var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/pubs_without_questionmarks.bib\",\"theme\":\"default\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"groupby\":\"year\",\"sort\":\"author_short\",\"urlLabel\":\"Paper\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"G.\",\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Julta\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dawn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"title\":\"Using FSMs to Find Patterns for Off-Chain Computing: Finding Patterns for Off-Chain Computing with FSMs\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"isbn\":\"9781450389624\",\"address\":\"New York, NY, USA\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565\",\"doi\":\"10.1145/3460537.3460565\",\"abstract\":\"One of the problems arising in using blockchains is their size-constraints regarding performance. This paper proposes a new algorithm for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining what computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust. Our algorithm uses FSMs or HSMs in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then uses pattern recognition to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. The pattern recognition property used is that once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. The software developer reviews each pattern together with information, such as anticipated overhead cost due to off-chain execution, and she is provided with guidance on decision making whether to execute the smart contract pattern under consideration off-chain. Expert software developer inspection, in the context of a Trade Finance use case, validates that our algorithm finds optimal patterns for moving computations off-chain and improve blockchain software performance.\",\"booktitle\":\"2021 The 3rd ACM International Conference on Blockchain Technology\",\"pages\":\"28–34\",\"numpages\":\"7\",\"keywords\":\"FSM and HSM modeling, Blockchain developer productivity, Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Blockchain\",\"location\":\"Shanghai, China\",\"series\":\"ICBCT '21\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{10.1145/3460537.3460565,\\n  author    = {Bodorik, Peter and G. Liu, Christian and Julta, Dawn},\\n  title     = {Using FSMs to Find Patterns for Off-Chain Computing: Finding Patterns for Off-Chain Computing with FSMs},\\n  year      = {2021},\\n  isbn      = {9781450389624},\\n  address   = {New York, NY, USA},\\n  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565},\\n  doi       = {10.1145/3460537.3460565},\\n  abstract  = {One of the problems arising in using blockchains is their size-constraints regarding performance. This paper proposes a new algorithm for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining what computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust. Our algorithm uses FSMs or HSMs in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then uses pattern recognition to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. The pattern recognition property used is that once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. The software developer reviews each pattern together with information, such as anticipated overhead cost due to off-chain execution, and she is provided with guidance on decision making whether to execute the smart contract pattern under consideration off-chain. Expert software developer inspection, in the context of a Trade Finance use case, validates that our algorithm finds optimal patterns for moving computations off-chain and improve blockchain software performance.},\\n  booktitle = {2021 The 3rd ACM International Conference on Blockchain Technology},\\n  pages     = {28–34},\\n  numpages  = {7},\\n  keywords  = {FSM and HSM modeling, Blockchain developer productivity, Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Blockchain},\\n  location  = {Shanghai, China},\\n  series    = {ICBCT '21}\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bodorik, P.\",\"G. Liu, C.\",\"Julta, D.\"],\"key\":\"10.1145/3460537.3460565\",\"id\":\"10.1145/3460537.3460565\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bodorik-gliu-julta-usingfsmstofindpatternsforoffchaincomputingfindingpatternsforoffchaincomputingwithfsms-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565\"},\"keyword\":[\"FSM and HSM modeling\",\"Blockchain developer productivity\",\"Smart contract\",\"Off-chain computation\",\"Blockchain\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts\",\"journal\":\"Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications\",\"booktitle\":\"Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications\",\"volume\":\"4, 100115\",\"number\":\"1\",\"pages\":\"1-26\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"issn\":\"2096-7209\",\"doi\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115\",\"url_paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\",\"url_download\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\",\"paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"B\",\"Jutla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"keywords\":\"Blockchain, Business processes modeling notation (BPMN), Discrete event (DE) modeling, Finite state machine (FSM), Hierarchical state machines (HSM), Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Privacy, Smart contract interoperability\",\"abstract\":\"Research on blockchains addresses multiple issues, with one being automated creation of smart contracts. Developing smart contract methods is more difficult than mainstream software development as the underlying blockchain infrastructure poses additional complexity. We report on a new approach to develop smart contracts with the objective to automate the process to increase developer efficiency and reduce risks of errors introduced by software developers. To support industry adoption, we use Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) modeling to describe an application while targeting applications in the trade vertical. We describe a system that transforms a BPMN model into a multi-modal model that combines Discrete Event (DE) modeling for concurrency with Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) to represent application functionality. Then, further transformations are used to transform the DE-HSM model