-degree days, Winter temperatures},\n\tpages = {1080--1089},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2018\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization of the urban heat island at Toronto: Revisiting the choice of rural sites using a measure of day-to-day variation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, C. I.; Gough, W. A.; and Mohsin, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Urban Climate, 25: 187–195. September 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_characterization_2018,\n\ttitle = {Characterization of the urban heat island at {Toronto}: {Revisiting} the choice of rural sites using a measure of day-to-day variation},\n\tvolume = {25},\n\tissn = {2212-0955},\n\tshorttitle = {Characterization of the urban heat island at {Toronto}},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095518301706},\n\tdoi = {10/gdvjtg},\n\tabstract = {The quantification of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) relies on the establishment of urban–rural station pairs for comparison. We revisited the selection of three rural stations (Albion Field Centre, Millgrove, and King Smoke Tree) and two urban stations (Toronto and Toronto Pearson International Airport) that have previously been used to perform UHI analysis in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We explored the seasonal patterns of day-to-day temperature variation. We employed a derived measure of day-to-day temperature variability, the novel ΔDTD metric—the difference between the variation in daytime maximum temperatures and nighttime minimum temperatures—to determine whether our stations exhibited the ΔDTD values that are characteristic of rural (negative or less positive ΔDTD) and urban (positive or less negative ΔDTD) sites. Our results indicate that both of our urban stations do, indeed, exhibit day-to-day variation that is characteristic of urban stations. Of our three rural sites, Albion Field Centre was found to be the most rural. King Smoke Tree, an agricultural station, showed the highest ΔDTD values of the three rural sites, indicating that ΔDTD is, therefore, a useful tool for the detection of anthropogenic disturbance and the evaluation of urban and rural members of urban–rural station pairs.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Urban Climate},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Conor I. and Gough, William A. and Mohsin, Tanzina},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Day-to-day variability, Urban heat island, Urban–rural pairs, ΔDTD},\n\tpages = {187--195},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A comparison of climatological observing windows and their impact on detecting daily temperature extrema.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Žaknić-Ćatović, A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 132(1): 41–54. April 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{zaknic-catovic_comparison_2018,\n\ttitle = {A comparison of climatological observing windows and their impact on detecting daily temperature extrema},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2068-y},\n\tdoi = {10/gc9dxs},\n\tabstract = {Climatological observing window (COW) is defined as a time frame over which continuous or extreme air temperature measurements are collected. A 24-h time interval, ending at 00UTC or shifted to end at 06UTC, has been associated with difficulties in characterizing daily temperature extrema. A fixed 24-h COW used to obtain the temperature minima leads to potential misidentification due to fragmentation of “nighttime” into two subsequent nighttime periods due to the time discretization interval. The correct identification of air temperature extrema is achievable using a COW that identifies daily minimum over a single nighttime period and maximum over a single daytime period, as determined by sunrise and sunset. Due to a common absence of hourly air temperature observations, the accuracy of the mean temperature estimation is dependent on the accuracy of determination of diurnal air temperature extrema. Qualitative and quantitative criteria were used to examine the impact of the COW on detecting daily air temperature extrema. The timing of the 24-h observing window occasionally affects the determination of daily extrema through a mischaracterization of the diurnal minima and by extension can lead to errors in determining daily mean temperature. Hourly air temperature data for the time period from year 1987 to 2014, obtained from Toronto Buttonville Municipal Airport weather station, were used in analysis of COW impacts on detection of daily temperature extrema and calculation of annual temperature averages based on such extrema.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Žaknić-Ćatović, Ana and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {41--54},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differential temperature preferences and thresholds among summer campers in Ontario’s southern provincial parks: a Canadian case study in tourism climatology.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; Scott, D. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 133(3): 1163–1173. August 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differential$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_differential_2018,\n\ttitle = {Differential temperature preferences and thresholds among summer campers in {Ontario}’s southern provincial parks: a {Canadian} case study in tourism climatology},\n\tvolume = {133},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\tshorttitle = {Differential temperature preferences and thresholds among summer campers in {Ontario}’s southern provincial parks},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2248-9},\n\tdoi = {10/gdwq8p},\n\tabstract = {Weather and climate are important factors in relation to outdoor recreation and tourism. Camping and park visitation are weather sensitive activities very likely to be impacted by projected climate change. Temperature is the weather variable that has received the greatest attention within the tourism climatology literature and was the greatest predictor of park visitation within previous assessments. This study uses a stated climate preferences approach, relying on survey-based data, to explore differences for temperature preferences and thresholds among campers in Ontario parks. Statistically significant differences (at the 95\\% confidence level) in mean values for temperature preferences and thresholds were recorded based on various camper characteristics, such as the following: activity selection, age, gender, distance travelled, length of stay, life cycle stage, camping experience, and camping equipment. Swimmers preferred warmer day-time temperatures. Older campers preferred cooler temperatures and were more sensitive to heat stress, in the day and night time. Females preferred warmer temperatures and were less sensitive to heat stress during the night time. Campers who had travelled further distances to reach the park or planned to stay for longer periods were less sensitive to heat stress. Campers with children in their group preferred warmer temperatures and were less sensitive to heat stress, in the day and at night. Respondents with higher levels of camping experience preferred warmer temperatures at night. Tent campers were less sensitive to heat stress, in the day and at night. The results of this study have direct implications for previous and future climate change impact assessments on park visitation.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Scott, Daniel J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {1163--1173},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Community vulnerability to changes in the winter road viability and longevity in the western James Bay region of Ontario’s Far North.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hori, Y.; Gough, W. A.; Tam, B.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Regional Environmental Change, 18(6): 1753–1763. August 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Community$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hori_community_2018,\n\ttitle = {Community vulnerability to changes in the winter road viability and longevity in the western {James} {Bay} region of {Ontario}’s {Far} {North}},\n\tvolume = {18},\n\tissn = {1436-378X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1310-1},\n\tdoi = {10/gd2s8z},\n\tabstract = {A network of winter roads that consists of snow-ice roads over land, muskeg, and frozen lakes and rivers has been and continues to be a critical seasonal lifeline in remote-northern First Nation (FN) communities in Ontario’s Far North. This study examines current vulnerability of the Fort Albany community to physical, social, and economic impacts associated with the changing of the viability and longevity of winter roads and its seasons, as well as the river ice regimes. Semi-directive interviews with key informants (n = 8) and structured surveys with winter road users (n = 54) were conducted to gather local knowledge about the evolution of winter roads and climatic and environmental changes in winter road conditions and seasons. Trends in the river ice breakup and flood events for the Moose River, Albany River, and Attawapiskat River were also examined. The results of this study indicate that climatic factors, particularly air temperature and snowfall, have directly affected the construction and maintenance of the James Bay Winter Road. Trend analyses of spring flooding for the three rivers exhibit statistically significant increases (p ≤ 0.01) over the past few decades; thus, flooding in nearby communities has become a more significant threat in recent years. A few short- and medium-term adaptation strategies have been initiated in response to the impacts of climate change on winter roads; however, developing long-term planning and feasible adaptation for remote-northern communities in Ontario’s Far North is necessary.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Regional Environmental Change},\n\tauthor = {Hori, Yukari and Gough, William A. and Tam, Benita and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Climate change, First Nations, James Bay, River ice, Vulnerability, Winter roads},\n\tpages = {1753--1763},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Accounting for missing data in monthly temperature series: Testing rule-of-thumb omission of months with missing values.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, C. I.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Climatology, 38(13): 4990–5002. November 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Accounting$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_accounting_2018,\n\ttitle = {Accounting for missing data in monthly temperature series: {Testing} rule-of-thumb omission of months with missing values},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tcopyright = {© 2018 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley \\& Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society.},\n\tissn = {1097-0088},\n\tshorttitle = {Accounting for missing data in monthly temperature series},\n\turl = {https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.5801},\n\tdoi = {10/gfks6c},\n\tabstract = {The “3/5 rule” is a commonly used rule-of-thumb for dealing with missing data when calculating monthly climate normals. The rule states that any month that is missing more than three consecutive daily values, or more than five daily values in total, should not be included in calculated monthly climate normals. We quantify the impact of missing data in a given year–month for between 1 and 25 missing values. As such, we describe the error the “3/5 rule” (and a related rule that we have dubbed the “4/10 rule”) permits. We tested the statistical robustness of these rules using observed temperature data from a temperate station and a tropical station. We show that, for observed data, the “3/5 rule” permits an average of between 0.06 and 0.07 standard deviations of error in the calculated monthly mean (ɛ) when three consecutive or five random values are missing. For its part, the “4/10 rule” permits a maximum ɛ of between 0.07 and 0.09 when four consecutive values are missing, or up to 0.10 when 10 random values are missing. The proportional impact of missing values was similar across variables. We performed a correlation analysis and show that each additional missing value from a year–month of data increases ɛ by between 0.008 and 0.018 for up to 19 missing values. There is a significant relationship between the lag-1 autocorrelation of a year–month, and ɛ. ɛ can be reduced by simple linear interpolation when values are missing at random and the year–month exhibits lag-1 autocorrelation. Overall, we find that the application of any “rule-of-thumb” should be based on the particular characteristics of the source data and the goals of the research project.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {13},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Conor I. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {3/5 rule, data gaps, missing values, monthly series, temperature},\n\tpages = {4990--5002},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Implications of projected climate change on winter road systems in Ontario’s Far North, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hori, Y.; Cheng, V. Y. S.; Gough, W. A.; Jien, J. Y.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climatic Change, 148(1): 109–122. May 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Implications$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hori_implications_2018,\n\ttitle = {Implications of projected climate change on winter road systems in {Ontario}’s {Far} {North}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {148},\n\tissn = {1573-1480},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2178-2},\n\tdoi = {10/gdjk37},\n\tabstract = {Understanding climate change impacts on winter road systems in Ontario’s Far North is critical due to the high dependence on such seasonal corridors by local residences, particularly among remote First Nations communities. In recent years, a warmer climate has resulted in a shorter winter road season and an increase in unreliable road conditions, thus limiting access among remote communities. This study focused on examining the future freezing degree day (FDD) accumulations during the preconditioning period of the winter roads at five locations using the multi-model ensembles of general circulation models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs), under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. The Statistical DownScaling Model Decision Centric Version 5 (SDSM-DC) was applied to validate the baseline climate. The results from the CMIP5 showed that by mid-century, the trends of FDDs under RCP4.5 for Moosonee and Kapuskasing were projected to decrease below the lowest threshold with the mean FDDs at 376 and 363, respectively. Under RCP8.5, the mean FDDs for Lansdowne House and Red Lake were projected to be below the lowest threshold, at 356 and 305, respectively, by the end of the century. Results of the FDD threshold measure indicated that climate conditions would possibly be unfavorable during the winter road construction period by mid-century for Moosonee and Kapuskasing and for Lansdowne House and Red Lake by the end of the century. For Big Trout Lake, on the other hand, climate conditions are expected to remain favorable for the winter road construction through the end of 2100.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Climatic Change},\n\tauthor = {Hori, Yukari and Cheng, Vincent Y. S. and Gough, William A. and Jien, Jerry Y. and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Climate change, Climate model projection, Ontario, Winter road},\n\tpages = {109--122},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Inter- and intraspecific variation in leaf economic traits in wheat and maize.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Martin, A. R.; Hale, C. E.; Cerabolini, B. E. L.; Cornelissen, J. H. C.; Craine, J.; Gough, W. A.; Kattge, J.; and Tirona, C. K. F.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n AoB PLANTS, 10(1). February 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Inter-$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{martin_inter-_2018,\n\ttitle = {Inter- and intraspecific variation in leaf economic traits in wheat and maize},\n\tvolume = {10},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/aobpla/article/10/1/ply006/4823126},\n\tdoi = {10/gc72qb},\n\tabstract = {Wheat and maize are among the world’s most important crops, covering nearly 400 million ha of Earth’s land surface (an area roughly twice the size of Mexico) an},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {AoB PLANTS},\n\tauthor = {Martin, Adam R. and Hale, Christine E. and Cerabolini, Bruno E. L. and Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. and Craine, Joseph and Gough, William A. and Kattge, Jens and Tirona, Cairan K. F.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2018},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Thirty years of assessing the impacts of climate change on outdoor recreation and tourism in Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Tourism Management Perspectives, 26: 179–192. April 2018.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Thirty$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_thirty_2018,\n\ttitle = {Thirty years of assessing the impacts of climate change on outdoor recreation and tourism in {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {2211-9736},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211973617300594},\n\tdoi = {10/gdmgq6},\n\tabstract = {This paper reviews 30 peer-reviewed academic journals articles (1986–2016) that assess the impacts of climate change on outdoor recreation and tourism in Canada. The review follows a sector-based approach, covering the various activities that have been assessed within a Canadian context. In general, climate change is expected to present increased risks for cold-weather activities in Canada, while there may be increased opportunities for warm-weather activities. A series of knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations for future research in the field are made. Emphasis is placed on overcoming limitations associated with reliance on out-dated climate science, climate models and climate change scenarios; addressing the uneven geographic distribution of existing assessments and filling the gap regarding regions that are currently underrepresented; as well as exploring the weather sensitivity and potential climate change impacts for outdoor recreation and tourism activities that have not yet been assessed.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Tourism Management Perspectives},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tkeywords = {Canada, Climate change impacts, Outdoor recreation and tourism},\n\tpages = {179--192},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2017\n \n \n (8)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Comments on thaw-freeze algorithms for multilayered soil, using the Stefan equation.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xie, C.; and Gough, W. A\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 9(6): 525–533. 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{xie2017comments,\n\ttitle = {Comments on thaw-freeze algorithms for multilayered soil, using the {Stefan} equation},\n\tvolume = {9},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\tjournal = {Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions},\n\tauthor = {Xie, ChangWei and Gough, William A},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource, 🔍No DOI found},\n\tpages = {525--533},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Differences in the importance of weather and weather-based decisions among campers in Ontario parks (Canada).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; Scott, D. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Biometeorology, 61(10): 1805–1818. October 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Differences$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_differences_2017,\n\ttitle = {Differences in the importance of weather and weather-based decisions among campers in {Ontario} parks ({Canada})},\n\tvolume = {61},\n\tissn = {1432-1254},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1364-7},\n\tdoi = {10/gchwhw},\n\tabstract = {Parks and protected areas represent an important resource for tourism in Canada, in which camping is a common recreational activity. The important relationship between weather and climate with recreation and tourism has been widely acknowledged within the academic literature. Howbeit, the need for activity-specific assessments has been identified as an on-going need for future research in the field of tourism climatology. Furthermore, very little is known about the interrelationships between personal characteristics and socio-demographics with weather preferences and behavioural thresholds. This study uses a stated climate preferences approach (survey responses) to explore differences in the importance of weather and related weather-based decisions among summer campers in Ontario parks. Statistically significant differences were found among campers for each of the four dependent variables tested in this study. Physically active campers placed greater importance on weather but were still more tolerant of adverse weather conditions. Older campers placed greater importance on weather. Campers travelling shorter distances placed greater importance on weather and were more likely to leave the park early due to adverse weather. Campers staying for longer periods of time were less likely to leave early due to weather and were willing to endure longer durations of adverse weather conditions. Beginner campers placed greater importance on weather, were more likely to leave early due to weather and recorded lower temporal weather thresholds. The results of this study contribute to the study of tourism climatology by furthering understanding of how personal characteristics such as gender, age, activity selection, trip duration, distance travelled, travel experience and life cycles affect weather preferences and decisions, focusing this time on recreational camping in a park tourism context.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {10},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Biometeorology},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Scott, Daniel J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Behavioural thresholds, Camping, Outdoor recreation, Parks and protected areas, Tourism climatology, Tourist decision-making, Weather preferences},\n\tpages = {1805--1818},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Evolution of Winter Temperature in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: A Case Study of Winters 2013/14 and 2014/15.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Anderson, C. I.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Climate, 30(14): 5361–5376. April 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Evolution$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{anderson_evolution_2017,\n\ttitle = {Evolution of {Winter} {Temperature} in {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Winters} 2013/14 and 2014/15},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {0894-8755},\n\tshorttitle = {Evolution of {Winter} {Temperature} in {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0562.1},\n\tdoi = {10/gbktjt},\n\tabstract = {Globally, 2014 and 2015 were the two warmest years on record. At odds with these global records, eastern Canada experienced pronounced annual cold anomalies in both 2014 and 2015, especially during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 winters. This study sought to contextualize these cold winters within a larger climate context in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Toronto winter temperatures (maximum Tmax, minimum Tmin, and mean Tmean) for the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons were ranked among all winters for three periods: 1840/41–2015 (175 winters), 1955/56–2015 (60 winters), and 1985/86–2015 (30 winters), and the average warming trend for each temperature metric during these three periods was analyzed using the Mann–Kendall test and Thiel–Sen slope estimation. The winters of 2013/14 and 2014/15 were the 34th and 36th coldest winters in Toronto since record-keeping began in 1840; however these events are much rarer, relatively, over shorter periods of history. Overall, Toronto winter temperatures have warmed considerably since winter 1840/41. The Mann–Kendall analysis showed statistically significant monotonic trends in winter Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean over the last 175 and 60 years. These trends notwithstanding, there has been no clear signal in Toronto winter temperature since 1985/86. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the diurnal temperature range in that period, indicating an expansion of winter extremes. It is proposed that the possible saturation of urban heat island–related warming in Toronto may partially explain this increase in variation. Also, anomalies in the position of the polar jet stream over Toronto during these cold events are identified. No direct influence of major teleconnections on Toronto winter temperature is found.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Climate},\n\tauthor = {Anderson, Conor I. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tpages = {5361--5376},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Longitudinal assessment of climate vulnerability: a case study from the Canadian Arctic.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Archer, L.; Ford, J. D.; Pearce, T.; Kowal, S.; Gough, W. A.; and Allurut, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Sustainability Science, 12(1): 15–29. January 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Longitudinal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{archer_longitudinal_2017,\n\ttitle = {Longitudinal assessment of climate vulnerability: a case study from the {Canadian} {Arctic}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1862-4057},\n\tshorttitle = {Longitudinal assessment of climate vulnerability},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0401-5},\n\tdoi = {10/f9rbf7},\n\tabstract = {The Arctic is a global hotspot of climate change, which is impacting the livelihoods of remote Inuit communities. We conduct a longitudinal assessment of climate change vulnerability drawing upon fieldwork conducted in 2004 and 2015 in Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Nunavut, and focusing on risks associated with subsistence harvesting activities. Specifically, we employ the same conceptual and methodological approach to identify and characterize who is vulnerable, to what stresses, and why, assessing how this has changed over time, including re-interviewing individuals involved in the original study. We find similarities between the two periods, with many of the observed environmental changes documented in 2004 having accelerated over the last decade, exacerbating risks of land use: changing sea ice regimes and wind patterns are the most widely documented at both times, with new observations reporting more frequent sighting of polar bear and orca. Socio-economic and technological changes have altered the context in climate change impacts are being experienced and responded to, both exacerbating and moderating vulnerabilities compared to 2004. The adoption of new technology, including GPS and widespread use of the internet, has helped land users manage changing conditions while sharing networks remain strong, despite concern noted in the 2004 study that they were weakening. Challenges around access to financial resources and concern over the incomplete transmission of some environmental knowledge and land skills to younger generations continue to increase sensitivity and limit adaptive capacity to changing climatic conditions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Sustainability Science},\n\tauthor = {Archer, Lewis and Ford, James D. and Pearce, Tristan and Kowal, Slawomir and Gough, William A. and Allurut, Mishak},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Adaptation, Adaptive capacity, Climate change, Inuit, Nunavut, Resilience, Subsistence, Vulnerability},\n\tpages = {15--29},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Temporal evolution of Hudson Bay Sea Ice (1971–2011).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kowal, S.; Gough, W. A.; and Butler, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 127(3): 753–760. February 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Temporal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{kowal_temporal_2017,\n\ttitle = {Temporal evolution of {Hudson} {Bay} {Sea} {Ice} (1971–2011)},\n\tvolume = {127},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1666-9},\n\tdoi = {10/f9rc22},\n\tabstract = {Previous work has found Hudson Bay seasonal sea ice particularly sensitive to climate change with a strong signal of earlier breakup dates. This work extends the previous analysis by including eight additional years of recent sea ice data. The expanded sea ice record, 1971 to 2011, revealed stronger and more statistically significant trends than the earlier work, most strikingly for the later freeze up. The average magnitude of the temporal trend for all 36 locations studied is 0.50 days/year for earlier breakup, 0.46 days/year for the later freeze-up, and 0.91 days/year for longer ice-free period. Of the 36 points, 12 points for the breakup period, 30 points for the freeze-up period, and 22 points for the ice-free season have accelerating temporal trends during the past decade.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Kowal, Slawomir and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Breakup Date, Early Breakup, Lowess Curve},\n\tpages = {753--760},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in the seasonal length and opening dates of a winter road in the western James Bay region, Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hori, Y.; Gough, W. A.; Butler, K.; and Tsuji, L. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129(3): 1309–1320. August 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trends$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hori_trends_2017,\n\ttitle = {Trends in the seasonal length and opening dates of a winter road in the western {James} {Bay} region, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {129},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1855-1},\n\tdoi = {10/gbq6gv},\n\tabstract = {In northern Canada, winter roads are essential for communities. The duration of the winter road season depends on particular meteorological conditions. In this study, we investigated whether there is a temporal relationship between seasonal weather trends and the historical opening dates of the James Bay Winter Road in Ontario’s Far North. The statistical significance of the temporal trends and their magnitude are determined by the Mann-Kendall test and the Theil-Sen method. Results showed that decreasing trends in the freezing degree-days (FDDs) are statistically significant, along with the statistically significant increasing trends of monthly averages of both T min and T mean during the winter months in the western James Bay region for the 1961–2014 period. However, there were no statistically significant linkages between opening dates and FDDs detected, perhaps due to the paucity of opening dates data, although early opening dates in the last 10 years may be the result of larger FDDs. The FDDs during the months of October through December were more closely linked to opening dates than FDDs that were calculated up the opening date (including January dates), suggesting the key role of preconditioning during late fall and early winter. The lowest FDDs for the months of October to December that resulted in a viable winter road were 380 degree-days (°C). This threshold can be potentially used as a lower threshold for winter roads.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Hori, Yukari and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken and Tsuji, Leonard J.S.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Average Opening Date, Historical Opening Date, Precondition Period, Significant Warming Trend, Winter Road},\n\tpages = {1309--1320},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Identifying Frostquakes in Central Canada and Neighbouring Regions in the United States with Social Media.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Leung, A. C. W.; Gough, W. A.; and Shi, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Leitner, M.; and Jokar Arsanjani, J., editor(s), Citizen Empowered Mapping, of Geotechnologies and the Environment, pages 201–222. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Identifying$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{leung_identifying_2017,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\tseries = {Geotechnologies and the {Environment}},\n\ttitle = {Identifying {Frostquakes} in {Central} {Canada} and {Neighbouring} {Regions} in the {United} {States} with {Social} {Media}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-319-51629-5},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51629-5_9},\n\tabstract = {Following the ice storm of December 2013 in southern Ontario, the general public heard noises that resembled falling trees and reported these occurrences on social media. These were identified as a rare phenomenon called cryoseism, or more commonly known as frostquakes. These occurrences became the first large-scale documented frostquakes in Canada. Using meteorological metrics, we were able to forecast two subsequent frostquake events in January 2014 that coincided with reports on social media. In total, six more episodes of frostquakes as well as their locations were identified in January and February of 2014. Results showed that in central Canada, frostquake occurrences ranged from Windsor, Ontario to the west to Montreal, Quebec to the east and from Niagara Falls, Ontario to the south to North Bay, Ontario to the north. In the United States, the reports came from states bordering the Great Lakes and the New England areas. Two frostquake clusters were identified, one in and around the Greater Toronto Area and the other in eastern Wisconsin. Frostquakes were most frequently heard at nighttime. We critically assess the use of social media as an observation network including the possibility of false positives and population bias. This study demonstrates that rare phenomena such as frostquakes can be identified and assessed using data gathered through social media.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tbooktitle = {Citizen {Empowered} {Mapping}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Leung, Andrew C. W. and Gough, William A. and Shi, Yehong},\n\teditor = {Leitner, Michael and Jokar Arsanjani, Jamal},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-319-51629-5_9},\n\tkeywords = {Collaborative mapping, Crowdsourcing, Cryoseism, Frostquake, Social media},\n\tpages = {201--222},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Near-Time Sea Surface Temperature and Tropical Cyclone Intensity in the Eastern North Pacific Basin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jien, J. Y.; Gough, W. A.; Butler, K.; Cheng, V.; and Arhonditsis, G.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Collins, J. M.; and Walsh, K., editor(s), Hurricanes and Climate Change: Volume 3, pages 55–89. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Near-Time$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@incollection{jien_near-time_2017,\n\taddress = {Cham},\n\ttitle = {Near-{Time} {Sea} {Surface} {Temperature} and {Tropical} {Cyclone} {Intensity} in the {Eastern} {North} {Pacific} {Basin}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-319-47594-3},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47594-3_3},\n\tabstract = {Although a significant relationship between near-time sea surface temperature (SST) and tropical cyclone (TC) intensity has been found for many major TC basins, this topic has not been explored in the eastern North Pacific (ENP) basin. When the main development region of the (ENP) Ocean is subdivided into eastern (EDR) and western (WDR) development regions, SSTs show a weak, yet significant, positive relationship with intensities of the six-hourly TC observations and storms’ maximum strengths only in the WDR. This SST-storm intensity relationship is most apparent for the maximum lifetime TC intensity of WDR major hurricanes. The maximum strength of major hurricanes in the ENP basin is more clearly established in the WDR where SST is at least 25 °C, well below the minimum SST value that is observed in the North Atlantic basin.When intensity observations are binned into SST intervals, the upper bound value of TC intensity is found to increase with SST. Compared to the previous TC climatological analysis (Whitney and Hobgood (1997) J Clim 10(11):2921–2930), the maximum relative wind speed has increased for SST bins of 27 °C ({\\textgreater}26.5 °C and {\\textless}27.5 °C) or higher. While a linear function was determined previously as the best empirical fit for the ENP maximum potential intensity (ENPMPI) for each SST bin (Whitney and Hobgood (1997) J Clim 10(11):2921–2930), other means of curve fitting such as the exponential decay (increase form) function also show skill at representing the SST-dependent ENPMPI in the WDR. When storm observations are regionally stratified, the rate of increasing maximum potential intensity with SST flattens out towards the highest SST category. Under the ambient condition in which the theoretical MPI is assumed along ENP storm tracks, the updated relationship of the outflow temperature with SST resembles an inverse (negative) sigmoid curve.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tbooktitle = {Hurricanes and {Climate} {Change}: {Volume} 3},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Jien, Jerry Y. and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken and Cheng, Vincent and Arhonditsis, George},\n\teditor = {Collins, Jennifer M. and Walsh, Kevin},\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/978-3-319-47594-3_3},\n\tkeywords = {Correlation, Eastern North Pacific basin, Eastern development region, Empirical function, Exponential decay, Maximum lifetime intensity, Maximum potential intensity, Outflow temperature, Relative wind speed, Sea surface temperature, Sea surface temperature bin, Statistical relationship, Tropical cyclone intensity, Western development region},\n\tpages = {55--89},\n}\n