into methods in smart contracts. The system lets the modeler decide which of the independent patterns should be transformed into methods of a separate smart contract that is deployed on a sidechain for the purpose of (i) reducing processing costs and/or (ii) providing privacy so that other participants in the smart contract do not have visibility into processing of the pattern. We also briefly describe a proof-of-concept tool we built to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{BODORIK2022100115,\\n  title        = {TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts},\\n  journal      = {Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications},\\n  booktitle    = {Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications},\\n  volume       = {4, 100115},\\n  number       = {1},\\n  pages        = {1-26},\\n  year         = {2023},\\n  issn         = {2096-7209},\\n  doi          = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115},\\n  url_paper    = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},\\n  url_download = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},\\n  paper        = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},\\n  author       = {Bodorik, P. and Liu, C. G. and B Jutla, D.},\\n  keywords     = {Blockchain, Business processes modeling notation (BPMN), Discrete event (DE) modeling, Finite state machine (FSM), Hierarchical state machines (HSM), Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Privacy, Smart contract interoperability},\\n  abstract     = {Research on blockchains addresses multiple issues, with one being automated creation of smart contracts. Developing smart contract methods is more difficult than mainstream software development as the underlying blockchain infrastructure poses additional complexity. We report on a new approach to develop smart contracts with the objective to automate the process to increase developer efficiency and reduce risks of errors introduced by software developers. To support industry adoption, we use Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) modeling to describe an application while targeting applications in the trade vertical. We describe a system that transforms a BPMN model into a multi-modal model that combines Discrete Event (DE) modeling for concurrency with Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) to represent application functionality. Then, further transformations are used to transform the DE-HSM model into methods in smart contracts. The system lets the modeler decide which of the independent patterns should be transformed into methods of a separate smart contract that is deployed on a sidechain for the purpose of (i) reducing processing costs and/or (ii) providing privacy so that other participants in the smart contract do not have visibility into processing of the pattern. We also briefly describe a proof-of-concept tool we built to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.}\\n}\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Bodorik, P.\",\"Liu, C. G.\",\"B Jutla, D.\"],\"key\":\"BODORIK2022100115\",\"id\":\"BODORIK2022100115\",\"bibbaseid\":\"bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\",\" download\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\"},\"keyword\":[\"Blockchain\",\"Business processes modeling notation (BPMN)\",\"Discrete event (DE) modeling\",\"Finite state machine (FSM)\",\"Hierarchical state machines (HSM)\",\"Smart contract\",\"Off-chain computation\",\"Privacy\",\"Smart contract interoperability\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Transforming Automatically BPMN Models to Smart Contracts with Nested Collaborative Transactions (TABS+)\",\"journal\":\"ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice\",\"booktitle\":\"ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"B\",\"Jutla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"doi\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802\",\"url_paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802\",\"paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802\",\"url_download\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{liu_2023_03_DLT,\\n  title     = {Transforming Automatically BPMN Models to Smart Contracts with Nested Collaborative Transactions (TABS+)},\\n  journal   = {ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice},\\n  booktitle = {ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice},\\n  year      = {2024},\\n  author    = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and B Jutla, D.},\\n  doi          = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},\\n  url_paper    = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},\\n  paper        = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},\\n  url_download = {https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf}\\n}\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, C. G.\",\"Bodorik, P.\",\"B Jutla, D.\"],\"key\":\"liu_2023_03_DLT\",\"id\":\"liu_2023_03_DLT\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802\",\" download\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\",\"Gang\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jutla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dawn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"booktitle\":\"2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)\",\"title\":\"Supporting Long-term Transactions in Smart Contracts\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"11-19\",\"volume\":\"\",\"number\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922193\",\"url_paper\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193\",\"url_download\":\"https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/BCCA/\",\"paper\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{9922193,\\n  author       = {Liu, Christian Gang and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},\\n  booktitle    = {2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)},\\n  title        = {Supporting Long-term Transactions in Smart Contracts},\\n  year         = {2022},\\n  pages        = {11-19},\\n  volume       = {},\\n  number       = {},\\n  doi          = {10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922193},\\n  url_paper    = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193},\\n  url_download = {https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/BCCA/},\\n  paper        = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193}\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, C. G.\",\"Bodorik, P.\",\"Jutla, D.\"],\"key\":\"9922193\",\"id\":\"9922193\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193\",\" download\":\"https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/BCCA/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Automating Smart Contract Generation on Blockchains Using Multi-modal Modeling\",\"volume\":\"13, No. 3\",\"issn\":\"1798-2340\",\"url\":\"http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=217&id=1219\",\"doi\":\"10.12720/jait.13.3.213-223\",\"abstract\":\"The power and correctness of smart contracts have been the focus of much research. We propose a new approach for developing smart contracts that uses multi-modal modeling to represent the application logic for the trade domain. We use discrete events modeling for concurrency combined with FSM modeling to use concurrent FSMs to not only simplify the design process for the modeler, but also to scale the application running on a blockchain and facilitate identifying parts of a smart program that are suitable for off-chain processing on a sidechain that also provides privacy. In addition, we achieve separation of concerns between (a) application logic and (b) its transformation into a smart contract and deployment on a blockchain with processing of selected patterns on private sidechains. We transform the model into a smart contract automatically, such that patterns, selected by the modeler, are deployed on a sidechain. The interface for the mainchain to sidechain interaction is also prepared and deployed automatically.\",\"pages\":\"213–223\",\"journaltitle\":\"10.12720/jait\",\"shortjournal\":\"JAIT is a scientific open access journal which focuses on empirical research results and critical analysis of technology development, use, management and impacts in information technology.\",\"booktitle\":\"Journal of Advances in Information Technology (JAIT)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jutla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2022\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{liu_automating_2021,\\n  title        = {Automating Smart Contract Generation on Blockchains Using Multi-modal Modeling},\\n  volume       = {13, No. 3},\\n  issn         = {1798-2340},\\n  url          = {http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=217&id=1219},\\n  doi          = {10.12720/jait.13.3.213-223},\\n  abstract     = {The power and correctness of smart contracts have been the focus of much research. We propose a new approach for developing smart contracts that uses multi-modal modeling to represent the application logic for the trade domain. We use discrete events modeling for concurrency combined with {FSM} modeling to use concurrent {FSMs} to not only simplify the design process for the modeler, but also to scale the application running on a blockchain and facilitate identifying parts of a smart program that are suitable for off-chain processing on a sidechain that also provides privacy. In addition, we achieve separation of concerns between (a) application logic and (b) its transformation into a smart contract and deployment on a blockchain with processing of selected patterns on private sidechains. We transform the model into a smart contract automatically, such that patterns, selected by the modeler, are deployed on a sidechain. The interface for the mainchain to sidechain interaction is also prepared and deployed automatically.},\\n  pages        = {213--223},\\n  journaltitle = {10.12720/jait},\\n  shortjournal = {{JAIT} is a scientific open access journal which focuses on empirical research results and critical analysis of technology development, use, management and impacts in information technology.},\\n  booktitle    = {Journal of Advances in Information Technology (JAIT)},\\n  author       = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and Jutla, D.},\\n  year         = {2022}\\n}\\n\\n\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, C. G.\",\"Bodorik, P.\",\"Jutla, D.\"],\"key\":\"liu_automating_2021\",\"id\":\"liu_automating_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-bodorik-jutla-automatingsmartcontractgenerationonblockchainsusingmultimodalmodeling-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=217&id=1219\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"title\":\"Long-Term Blockchain Transactions Spanning Multiplicity of Smart Contract Methods\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\",\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jutla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"D.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"booktitle\":\"Springer BlockSys: Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"141-155\",\"doi\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8104-5\",\"isbn\":\"978-981-99-8103-8\",\"eisbn\":\"978-981-99-8104-5\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{liu2023longterm,\\n  title     = {Long-Term Blockchain Transactions Spanning Multiplicity of Smart Contract Methods},\\n  author    = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and Jutla, D.},\\n  booktitle = {Springer BlockSys: Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems},\\n  year      = {2023},\\n  pages     = {141-155},\\n  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8104-5},\\n  isbn      = {978-981-99-8103-8},\\n  eisbn     = {978-981-99-8104-5}\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, C. G.\",\"Bodorik, P.\",\"Jutla, D.