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\n \n 2016\n \n \n (12)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Assessing the impact of projected climate change on zoo visitation in Toronto (Canada).\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J; and Gough, W. A\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Geography and Geology, 8(2): 30. 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer2016assessing,\n\ttitle = {Assessing the impact of projected climate change on zoo visitation in {Toronto} ({Canada})},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxs6},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Geography and Geology},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J and Gough, William A},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource},\n\tpages = {30},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Correlation of PM2. 5 and meteorological variables in Ontario cities: statistical downscaling method coupled with artificial neural network.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Su, X; Gough, W; and Shen, Q\n\n\n \n\n\n\n WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 207: 215–226. 2016.\n tex.publisher= WIT Press\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{su2016correlation,\n\ttitle = {Correlation of {PM2}. 5 and meteorological variables in {Ontario} cities: statistical downscaling method coupled with artificial neural network},\n\tvolume = {207},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxs9},\n\tjournal = {WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment},\n\tauthor = {Su, X and Gough, W and Shen, Q},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {tex.publisher= WIT Press},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource},\n\tpages = {215--226},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ontario Climate Change and Health Modelling Study: Report.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; Anderson, V.; and Herod, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Technical Report Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Public Health Policy and Programs Branch, August 2016.\n bibtex\\p̌hantom\\ doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35542.96327 p̌hantom\\\\\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ontario$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@techreport{gough_ontario_2016,\n\ttitle = {Ontario {Climate} {Change} and {Health} {Modelling} {Study}: {Report}},\n\turl = {http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/ministry/publications/reports/climate_change_toolkit/climate_change_toolkit.aspx},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tinstitution = {Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Public Health Policy and Programs Branch},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Anderson, Vidya and Herod, Kris},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tnote = {bibtex\\{\\vphantom{\\}}\n  doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35542.96327\n\\vphantom{\\{}\\}},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The role of environmental factors in search and rescue incidents in Nunavut, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Clark, D. G.; Ford, J. D.; Berrang-Ford, L.; Pearce, T.; Kowal, S.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Public Health, 137: 44–49. August 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{clark_role_2016,\n\ttitle = {The role of environmental factors in search and rescue incidents in {Nunavut}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {137},\n\tissn = {0033-3506},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350616300981},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxs5},\n\tabstract = {Objectives\nUnintentional injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nunavut, where the importance of land-based activities and reliance on semi-permanent trails create unique risk profiles. Climate change is believed to be exacerbating these risks, although no studies have quantitatively examined links between environmental conditions and injury and distress in the Canadian Arctic. We examine the correlation between environmental conditions and land-based search and rescue (SAR) incidents across Nunavut.\nStudy design\nCase study.\nMethods\nCase data were acquired from the Canadian National Search and Rescue Secretariat. Gasoline sales from across the territory are then used to model land-use and exposure. We compare weather and ice conditions during 202 SAR incidents to conditions during 755 non-SAR days (controls) between 2013 and 2014.\nResults\nWe show daily ambient temperature, ice concentration, ice thickness, and variation in types of ice to be correlated with SAR rates across the territory during the study period.\nConclusions\nThese conditions are projected to be affected by future climate change, which could increase demand for SAR and increase injury rates in the absence of targeted efforts aimed at prevention and treatment. This study provides health practitioners and public health communities with clearer understanding to prepare, respond to, and prevent injuries across the Arctic.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Public Health},\n\tauthor = {Clark, D. G. and Ford, J. D. and Berrang-Ford, L. and Pearce, T. and Kowal, S. and Gough, W. A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Arctic, Climate change, Injury, Search and rescue},\n\tpages = {44--49},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Review of Thunderstorm Trends across Southern Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Huryn, S. M.; Gough, W. A.; and Butler, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere-Ocean, 54(5): 519–528. October 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{huryn_review_2016,\n\ttitle = {A {Review} of {Thunderstorm} {Trends} across {Southern} {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {0705-5900},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2016.1211085},\n\tdoi = {10/f9bq4g},\n\tabstract = {Despite their potential impact, trends in thunderstorm occurrence in Canada have not received scientific scrutiny, one of the reasons for this likely being lack of data availability. A previous study showed thunderstorm observations at eight staffed weather stations in southern Ontario, Canada, to be accurate for distances within 10 km. We used hourly thunderstorm data from these stations and one additional station to determine whether a trend exists in the thunderstorm record in this region. A Mann-Kendall test and Theil-Sen approach determined that although some stations do have trends in number of thunderstorm hours per year over this time, a consistent increase in the number of thunderstorms that might be expected in a warming climate is not seen. Daily precipitation totals and maximum wind gust speeds were also used as proxies for thunderstorm intensity, neither of which confirmed an increase in the intensity of thunderstorms at these sites over the time period.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere-Ocean},\n\tauthor = {Huryn, Steven M. and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Ontario, climate change, severe weather, thunderstorm},\n\tpages = {519--528},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Weather sensitivity for zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada: a quantitative analysis of historical data.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Biometeorology, 60(11): 1645–1660. November 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_weather_2016,\n\ttitle = {Weather sensitivity for zoo visitation in {Toronto}, {Canada}: a quantitative analysis of historical data},\n\tvolume = {60},\n\tissn = {1432-1254},\n\tshorttitle = {Weather sensitivity for zoo visitation in {Toronto}, {Canada}},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxs3},\n\tabstract = {Based on a case study of the Toronto Zoo (Canada), multivariate regression analysis, involving both climatic and social variables, was employed to assess the relationship between daily weather and visitation. Zoo visitation was most sensitive to weather variability during the shoulder season, followed by the off-season and, then, the peak season. Temperature was the most influential weather variable in relation to zoo visitation, followed by precipitation and, then, wind speed. The intensity and direction of the social and climatic variables varied between seasons. Temperatures exceeding 26 °C during the shoulder season and 28 °C during the peak season suggested a behavioural threshold associated with zoo visitation, with conditions becoming too warm for certain segments of the zoo visitor market, causing visitor numbers to decline. Even light amounts of precipitation caused average visitor numbers to decline by nearly 50 \\%. Increasing wind speeds also demonstrated a negative influence on zoo visitation.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Biometeorology},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpmid = {27025495},\n\tkeywords = {Behavioural thresholds, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Ontario, Recreation, Regression Analysis, Sports and Recreational Facilities, Tourism climatology, Urban outdoor tourism, Weather, Weather sensitivity, Zoo visitation},\n\tpages = {1645--1660},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Effect of Seasonal Climatic Anomalies on Zoo Visitation in Toronto (Canada) and the Implications for Projected Climate Change.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere, 7(5): 71. May 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_effect_2016,\n\ttitle = {The {Effect} of {Seasonal} {Climatic} {Anomalies} on {Zoo} {Visitation} in {Toronto} ({Canada}) and the {Implications} for {Projected} {Climate} {Change}},\n\tvolume = {7},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/7/5/71},\n\tdoi = {10/f8p7nm},\n\tabstract = {This study uses a multi-year temporal climate analogue approach to explore zoo visitor responses to seasonal climatic anomalies and assess the impacts of projected climate change on zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada. A new method for selecting a representative weather station was introduced which ranks surrounding stations based on “climatic distance” rather than physical distance alone. Two years representing anomalously warm temperature conditions and two years representing climatically normal temperature conditions were identified for each season from within the study period from 1999 to 2015. Two years representing anomalously wet precipitation conditions and two years representing anomalously dry precipitation conditions were also identified. F-tests and t-tests were employed to determine if the apparent differences in zoo visitation between the temperature and precipitation paired groupings were statistically significant. A “selective ensemble” of seasonal Global Climate Model (GCM) output from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report was used to determine when these anomalous temperature and precipitation conditions may become the norm in the future. When anomalously warm winters and springs occurred within the historical record, total zoo visitation in those seasons increased significantly. Inversely, when anomalously warm summers occurred, total summer season zoo visitation decreased significantly. Temperature anomalies in the autumn season did not result in any significant differences in total autumn season zoo visitation. Finally, apart from in the spring season, there were no significant differences in total zoo visitation between anomalously wet and dry seasons.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {climate change impacts, outdoor recreation and tourism, seasonal climatic anomalies, temporal climate analogue, tourism climatology, zoo visitation},\n\tpages = {71},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Collaborative Uses of Geospatial Technology to Support Climate Change Adaptation in Indigenous Communities of the Circumpolar North.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sheremata, M.; Tsuji, L. J. S.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Geospatial Technology - Environmental and Social Applications. September 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Collaborative$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{sheremata_collaborative_2016,\n\ttitle = {Collaborative {Uses} of {Geospatial} {Technology} to {Support} {Climate} {Change} {Adaptation} in {Indigenous} {Communities} of the {Circumpolar} {North}},\n\turl = {https://www.intechopen.com/books/geospatial-technology-environmental-and-social-applications/collaborative-uses-of-geospatial-technology-to-support-climate-change-adaptation-in-indigenous-commu},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxs2},\n\tabstract = {A literature review is conducted of geospatial technologies in community-based research on ice and mobility among Indigenous people of the circumpolar north. Numerous studies explore the use of traditional knowledge in the Arctic on sea ice, but limited evidence of community-based research in sub-Arctic communities and in freshwater ice systems is found. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing tools have been applied in a variety of ways in support of community adaptations. These include the production of living memory maps, ice classification systems, and geodatabases that reflect the relationship-building nature of collaborations between Indigenous traditional knowledge holders and scientists. Satellite imagery—particularly synthetic aperture radar (SAR)—is widely used to characterize traditional understandings of ice to help tailor geospatial tools, climate research, and early warning systems, so that they may be used more effectively to address community interests and needs. As numerous mapping platforms have been developed in the circumpolar north, there are important considerations with respect to data management, Indigenous rights, and data sharing. We see opportunities for further research in lake and river ice, and in further developing early warning systems to address the growing problem of unpredictable ice regimes in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Geospatial Technology - Environmental and Social Applications},\n\tauthor = {Sheremata, Megan and Tsuji, Leonard J. S. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2016},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Predicting the Climatology of Tornado Occurrences in North America with a Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling Framework.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheng, V. Y. S.; Arhonditsis, G. B.; Sills, D. M. L.; Gough, W. A.; and Auld, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Climate, 29(5): 1899–1917. January 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Predicting$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cheng_predicting_2016,\n\ttitle = {Predicting the {Climatology} of {Tornado} {Occurrences} in {North} {America} with a {Bayesian} {Hierarchical} {Modeling} {Framework}},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {0894-8755},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0404.1},\n\tdoi = {10/f8cq7d},\n\tabstract = {Destruction and fatalities from recent tornado outbreaks in North America have raised considerable concerns regarding their climatic and geographic variability. However, regional characterization of tornado activity in relation to large-scale climatic processes remains highly uncertain. Here, a novel Bayesian hierarchical framework is developed for elucidating the spatiotemporal variability of the factors underlying tornado occurrence in North America. It is demonstrated that regional variability of tornado activity can be characterized using a hierarchical parameterization of convective available potential energy, storm relative helicity, and vertical wind shear quantities. It is shown that the spatial variability of tornado occurrence during the warm summer season can be explained by convective available potential energy and storm relative helicity alone, while vertical wind shear is clearly better at capturing the spatial variability of the cool season tornado activity. The results suggest that the Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach is effective for understanding the regional tornadic environment and in forming the basis for establishing tornado prognostic tools in North America.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Climate},\n\tauthor = {Cheng, Vincent Y. S. and Arhonditsis, George B. and Sills, David M. L. and Gough, William A. and Auld, Heather},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {1899--1917},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Day-to-day temperature variability for four urban areas in China.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Hu, Y.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Urban Climate, 17: 80–88. September 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Day-to-day$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_day--day_2016,\n\ttitle = {Day-to-day temperature variability for four urban areas in {China}},\n\tvolume = {17},\n\tissn = {2212-0955},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221209551630030X},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsz},\n\tabstract = {A relatively new urban heat island metric, based on day to day (DTD) temperature variability, was used to assess the urban heat island signal for four pairs of climate stations in China. A measure of climate similarity, G, the ratio of DTD to standard deviation, was introduced to assess the pairs of locations. For three of the pairs, the DTD variability of the maximum temperature minus the DTD variability of the minimum temperature (ΔDTD) was both positive and greater for the urban area with the higher population. For the only true urban/rural pair (Urumqi/Tikanlik) the difference was striking with the rural location having a negative value of ΔDTD, consistent with a similar analysis done in North America. The only pair that did not have a greater ΔDTD for the location of greater population was Lanzhou/Hezuo. This departure was likely the result of substantially different climates, as the G ratio attested, for the two locations in spite of their relative close proximity.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Urban Climate},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Hu, Yue},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {China, Day to day temperature variability, Urban heat island},\n\tpages = {80--88},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Air mass distribution and the heterogeneity of the climate change signal in the Hudson Bay/Foxe Basin region, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Leung, A.; and Gough, W.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 125(3): 583–592. August 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Air$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{leung_air_2016,\n\ttitle = {Air mass distribution and the heterogeneity of the climate change signal in the {Hudson} {Bay}/{Foxe} {Basin} region, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {125},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1523-x},\n\tdoi = {10/f8wv97},\n\tabstract = {The linkage between changes in air mass distribution and temperature trends from 1971 to 2010 is explored in the Hudson Bay/Foxe Basin region. Statistically significant temperature increases were found of varying spatial and temporal magnitude. Concurrent statistically significant changes in air mass frequency at the same locations were also detected, particularly in the declining frequency of dry polar (DP) air. These two sets of changes were found to be linked, and we thus conclude that the heterogeneity of the climatic warming signal in the region is at least partially the result of a fundamental shift in the concurrent air mass frequency in addition to global and regional changes in radiative forcing due to increases in long-lived greenhouse gases.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Leung, Andrew and Gough, William},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Arctic Amplification, Climate Change Signal, Foxe Basin, Rossby Wave, Spatial Synoptic Classification},\n\tpages = {583--592},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Climate context of the cold summer of 2014 in Toronto, ON, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Sokappadu, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 126(1): 183–189. October 2016.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Climate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_climate_2016,\n\ttitle = {Climate context of the cold summer of 2014 in {Toronto}, {ON}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {126},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1571-2},\n\tdoi = {10/gd2268},\n\tabstract = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada, experienced a cooler summer in 2014, in spite of worldwide record temperatures. In this work, we assess the relative coldness of summer 2014 from a climatological perspective. Using historical temperature data and several thermal metrics, summer 2014 was ranked using three time periods, 1840–2014 (175 years), the full extent of the local instrumental data; 1965–2014, the most recent 50 years; and 1985–2014, the most recent 30 years. For each of the periods, rank within the time period, recurrence interval and average temperature were calculated. Summer of 2014 in Toronto was ranked 118th since 1840 (175 years of data) using the mean daily temperature. The summer of 2014 with an average mean temperature of 20.8 °C was not extreme in nature and is in fact warmer than the average temperature of the time period (19.9 °C). For the more recent time periods, however, the summer was cooler than average but not an extremely cold summer. A monthly analysis showed in particular a cooler July compared to June and August, ranking July 2014 as the 4th coldest July since 1985 whereas June and August were 21st and 10th coldest during the 30-year period, respectively. Recurrence rates did not exceeded 5 years for the seasonal data and 8.3 years for the monthly data. Although the summer of 2014 was cooler than some recent summers, it was not an extreme event such as the Mount Pinatubo-induced cool summer of 1992 which it was explicitly compared to. Finally, an air mass analysis showed that the cooler July of 2014 was the result of a reduced frequency of warm air masses compared to 1992 when there was both a reduction of warm air masses and an increase in colder ones.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Sokappadu, Srishtee},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tkeywords = {Cool Summer, Diurnal Temperature Range, Recurrence Interval, Rossby Wave, Urban Heat Island},\n\tpages = {183--189},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2015\n \n \n (10)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n East-West Asymmetry in Coastal Temperatures of Hudson Bay as a Proxy for Sea Ice.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n McGovern, P. G.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Arctic, 68(4): 445–452. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"East-West$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mcgovern_east-west_2015,\n\ttitle = {East-{West} {Asymmetry} in {Coastal} {Temperatures} of {Hudson} {Bay} as a {Proxy} for {Sea} {Ice}},\n\tvolume = {68},\n\tissn = {0004-0843},\n\turl = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/43871360},\n\tdoi = {10/f76nr9},\n\tabstract = {[Hudson Bay experiences a complete cryogenic cycle, which has been well documented since 1971. We developed a temperature proxy method to extend the sea ice record back to 1944, using mean temperatures for Churchill and Inukjuak and the difference between these means at two different seasonal periods. This method proved to reproduce the 1971 to 2011 ice-free season length record with an error just over eight days (6\\%). This relationship was used to hindcast ice-free season length to 1944. This hindcast was subsequently appended to the existing 1971-2011 record to form a 68-year sea ice record. This extended record shows that the recent statistically significant increase in length of the ice-free season was not the result of a natural oscillation of less than 68 years and is consistent with a net warming due to increasing greenhouse gases. La baie d'Hudson connaît un cycle cryogénique complet, et celui-ci est bien répertorié depuis 1971. Nous avons élaboré une méthode d'obtention de données indirectes des températures afin d'étendre les données des températures jusqu'à 1944, en nous servant des températures moyennes pour Churchill et Inukjuak et de la différence entre ces moyennes à deux périodes saisonnières différentes. Cette méthode avait pour but de reproduire le registre des durées de saisons sans glace de 1971 à 2011, avec une marge d'erreur d'un peu plus de huit jours (6 \\%). Cette méthode a permis de faire la simulation rétrospective de la durée des saisons sans glace jusqu'en 1944. Par la suite, la simulation rétrospective a été appliquée au registre actuel de 1971-2011, ce qui a donné lieu à un registre sur la glace de mer réparti sur 68 années. Ce registre prolongé a permis de démontrer que la récente augmentation statistiquement différente en matière de durée de la saison sans glace ne découlerait pas d'une oscillation naturelle de moins de 68 ans, et qu'elle correspond à un réchauffement net attribuable à l'augmentation des gaz à effet de serre.]},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Arctic},\n\tauthor = {McGovern, Peter G. and Gough, William A.},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource},\n\tpages = {445--452},\n}\n\n