\"],\"key\":\"liu2023longterm\",\"id\":\"liu2023longterm\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-bodorik-jutla-longtermblockchaintransactionsspanningmultiplicityofsmartcontractmethods-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Chris\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jutla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dawn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"booktitle\":\"2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)\",\"title\":\"From BPMN to smart contracts on blockchains: Transforming BPMN to DE-HSM multi-modal model\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"volume\":\"\",\"number\":\"\",\"pages\":\"1-7\",\"abstract\":\"Scalability, privacy, and interoperability are some of the major issues receiving attention in research on blockchain technologies. We concentrate on the trade finance vertical for which we develop a new modeling approach with the objective of automatic transformation of an application, represented using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), into a smart contract deployed on a blockchain. Here, we describe how the BPMN model is transformed into a multimodal model that combines DE-HSM modeling. We provide a high-level overview of the method and review how BPMN categories of elements are transformed into a multi-modal DE-HSM model. We also describe briefly how the DE-FMS model is automatically transformed into deployable smart contracts that interact to form a distributed application: The smart contract deployed on the main blockchain coordinates activities amongst the business partners and interoperates with smart contracts, also automatically prepared and deployed on a sidechain(s), with one smart contract per individual business partner. Privacy is obtained by performing activities, which are not germane to the collaboration with the other business partners but deal with the private activities of the individual business partner, in a smart contract deployed and executed on a side chain. We thus provide for interoperability of smart contracts and privacy as private activities of a business partner are performed in a smart contract on a private sidechain.\",\"keywords\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659771\",\"issn\":\"2409-2983\",\"month\":\"Oct\",\"url_paper\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771\",\"url_download\":\"https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/ICEET/\",\"paper\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{9659771,\\n  author       = {Liu, Chris and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},\\n  booktitle    = {2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)},\\n  title        = {From BPMN to smart contracts on blockchains: Transforming BPMN to DE-HSM multi-modal model},\\n  year         = {2021},\\n  volume       = {},\\n  number       = {},\\n  pages        = {1-7},\\n  abstract     = {Scalability, privacy, and interoperability are some of the major issues receiving attention in research on blockchain technologies. We concentrate on the trade finance vertical for which we develop a new modeling approach with the objective of automatic transformation of an application, represented using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), into a smart contract deployed on a blockchain. Here, we describe how the BPMN model is transformed into a multimodal model that combines DE-HSM modeling. We provide a high-level overview of the method and review how BPMN categories of elements are transformed into a multi-modal DE-HSM model. We also describe briefly how the DE-FMS model is automatically transformed into deployable smart contracts that interact to form a distributed application: The smart contract deployed on the main blockchain coordinates activities amongst the business partners and interoperates with smart contracts, also automatically prepared and deployed on a sidechain(s), with one smart contract per individual business partner. Privacy is obtained by performing activities, which are not germane to the collaboration with the other business partners but deal with the private activities of the individual business partner, in a smart contract deployed and executed on a side chain. We thus provide for interoperability of smart contracts and privacy as private activities of a business partner are performed in a smart contract on a private sidechain.},\\n  keywords     = {},\\n  doi          = {10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659771},\\n  issn         = {2409-2983},\\n  month        = {Oct},\\n  url_paper    = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771},\\n  url_download = {https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/ICEET/},\\n  paper        = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771}\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, C.\",\"Bodorik, P.\",\"Jutla, D.\"],\"key\":\"9659771\",\"id\":\"9659771\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\" paper\":\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771\",\" download\":\"https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/ICEET/\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Liu\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Christian\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bodorik\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Peter\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Jutla\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Dawn\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"title\":\"A Tool for Moving Blockchain Computations Off-Chain\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"isbn\":\"9781450384001\",\"address\":\"New York, NY, USA\",\"url\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848\",\"doi\":\"10.1145/3457337.3457848\",\"abstract\":\"This paper proposes a new approach and tool for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining which computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust and how they can be moved off-chain automatically. Our approach uses Finite State Machines (FSMs) and Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) modeling in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then use pattern properties to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. Once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. This paper further describes a tool for (1) FSM input and visualization, its analysis, and automatic transformation into a smart contract, and (2) an interface to support the developers' decision to optimally off-chain computations and to (3) define the communications between on-chain and off-chain computations.\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure\",\"pages\":\"103–109\",\"numpages\":\"7\",\"keywords\":\"hierarchical state machine, blockchain, HSM, simple-graph, off-chain computation, transformation of FSM to smart contract, smart contract, FSM model\",\"location\":\"Virtual Event, Hong Kong\",\"series\":\"BSCI '21\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{10.1145/3457337.3457848,\\n  author    = {Liu, Christian and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},\\n  title     = {A Tool for Moving Blockchain Computations Off-Chain},\\n  year      = {2021},\\n  isbn      = {9781450384001},\\n  address   = {New York, NY, USA},\\n  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848},\\n  doi       = {10.1145/3457337.3457848},\\n  abstract  = {This paper proposes a new approach and tool for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining which computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust and how they can be moved off-chain automatically. Our approach uses Finite State Machines (FSMs) and Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) modeling in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then use pattern properties to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. Once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. This paper further describes a tool for (1) FSM input and visualization, its analysis, and automatic transformation into a smart contract, and (2) an interface to support the developers' decision to optimally off-chain computations and to (3) define the communications between on-chain and off-chain computations.},\\n  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure},\\n  pages     = {103–109},\\n  numpages  = {7},\\n  keywords  = {hierarchical state machine, blockchain, HSM, simple-graph, off-chain computation, transformation of FSM to smart contract, smart contract, FSM model},\\n  location  = {Virtual Event, Hong Kong},\\n  series    = {BSCI '21}\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Liu, C.\",\"Bodorik, P.\",\"Jutla, D.\"],\"key\":\"10.1145/3457337.3457848\",\"id\":\"10.1145/3457337.3457848\",\"bibbaseid\":\"liu-bodorik-jutla-atoolformovingblockchaincomputationsoffchain-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848\"},\"keyword\":[\"hierarchical state machine\",\"blockchain\",\"HSM\",\"simple-graph\",\"off-chain computation\",\"transformation of FSM to smart contract\",\"smart contract\",\"FSM model\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"owner\":\"bodorik, p\",\"authorlinks\":{\"bodorik, p\":\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\"}},\n      ownerID: \"3TEDthKi5xxbZZBGZ\"\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; 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  author    = {Bodorik, Peter and G. Liu, Christian and Julta, Dawn},
  title     = {Using FSMs to Find Patterns for Off-Chain Computing: Finding Patterns for Off-Chain Computing with FSMs},
  year      = {2021},
  isbn      = {9781450389624},
  address   = {New York, NY, USA},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565},
  doi       = {10.1145/3460537.3460565},
  abstract  = {One of the problems arising in using blockchains is their size-constraints regarding performance. This paper proposes a new algorithm for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining what computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust. Our algorithm uses FSMs or HSMs in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then uses pattern recognition to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. The pattern recognition property used is that once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. The software developer reviews each pattern together with information, such as anticipated overhead cost due to off-chain execution, and she is provided with guidance on decision making whether to execute the smart contract pattern under consideration off-chain. Expert software developer inspection, in the context of a Trade Finance use case, validates that our algorithm finds optimal patterns for moving computations off-chain and improve blockchain software performance.},
  booktitle = {2021 The 3rd ACM International Conference on Blockchain Technology},
  pages     = {28–34},
  numpages  = {7},
  keywords  = {FSM and HSM modeling, Blockchain developer productivity, Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Blockchain},
  location  = {Shanghai, China},
  series    = {ICBCT '21}
}





@inproceedings{BODORIK2022100115,
  title        = {TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts},
  journal      = {Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications},
  booktitle    = {Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications},
  volume       = {4, 100115},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1-26},
  year         = {2023},
  issn         = {2096-7209},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115},
  url_paper    = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},
  url_download = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},
  paper        = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},
  author       = {Bodorik, P. and Liu, C. G. and B Jutla, D.},
  keywords     = {Blockchain, Business processes modeling notation (BPMN), Discrete event (DE) modeling, Finite state machine (FSM), Hierarchical state machines (HSM), Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Privacy, Smart contract interoperability},
  abstract     = {Research on blockchains addresses multiple issues, with one being automated creation of smart contracts. Developing smart contract methods is more difficult than mainstream software development as the underlying blockchain infrastructure poses additional complexity. We report on a new approach to develop smart contracts with the objective to automate the process to increase developer efficiency and reduce risks of errors introduced by software developers. To support industry adoption, we use Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) modeling to describe an application while targeting applications in the trade vertical. We describe a system that transforms a BPMN model into a multi-modal model that combines Discrete Event (DE) modeling for concurrency with Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) to represent application functionality. Then, further transformations are used to transform the DE-HSM model into methods in smart contracts. The system lets the modeler decide which of the independent patterns should be transformed into methods of a separate smart contract that is deployed on a sidechain for the purpose of (i) reducing processing costs and/or (ii) providing privacy so that other participants in the smart contract do not have visibility into processing of the pattern. We also briefly describe a proof-of-concept tool we built to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.}