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\n [Hudson Bay experiences a complete cryogenic cycle, which has been well documented since 1971. We developed a temperature proxy method to extend the sea ice record back to 1944, using mean temperatures for Churchill and Inukjuak and the difference between these means at two different seasonal periods. This method proved to reproduce the 1971 to 2011 ice-free season length record with an error just over eight days (6%). This relationship was used to hindcast ice-free season length to 1944. This hindcast was subsequently appended to the existing 1971-2011 record to form a 68-year sea ice record. This extended record shows that the recent statistically significant increase in length of the ice-free season was not the result of a natural oscillation of less than 68 years and is consistent with a net warming due to increasing greenhouse gases. La baie d'Hudson connaît un cycle cryogénique complet, et celui-ci est bien répertorié depuis 1971. Nous avons élaboré une méthode d'obtention de données indirectes des températures afin d'étendre les données des températures jusqu'à 1944, en nous servant des températures moyennes pour Churchill et Inukjuak et de la différence entre ces moyennes à deux périodes saisonnières différentes. Cette méthode avait pour but de reproduire le registre des durées de saisons sans glace de 1971 à 2011, avec une marge d'erreur d'un peu plus de huit jours (6 %). Cette méthode a permis de faire la simulation rétrospective de la durée des saisons sans glace jusqu'en 1944. Par la suite, la simulation rétrospective a été appliquée au registre actuel de 1971-2011, ce qui a donné lieu à un registre sur la glace de mer réparti sur 68 années. Ce registre prolongé a permis de démontrer que la récente augmentation statistiquement différente en matière de durée de la saison sans glace ne découlerait pas d'une oscillation naturelle de moins de 68 ans, et qu'elle correspond à un réchauffement net attribuable à l'augmentation des gaz à effet de serre.]\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Temperature-Dependent Adjustments of the Permafrost Thermal Profiles on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Changwei, X.; Gough, W. A.; Lin, Z.; Tonghua, W.; and Wenhui, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 47(4): 719–728. November 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Temperature-Dependent$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{changwei_temperature-dependent_2015,\n\ttitle = {Temperature-{Dependent} {Adjustments} of the {Permafrost} {Thermal} {Profiles} on the {Qinghai}-{Tibet} {Plateau}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {47},\n\tissn = {1523-0430},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR00C-13-128},\n\tdoi = {10/f7ws26},\n\tabstract = {Using continuous data obtained from 17 monitoring sites, the permafrost temperature profiles and the depths of zero annual amplitude (DZAA) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are examined. Permafrost thermal trumpet curves are generally narrow and the DZAAs are generally shallow in warm permafrost regions, especially at sites where the permafrost temperature is close to 0 °C. The observed DZAAs in warm permafrost regions are indeed generally less than 7.0 m and for three sites less than 4.0 m. In low-temperature permafrost areas, the situation is reversed: the thermal trumpet curves are generally wide and the DZAAs are generally deep. Theoretical and numerical analyses clearly show there is a causal relationship between permafrost warming and the decrease of the DZAA. Latent heat effects are buffering the increase of permafrost temperature and result in narrow thermal trumpet curves and shallow DZAAs. Based on observations and numerical analyses, this research suggests that most of the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is undergoing internal thaw and the latent heat effects have important implications on the permafrost thermal regime. The temperature-dependent adjustments in permafrost will promote both the downward and upward degradation of permafrost as a result of climate warming.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research},\n\tauthor = {Changwei, Xie and Gough, William A. and Lin, Zhao and Tonghua, Wu and Wenhui, Liu},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {719--728},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An Evaluation of Thunderstorm Observations in Southern Ontario Using Automated Lightning Detection Data.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Huryn, S.; Gough, W.; Butler, K.; and Mohsin, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 54(9): 1837–1846. August 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{huryn_evaluation_2015,\n\ttitle = {An {Evaluation} of {Thunderstorm} {Observations} in {Southern} {Ontario} {Using} {Automated} {Lightning} {Detection} {Data}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {1558-8424},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0089.1},\n\tdoi = {10/f7r6mb},\n\tabstract = {High-impact weather events, such as thunderstorms and their associated hazards, are aspects of a changing climate that are likely to have an adverse effect on society. Southern Ontario is Canada’s most populated region as well as the region of Canada that receives the most thunderstorms. Before completing climatological studies of thunderstorms in southern Ontario, it is important to determine whether historical thunderstorm data are reliable. Archived thunderstorm data are available from eight 24-h-staffed weather stations across southern Ontario. The data may be subject to observer bias. This study compared the manual observations of thunderstorms with automated data from the Canadian Lightning Detection Network. It was found that the data that are based on the manual observations are reliable enough that any significant trends in thunderstorm occurrence over time should be apparent. Because of the small-scale nature of thunderstorms, however, the data may only be valid for small distances (up to 10 km) around each weather station. A diurnal bias was also discovered, with manual thunderstorm observations being slightly better at night.},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Huryn, Steven and Gough, William and Butler, Ken and Mohsin, Tanzina},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {1837--1846},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Bayesian modelling framework for tornado occurrences in North America.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheng, V. Y. S.; Arhonditsis, G. B.; Sills, D. M. L.; Gough, W. A.; and Auld, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Nature Communications, 6: 6599. March 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cheng_bayesian_2015,\n\ttitle = {A {Bayesian} modelling framework for tornado occurrences in {North} {America}},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tcopyright = {2015 Nature Publishing Group},\n\tissn = {2041-1723},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7599},\n\tdoi = {10/f68r7g},\n\tabstract = {Tornadoes represent one of nature’s most hazardous phenomena that have been responsible for significant destruction and devastating fatalities. Here we present a Bayesian modelling approach for elucidating the spatiotemporal patterns of tornado activity in North America. Our analysis shows a significant increase in the Canadian Prairies and the Northern Great Plains during the summer, indicating a clear transition of tornado activity from the United States to Canada. The linkage between monthly-averaged atmospheric variables and likelihood of tornado events is characterized by distinct seasonality; the convective available potential energy is the predominant factor in the summer; vertical wind shear appears to have a strong signature primarily in the winter and secondarily in the summer; and storm relative environmental helicity is most influential in the spring. The present probabilistic mapping can be used to draw inference on the likelihood of tornado occurrence in any location in North America within a selected time period of the year.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Nature Communications},\n\tauthor = {Cheng, Vincent Y. S. and Arhonditsis, George B. and Sills, David M. L. and Gough, William A. and Auld, Heather},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {6599},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Tourism climatology for camping: a case study of two Ontario parks (Canada).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hewer, M. J.; Scott, D.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 121(3): 401–411. August 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Tourism$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hewer_tourism_2015,\n\ttitle = {Tourism climatology for camping: a case study of two {Ontario} parks ({Canada})},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\tshorttitle = {Tourism climatology for camping},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1228-6},\n\tdoi = {10/f7ms9r},\n\tabstract = {Climate and weather act as central motivators for the travel decisions of tourists. Due to their seasonality, these factors determine the availability and quality of certain outdoor recreational activities. Park visitation in Ontario, Canada, has been identified as a weather sensitive tourism and recreation activity. This study used a survey-based approach to identify and compare stated weather preferences and thresholds, as well as weather-related decision-making for campers at two provincial parks in Ontario, Canada. The two parks were selected for differing physical and environmental characteristics (forested lake versus coastal beach). Statistically significant differences were detected between the two parks in relation to the importance of weather and weather-based decision-making. Specific temperatures that were considered ideal and thresholds that were too cool and too warm were identified for both parks, both during the day and the night. Heavy rain and strong winds were the most influential factors in weather-related decision-making and on-site behavioural adaptations. Beach campers placed greater importance on the absence of rain and the presence of comfortable temperatures compared to forest campers. In addition, beach campers were more likely to leave the park early due to incremental weather changes. The results of this study suggest that beach campers are more sensitive to weather than forest campers.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Hewer, Micah J. and Scott, Daniel and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Climate Change Impact Assessment, Climate Preference, Park Visitation, Weather Scenario, Weather Variable},\n\tpages = {401--411},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The impact of urbanization and the urban heat island effect on day to day temperature variation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, B. Y.; Gough, W. A.; and Mohsin, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Urban Climate, 12: 1–10. June 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{tam_impact_2015,\n\ttitle = {The impact of urbanization and the urban heat island effect on day to day temperature variation},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2212-0955},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095514001126},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsx},\n\tabstract = {Day to day temperature variation of daily temperature minimum (Tmin) and temperature maximum (Tmax) were examined for five urban–rural pairs of climate stations in North America. Day to day temperature variation was measured by averaging the absolute difference between one day and the previous day for a given time period (e.g., month). For rural sites, day to day temperature variation was typically greater for Tmin than Tmax. The opposite was found for urban locations, with statistically significant stronger signals for larger cities. It is proposed that the difference of these measures (day to day Tmax variability less day to day Tmin variability) can be used to distinguish between rural and urban stations and as a measure of increasing urbanization. Also, it is suggested that the magnitude of total change in day to day temperature variability (ΔDTD) can be used to decide a suitable urban/rural pair for any urbanization impact study.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Urban Climate},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Benita Y. and Gough, William A. and Mohsin, Tanzina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Day to day temperature variation, Population, Rural sites, Urban heat island, Urban sites, Urbanization},\n\tpages = {1--10},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Diurnal temperature asymmetries and fog at Churchill, Manitoba.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and He, D.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 121(1): 113–119. July 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Diurnal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gough_diurnal_2015,\n\ttitle = {Diurnal temperature asymmetries and fog at {Churchill}, {Manitoba}},\n\tvolume = {121},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1227-7},\n\tdoi = {10/f7hc26},\n\tabstract = {A variety of methods are available to calculate daily mean temperature. We explore how the difference between two commonly used methods provides insight into the local climate of Churchill, Manitoba. In particular, we found that these differences related closely to seasonal fog. A strong statistically significant correlation was found between the fog frequency (hours per day) and the diurnal temperature asymmetries of the surface temperature using the difference between the min/max and 24-h methods of daily temperature calculation. The relationship was particularly strong for winter, spring and summer. Autumn appears to experience the joint effect of fog formation and the radiative effect of snow cover. The results of this study suggests that subtle variations of diurnality of temperature, as measured in the difference of the two mean temperature methods of calculation, may be used as a proxy for fog detection in the Hudson Bay region. These results also provide a cautionary note for the spatial analysis of mean temperatures using data derived from the two different methods particularly in areas that are fog prone.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and He, Dianze},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Diurnal Temperature Range, Hourly Temperature Data, Prevailing Northwesterly Wind, Snow Cover},\n\tpages = {113--119},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n An Assessment of Potential Permafrost along a North-South Transect in Canada under Projected Climate Warming Scenarios from 2011 to 2100.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, A.; Gough, W. A.; and Xie, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses, 6(2): 1–18. 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"An$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{tam_assessment_2015,\n\ttitle = {An {Assessment} of {Potential} {Permafrost} along a {North}-{South} {Transect} in {Canada} under {Projected} {Climate} {Warming} {Scenarios} from 2011 to 2100},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\tissn = {1835-7156},\n\turl = {https://cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/an-assessment-of-potential-permafrost-along-a-northsouth-transect-in-canada-under-projected-climate-warming-scenarios-from-2011-to},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsw},\n\tabstract = {Potential permafrost distributions were assessed at five Canadian locations within 55°N to 82.5°N using future climate warming projections. An ensemble of climate models produced mean changes to surface air temperatures that were applied to project 21st century warming under IPCC emissions scenarios of A1B, A2, and B1. Validation of the multi-model ensemble means showed differences from -0.1 to -0.2°C between the modeled values compared with the observed local baseline records. Future climate scenario results and site-specific soil thermal properties were applied to the Stefan Frost Number to assess climate impacts on permafrost distributions. Climate change projections indicate warming above the 1971-2000 mean air temperature baseline by a minimum of +1.5°C and a maximum of +2.4°C for the period 2011-2040; +2.6 to +4.1°C for 2041-2070; and +3.3 to +7.1°C for 2071-2100. Stefan Frost Number results projected that climate conditions will remain supportive for continuous permafrost distributions within the Canadian High Arctic region for this century. By 2040, projections in the Low Arctic indicate shifts in the potential from continuous to discontinuous permafrost. At the southernmost extent of this study within the subarctic region of northern Ontario, climate conditions are expected to be suitable for sporadic permafrost by the end this century.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Andrew and Gough, William A. and Xie, Changwei},\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {1--18},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Changes in the frequency of extreme temperature records for Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Allen, S. M. J.; Gough, W. A.; and Mohsin, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 119(3): 481–491. February 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Changes$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{allen_changes_2015,\n\ttitle = {Changes in the frequency of extreme temperature records for {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {119},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1131-1},\n\tdoi = {10/f6xz7p},\n\tabstract = {Temperature extremes in Toronto, Ontario, Canada are examined using an under-utilized approach. The frequency of temperature extreme records per year is examined for the period of 1971 to 2000. Consistent with other published metrics, record extreme cold temperatures is decreasing at five weather observing stations in the Greater Toronto Area. This was confirmed using three different statistical tests indicating the change signal was stronger for weather stations on the fringe of the urban area suggesting that expanding urbanization was a major factor in this net change. However, this was not found to be the case for record extreme warm temperatures where increasing trends were not statistically significant. The effects of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991 were detected in both the minimum and maximum temperatures records.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Allen, Shannon M. J. and Gough, William A. and Mohsin, Tanzina},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tkeywords = {Cold Night, Daily Minimum Temperature, Great Toronto Area, Pinatubo Eruption, Urban Heat Island},\n\tpages = {481--491},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Anomalous climatic conditions during winter 2010–2011 and vulnerability of the traditional Inuit food system in Iqaluit, Nunavut.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Statham, S.; Ford, J.; Berrang-Ford, L.; Lardeau, M.; Gough, W.; and Siewierski, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Polar Record, 51(3): 301–317. May 2015.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Anomalous$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{statham_anomalous_2015,\n\ttitle = {Anomalous climatic conditions during winter 2010–2011 and vulnerability of the traditional {Inuit} food system in {Iqaluit}, {Nunavut}},\n\tvolume = {51},\n\tissn = {0032-2474, 1475-3057},\n\turl = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/anomalous-climatic-conditions-during-winter-20102011-and-vulnerability-of-the-traditional-inuit-food-system-in-iqaluit-nunavut/4F7A8BC0DB3F4299B72F697EAE500EFA},\n\tdoi = {10/f7bcqj},\n\tabstract = {This study examines how climatic extremes during winter 2010–2011 affected the traditional food system in Iqaluit, Nunavut. This winter was anomalous throughout the Canadian Arctic, and manifested itself locally by warmer temperatures and decreased ice coverage. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with hunters (n = 25), a fixed question survey with public housing residents (n = 100), as well as analysis of remotely sensed sea-ice charts and temperature data from the Iqaluit weather station, this work identifies and characterises the extreme climatic conditions experienced, their subsequent effects on Iqaluit's traditional food system, and coping strategies used for dealing with food-related stresses. The results show increased environmental stress on the traditional food system compared to previous years. Freeze up occurred 59 days later than the average for the 1982–2010 period, while mean annual temperatures were 4.9ºC higher than the climatological mean, which negatively impacted hunters’ harvests and residents’ food supplies. Coping strategies alleviated some stresses, but adaptability was limited for financially insecure households reliant on income support. The study shows that when challenging socioeconomic conditions, such as those associated with public housing, are coupled with significant environmental stress, such as experienced during that winter, the vulnerability of the traditional food system is exacerbated. We suggest that winter 2010–2011 can be used as an analogue for exploring future food system vulnerabilities, with climate models projecting similar conditions in the coming decades.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Polar Record},\n\tauthor = {Statham, Sara and Ford, James and Berrang-Ford, Lea and Lardeau, Marie-Pierre and Gough, William and Siewierski, Rick},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2015},\n\tpages = {301--317},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2014\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Eastern North Pacific Basin.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jien, J. Y.; Gough, W. A.; and Butler, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Climate, 28(6): 2459–2474. December 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jien_influence_2014,\n\ttitle = {The {Influence} of {El} {Niño}–{Southern} {Oscillation} on {Tropical} {Cyclone} {Activity} in the {Eastern} {North} {Pacific} {Basin}},\n\tvolume = {28},\n\tissn = {0894-8755},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00248.1},\n\tdoi = {10/f6456r},\n\tabstract = {The interannual variability of tropical cyclone (TC) activity due to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the main development region of the eastern North Pacific basin has received scant attention. Herein the authors classify years of El Niño, La Niña, and neutral conditions using the multivariate ENSO index (MEI). Storm measurements of the net tropical cyclone activity index and power dissipation index are used to summarize the overall seasonal TC activity and TC intensity between 1971 and 2012. Both measures are found to be statistically dependent on the ENSO phases in the basin’s main development region. However, when the area is longitudinally divided, only the western portion of the development region experienced a significant difference (p {\\textless} 0.05). Specifically, El Niño years are characterized by more frequent, more intense events compared to La Niña conditions for this subregion. Correlation analyses on the relationships between the MEI and both TC indices demonstrate correlations between ENSO and TC activity and intensity that are statistically significant (p {\\textless} 0.05) only in the western region. These relationships have the potential to improve the short-term forecast of the local TC activity and intensity on a seasonal basis for public awareness and disaster preparation.},\n\tnumber = {6},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Climate},\n\tauthor = {Jien, Jerry Y. and Gough, William A. and Butler, Ken},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {2459--2474},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Impact of urbanization on the ozone weekday/weekend effect in Southern Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Huryn, S. M.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Urban Climate, 8: 11–20. June 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Impact$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{huryn_impact_2014,\n\ttitle = {Impact of urbanization on the ozone weekday/weekend effect in {Southern} {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {2212-0955},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095514000224},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxss},\n\tabstract = {The ozone weekday/weekend effect has been examined for a suite of urban centers in Southern Ontario, Canada using 2010 data to explore the impact of urban size. The magnitude of the weekday/weekend effect was measured by comparing the difference in ozone concentrations at 7h for weekdays and weekends. The results indicate a statistically significant relationship between this difference and degree of urbanization as measured by population.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Urban Climate},\n\tauthor = {Huryn, Steven M. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Air quality, Ontario, Ozone, Weekday/weekend effect},\n\tpages = {11--20},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Extreme cold weather alerts in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the impact of a changing climate.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; Tam, B. Y.; Mohsin, T.; and Allen, S. M. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Urban Climate, 8: 21–29. June 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Extreme$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_extreme_2014,\n\ttitle = {Extreme cold weather alerts in {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada} and the impact of a changing climate},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {2212-0955},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095514000170},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsr},\n\tabstract = {The extreme cold weather alerts (ECWAs) were examined for Toronto, Canada for the winters of 2004–05 to 2011–12. ECWAs are triggered by extreme cold temperature, wind chill and intense winter precipitation. Just over 40\\% of the ECWAs occurred when the temperature fell below a −15°C threshold. All but two of the alerts had a wind chill below −15°C. The use of a −10°C threshold captured well the frequency of wind chill events with half the −10°C or lower events meeting the wind chill threshold. The modified −10°C threshold and the −15°C threshold were subsequently used to first assess how well climate models reproduced contemporary climate conditions, as well as three projection periods (2020s, 2050s, 2080s) to assess the impacts of a changing climate. The climate models reproduced current conditions well. In all projection cases the frequency of occurrence of events below the two thresholds decreases throughout the projection period but do not completely disappear. Interannual variability of projected events indicates a range of frequencies with some years similar to the contemporary climate. This suggests that thermal and wind driven ECWAs will continue for Toronto under climate change scenarios, although with gradual decreasing frequency.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Urban Climate},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Tam, Benita Y. and Mohsin, Tanzina and Allen, Shannon M. J.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tkeywords = {Climate change, Climate models, Cold weather alerts, Downscaling, Toronto, Ontario, Canada},\n\tpages = {21--29},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Fate of Hudson Bay Lowlands Palsas in a Changing Climate.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, A.; Gough, W. A.; Kowal, S.; and Xie, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 46(1): 114–120. February 2014.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{tam_fate_2014,\n\ttitle = {The {Fate} of {Hudson} {Bay} {Lowlands} {Palsas} in a {Changing} {Climate}},\n\tvolume = {46},\n\tissn = {1523-0430},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-46.1.114},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsq},\n\tabstract = {The climatological conditions for the presence of palsas in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) in Ontario, Canada, are examined using data from four climate stations: Big Trout Lake, Lansdowne House, Peawanuck, and Fort Severn. These stations sandwich the existing region where palsas occur. The criteria for the formation and occurrence of palsas that were taken from the literature on Fennoscandian and neighboring Québec palsas were applied to the HBL. Thermal thresholds set at -2 °C and 0 °C mean annual air temperature, and number of days below -10 °C per year were met for the two more northerly locations; the two southerly locations were on the edge of the thresholds. Climate projections from two models under two emission scenarios for the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s indicated that by the 2080s all four locations would fail the -2 °C threshold for palsa formation but at three locations the 0 °C threshold for palsa presence was met for some projection scenarios. Over the next century, it is likely that the climate conditions will continue to be capable of supporting existing palsas; however, by the end of the century the threshold criteria for new palsa formation will not be met for most of the HBL.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Andrew and Gough, William A. and Kowal, Slawomir and Xie, Changwei},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {114--120},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2013\n \n \n (9)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Impact of Climate Change on the Extremes of Observed Daily Temperature Data in the Greater Toronto Area.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mohsin, T.; and Gough, W. A\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts & Responses, 5(1). 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{mohsin2013impact,\n\ttitle = {Impact of {Climate} {Change} on the {Extremes} of {Observed} {Daily} {Temperature} {Data} in the {Greater} {Toronto} {Area}.},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxst},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts \\& Responses},\n\tauthor = {Mohsin, Tanzina and Gough, William A},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Psychological Distress and Seasonal Affective Disorder among Urban Aboriginal Participants.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, B. Y.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 11(3): 457–469. 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Psychological$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{tam_psychological_2013,\n\ttitle = {Psychological {Distress} and {Seasonal}  {Affective} {Disorder} among {Urban}  {Aboriginal} {Participants}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\turl = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9423/41451d10f64361f404a3a2473d83940ba509.pdf},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Benita Y. and Gough, William A.},\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {🔍No DOI found},\n\tpages = {457--469},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Probability of Tornado Occurrence across Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Cheng, V. Y. S.; Arhonditsis, G. B.; Sills, D. M. L.; Auld, H.; Shephard, M. W.; Gough, W. A.; and Klaassen, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Climate, 26(23): 9415–9428. July 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Probability$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{cheng_probability_2013,\n\ttitle = {Probability of {Tornado} {Occurrence} across {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tissn = {0894-8755},\n\turl = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00093.1},\n\tdoi = {10/f5g3hb},\n\tabstract = {The number of tornado observations in Canada is believed to be significantly lower than the actual occurrences. To account for this bias, the authors propose a Bayesian modeling approach founded upon the explicit consideration of the population sampling bias in tornado observations and the predictive relationship between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash climatology and tornado occurrence. The latter variable was used as an indicator for quantifying convective storm activity, which is generally a precursor to tornado occurrence. The CG lightning data were generated from an 11-yr lightning climatology survey (1999–2009) from the Canadian Lightning Detection Network. The results suggest that the predictions of tornado occurrence in populated areas are fairly reliable with no profound underestimation bias. In sparsely populated areas, the analysis shows that the probability of tornado occurrence is significantly higher than what is represented in the 30-yr data record. Areas with low population density but high lightning flash density demonstrate the greatest discrepancy between predicted and observed tornado occurrence. A sensitivity analysis with various grid sizes was also conducted. It was found that the predictive statements supported by the model are fairly robust to the grid configuration, but the population density per grid cell is more representative to the actual population density at smaller resolution and therefore more accurately depicts the probability of tornado occurrence. Finally, a tornado probability map is calculated for Canada based on the frequency of tornado occurrence derived from the model and the estimated damage area of individual tornado events.},\n\tnumber = {23},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Climate},\n\tauthor = {Cheng, Vincent Y. S. and Arhonditsis, George B. and Sills, David M. L. and Auld, Heather and Shephard, Mark W. and Gough, William A. and Klaassen, Joan},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tpages = {9415--9428},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The impact of climate change on the well-being and lifestyle of a First Nation community in the western James Bay region.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, B. Y.; Gough, W. A.; Edwards, V.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien, 57(4): 441–456. December 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{tam_impact_2013,\n\ttitle = {The impact of climate change on the well-being and lifestyle of a {First} {Nation} community in the western {James} {Bay} region},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tcopyright = {© 2013 Canadian Association of Geographers / L' Association canadienne des géographes},\n\tissn = {1541-0064},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2013.12033.x},\n\tdoi = {10/f5jbcc},\n\tabstract = {Through the use of traditional environmental knowledge (TEK), the impacts of climate change on the Fort Albany First Nation community are explored. Thirty-nine community members were interviewed using a semi-directive interview format to gather knowledge about their observations of local environmental and climatic change and the significance of these changes. Thematic analysis, cluster analysis, and concept mapping were applied to analyze interview transcriptions. A second round of interviews was conducted to obtain feedback on the themes and concepts that emerged from the first round of interviews. Community members indicated that there have been noticeable changes in the timing of seasons, snow type, and total snowfall, with an increase in extreme weather events. These changes have impacted animal behaviour, traditional harvesting activities, and the winter road, which have led to socio-economic and well-being issues. The community has exhibited strength in adapting to ongoing changes in the environment; however, their ability to adapt to climate change in the future is not certain.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Benita Y. and Gough, William A. and Edwards, Vicky and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {First Nations peoples, Premières Nations, animal behaviour, changements climatiques, climate change, comportement animal, connaissances environnementales traditionnelles, sentiers d'hiver, traditional environmental knowledge, winter roads},\n\tpages = {441--456},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The influence of Atlantic hurricanes on Southern Ontario’s precipitation extremes.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jien, J. Y.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 114(1): 55–60. October 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jien_influence_2013,\n\ttitle = {The influence of {Atlantic} hurricanes on {Southern} {Ontario}’s precipitation extremes},\n\tvolume = {114},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0824-6},\n\tdoi = {10/f494sp},\n\tabstract = {Little is known about the influence of hurricanes on precipitation extremes (PEs) in Southern Ontario, Canada. We examine PEs and their spatial–temporal link with hurricanes events in Southern Ontario during the period of 1950–2000. On average, 5.4 PEs or 11 \\% of the 50 wettest days in the selected five locations occurred under the influence of hurricanes within this 51-year period. Our results indicate hurricane-influenced PEs are most frequent in September and derive from storms that had reached major hurricane status ({\\textgreater}50 m/s) at some point during their lifetime. An absence of landfalling hurricanes in Southern Ontario during the 1960s to 1980s suggests either that the direct impact of hurricanes occurs on a multidecadal time scale or that recent years are experiencing unprecedented change.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Jien, Jerry Y. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Atlantic Hurricane, Extreme Precipitation Event, Hurricane Intensity, Major Hurricane, Tropical Cyclone},\n\tpages = {55--60},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characteristics and Persistence of Relict High-Altitude Permafrost on Mahan Mountain, Loess Plateau, China.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Xie, C.; Gough, W. A.; Tam, A.; Zhao, L.; and Wu, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 24(3): 200–209. July 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characteristics$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{xie_characteristics_2013,\n\ttitle = {Characteristics and {Persistence} of {Relict} {High}-{Altitude} {Permafrost} on {Mahan} {Mountain}, {Loess} {Plateau}, {China}},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1099-1530},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ppp.1776},\n\tdoi = {10/f4736v},\n\tabstract = {Mahan Mountain is the only region in the Loess Plateau (China) where permafrost persists. The permafrost is typical warm permafrost and remains in a very fragile and sensitive state. Remnants of permafrost (approximately 0.134 km2 in area) remain in a low-lying swamp where the top 70 cm of soil contains abundant organic material (peat). The lowest temperature of the permafrost was -0.2°C between depths of 10 and 16 m, with temperature increasing upwards and downwards along a gradient of ± 0.01°C/m, and the permafrost thickness exceeded 30 m in this region. The distribution and thermal state of permafrost on Mahan Mountain closely relate to the surface conditions and soil type. In this study, the important protective effects of the peat layer and ground ice are illustrated using a one-dimensional finite difference model of heat flow. The simulation results indicate that active-layer thickness of permafrost on Mahan Mountain would increase by approximately 83 per cent under current climate conditions without the protection of the peat layer and ground ice. Based on the temperature projections of general circulation models, this study projects that permafrost will likely remain on Mahan Mountain for the next 40 to 50 years. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},\n\tauthor = {Xie, Changwei and Gough, William A. and Tam, Andrew and Zhao, Lin and Wu, Tonghua},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Mahan Mountain, environment, features, permafrost, simulation},\n\tpages = {200--209},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Dynamic Multiscale Nature of Climate Change Vulnerability: An Inuit Harvesting Example.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, J. D.; McDowell, G.; Shirley, J.; Pitre, M.; Siewierski, R.; Gough, W.; Duerden, F.; Pearce, T.; Adams, P.; and Statham, S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(5): 1193–1211. September 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_dynamic_2013,\n\ttitle = {The {Dynamic} {Multiscale} {Nature} of {Climate} {Change} {Vulnerability}: {An} {Inuit} {Harvesting} {Example}},\n\tvolume = {103},\n\tissn = {0004-5608},\n\tshorttitle = {The {Dynamic} {Multiscale} {Nature} of {Climate} {Change} {Vulnerability}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.776880},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsp},\n\tabstract = {This article advances a vulnerability framework to understand how climatic risks and change are experienced and responded to by Inuit harvesters using a case study from Iqaluit, Nunavut. The article makes important contributions to methodological design in vulnerability studies, emphasizing the importance of longitudinal study design, real-time observations of human–environment interactions, community-based monitoring, and mixed methods. Fieldwork spanned five years, during which sixty-four semistructured interviews were conducted and historical records examined to develop an understanding of the processes and conditions affecting vulnerability. A local land use monitoring team was established, collecting ∼22,000 km of land use Global Positioning System (GPS) data and engaging in biweekly interviews (more than 100) on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. This was complemented by analysis of instrumental data on sea ice and climate conditions. Results indicate that sea ice conditions are changing rapidly and affecting trail conditions, safety, and access to harvesting grounds. GPS data and biweekly interviews document real-time adaptations, with traditional knowledge and land-based skills, resource use flexibility, and mobility underpinning significant adaptability, including utilizing new areas, modifying trail routes, and taking advantage of an extended open water season. Sociospatial reorganization following resettlement in the 1950s and 1960s, however, has created dependency on external conditions, has reduced the flexibility of harvesting activities, and has affected knowledge systems. Within the context of these “slow” variables, current responses that are effective in moderating vulnerability could undermine adaptive capacity in the long term, representing overspecialized adaptations, creating the potential for further loss of response diversity and flexibility, and engendering potential downstream effects, creating trajectories of maladaptation. These findings challenge previous research that has argued that current resilience of the Inuit socioecological system is indicative of high adaptive capacity to future change and indicates that climate change might pose more serious risks to the harvesting sector than previously assumed.},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},\n\tauthor = {Ford, James D. and McDowell, Graham and Shirley, Jamal and Pitre, Mike and Siewierski, Richard and Gough, William and Duerden, Frank and Pearce, Tristan and Adams, Peter and Statham, Sara},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Inuit, Iqaluit, adaptive capacity, cambio climático, capacidad adaptativa, climate change, dimensiones humanas, harvesting, human dimensions, methodology, metodología, recolección, vulnerabilidad, vulnerability, 人类维度, 伊魁特, 因纽特, 採收, 方法论, 气候变迁, 脆弱性, 调适能力},\n\tpages = {1193--1211},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n This article advances a vulnerability framework to understand how climatic risks and change are experienced and responded to by Inuit harvesters using a case study from Iqaluit, Nunavut. The article makes important contributions to methodological design in vulnerability studies, emphasizing the importance of longitudinal study design, real-time observations of human–environment interactions, community-based monitoring, and mixed methods. Fieldwork spanned five years, during which sixty-four semistructured interviews were conducted and historical records examined to develop an understanding of the processes and conditions affecting vulnerability. A local land use monitoring team was established, collecting ∼22,000 km of land use Global Positioning System (GPS) data and engaging in biweekly interviews (more than 100) on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. This was complemented by analysis of instrumental data on sea ice and climate conditions. Results indicate that sea ice conditions are changing rapidly and affecting trail conditions, safety, and access to harvesting grounds. GPS data and biweekly interviews document real-time adaptations, with traditional knowledge and land-based skills, resource use flexibility, and mobility underpinning significant adaptability, including utilizing new areas, modifying trail routes, and taking advantage of an extended open water season. Sociospatial reorganization following resettlement in the 1950s and 1960s, however, has created dependency on external conditions, has reduced the flexibility of harvesting activities, and has affected knowledge systems. Within the context of these “slow” variables, current responses that are effective in moderating vulnerability could undermine adaptive capacity in the long term, representing overspecialized adaptations, creating the potential for further loss of response diversity and flexibility, and engendering potential downstream effects, creating trajectories of maladaptation. These findings challenge previous research that has argued that current resilience of the Inuit socioecological system is indicative of high adaptive capacity to future change and indicates that climate change might pose more serious risks to the harvesting sector than previously assumed.\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Simple Thaw-Freeze Algorithm for a Multi-Layered Soil using the Stefan Equation.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Changwei, X.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 24(3): 252–260. July 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"A$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{changwei_simple_2013,\n\ttitle = {A {Simple} {Thaw}-{Freeze} {Algorithm} for a {Multi}-{Layered} {Soil} using the {Stefan} {Equation}},\n\tvolume = {24},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.},\n\tissn = {1099-1530},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ppp.1770},\n\tdoi = {10/f47438},\n\tabstract = {The Stefan equation is one of the simplest approximate analytical solutions for the thaw-freeze problem. It provides a useful method for predicting the depth of thawing/freezing in soils when little site-specific information is available. The limited number of parameters in the Stefan equation makes possible its application in a multi-layered system. We demonstrate that a widely used algorithm (JL-algorithm), which has been frequently used in permafrost regions, was derived by an incorrect mathematical method. It will inevitably result in systematic errors in the simulation if this algorithm is used in a multi-layered soil. We present another simple thaw-freeze algorithm (XG-algorithm) for multi-layered soils. The new algorithm can be used to determine the freeze/thaw front in multi-layered soils no matter how thick each layer is and how many layers the soil profile contains. Simulation results of the JL-algorithm and the XG-algorithm are compared using hypothetical soil profiles, and the XG-algorithm is also used to simulate the thaw depth at three permafrost monitoring sites on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and one on the Loess Plateau, China. These applications show that the XG-algorithm could be readily used to analyse the factors that affect active-layer thickness. It can also be coupled with hydrological or land surface models to simulate the freeze-thaw cycles in permafrost regions and for related engineering applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \\& Sons, Ltd.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},\n\tauthor = {Changwei, Xie and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Stefan equation, algorithm, multi-layered soil, permafrost, thaw-freeze depth},\n\tpages = {252--260},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Seasonal and weather-related behavioral effects among urban Aboriginal, urban non-Aboriginal, and remote Aboriginal participants in Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, B. Y.; Gough, W. A.; Edwards, V.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Population and Environment, 35(1): 45–67. September 2013.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Seasonal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{tam_seasonal_2013,\n\ttitle = {Seasonal and weather-related behavioral effects among urban {Aboriginal}, urban non-{Aboriginal}, and remote {Aboriginal} participants in {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {1573-7810},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-012-0183-3},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsm},\n\tabstract = {The influence of seasonal change and weather on mood, social activity, weight, food consumption, and sleep length was compared across urban Aboriginals (n = 43), urban non-Aboriginals (n = 49), and remote Aboriginals (n = 39) in Ontario, Canada. Such research is important since climate change may differentially shape the well-being of social groups. Behavioral items—including mood, social activity, weight, sleep, and food consumption—were measured using the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, and associations between these items and meteorological data were examined with bivariate and multivariate approaches. Weather variables had consistent, significant associations with behavior except within the remote Aboriginal group despite living in a more extreme climate. Lifestyle and adaptation may contribute to an increased weather tolerance among remote Aboriginal people, intriguing findings as cultures grapple with the implications of future climate change.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Population and Environment},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Benita Y. and Gough, William A. and Edwards, Vicky and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2013},\n\tkeywords = {Aboriginal people, Adaptation, Behavior, Climate change, Culture, Environment, Remote, Seasonality, Urban, Weather},\n\tpages = {45--67},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2012\n \n \n (5)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n The Potential Use of an Interactive Web-based Informatics Tool to Decrease the Incidence of Human-polar Bear Encounters Along the Western James Bay Coast of Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Barbeau, C. D; Hori, Y.; Gough, W. A; Karagatzides, J. D; McCarthy, D. D; Cowan, D.; and Tsuji, L. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society, 8(5). 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{barbeau2012potential,\n\ttitle = {The {Potential} {Use} of an {Interactive} {Web}-based {Informatics} {Tool} to {Decrease} the {Incidence} of {Human}-polar {Bear} {Encounters} {Along} the {Western} {James} {Bay} {Coast} of {Ontario}, {Canada}.},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsn},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {International Journal of Technology, Knowledge \\& Society},\n\tauthor = {Barbeau, Christine D and Hori, Yukari and Gough, William A and Karagatzides, Jim D and McCarthy, Daniel D and Cowan, Don and Tsuji, Leonard JS},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Characterization and estimation of urban heat island at Toronto: impact of the choice of rural sites.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mohsin, T.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 108(1): 105–117. April 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Characterization$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{mohsin_characterization_2012,\n\ttitle = {Characterization and estimation of urban heat island at {Toronto}: impact of the choice of rural sites},\n\tvolume = {108},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\tshorttitle = {Characterization and estimation of urban heat island at {Toronto}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0516-7},\n\tdoi = {10/b9zcp7},\n\tabstract = {In this study, the urban heat island of Toronto was characterized and estimated in order to examine the impact of the selection of rural sites on the estimation of urban heat island (UHI) intensity (∆T u-r). Three rural stations, King Smoke Tree (KST), Albion Hill, and Millgrove, were used for the analysis of UHI intensity for two urban stations, Toronto downtown (Toronto) and Toronto Pearson (Pearson) using data from 1970 to 2000. The UHI intensity was characterized as winter dominating and summer dominating, depending on the choice of the rural station. The analyses of annual and seasonal trends of ∆T u-r suggested that urban heat island clearly appears in winter at both Toronto and Pearson. However, due to the mitigating effect on temperature from Lake Ontario, the estimated trend of UHI intensity was found to be less at Toronto compared to that at Pearson which has no direct lake effect. In terms of the impacts of the rural stations, for both KST and Millgrove, the trends in UHI intensity were found to be statistically significant and also were in good agreement with the estimates of UHI intensities reported for other large cities in the USA. Depending on the choice of the rural station, the estimated trend for the UHI intensity at Toronto ranges from 0.01°C/decade to 0.02°C/decade, and that at Pearson ranges from 0.03°C/decade to 0.035°C/decade during 1970–2000. From the analysis of the seasonal distribution of ∆T u-r, the UHI intensity was found to be higher at Toronto in winter than that at Pearson for all three rural stations. This was likely accounted for by the lower amount of anthropogenic heat flux at Pearson. Considering the results from the statistical analysis with respect to the geographic and surface features for each rural station, KST was suggested to be a better choice to estimate UHI intensity at Toronto compared to the other rural stations. The analysis from the current study suggests that the selection of a unique urban–rural pair to estimate UHI intensity for a city like Toronto is a critical task, as it will be for any city, and it is imperative to consider some key features such as the physiography, surface characteristics of the urban and rural stations, the climatology such as the trends in annual and seasonal variation of UHI with respect to the physical characteristics of the stations, and also more importantly the objectives of a particular study in the context of UHI effect.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Mohsin, Tanzina and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Rural Station, Urban Heat Island, Urban Heat Island Effect, Urban Heat Island Intensity, Urban Station},\n\tpages = {105--117},\n}\n\n