}




@inproceedings{liu_2023_03_DLT,
  title     = {Transforming Automatically BPMN Models to Smart Contracts with Nested Collaborative Transactions (TABS+)},
  journal   = {ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice},
  booktitle = {ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice},
  year      = {2024},
  author    = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and B Jutla, D.},
  doi          = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},
  url_paper    = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},
  paper        = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},
  url_download = {https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf}
}


@inproceedings{9922193,
  author       = {Liu, Christian Gang and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},
  booktitle    = {2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)},
  title        = {Supporting Long-term Transactions in Smart Contracts},
  year         = {2022},
  pages        = {11-19},
  volume       = {},
  number       = {},
  doi          = {10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922193},
  url_paper    = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193},
  url_download = {https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/BCCA/},
  paper        = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193}
}



@inproceedings{liu_automating_2021,
  title        = {Automating Smart Contract Generation on Blockchains Using Multi-modal Modeling},
  volume       = {13, No. 3},
  issn         = {1798-2340},
  url          = {http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=217&id=1219},
  doi          = {10.12720/jait.13.3.213-223},
  abstract     = {The power and correctness of smart contracts have been the focus of much research. We propose a new approach for developing smart contracts that uses multi-modal modeling to represent the application logic for the trade domain. We use discrete events modeling for concurrency combined with {FSM} modeling to use concurrent {FSMs} to not only simplify the design process for the modeler, but also to scale the application running on a blockchain and facilitate identifying parts of a smart program that are suitable for off-chain processing on a sidechain that also provides privacy. In addition, we achieve separation of concerns between (a) application logic and (b) its transformation into a smart contract and deployment on a blockchain with processing of selected patterns on private sidechains. We transform the model into a smart contract automatically, such that patterns, selected by the modeler, are deployed on a sidechain. The interface for the mainchain to sidechain interaction is also prepared and deployed automatically.},
  pages        = {213--223},
  journaltitle = {10.12720/jait},
  shortjournal = {{JAIT} is a scientific open access journal which focuses on empirical research results and critical analysis of technology development, use, management and impacts in information technology.},
  booktitle    = {Journal of Advances in Information Technology (JAIT)},
  author       = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and Jutla, D.},
  year         = {2022}
}





@inproceedings{liu2023longterm,
  title     = {Long-Term Blockchain Transactions Spanning Multiplicity of Smart Contract Methods},
  author    = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and Jutla, D.},
  booktitle = {Springer BlockSys: Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems},
  year      = {2023},
  pages     = {141-155},
  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8104-5},
  isbn      = {978-981-99-8103-8},
  eisbn     = {978-981-99-8104-5}
}



@inproceedings{9659771,
  author       = {Liu, Chris and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},
  booktitle    = {2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)},
  title        = {From BPMN to smart contracts on blockchains: Transforming BPMN to DE-HSM multi-modal model},
  year         = {2021},
  volume       = {},
  number       = {},
  pages        = {1-7},
  abstract     = {Scalability, privacy, and interoperability are some of the major issues receiving attention in research on blockchain technologies. We concentrate on the trade finance vertical for which we develop a new modeling approach with the objective of automatic transformation of an application, represented using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), into a smart contract deployed on a blockchain. Here, we describe how the BPMN model is transformed into a multimodal model that combines DE-HSM modeling. We provide a high-level overview of the method and review how BPMN categories of elements are transformed into a multi-modal DE-HSM model. We also describe briefly how the DE-FMS model is automatically transformed into deployable smart contracts that interact to form a distributed application: The smart contract deployed on the main blockchain coordinates activities amongst the business partners and interoperates with smart contracts, also automatically prepared and deployed on a sidechain(s), with one smart contract per individual business partner. Privacy is obtained by performing activities, which are not germane to the collaboration with the other business partners but deal with the private activities of the individual business partner, in a smart contract deployed and executed on a side chain. We thus provide for interoperability of smart contracts and privacy as private activities of a business partner are performed in a smart contract on a private sidechain.},
  keywords     = {},
  doi          = {10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659771},
  issn         = {2409-2983},
  month        = {Oct},
  url_paper    = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771},
  url_download = {https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/ICEET/},
  paper        = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771}
}



@inproceedings{10.1145/3457337.3457848,