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\n In this study, the urban heat island of Toronto was characterized and estimated in order to examine the impact of the selection of rural sites on the estimation of urban heat island (UHI) intensity (∆T u-r). Three rural stations, King Smoke Tree (KST), Albion Hill, and Millgrove, were used for the analysis of UHI intensity for two urban stations, Toronto downtown (Toronto) and Toronto Pearson (Pearson) using data from 1970 to 2000. The UHI intensity was characterized as winter dominating and summer dominating, depending on the choice of the rural station. The analyses of annual and seasonal trends of ∆T u-r suggested that urban heat island clearly appears in winter at both Toronto and Pearson. However, due to the mitigating effect on temperature from Lake Ontario, the estimated trend of UHI intensity was found to be less at Toronto compared to that at Pearson which has no direct lake effect. In terms of the impacts of the rural stations, for both KST and Millgrove, the trends in UHI intensity were found to be statistically significant and also were in good agreement with the estimates of UHI intensities reported for other large cities in the USA. Depending on the choice of the rural station, the estimated trend for the UHI intensity at Toronto ranges from 0.01°C/decade to 0.02°C/decade, and that at Pearson ranges from 0.03°C/decade to 0.035°C/decade during 1970–2000. From the analysis of the seasonal distribution of ∆T u-r, the UHI intensity was found to be higher at Toronto in winter than that at Pearson for all three rural stations. This was likely accounted for by the lower amount of anthropogenic heat flux at Pearson. Considering the results from the statistical analysis with respect to the geographic and surface features for each rural station, KST was suggested to be a better choice to estimate UHI intensity at Toronto compared to the other rural stations. The analysis from the current study suggests that the selection of a unique urban–rural pair to estimate UHI intensity for a city like Toronto is a critical task, as it will be for any city, and it is imperative to consider some key features such as the physiography, surface characteristics of the urban and rural stations, the climatology such as the trends in annual and seasonal variation of UHI with respect to the physical characteristics of the stations, and also more importantly the objectives of a particular study in the context of UHI effect.\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Temporal variations in Hudson Bay ringed seal (Phoca hispida) life-history parameters in relation to environment.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Chambellant, M.; Stirling, I.; Gough, W. A.; and Ferguson, S. H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Mammalogy, 93(1): 267–281. February 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Temporal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{chambellant_temporal_2012,\n\ttitle = {Temporal variations in {Hudson} {Bay} ringed seal ({Phoca} hispida) life-history parameters in relation to environment},\n\tvolume = {93},\n\tissn = {0022-2372},\n\turl = {https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/93/1/267/897715},\n\tdoi = {10/f3wk83},\n\tabstract = {Abstract.  We related temporal variation in the environment to demographic parameters and body condition of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Hudson Bay, near the},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Mammalogy},\n\tauthor = {Chambellant, Magaly and Stirling, Ian and Gough, William A. and Ferguson, Steven H.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpages = {267--281},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Examining past temperature variability in Moosonee, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada through a day-to-day variability framework.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, B. Y.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 110(1): 103–113. October 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Examining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{tam_examining_2012,\n\ttitle = {Examining past temperature variability in {Moosonee}, {Thunder} {Bay}, and {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada} through a day-to-day variability framework},\n\tvolume = {110},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0622-1},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsk},\n\tabstract = {Temperature variability in Moosonee, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada is examined through a day-to-day variability framework. Statistical measures used in this study include standard deviation (SD), day-to-day temperature variability (DTD), DTD/SD ratio (G), change in day-to-day variability (ΔDTD), and threshold measures of 5°C and 10°C. ΔDTD is the difference between day-to-day change in temperature maximum (DTDtmax) and day-to-day change in temperature minimum (DTDtmin). A distinct seasonal trend is reflected in DTD in Moosonee, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, where ΔDTD is greatest during spring. Monthly ΔDTD averages in Toronto, Thunder Bay, and Moosonee are affected by seasonal variation, the lake effect, and the freeze-up of nearby waterbodies. Yearly averages of ΔDTD have significantly increased over the past recent years in Moosonee and Thunder Bay; a continual increase in climate variability may be detrimental to the subsistence lifestyle of those living in these areas.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Benita Y. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tkeywords = {Diurnal Temperature Range, Environment Canada, Lake Breeze, Threshold Exceedances, Urban Heat Island},\n\tpages = {103--113},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Use of traditional environmental knowledge to assess the impact of climate change on subsistence fishing in the James Bay Region of Northern Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Hori, Y.; Tam, B.; Gough, W. A.; Ho-Foong, E.; Karagatzides, J. D.; Liberda, E. N.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Rural and Remote Health, 12: 1878. 2012.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{hori_use_2012,\n\ttitle = {Use of traditional environmental knowledge to assess the impact of climate change on subsistence fishing in the {James} {Bay} {Region} of {Northern} {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {1445-6354},\n\tabstract = {INTRODUCTION: In Canada, unique food security challenges are being faced by Aboriginal people living in remote-northern communities due to the impacts of climate change on subsistence harvesting. This study used traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) to investigate whether there was a temporal relationship between extreme climatic events in the summer of 2005, and fish die-offs in the Albany River, northern Ontario, Canada. Also, TEK was utilized to examine a potential shift in subsistence fish species distribution due to climate change.\nMETHODS: To investigate whether there was a temporal relationship between the fish die-offs of July 2005 (as identified by TEK) and an extreme climatic event, temperature and daily precipitation data for Moosonee weather station were utilized. To determine if there was an increasing trend in mean maximal summer temperatures with year, temperature data were examined, using regression analysis. Present-day fish distributions were determined using unpublished TEK data collated from previous studies and purposive, semi-directive interviews with elders and experienced bushman.\nRESULTS: Fish die-offs in 2005 occurred during the time period 11-18 July, as reported by participants. Recorded air-temperature maxima of the two July 2005 heat waves delineate exactly the time period of fish die-offs. Two heat waves occurring during the same summer season and so close together has never before been recorded for this region. A highly significant (p {\\textless} 0.0009) positive relationship between mean maximal summer temperatures and year was evident. Regionally novel fish species were not apparent, utilizing TEK.\nCONCLUSIONS: Traditional environmental knowledge coupled with climate data revealed temporal relationships between extreme climatic events in 2005, and fish die-offs in the Albany River. Thus, climate change can directly impact food security by decreasing the number of fish through mortality - and indirectly through population dynamics - by impacting the yield of fish subsistence harvests in the future. By contrast, TEK did not reveal northward expansion of novel fish species in the Albany River or fish distributional contraction in the western James Bay region.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Rural and Remote Health},\n\tauthor = {Hori, Yukari and Tam, Benita and Gough, William A. and Ho-Foong, Elise and Karagatzides, Jim D. and Liberda, Eric N. and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tyear = {2012},\n\tpmid = {22471525},\n\tkeywords = {Animals, Climate Change, Culture, Ecosystem, Environmental Health, Fishes, Food Supply, Humans, Indians, North American, Interviews as Topic, Knowledge, Male, Ontario, Temperature},\n\tpages = {1878},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n INTRODUCTION: In Canada, unique food security challenges are being faced by Aboriginal people living in remote-northern communities due to the impacts of climate change on subsistence harvesting. This study used traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) to investigate whether there was a temporal relationship between extreme climatic events in the summer of 2005, and fish die-offs in the Albany River, northern Ontario, Canada. Also, TEK was utilized to examine a potential shift in subsistence fish species distribution due to climate change. METHODS: To investigate whether there was a temporal relationship between the fish die-offs of July 2005 (as identified by TEK) and an extreme climatic event, temperature and daily precipitation data for Moosonee weather station were utilized. To determine if there was an increasing trend in mean maximal summer temperatures with year, temperature data were examined, using regression analysis. Present-day fish distributions were determined using unpublished TEK data collated from previous studies and purposive, semi-directive interviews with elders and experienced bushman. RESULTS: Fish die-offs in 2005 occurred during the time period 11-18 July, as reported by participants. Recorded air-temperature maxima of the two July 2005 heat waves delineate exactly the time period of fish die-offs. Two heat waves occurring during the same summer season and so close together has never before been recorded for this region. A highly significant (p \\textless 0.0009) positive relationship between mean maximal summer temperatures and year was evident. Regionally novel fish species were not apparent, utilizing TEK. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional environmental knowledge coupled with climate data revealed temporal relationships between extreme climatic events in 2005, and fish die-offs in the Albany River. Thus, climate change can directly impact food security by decreasing the number of fish through mortality - and indirectly through population dynamics - by impacting the yield of fish subsistence harvests in the future. By contrast, TEK did not reveal northward expansion of novel fish species in the Albany River or fish distributional contraction in the western James Bay region.\n

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\n \n 2011\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The impact of warming on the appearance of furunculosis in fish of the James Bay region, Quebec, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Tam, B.; Gough, W. A.; and Tsuji, L.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Regional Environmental Change, 11(1): 123–132. March 2011.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{tam_impact_2011,\n\ttitle = {The impact of warming on the appearance of furunculosis in fish of the {James} {Bay} region, {Quebec}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tissn = {1436-378X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0122-8},\n\tdoi = {10/dm4c5v},\n\tabstract = {A regional climate change impact assessment was conducted which investigated the timing of the first appearance of furunculosis caused by the bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, in fish of the Ouje-Bougoumou region of northern Quebec, Canada. Historical data were used to assess whether there was a temporal relationship between increased temperatures (observed climate data) and the appearance of furunculosis (traditional environmental knowledge was used to provide context). To project future impacts of climate change, climate models and lake models were used. Regression analysis revealed a significant, positive temporal trend in mean air temperature. The temperature range conducive to A. salmoncida survival coincided with the first appearance of furunculosis. In addition, it is predicted that lake temperatures will remain suitable for the presence of A. salmonicida into the future; it is likely that the disease will persist throughout the twenty-first century. Climate change appears to be a factor explaining the onset of furunculosis; however, other factors/stressors cannot be discounted, such as, the effects past mining activities near the lakes of the Ouje-Bougoumou region have had on the body burden of contaminants in the fish (and the potential effects on the fish immune system).},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Regional Environmental Change},\n\tauthor = {Tam, Benita and Gough, William A. and Tsuji, Leonard},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2011},\n\tkeywords = {Aboriginal issues, Climate change, Climate model, Fish disease, Food security, Furunculosis, Lake model, Traditional environmental knowledge},\n\tpages = {123--132},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2010\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trend analysis of long-term temperature time series in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Mohsin, T.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 101(3): 311–327. August 2010.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trend$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{mohsin_trend_2010,\n\ttitle = {Trend analysis of long-term temperature time series in the {Greater} {Toronto} {Area} ({GTA})},\n\tvolume = {101},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0214-x},\n\tdoi = {10/c6dkc6},\n\tabstract = {As the majority of the world’s population is living in urban environments, there is growing interest in studying local urban climates. In this paper, for the first time, the long-term trends (31–162 years) of temperature change have been analyzed for the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Annual and seasonal time series for a number of urban, suburban, and rural weather stations are considered. Non-parametric statistical techniques such as Mann–Kendall test and Theil-Sen slope estimation are used primarily for the assessing of the significance and detection of trends, and the sequential Mann test is used to detect any abrupt climate change. Statistically significant trends for annual mean and minimum temperatures are detected for almost all stations in the GTA. Winter is found to be the most coherent season contributing substantially to the increase in annual minimum temperature. The analyses of the abrupt changes in temperature suggest that the beginning of the increasing trend in Toronto started after the 1920s and then continued to increase to the 1960s. For all stations, there is a significant increase of annual and seasonal (particularly winter) temperatures after the 1980s. In terms of the linkage between urbanization and spatiotemporal thermal patterns, significant linear trends in annual mean and minimum temperature are detected for the period of 1878–1978 for the urban station, Toronto, while for the rural counterparts, the trends are not significant. Also, for all stations in the GTA that are situated in all directions except south of Toronto, substantial temperature change is detected for the periods of 1970–2000 and 1989–2000. It is concluded that the urbanization in the GTA has significantly contributed to the increase of the annual mean temperatures during the past three decades. In addition to urbanization, the influence of local climate, topography, and larger scale warming are incorporated in the analysis of the trends.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Mohsin, Tanzina and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Kendall Test, Rural Station, Temperature Time Series, Urban Heat Island, Urban Heat Island Effect},\n\tpages = {311--327},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2009\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The influence of sea-surface temperatures on Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone activity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ralph, T. U.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 95(3): 257–264. March 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ralph_influence_2009,\n\ttitle = {The influence of sea-surface temperatures on {Eastern} {North} {Pacific} tropical cyclone activity},\n\tvolume = {95},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-008-0004-x},\n\tdoi = {10/cttvjp},\n\tabstract = {The influence of sea-surface temperatures on six measures of tropical cyclone activity in the Eastern North Pacific is examined using historical sea-surface temperature and tropical cyclone data spanning from 1971 to 2002. Relationships are evaluated using methods of trend analysis, extreme year analysis, and bivariate correlation. Results suggest that in order to understand the climatological factors affecting topical cyclone activity in the Eastern North Pacific, the main development region must be divided into two sub-regions of development to the east and west of 112°W longitude. Increasing trends of sea-surface temperature are not accompanied by increasing trends in tropical cyclone activity. In the western development region, sea-surface temperatures are significantly correlated with all measures of tropical cyclone activity during extreme years. In this region, sea-surface temperatures are on average below the threshold for tropical cyclone development. In the Eastern development region, the only significant correlation with sea-surface temperatures is for the more intense measures of hurricane activity. In this region, sea-surface temperatures are on average above the threshold for cyclone formation. This leads to the hypothesis that the proximity to the cyclone formation temperature threshold in the WDR enhances the sensitivity of tropical cyclone activity to SSTs. This may have application to other tropical cyclone basins such as the North Atlantic.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Ralph, Trisha U. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Hurricane Activity, Storm Activity, Tropical Cyclone, Tropical Cyclone Activity, Tropical Cyclone Formation},\n\tpages = {257--264},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Travelling and hunting in a changing Arctic: assessing Inuit vulnerability to sea ice change in Igloolik, Nunavut.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Laidler, G. J.; Ford, J. D.; Gough, W. A.; Ikummaq, T.; Gagnon, A. S.; Kowal, S.; Qrunnut, K.; and Irngaut, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climatic Change, 94(3): 363–397. June 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Travelling$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{laidler_travelling_2009,\n\ttitle = {Travelling and hunting in a changing {Arctic}: assessing {Inuit} vulnerability to sea ice change in {Igloolik}, {Nunavut}},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {1573-1480},\n\tshorttitle = {Travelling and hunting in a changing {Arctic}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9512-z},\n\tdoi = {10/djv9fj},\n\tabstract = {The observations of community members and instrumental records indicate changes in sea ice around the Inuit community of Igloolik, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. This paper characterizes local vulnerability to these changes, identifying who is vulnerable, to what stresses, and why, focusing on local and regional use of sea ice for the harvesting of renewable resources and travel. This analysis is coupled with instrumental and sea ice data to evaluate changing temperature/wind/sea ice trends over time, to complement local observations. We demonstrate the relationships between changing sea ice conditions/dynamics and harvesting activities (i.e. dangers and accessibility), with specific emphasis on ringed seal and walrus seasonal hunting, to illustrate current sea ice exposures that hunters are facing. Community members are adapting to such changes, as they have done for generations. However, current adaptive capacity is both enabled, and constrained, by social, cultural, and economic factors that manifest within the modern northern Hamlet. Enabling factors include the ability of hunters to manage or share the risks associated with sea ice travel, as well as through their flexibility in resource use, as facilitated by sophisticated local knowledge and land/navigational skills. Constraining factors include the erosion of land-based knowledge and skills, altered sharing networks, as well as financial and temporal limitations on travel/harvesting. The differential ability of community members to balance enabling and constraining factors, in relation to current exposures, comprises their level of vulnerability to sea ice change.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Climatic Change},\n\tauthor = {Laidler, Gita J. and Ford, James D. and Gough, William A. and Ikummaq, Theo and Gagnon, Alexandre S. and Kowal, Slawomir and Qrunnut, Kevin and Irngaut, Celina},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Adaptive Capacity, Country Food, Inuit Knowledge, Land Skill, Ringed Seal},\n\tpages = {363--397},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sea ice, climate change, and community vulnerability in northern Foxe Basin, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ford, J. D.; Gough, W. A.; Laidler, G. J.; MacDonald, J.; Irngaut, C.; and Qrunnut, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climate Research, 38(2): 137–154. February 2009.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sea$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ford_sea_2009,\n\ttitle = {Sea ice, climate change, and community vulnerability in northern {Foxe} {Basin}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {38},\n\tissn = {0936-577X, 1616-1572},\n\turl = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/cr/v38/n2/p137-154/},\n\tdoi = {10/bbkdr9},\n\tabstract = {The Arctic is undergoing rapid climatic and environmental change, most notably in the spatial extent and thickness of the sea ice. Inuit communities in the Canadian Arctic are directly affected by these changes, with dramatic change in sea ice conditions documented in recent years. We use a case study from the Inuit community of Igloolik to examine the processes and conditions shaping human vulnerability to sea ice change. In 2006, the ocean froze 3 to 4 wk later than normal, with little remnant ice during the summer. Igloolik residents described this state of sea ice as anomalous, and Inuit observations were consistent with instrumental sea-ice data. We examined how community members experienced and responded to the anomalous ice conditions of 2006, using our analysis of this perceptual/behavioral data as a lens for exploring vulnerability and its determinants. Inuit observations shed light on the implications of such ice conditions for human use of this arctic environment, including reduced ability to procure traditional food. Effects on the community were exacerbated by other climate-related conditions and non-climatic stresses, including increasing fuel prices and longer-term socio-cultural trends. The case study also indicates significant adaptive capacity: anomalous ice years are increasingly becoming the norm and there is evidence that social learning and responsive local institutions are reducing the physical risks of using the ice in a changing climate. Climatic extremes documented in 2006 are projected to be the new mid-century norm as a result of anthropogenic climate change. The case study therefore offers a baseline for examining potential future vulnerabilities.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Climate Research},\n\tauthor = {Ford, J. D. and Gough, W. A. and Laidler, G. J. and MacDonald, J. and Irngaut, C. and Qrunnut, K.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Adaptation, Climate change, Climate hazards, Igloolik, Inuit, Mixed methods, Nunavut, Retrospective analysis, Sea ice, Vulnerability},\n\tpages = {137--154},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2008\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The impact of tropical sea surface temperatures on various measures of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Steenhof, P. A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 92(3): 249–255. May 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{steenhof_impact_2008,\n\ttitle = {The impact of tropical sea surface temperatures on various measures of {Atlantic} tropical cyclone activity},\n\tvolume = {92},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-007-0316-2},\n\tdoi = {10/cvh7k3},\n\tabstract = {SummarySince 1995 there has been a resurgence of Atlantic hurricane activity, with 2005 being the most active and destructive hurricane season on record. The influence of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) upon trends in Atlantic hurricane activity is investigated by considering SSTs in the southern tropical North Atlantic, an area known as the main development region (MDR). Significant differences in hurricane activity are observed when comparing the ten coolest and ten warmest years of SSTs in the MDR for the period spanning from 1941 to 2006, with increasing MDR SSTs linked to the increased duration and frequency of tropical cyclones. It is concluded that future increases in SSTs, as climate models project, could result in increased Atlantic basin hurricane activity. Understanding how oceanic processes affecting the MDR may change with climate change could therefore help increase the predictive capability for hurricane activity.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Steenhof, P. A. and Gough, W. A.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Atlantic Basin, Atlantic Hurricane, Hurricane Season, Tropical Cyclone, Tropical Cyclone Activity},\n\tpages = {249--255},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Theoretical considerations of day-to-day temperature variability applied to Toronto and Calgary, Canada data.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 94(1): 97–105. September 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Theoretical$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gough_theoretical_2008,\n\ttitle = {Theoretical considerations of day-to-day temperature variability applied to {Toronto} and {Calgary}, {Canada} data},\n\tvolume = {94},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-007-0346-9},\n\tdoi = {10/dnq3j5},\n\tabstract = {SummaryDay-to-day temperature variability has been examined within the context of three theoretical climates: orderly, random and oscillatory. Using highly idealized examples two measures of day-to-day variability were compared. It was found that standard deviation works well to characterize variability for random climates, as expected, but did not perform well for orderly and oscillatory climates. For these climates, a more direct calculation of day-to-day variability was found to be more representative. This method better captures the clustering of temperatures that may result from a number of meteorological and geographic factors which bring order to the local climate. These concepts were applied to two Canadian cities, Toronto, Ontario and Calgary, Alberta. Both cities were found to have a degree of orderliness in their climate. Toronto’s orderliness appears to be linked to the temperature mitigating effect of a moister climate and midlatitude cyclones. In addition, the proximity of Lake Ontario produces land/sea breezes which act to reduce thermal variability. Calgary experienced more variability, both on average and in the exceedances of 5 °C and 10 °C thresholds for day-to-day temperature swings. This is a result of a drier climate with less hydro-climatic inertia and the presence of chinook winds which produce, particularly in winter, swings of temperature frequently exceeding 10 °C. Although all the measures of day-to-day temperature variability examined appear to be decreasing in both cities, only the decrease of 5 °C exceedances of T min at Toronto was statistically significant.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Gough, W. A.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Canada Data, Drey Climate, Oscillatory Climate, Temperature Variability, Threshold Exceedances},\n\tpages = {97--105},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Response to Dyck et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western Hudson Bay.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Stirling, I.; Derocher, A. E.; Gough, W. A.; and Rode, K.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Ecological Complexity, 5(3): 193–201. September 2008.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Response$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{stirling_response_2008,\n\ttitle = {Response to {Dyck} et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western {Hudson} {Bay}},\n\tvolume = {5},\n\tissn = {1476-945X},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1476945X08000032},\n\tdoi = {10/bp3vx5},\n\tabstract = {The “viewpoint” article by Dyck et al. (2007) [Dyck. M.G., Soon, W., Baydack, R.K., Legates, D.R., Baliunas, S., Ball, T.F., Hancock, L.O., 2007. Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: are warming spring air temperatures the “ultimate” survival control factor? Ecol. Complexity 4, 73–84. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.03.002.] suggest that factors other than climate warming are responsible for a decline in the polar bear population of Western Hudson Bay. They propose: (1) that there is no evidence that the climate has warmed significantly in western Hudson Bay, (2) that any negative effects on the polar bear population likely result from interactions with humans (such as research activities, management actions, or tourism), (3) that studies suggesting climate warming could influence polar bear populations are confounded by natural fluctuations and (4) that polar bears will adapt to climate warming by eating vegetation, hunting other marine mammal species, and evolving new physiological mechanisms. In our examination of their alternative explanations, and the data available to evaluate each, we found little support for any. Research conducted since 1997 (when the last data were collected for the analyses in Stirling et al., 1999 [Stirling, I., Lunn, N.J., Iacozza, J., 1999. Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate change. Arctic 52, 294–306.]) continues to be consistent with the thesis that climate warming in western Hudson Bay is the major factor causing the sea ice to breakup at progressively earlier dates, resulting in polar bears coming ashore to fast for several months in progressively poorer condition, resulting in negative affects on survival of young, subadult, and older (but not prime) adults and reproduction. When the population began to decline, the hunting quota for Inuit in Nunavut was no longer sustainable, which in turn probably resulted in the decline accelerating over time as a result of overharvesting (Regehr et al., 2007 [Regehr, E.V., Lunn, N.J., Amstrup, S.C., Stirling, I., 2007. Survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to earlier sea ice breakup. J. Wildl. Manage. 71, 2673–2683.]).},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Ecological Complexity},\n\tauthor = {Stirling, Ian and Derocher, Andrew E. and Gough, William A. and Rode, Karyn},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Body condition, Climate change, Hudson Bay, Polar bear, Sea ice},\n\tpages = {193--201},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The “viewpoint” article by Dyck et al. (2007) [Dyck. M.G., Soon, W., Baydack, R.K., Legates, D.R., Baliunas, S., Ball, T.F., Hancock, L.O., 2007. Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: are warming spring air temperatures the “ultimate” survival control factor? Ecol. Complexity 4, 73–84. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.03.002.] suggest that factors other than climate warming are responsible for a decline in the polar bear population of Western Hudson Bay. They propose: (1) that there is no evidence that the climate has warmed significantly in western Hudson Bay, (2) that any negative effects on the polar bear population likely result from interactions with humans (such as research activities, management actions, or tourism), (3) that studies suggesting climate warming could influence polar bear populations are confounded by natural fluctuations and (4) that polar bears will adapt to climate warming by eating vegetation, hunting other marine mammal species, and evolving new physiological mechanisms. In our examination of their alternative explanations, and the data available to evaluate each, we found little support for any. Research conducted since 1997 (when the last data were collected for the analyses in Stirling et al., 1999 [Stirling, I., Lunn, N.J., Iacozza, J., 1999. Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate change. Arctic 52, 294–306.]) continues to be consistent with the thesis that climate warming in western Hudson Bay is the major factor causing the sea ice to breakup at progressively earlier dates, resulting in polar bears coming ashore to fast for several months in progressively poorer condition, resulting in negative affects on survival of young, subadult, and older (but not prime) adults and reproduction. When the population began to decline, the hunting quota for Inuit in Nunavut was no longer sustainable, which in turn probably resulted in the decline accelerating over time as a result of overharvesting (Regehr et al., 2007 [Regehr, E.V., Lunn, N.J., Amstrup, S.C., Stirling, I., 2007. Survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to earlier sea ice breakup. J. Wildl. Manage. 71, 2673–2683.]).\n

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\n \n 2006\n \n \n (3)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The variation of floods in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and its teleconnection with El Niño events.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Wu, Y.; Gough, W. A.; Jiang, T.; and Kung, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Advances in Geosciences, 6: 201–205. February 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{wu_variation_2006,\n\ttitle = {The variation of floods in the middle reaches of the {Yangtze} {River} and its teleconnection with {El} {Niño} events},\n\tvolume = {6},\n\turl = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296939},\n\tdoi = {10/b4jcv5},\n\tabstract = {Middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the worst flooded segments along the Yangtze River. It is important to understand and study the variations of frequency and magnitude of historical floods in this area and how were they related to or affected by EI Niño in a long historical period. We applied the statistics and time series to study and analyze historical floods (1470-2000) and EI Niño events (1525-1995). The results show that the more floods occurred in the latest 200 years. The power-spectral analysis suggests the main cycle of flood variation is longer than that of EI Niño events. El Nino shows the fluctuations of about 2-year and 3{\\textasciitilde}4 year period while the flood variation is not so significant but can also be identified in the period of 2, 8 and 40 years (it exceeds the level of confidence 0.03). Time series analyses of the fluctuation of flood and El Nino indicate that there is a significant correlation between the two at both high and moderate frequency sections. The result shows that the response of the floods along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to the effects of El Nino events is not only delayed one or more than one year as suggested by many Chinese scientists, but it also can be somewhat longer delayed up to about 8 years. The result also indicates that the shorter the interval of EI Niño events, the sooner the flood events follows. In other words, flood could be delayed with longer time if the interval time of EI Niño events is longer.},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Advances in Geosciences},\n\tauthor = {Wu, Y.-J. and Gough, W. A. and Jiang, T. and Kung, H.-T.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tpages = {201--205},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n East–west asymmetry in long-term trends of landfast ice thickness in the Hudson Bay region, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gagnon, A. S.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climate Research, 32(3): 177–186. October 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"East–west$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gagnon_eastwest_2006,\n\ttitle = {East–west asymmetry in long-term trends of landfast ice thickness in the {Hudson} {Bay} region, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {32},\n\tissn = {0936-577X, 1616-1572},\n\turl = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/cr/v32/n3/p177-186/},\n\tdoi = {10/ckz227},\n\tabstract = {Ice cover in the Hudson Bay region (HBR) goes through a complete cryogenic cycle each year. Freeze-up typically occurs in October and November, ice cover reaches its peak thickness from late March to May, and water bodies in the HBR are usually ice-free beginning in early August. In this study, the timing and magnitude of the annual peak in ice thickness were identified for each year from weekly ice observations compiled by the Canadian Ice Service. The Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the statistical significance of the temporal trends, and their magnitude was estimated using the Theil-Sen approach. The results indicate an asymmetry in temporal trends of landfast ice thickness; statistically significant thickening of the ice cover over time was detected on the western side of Hudson Bay, while a slight thinning lacking statistical significance was observed on the eastern side. This asymmetry is related to the variability of air temperature, snow depth, and the dates of ice freeze-up and break-up. Increasing maximum ice thickness at a number of stations is correlated to earlier freeze-up due to negative temperature trends in autumn. Nevertheless, changes in maximum  ice thickness were reciprocal to the variability in the amount of snow covering the ground. These results are in contrast to the projections from general circulation models (GCMs), and to the reduction in sea-ice extent and thickness observed in other regions of the Arctic. This contradiction must be addressed in regional climate change impact assessments.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Climate Research},\n\tauthor = {Gagnon, Alexandre S. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Hudson Bay, Lake ice, Sea ice thickness, Snow depth, Temperature trends},\n\tpages = {177--186},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Freeze thaw cycles in Toronto, Canada in a changing climate.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ho, E.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 83(1): 203–210. January 2006.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Freeze$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ho_freeze_2006,\n\ttitle = {Freeze thaw cycles in {Toronto}, {Canada} in a changing climate},\n\tvolume = {83},\n\tissn = {1434-4483},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-005-0167-7},\n\tdoi = {10/d84xdm},\n\tabstract = {SummaryFreeze thaw cycles are examined in Toronto Canada. Using data from 1960 to 1989 for three Toronto area weather stations, trends in freeze thaw activity, the relationship to mean monthly temperature and projections of freeze thaw activity are examined. For downtown Toronto the annual frequency of freeze thaw cycles is decreasing significantly, most notably in the shoulder months of October and April. At the Pearson International Airport and the Toronto Island Airport similar annual trends were not found, however there was evidence of decreased freeze thaw activity in April and October. Polynomial curve fitting provided functional relationships between mean monthly temperature and freeze thaw activity. These relationships enabled the assessment of freeze thaw activity under synthetic warming conditions. The results of this analysis show that the warming of the magnitude typically projected for the rest of this century will not likely generate a significant change in the freeze thaw activity although there are indications that the freeze thaw season will contract.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},\n\tauthor = {Ho, E. and Gough, W. A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Climate Change, Waste Water, Water Management, Water Pollution, Weather Station},\n\tpages = {203--210},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2005\n \n \n (5)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Geophysical inertia and implications for long range forecasting in Hudson Bay, Canada.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Central China Normal University (Natural Sciences), 39(1): 131–135. 2005.\n Invited Paper\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_geophysical_2005,\n\ttitle = {Geophysical inertia and implications for long range forecasting in {Hudson} {Bay}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Central China Normal University (Natural Sciences)},\n\tauthor = {Gough, W. A.},\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tnote = {Invited Paper},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource, 🔍No DOI found},\n\tpages = {131--135},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in River-Ice Break-up Data for the Western James Bay Region of Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Ho, E.; Tsuji, L. J. S.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Polar Geography, 29(4): 291–299. October 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trends$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{ho_trends_2005,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {River}-{Ice} {Break}-up {Data} for the {Western} {James} {Bay} {Region} of {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1088-937X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/789610144},\n\tdoi = {10/cfwn5q},\n\tabstract = {Trends in river-ice break-up date for the Moose, Albany, and Attawapiskat rivers located in the western James Bay region were examined. Regression analyses revealed several significant, but weak, linear relationships between river ice break-up date and calendar year. The directions of these relationships were also inconsistent, and so the results of the statistical analyses were considered to be inconclusive. Local and indigenous knowledge broadened our analyses with more information on changes in the timing of freeze/thaw cycles. Relatively rapid changes in climate can create problems for conventional approaches including statistical analyses, which require large data sets and long-term trends. The study indicates that while trends in river ice break-up were weak, very recent changes in break-up characteristics (signaled through local knowledge) showed that potentially drastic and rapid changes have occurred within the past few years. Future research in climate and river-ice studies ought to incorporate other knowledge systems to understand important indicators of climate changes.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Polar Geography},\n\tauthor = {Ho, Elise and Tsuji, Leonard J. S. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {291--299},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Influence of James Bay River Discharge on Churchill, Manitoba Sea Level.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; Robinson, C.; and Hosseinian, R.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Polar Geography, 29(3): 213–223. July 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_influence_2005,\n\ttitle = {The {Influence} of {James} {Bay} {River} {Discharge} on {Churchill}, {Manitoba} {Sea} {Level}},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1088-937X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/789610202},\n\tdoi = {10/b3t4tf},\n\tabstract = {The Hudson Bay region faces the possible impact of two anthropogenic modifications, hydro-electric damming and climate change. Both of these have the potential to influence sea level in Hudson and James Bay waters. To gain a better understanding of the interplay between sea level and runoff into this water system, the impact of James Bay spring runoff on sea level variation at Churchill, Manitoba, is assessed. James Bay discharge data for 1963 to 1983 are used with corresponding sea level data recorded at Churchill. A significant correlation between spring (May and June) discharge from James Bay and a secondary peak in sea level in October and November at Churchill was found. The coefficient of determination (R2) increased substantially from 26\\% to 47\\% when an outlier year, 1963, was removed from the analysis. This is justified due to the limited data available for approximating discharge for that year. A lower limit of 5 cm/s advection speed is estimated for propagation of discharge from James Bay to Churchill consistent with previous estimates. Using the difference in sea level arising from high and low discharge years, it was estimated that 35-50\\% of the discharge from James Bay does not exit directly from Hudson Bay but recirculates in western Hudson Bay. It can be extrapolated that hydroelectric regulation of the rivers draining into James Bay will potentially affect the seasonal variation of sea level throughout Hudson Bay.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Polar Geography},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Robinson, Carol and Hosseinian, Reza},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {213--223},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Climate Memory and Long-Range Forecasting of Sea Ice Conditions in Hudson Strait.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Houser, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Polar Geography, 29(1): 17–26. January 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Climate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_climate_2005,\n\ttitle = {Climate {Memory} and {Long}-{Range} {Forecasting} of {Sea} {Ice} {Conditions} in {Hudson} {Strait}},\n\tvolume = {29},\n\tissn = {1088-937X},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/789610163},\n\tdoi = {10/d77d4c},\n\tabstract = {Hudson Strait plays a crucial role for navigation into and out of Hudson Bay. The Strait is ice-covered for eight months of the year. We demonstrate the ability to forecast ice conditions, particularly ice formation and retreat, up to seven months in advance. Sea ice retreat and formation for three locations in Hudson Strait has been successfully forecasted for the years 2000-2003 using sea ice data collected from 1971 to 1999. On average, forecasts for the date of sea ice formation were within a week of the actual formation date, the temporal resolution of the sea ice data. Forecasts for the date of sea ice retreat were within the resolution of the sea ice data at the easternmost site and ±11 and 15 days at the middle and westernmost sites, respectively. Inclusion of the average air temperature of the preceding ice-free season improved the average forecast of ice retreat at the western site by six days while only marginally affecting the other two sites. This initial attempt exploits climate memory which may be applicable elsewhere.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Polar Geography},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Houser, Christopher},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tpages = {17--26},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Climate Change Scenarios for the Hudson Bay Region: An Intermodel Comparison.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gagnon, A. S.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climatic Change, 69(2): 269–297. April 2005.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Climate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gagnon_climate_2005,\n\ttitle = {Climate {Change} {Scenarios} for the {Hudson} {Bay} {Region}: {An} {Intermodel} {Comparison}},\n\tvolume = {69},\n\tissn = {1573-1480},\n\tshorttitle = {Climate {Change} {Scenarios} for the {Hudson} {Bay} {Region}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-1815-8},\n\tdoi = {10/c4pgdh},\n\tabstract = {General circulation models (GCMs) are unanimous in projecting warmer temperatures in an enhanced CO2 atmosphere, with amplification of this warming in higher latitudes. The Hudson Bay region, which is located in the Arctic and subarctic regions of Canada, should therefore be strongly influenced by global warming. In this study, we compare the response of Hudson Bay to a transient warming scenario provided by six-coupled atmosphere-ocean models. Our analysis focuses on surface temperature, precipitation, sea-ice coverage, and permafrost distribution. The results show that warming is expected to peak in winter over the ocean, because of a northward retreat of the sea-ice cover. Also, a secondary warming peak is observed in summer over land in the Canadian and Australian-coupled GCMs, which is associated with both a reduction in soil moisture conditions and changes in permafrost distribution. In addition, a relationship is identified between the retreat of the sea-ice cover and an enhancement of precipitation over both land and oceanic surfaces. The response of the sea-ice cover and permafrost layer to global warming varies considerably among models and thus large differences are observed in the projected regional increase in temperature and precipitation. In view of the important feedbacks that a retreat of the sea-ice cover and the distribution of permafrost are likely to play in the doubled and tripled CO2 climates of Hudson Bay, a good representation of these two parameters is necessary to provide realistic climate change scenarios. The use of higher resolution regional climate model is recommended to develop scenarios of climate change for the Hudson Bay region.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Climatic Change},\n\tauthor = {Gagnon, Alexandre S. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = apr,\n\tyear = {2005},\n\tkeywords = {Climate Change Scenario, Global Warming, Regional Climate Model, Soil Moisture Condition, Warming Scenario},\n\tpages = {269--297},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2004\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Trends in Seasonal Sea Ice Duration in Southwestern Hudson Bay.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; Cornwell, A. R.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Arctic, 57(3): 299–305. 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Trends$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gough_trends_2004,\n\ttitle = {Trends in {Seasonal} {Sea} {Ice} {Duration} in {Southwestern} {Hudson} {Bay}},\n\tvolume = {57},\n\tissn = {0004-0843},\n\turl = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/40512067},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsh},\n\tabstract = {[The southwestern region of Hudson Bay is one of the last areas in the Hudson and James Bay lowlands region to become free of sea ice in the spring. This late breakup is due to the effects of winds and currents. By analyzing time series with three different statistical techniques, we found a statistically significant increase in the length of the ice-free season in this region from 1971 to 2003. Much of this increase was attributed to earlier breakup of the ice, which is consistent with increased spring temperatures in this region. The onset of breakup advanced by at least three days per decade over the study period./// La partie sud-ouest de la baie d'Hudson est l'une des dernières zones des basses terres de cette baie et de la baie James à se libérer de la banquise au printemps. Cette débâcle tardive est due aux effets des vents et des courants. En analysant des séries chronologiques à l'aide de trois techniques statistiques différentes, on a découvert que, de 1971 à 2003, la région a connu une augmentation sensible dans la durée de la saison d'eau libre. Une grande partie de cette augmentation a été attribuée à une débâcle précoce, ce qui va de pair avec une hausse des températures printanières dans la région. Le début de la débâcle a avancé d'au moins trois jours par décennie au cours de la période d'étude.]},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Arctic},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Cornwell, Adam R. and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource},\n\tpages = {299--305},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Determining the background levels of bismuth in tissues of wild game birds: a first step in addressing the environmental consequences of using bismuth shotshells.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Jayasinghe, R.; Tsuji, L. J. S.; Gough, W. A.; Karagatzides, J. D.; Perera, D.; and Nieboer, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Environmental Pollution, 132(1): 13–20. November 2004.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Determining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{jayasinghe_determining_2004,\n\ttitle = {Determining the background levels of bismuth in tissues of wild game birds: a first step in addressing the environmental consequences of using bismuth shotshells},\n\tvolume = {132},\n\tissn = {0269-7491},\n\tshorttitle = {Determining the background levels of bismuth in tissues of wild game birds},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749104001435},\n\tdoi = {10/bdv253},\n\tabstract = {Bismuth shotshells have been approved as a “nontoxic” alternative to lead in North America. Approval was based on a limited number of studies; even background levels of bismuth in wildfowl were unknown. We report on the concentration of bismuth (and lead) in muscle and liver tissues of wildfowl (Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Branta canadensis, Chen caerulescens) harvested with lead shotshell. Average liver-bismuth levels detected in the present study (e.g., teal, 0.05μg/gdw; mallard, 0.09μg/gdw) suggest analytical error in other studies examining the effects of bismuth in birds. Significant positive relationships between bismuth- and lead-tissue levels for muscle when all species were combined (and for B. canadensis and C. caerulescens separately) can be explained by noting that bismuth is a contaminant of lead. Thus, more research is recommended to confirm the appropriateness of bismuth as a “nontoxic” shot alternative.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Pollution},\n\tauthor = {Jayasinghe, R. and Tsuji, L. J. S. and Gough, W. A. and Karagatzides, J. D. and Perera, D. and Nieboer, E.},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2004},\n\tkeywords = {Background levels, Bismuth and lead shotshell, Wildfowl},\n\tpages = {13--20},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n 2003\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Variations in Sea Ice in the Hudson Strait: 1971-1999.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Houser, C.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Polar Geography, 27(1): 1–14. January 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Variations$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{houser_variations_2003,\n\ttitle = {Variations in {Sea} {Ice} in the {Hudson} {Strait}: 1971-1999},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1088-937X},\n\tshorttitle = {Variations in {Sea} {Ice} in the {Hudson} {Strait}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/789610211},\n\tdoi = {10/cmg4m8},\n\tabstract = {Variations in the timing and characteristics of sea ice formation and retreat in the Hudson Strait are examined, in order to identify both the primary controls on sea ice formation in the Strait and statistically significant trends. No statistically significant trend in the timing of sea ice formation and retreat was observed for the entire data set (1971-1999), although a potentially significant trend has developed since ∽1990. Interannual variability of sea ice represents an autoregressive process in the thermal properties of the Strait. Statistically significant correlations between the length of the ice-free and ice-covered seasons of one year to the next suggests that preconditioning of Hudson Strait waters play a dominant role in determining subsequent ice formation and duration. Further interannual variability depends on the average air temperature during the ice-free season.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Polar Geography},\n\tauthor = {Houser, Christopher and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {1--14},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The trend and fluctuation of historical floods in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Yi-jin, W.; Gough, W. A.; Tong, J.; Xue-lei, W.; and Wei-bin, J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences A, 8(1): 91–94. March 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{yi-jin_trend_2003,\n\ttitle = {The trend and fluctuation of historical floods in the middle reaches of the {Yangtze} {River}},\n\tvolume = {8},\n\tissn = {1993-4998},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02902072},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/BF02902072},\n\tabstract = {The middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the worst flood area of the whole basin. To study the variation regulation of the floods in this area over a long historical period assure improvement in predictions of floods in the region. The trend of flood occurred frequency has close relationship with human activities near the river. By using statistics analysis, the fluctuations for the time series of floods since 1525 are studied. The results show that the main cycle of flood variation can be identified obviously the period of 2, 8 and 40 years with exceeding the level of confidence 0. 03.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences A},\n\tauthor = {Yi-jin, Wu and Gough, William A. and Tong, Jiang and Xue-lei, Wang and Wei-bin, Jin},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {X4, Yangtze river, floods trend and fluctuation, historical time, ⚠️Invalid DOI},\n\tpages = {91--94},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Canopy Interception of Acid Deposition in Southern Ontario.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Carlson, J.; Gough, W. A.; Karagatzides, J. D.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 117(4): 523–530. 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Canopy$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{carlson_canopy_2003,\n\ttitle = {Canopy {Interception} of {Acid} {Deposition} in {Southern} {Ontario}},\n\tvolume = {117},\n\tcopyright = {Copyright (c)},\n\tissn = {0008-3550},\n\turl = {http://www.canadianfieldnaturalist.ca/cfn/index.php/cfn/article/view/799},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsg},\n\tabstract = {The impact of tree canopies on acid deposition was examined. Differences in the chemical composition of unintercepted precipitation (dustfall) and canopy was intercepted precipitation (throughfall) at 18 southern Ontario forests, collected during the summers of 1995-1996, were chemically analyzed. The methodology of collection and analysis validated using consistency checks for interception loss, maintenance of electrical neutrality and ion correlation. T-test analyses found throughfall fluxes of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and NO3- were significantly higher than dustfall flux (p {\\textless} 0.05), consistent with other studies. Barrie and nearby sites at Orillia and Bracebridge had larger dustfall depositions of base cations and Cl- suggesting a nearby source of these ions. T-tests revealed large exceedances of pH and sulphate concentration in dustfall over throughfall at the two Scarborough sites; a local point source of sulphates in the Greater Toronto Area was suspected.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {The Canadian Field-Naturalist},\n\tauthor = {Carlson, Jules and Gough, William A. and Karagatzides, Jim D. and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tkeywords = {Ontario, acid deposition, canopy interception, dustfall, throughfall},\n\tpages = {523--530},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Climate Variability and Climatic Change: Potential Implications for Hudson Bay Coastal Communities.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Laidler, G. J.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Polar Geography, 27(1): 38–58. January 2003.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Climate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{laidler_climate_2003,\n\ttitle = {Climate {Variability} and {Climatic} {Change}: {Potential} {Implications} for {Hudson} {Bay} {Coastal} {Communities}},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {1088-937X},\n\tshorttitle = {Climate {Variability} and {Climatic} {Change}},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/789610221},\n\tdoi = {10/bj3q54},\n\tabstract = {Hudson Bay (HB) is one of the largest inland seas in the world, and is located within the subarctic and arctic regions of Canada. Regional climates in the HB bioregion are influenced by yearly cycles of ice-covered and ice-free seasons, tending to contribute to high interannual variability. Cree and Inuit communities established along the HB coasts have adapted and responded to these seasonal fluctuations for generations. Their experiences have facilitated the development and refinement of intimate relationships with marine/terrestrial wildlife and ecosystems. This paper reviews the past and current land use and resource harvesting practices of coastal communities. Having identified the importance of certain renewable resources to distinct subregions of HB, local and scientific observations of a changing environment are presented. This interdisciplinary overview of experienced and observed changes is used to facilitate a conceptual evaluation of the potential effects of climate variability and/or climatic change on HB coastal communities.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Polar Geography},\n\tauthor = {Laidler, Gita J. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2003},\n\tpages = {38--58},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n 2002\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Hydro-Climatic Trends in the Hudson Bay Region, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gagnon, A. S.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 27(3): 245–262. January 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Hydro-Climatic$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gagnon_hydro-climatic_2002,\n\ttitle = {Hydro-{Climatic} {Trends} in the {Hudson} {Bay} {Region}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {27},\n\tissn = {0701-1784},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2703245},\n\tdoi = {10/fr688v},\n\tabstract = {Long-term streamflow time series were analysed to provide evidence of climate change in the Hudson Bay region. We also investigated whether relationships exist between streamflow and proximal temperature and precipitation time series. The Mann-Kendall test for trend reveals an earlier occurrence of the spring peak flow in three rivers flowing into southern Hudson Bay, with a statistically-significant warming trend for spring temperature. In the northwestern Hudson Bay region, precipitation has significantly increased in all seasons, resulting in increasing trends in the discharge of the Kazan River. In contrast, a decrease in river discharge was detected in central Manitoba, because of warmer temperatures and less abundant rainfall. On the east side of Hudson Bay, statistically-significant streamflow trends were detected for individual months, but temporally and spatially coherent patterns could not be identified. This study of the Hudson Bay streamflow provides evidence of climate change using streamflow and climate data in the Hudson Bay region over the past century. The climate change signal is not spatially uniform and is obscured when the Hudson Bay basin is treated as a single large region.},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques},\n\tauthor = {Gagnon, Alexandre S. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tpages = {245--262},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Determining the Validity of using Summer Monitoring to Estimate Annual Deposition of Acidic Pollutants in Southern Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; Lillyman, C.; Karagatzides, J.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 137(1): 305–316. June 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Determining$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_determining_2002,\n\ttitle = {Determining the {Validity} of using {Summer} {Monitoring} to {Estimate} {Annual} {Deposition} of {Acidic} {Pollutants} in {Southern} {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {137},\n\tissn = {1573-2932},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015599302746},\n\tdoi = {10/dx8mrt},\n\tabstract = {Programs such as MARYP have produced good quality environmentaldata during a summer collection period. Such programs can producecost effective regional acid rain data. The question arises whether summer collection (July, August) of acid rain depositionand concentration data can be used to reliably estimate annualacid deposition? Precipitation, sulfate and nitrate depositionand concentration data for southern Ontario at four sites wereused. Ratios of summer to annual deposition, concentration andprecipitation revealed that concentration tended to have the mostspatial and temporal consistency. Correlation analysis confirmedthat deposition was strongly dependent on precipitation. However,extremely high precipitation in 1992 at two of the sites demonstrated a dilution effect, where deposition was not stronglydependent on precipitation but concentration was strongly dependent on precipitation. However, at Warsaw Caves, downstreamof the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), sulfate deposition was strongly dependent on precipitation in 1992 indicating a pointsource of sulfate in the GTA. It is concluded that annual deposition can be estimated from summer concentration values andannual precipitation, especially in years when there is not excessive summer precipitation. Thus seasonal collection programscan play a key role in providing high quality regional data.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Lillyman, Carrie and Karagatzides, Jim and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {acid deposition, long range transport, nitratedeposition, seasonal monitoring, sulfate deposition},\n\tpages = {305--316},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The influence of tropospheric ozone on the air temperature of the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Beaney, G.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmospheric Environment, 36(14): 2319–2325. May 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{beaney_influence_2002,\n\ttitle = {The influence of tropospheric ozone on the air temperature of the city of {Toronto}, {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\tvolume = {36},\n\tissn = {1352-2310},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223100200184X},\n\tdoi = {10/cg9fw3},\n\tabstract = {Weekday/weekend variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations were examined to determine whether ground-level greenhouse gases have a significant impact on local climate. The city of Toronto, Canada, was chosen due to a high volume of commuter traffic and frequent exposure to high ozone episodes. Due to day-of-the-week variations in commuter traffic, ozone concentrations were shown to vary significantly between weekdays and weekends. During high ozone episodes weekend air temperatures were significantly higher than those observed on weekdays. As no meteorological phenomenon is known to occur over a 7 day cycle the observed temperature variations were attributed to anthropogenic activity.},\n\tnumber = {14},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Atmospheric Environment},\n\tauthor = {Beaney, Gary and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Air temperature, Day of the week, Tropospheric ozone},\n\tpages = {2319--2325},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Nature and fate of Hudson Bay permafrost.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Leung, A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Regional Environmental Change, 2(4): 177–184. October 2002.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Nature$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_nature_2002,\n\ttitle = {Nature and fate of {Hudson} {Bay} permafrost},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tissn = {1436-3798},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-002-0048-x},\n\tdoi = {10/fnq46v},\n\tabstract = {. Two aspects of the permafrost of the Hudson Bay region are examined. The first is the climatological conditions that support permafrost especially along the southwestern shore of Hudson Bay. The second is the fate of the permafrost using recent climate change scenarios. The continuous permafrost along the shores of southwestern Hudson Bay is examined from a climatological perspective. Two hypotheses are explored to explain the presence of continuous permafrost in this region in spite of the relatively "warm" local climate. Possible errors in the calculation of thawing degree days and the asymmetries in frozen and unfrozen soil thermal conductivities are successively examined. Only the second hypothesis is likely to explain the presence of permafrost in southwestern Hudson Bay. Sophisticated climate models are used to assess the potential change in permafrost distribution in the Hudson Bay region. Nine simulations using three different versions of the Canadian Centre of Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) general circulation model are used to project permafrost distribution. Two surface temperature thresholds, –5 and –10 °C, are used to diagnose permafrost grid points. All simulations, including those that include reduction of CO2 emissions, showed at least a 50\\% reduction of permafrost by 2100 using these temperature thresholds.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Regional Environmental Change},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Leung, Agnes},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2002},\n\tkeywords = {Permafrost Hudson Bay Climate change Climate models Global warming},\n\tpages = {177--184},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 2001\n \n \n (4)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Climate Change Scenarios for Hudson Bay, Canada, from General Circulation Models.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Wolfe, E.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Arctic, 54(2): 142–148. 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Climate$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_climate_2001,\n\ttitle = {Climate {Change} {Scenarios} for {Hudson} {Bay}, {Canada}, from {General} {Circulation} {Models}},\n\tvolume = {54},\n\tissn = {0004-0843},\n\turl = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/40512369},\n\tdoi = {10/gfkxsj},\n\tabstract = {[Two generations of a climate model are compared using the impact of a CO₂ doubling on the Hudson Bay region as the means of diagnosing differences in model performance. Surface temperature, precipitation, sea-ice coverage, and permafrost distribution are compared. The most striking difference is the response of the sea ice in the two models. In the coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model, sea ice virtually disappears in Hudson Bay. This leads to a substantially higher regional temperature response. We suggest that conductivity of sea ice and thermal diffusivity of seawater are key factors that cause the difference in sea-ice response. It is recommended that a regional model be developed to produce more representative climate change scenarios for the Hudson Bay region. /// On compare deux générations d'un modèle de climat en calculant l'incidence sur la région de la baie d'Hudson d'une multiplication par deux du taux de CO₂ afin de diagnostiquer les différences dans la performance des deux versions du modèle. On compare la température en surface, les précipitations, la couverture de glace de mer et la distribution du pergélisol. La différence la plus marquante apparaît dans la façon dont la glace de mer réagit dans les deux modèles. Dans le modèle de climat avec couplage atmosphère-océan, la glace de mer disparaît pratiquement de la baie d'Hudson. Il en résulte une hausse notable de la température régionale. On suggère que la conductivité de la glace de mer et la diffusivité thermique de l'eau de mer sont des facteurs clés responsables de la différence dans le comportement de la glace de mer. On recommande l'élaboration d'un modèle régional qui créerait des scénarios de changement climatique plus réalistes pour la région de la baie d'Hudson.]},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Arctic},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Wolfe, Edmund},\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource},\n\tpages = {142--148},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Model tuning and its impact on modelled climate change response: Hudson Bay sea ice, a case study.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien, 45(2): 300–305. June 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Model$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gough_model_2001,\n\ttitle = {Model tuning and its impact on modelled climate change response: {Hudson} {Bay} sea ice, a case study},\n\tvolume = {45},\n\tissn = {1541-0064},\n\tshorttitle = {Model tuning and its impact on modelled climate change response},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2001.tb01490.x},\n\tdoi = {10/bpwc5f},\n\tabstract = {The impact of climate model parameterization is examined using Hudson Bay sea ice as a case study. The implicit diffusion of an upstream scheme used in a three dimensional ocean general circulation model is locally determined by using a one dimension proxy model of Hudson Bay with atmospheric, cryospheric and oceanic components. Using this proxy model, distinct pairs of values for the thermal conductivity of sea ice and thermal diffusivity of sea water are found that reproduce the current climatology of sea ice thickness in Hudson Bay. These pairs of values are subsequently used in a 3°C warming scenario. The resulting ice thicknesses are shown to be highly dependent on the choice of these pairs of values as well as the seasonal distribution of the warming.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Hudson Bay, climate change, climate modelling, model tuning, parameterization, sea ice},\n\tpages = {300--305},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Testing the Validity of a Critical Sulfur and Nitrogen Load Model in Southern Ontario, Canada, using Soil Chemistry Data from MARYP.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kumar, A. J.; Gough, W. A.; Karagatzides, J. D.; Bolton, K. A.; and Tsuji, L. J. S.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 69(3): 221–230. July 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Testing$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{kumar_testing_2001,\n\ttitle = {Testing the {Validity} of a {Critical} {Sulfur} and {Nitrogen} {Load} {Model} in {Southern} {Ontario}, {Canada}, using {Soil} {Chemistry} {Data} from {MARYP}},\n\tvolume = {69},\n\tissn = {1573-2959},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010723207915},\n\tdoi = {10/bxk4zp},\n\tabstract = {The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},\n\tauthor = {Kumar, Ashij J. and Gough, William A. and Karagatzides, Jim D. and Bolton, Kim A. and Tsuji, Leonard J. S.},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tkeywords = {Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP), acid rain, acidic deposition, critical load, model validation, soil acidification},\n\tpages = {221--230},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ocean heat transport and a climate paradox.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Lozinova, M.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere-Ocean, 39(1): 15–21. March 2001.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Ocean$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gough_ocean_2001,\n\ttitle = {Ocean heat transport and a climate paradox},\n\tvolume = {39},\n\tissn = {0705-5900},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2001.9649663},\n\tdoi = {10/cz5v8t},\n\tabstract = {Paleoclimcite data indicate a climate paradox. In warmer climates the equator to pole temperature gradient is typically less than that of the current climate. However, more northward heat transport is required to maintain this weaker gradient, particularly in tropical, subtropical and midlatitude regions where the ice‐albedo feedback and polar stratification of the atmosphere have little effect. Most heat transport mechanisms decrease with decreased temperature gradient. Two oceanic mechanisms that might contribute to a resolution of this paradox are examined, one relies upon salinity re‐distribution, while the other relies upon the non‐linearity of the equation of state. These are tested in a simply configured ocean general circulation model of the North Atlantic. Both are shown to increase northward heat transport without increasing the meridional temperature gradient. The nonlinearity mechanism is the more significant of the two, but neither of the mechanisms can conclusively resolve the paradox.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere-Ocean},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Lozinova, Margarita},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2001},\n\tpages = {15--21},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

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\n \n 1999\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Limitations of Using a Coarse Resolution Model to Assess the Impact of Climate Change on Sea Ice in Hudson Bay.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Allakhverdova, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien, 43(4): 415–422. December 1999.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Limitations$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gough_limitations_1999,\n\ttitle = {Limitations of {Using} a {Coarse} {Resolution} {Model} to {Assess} the {Impact} of {Climate} {Change} on {Sea} {Ice} in {Hudson} {Bay}},\n\tvolume = {43},\n\tissn = {1541-0064},\n\turl = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1999.tb01398.x},\n\tdoi = {10/b92w26},\n\tabstract = {The simulation of Sea-ice in a coarse resolution ocean general circulation model is examined in Hudson Bay and surrounding waters. Sea-ice distribution and duration compared well to climatological values, although ice thickness is undersimulated as it is in other modelling work. In Hudson Bay ice thickness variation was dominated by the atmospheric forcing as shown by the symmetric response of ice thickness to warming and cooling scenarios. Below ice heat fluxes play a more significant role in Foxe Basin and Baffin Bay where they mitigate air-ice heat loss by as much as 40 percent, thus limiting ice thickness and duration. Below ice heat flux reduces by 23 percent for the region of study (Hudson Bay, Foxe Basin, Baffin Bay, and Labrador Sea) for a global 3°C cooling and increases by 9 percent for a 3°C global warming. This asymmetric response is attributed to the ocean's asymmetric response to warming and cooling scenarios. In so much as Hudson Bay is dominated by atmospheric forcing rather than under ice heat as these results indicate, coarse resolution models may be useful in assessing the impact of change. However the necessary reconfiguration of the model grid render results from Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait less credible. On étudie la simulation de glace marine dans un modèle de circulation océanique générale à faible résolution dans la baie d'Hudson et dans les eaux avoisinantes. La distribution et la durée de la glace marine correspondent bien aux valeurs climatologiques, bien que l'épaisseur de la glace soit sous-simulée comme c'est le cas dans d'autres travaux de modélisation. Dans la baie d'Hudson, la variation de l'epaisseur de la glace est dominée par le forçage atmosphérique, comme on peut le voir d'après la réponse symétrique de l'épaisseur de la glace suivant les scénarios de réchauffement et de refroidissement. Les flux de chaleur sous la glace jouent un rôle plus important dans le bassin de Foxe et la baie Baffin, où ils permettent une réduction des pertes de chaleur air-glace allant jusqu'à 40 pour cent, limitant ainsi l'épaisseur de la glace et la durée. Le flux de chaleur sous la glace diminue de 23 pour cent dans la région étudiée (baie d'Hudson, bassin de Foxe, baie Baffin et mer du Labrador) pour un refroidissement global de 3C et augmente de 9 pour cent pour un réchauffement global de 3C. On attribue cette réponse asymétrique à la réponse asymétrique de l'océan aux scénarios de refroidissement et de réchauffement. Dans la mesure où, comme l'indiquent ces résultats, la baie d'Hudson est dominée par le forçage atmosphérique plutôt que par la chaleur sous la glace, des modèles à faible résolution peuvent être utiles pour évaluer l'impact des changements. Cependant, la reconfiguration nécessaire de la grille du modèle atténue la crédibilité des résultats obtenus dans le Bassin de Foxe et le détroit d'Hudson.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Allakhverdova, Tatiana},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tkeywords = {Baie d'Hudson, Hudson Bay, changement climatique, climate change, climate modelling, glace marine, modélisation climatique, modélisation océanique., ocean modelling, sea ice},\n\tpages = {415--422},\n}\n\n

\n

\n\n\n

\n The simulation of Sea-ice in a coarse resolution ocean general circulation model is examined in Hudson Bay and surrounding waters. Sea-ice distribution and duration compared well to climatological values, although ice thickness is undersimulated as it is in other modelling work. In Hudson Bay ice thickness variation was dominated by the atmospheric forcing as shown by the symmetric response of ice thickness to warming and cooling scenarios. Below ice heat fluxes play a more significant role in Foxe Basin and Baffin Bay where they mitigate air-ice heat loss by as much as 40 percent, thus limiting ice thickness and duration. Below ice heat flux reduces by 23 percent for the region of study (Hudson Bay, Foxe Basin, Baffin Bay, and Labrador Sea) for a global 3°C cooling and increases by 9 percent for a 3°C global warming. This asymmetric response is attributed to the ocean's asymmetric response to warming and cooling scenarios. In so much as Hudson Bay is dominated by atmospheric forcing rather than under ice heat as these results indicate, coarse resolution models may be useful in assessing the impact of change. However the necessary reconfiguration of the model grid render results from Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait less credible. On étudie la simulation de glace marine dans un modèle de circulation océanique générale à faible résolution dans la baie d'Hudson et dans les eaux avoisinantes. La distribution et la durée de la glace marine correspondent bien aux valeurs climatologiques, bien que l'épaisseur de la glace soit sous-simulée comme c'est le cas dans d'autres travaux de modélisation. Dans la baie d'Hudson, la variation de l'epaisseur de la glace est dominée par le forçage atmosphérique, comme on peut le voir d'après la réponse symétrique de l'épaisseur de la glace suivant les scénarios de réchauffement et de refroidissement. Les flux de chaleur sous la glace jouent un rôle plus important dans le bassin de Foxe et la baie Baffin, où ils permettent une réduction des pertes de chaleur air-glace allant jusqu'à 40 pour cent, limitant ainsi l'épaisseur de la glace et la durée. Le flux de chaleur sous la glace diminue de 23 pour cent dans la région étudiée (baie d'Hudson, bassin de Foxe, baie Baffin et mer du Labrador) pour un refroidissement global de 3C et augmente de 9 pour cent pour un réchauffement global de 3C. On attribue cette réponse asymétrique à la réponse asymétrique de l'océan aux scénarios de refroidissement et de réchauffement. Dans la mesure où, comme l'indiquent ces résultats, la baie d'Hudson est dominée par le forçage atmosphérique plutôt que par la chaleur sous la glace, des modèles à faible résolution peuvent être utiles pour évaluer l'impact des changements. Cependant, la reconfiguration nécessaire de la grille du modèle atténue la crédibilité des résultats obtenus dans le Bassin de Foxe et le détroit d'Hudson.\n

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\n \n 1998\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sensitivity of a coarse resolution ocean general circulation model under climate change forcing.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Allakhverdova, T.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 50(1): 124–133. January 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sensitivity$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_sensitivity_1998,\n\ttitle = {Sensitivity of a coarse resolution ocean general circulation model under climate change forcing},\n\tvolume = {50},\n\tissn = {null},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v50i1.14516},\n\tdoi = {10/fzt5t5},\n\tabstract = {Tunable parameters in an ocean general circulation model are assessed as modifiers to the model response to several climate change scenarios. For the current climate scenario it is found that vertical diffusivity plays a dominant roˆ le as expected. An analysis of the horizontal diffusivity variation suggests that use of the peak value of the overturning streamfunction is a misleading indicator of model flow strength. For the warming and cooling scenarios vertical and horizontal diffusivity variations dominated the equilibria response. However, these tunable parameters are of minor significance in the transient response in the cooling scenarios. The diffusively dominant warming scenarios, in contrast, very much depend on the magnitude of the vertical diffusivity. This has important implications for the use of coarse resolution models in coupled atmosphereocean model climate change simulations.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Allakhverdova, Tatiana},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tpages = {124--133},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Projections of Sea-level Change in Hudson and James Bays, Canada, due to Global Warming.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Arctic and Alpine Research, 30(1): 84–88. February 1998.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Projections$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_projections_1998,\n\ttitle = {Projections of {Sea}-level {Change} in {Hudson} and {James} {Bays}, {Canada}, due to {Global} {Warming}},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {0004-0851},\n\turl = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00040851.1998.12002878},\n\tdoi = {10.1080/00040851.1998.12002878},\n\tabstract = {The potential impact of global warming on sea-level rise in the Hudson Bay area was examined. Land-based ice melt and thermal expansion of ocean waters were compared to isostatic rebound rates. Thermal expansion was estimated using a one-dimensional analysis and a three-dimensional world ocean general circulation model. It was found that the combined impact on sea-level rise of land-based ice melt and thermal expansion of the world ocean was the same order of magnitude as the sea-level fall rates due to isostatic rebound. Thus, there is the possibility of a cessation or reversal of sea-level fall in the Hudson Bay area in the next 100 yr.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Arctic and Alpine Research},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {1998},\n\tkeywords = {⚠️Invalid DOI},\n\tpages = {84--88},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 1997\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Isopycnal mixing and convective adjustment in an ocean general circulation model.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere-Ocean, 35(4): 495–511. December 1997.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Isopycnal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_isopycnal_1997,\n\ttitle = {Isopycnal mixing and convective adjustment in an ocean general circulation model},\n\tvolume = {35},\n\tissn = {0705-5900},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1997.9649601},\n\tdoi = {10/cqf9gb},\n\tabstract = {Convective adjustment is examined in an ocean general circulation model which uses an isopycnal mixing parametrization. It is found that the use of an explicit convective adjustment scheme is not needed in a variety of equilibria and climate change scenario simulations. A numerical mechanism is proposed to explain this as well as the localized appearance of ‘negative’ diffusion.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere-Ocean},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {1997},\n\tpages = {495--511},\n}\n\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n

\n

\n \n 1995\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

\n

\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Isopycnal mixing and the Veronis effect in an ocean general circulation model.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Lin, C. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Marine Research, 53(2). March 1995.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Isopycnal$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

\n

@article{gough_isopycnal_1995,\n\ttitle = {Isopycnal mixing and the {Veronis} effect in an ocean general circulation model},\n\tvolume = {53},\n\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jmr/jmr/1995/00000053/00000002/art00002},\n\tdoi = {10/c7653t},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {2},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Marine Research},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Lin, Charles A.},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {1995},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 1994\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Parameter space exploration of an ocean general circulation model using an isopycnal mixing parameterization.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Welch, W. J.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Marine Research, 52(5). September 1994.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Parameter$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_parameter_1994,\n\ttitle = {Parameter space exploration of an ocean general circulation model using an isopycnal mixing parameterization},\n\tvolume = {52},\n\turl = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/jmr/jmr/1994/00000052/00000005/art00001},\n\tdoi = {10/d2wfq5},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Marine Research},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Welch, William J.},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {1994},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 1992\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n \n

\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The response of an ocean general circulation model to long time‐scale surface temperature anomalies.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W. A.; and Lin, C. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Atmosphere-Ocean, 30(4): 653–674. December 1992.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"The$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_response_1992,\n\ttitle = {The response of an ocean general circulation model to long time‐scale surface temperature anomalies},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {0705-5900},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1992.9649459},\n\tdoi = {10/c7rtb2},\n\tabstract = {A series of experiments are performed to examine the response of an ocean general circulation model to different surface temperature anomalies. The model used is the Bryan‐Cox primitive equation model, with a horizontal resolution of 2° × 2° in longitude/latitude and an idealized North Atlantic basin geometry. Ten levels are used in the vertical. The model is forced at the surface by temperature anomalies with magnitudes characteristic of simulated global warmings. The time‐scales of the forcing consist of an abrupt switch‐on, as well as a gradual switch‐on forcing over 100 years. The sensitivity to lateral and isopycnal mixing, and the asymmetry of the responses to warm and cold temperature anomalies are also examined. There is an asymmetric behaviour in the transient response for the warm and cold anomaly cases, with the cold case responding more energetically. However, the new equilibrium circulations are approximately symmetric. The warm anomaly case forces a weakened ther‐mohaline circulation in the short term and a strengthened thermohaline circulation in the long term. The opposite behaviour is observed for the cold anomaly case. The abrupt and gradual time‐scales of the forcing produce identical equilibrium circulations but different transient responses. The isopycnal mixing parametrization yields a more rapid and energetic response compared to lateral mixing.},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Atmosphere-Ocean},\n\tauthor = {Gough, William A. and Lin, Charles A.},\n\tmonth = dec,\n\tyear = {1992},\n\tpages = {653--674},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 1991\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Parameterizing convection using isopycnal mixing.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W\n\n\n \n\n\n\n C2GCR Quarterly. McGill University, 2(4): 6–8. 1991.\n \n\n\n\n
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@article{gough1991parameterizing,\n\ttitle = {Parameterizing convection using isopycnal mixing},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tnumber = {4},\n\tjournal = {C2GCR Quarterly. McGill University},\n\tauthor = {Gough, W},\n\tyear = {1991},\n\tkeywords = {\\#nosource, 🔍No DOI found},\n\tpages = {6--8},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 1990\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Tracer distributions in ocean models with lateral and isopycnal diffusion.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Lin, C. A.; and Gough, W. A.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Journal of Marine Systems, 1(1): 209–216. June 1990.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Tracer$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n \n doi\n \n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n \n \n 1 download\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{lin_tracer_1990,\n\tseries = {Coupled {Ocean} {\\textbackslash}3- {Atmosphere} {Modeling}},\n\ttitle = {Tracer distributions in ocean models with lateral and isopycnal diffusion},\n\tvolume = {1},\n\tissn = {0924-7963},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/092479639090272C},\n\tdoi = {10/cmthxx},\n\tabstract = {The time dependent tracer evolution simulated by 1- and 3-dimensional ocean models is examined. The former model resolves only vertical diffusion with a constant vertical diffusivity, while the latter is a primitive equation ocean circulation model which resolves the momentum, temperature, salinity and mass balance in an idealized North Atlantic basin scale box domain. The tracer distributions over 100 years of simulated time in the 3-dimensional model are obtained for both lateral and isopycnal diffusive parameterizations. The basin averaged tracer distribution is used to calibrate the 1-dimensional model. Time varying tracer distributions from the 3-dimensional model, averaged over zonal, meridional and sector sections through the core of the gyral circulation, are then fitted to the 1-dimensional model. The results show that isopycnal diffusion leads to a more intense tracer front in the thermocline regions compared to lateral diffusion during the transient evolution. The front in both cases are stronger than that predicted by the 1-dimensional model. This is due to horizontal processes importing the tracer locally. The long term asymptotic results are well simulated by the 1-dimensional model. Implications for global carbon cycle and energy balance climate ocean models are considered.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2018-11-30},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Marine Systems},\n\tauthor = {Lin, Charles A. and Gough, William A.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {1990},\n\tpages = {209--216},\n}\n\n

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\n \n 1987\n \n \n (1)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Distribution of Blocks in Data From the Canadian Climate Centre General Circulation Model.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Gough, W A; and Lin, C A\n\n\n \n\n\n\n Climatological Bulletin,14. 1987.\n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@article{gough_distribution_1987,\n\ttitle = {Distribution of {Blocks} in {Data} {From} the {Canadian} {Climate} {Centre} {General} {Circulation} {Model}},\n\tabstract = {Data from the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model (GCM) are examined for blocking episodes. The data set consists of seven months of daily 500 and 1000 mb geopotential height charts of the Northern Hemisphere. The blocks are identified using the Treidl (Treidl et ai, 1981) definition. Model blocks ,are compared to observed climatology. The blocks are found to have latitudinal and longitudinal distributions and frequency of occurrence similar to climatology. The model blocks tend to be of shorter duration and have less intense 500 mb height anomalies. They are identified well by the Knox and Hay (1984) blocking criterion.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tjournal = {Climatological Bulletin},\n\tauthor = {Gough, W A and Lin, C A},\n\tyear = {1987},\n\tkeywords = {🔍No DOI found},\n\tpages = {14},\n}\n\n

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\n \n undefined\n \n \n (2)\n \n \n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Sustainability \\textbar Free Full-Text \\textbar Building Urban Resilience with Nature-Based Solutions: A Multi-Scale Case Study of the Atmospheric Cleansing Potential of Green Infrastructure in Southern Ontario, Canada.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Sustainability$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_sustainability_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Sustainability {\\textbar} {Free} {Full}-{Text} {\\textbar} {Building} {Urban} {Resilience} with {Nature}-{Based} {Solutions}: {A} {Multi}-{Scale} {Case} {Study} of the {Atmospheric} {Cleansing} {Potential} of {Green} {Infrastructure} in {Southern} {Ontario}, {Canada}},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/19/14146},\n\turldate = {2024-02-12},\n}\n\n

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\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Transforming Coastal Zone for Sustainable Food and Income Security.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n \n \n $\"Transforming$ Paper\n \n \n\n \n\n \n link\n \n \n\n bibtex\n \n\n \n \n \n abstract \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n

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@misc{noauthor_transforming_nodate,\n\ttitle = {Transforming {Coastal} {Zone} for {Sustainable} {Food} and {Income} {Security}},\n\turl = {http://www.lavoisier.eu/books/note.asp?ouvrage=4665512},\n\tabstract = {Description of Transforming Coastal Zone for Sustainable Food and Income Security},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2022-06-22},\n\tjournal = {Lavoisier bookseller},\n}\n\n

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