  author    = {Liu, Christian and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},
  title     = {A Tool for Moving Blockchain Computations Off-Chain},
  year      = {2021},
  isbn      = {9781450384001},
  address   = {New York, NY, USA},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848},
  doi       = {10.1145/3457337.3457848},
  abstract  = {This paper proposes a new approach and tool for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining which computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust and how they can be moved off-chain automatically. Our approach uses Finite State Machines (FSMs) and Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) modeling in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then use pattern properties to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. Once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. This paper further describes a tool for (1) FSM input and visualization, its analysis, and automatic transformation into a smart contract, and (2) an interface to support the developers' decision to optimally off-chain computations and to (3) define the communications between on-chain and off-chain computations.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure},
  pages     = {103–109},
  numpages  = {7},
  keywords  = {hierarchical state machine, blockchain, HSM, simple-graph, off-chain computation, transformation of FSM to smart contract, smart contract, FSM model},
  location  = {Virtual Event, Hong Kong},
  series    = {BSCI '21}
}

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In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024', 'https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf', event);\">\n    Transforming Automatically BPMN Models to Smart Contracts with Nested Collaborative Transactions (TABS+).\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, C. G.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>;  and B Jutla, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice</i>,  2024. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024', 'https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transforming Automatically BPMN Models to Smart Contracts with Nested Collaborative Transactions (TABS+) [link]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024', 'https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Transforming Automatically BPMN Models to Smart Contracts with Nested Collaborative Transactions (TABS+) [pdf]\"\n       title=\" download\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> download</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024', 'http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-bodorik-bjutla-transformingautomaticallybpmnmodelstosmartcontractswithnestedcollaborativetransactionstabs-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{liu_2023_03_DLT,\n  title     = {Transforming Automatically BPMN Models to Smart Contracts with Nested Collaborative Transactions (TABS+)},\n  journal   = {ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice},\n  booktitle = {ACM Journal Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice},\n  year      = {2024},\n  author    = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and B Jutla, D.},\n  doi          = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},\n  url_paper    = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},\n  paper        = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3654802},\n  url_download = {https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/works/9%20ACM%20DLT%2023%20BPMNtoSC-ACM-DLT-submitted.pdf}\n}\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562', event);\">\n    TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>; Liu, C. G.;  and B Jutla, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications</i>, volume 4, 100115, pages 1-26,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts [link]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts [link]\"\n       title=\" download\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> download</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023', 'http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bodorik-liu-bjutla-tabstransformingautomaticallybpmnmodelsintoblockchainsmartcontracts-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{BODORIK2022100115,\n  title        = {TABS: Transforming automatically BPMN models into blockchain smart contracts},\n  journal      = {Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications},\n  booktitle    = {Journal of Blockchain: Research and Applications},\n  volume       = {4, 100115},\n  number       = {1},\n  pages        = {1-26},\n  year         = {2023},\n  issn         = {2096-7209},\n  doi          = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100115},\n  url_paper    = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},\n  url_download = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},\n  paper        = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720922000562},\n  author       = {Bodorik, P. and Liu, C. G. and B Jutla, D.},\n  keywords     = {Blockchain, Business processes modeling notation (BPMN), Discrete event (DE) modeling, Finite state machine (FSM), Hierarchical state machines (HSM), Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Privacy, Smart contract interoperability},\n  abstract     = {Research on blockchains addresses multiple issues, with one being automated creation of smart contracts. Developing smart contract methods is more difficult than mainstream software development as the underlying blockchain infrastructure poses additional complexity. We report on a new approach to develop smart contracts with the objective to automate the process to increase developer efficiency and reduce risks of errors introduced by software developers. To support industry adoption, we use Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) modeling to describe an application while targeting applications in the trade vertical. We describe a system that transforms a BPMN model into a multi-modal model that combines Discrete Event (DE) modeling for concurrency with Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) to represent application functionality. Then, further transformations are used to transform the DE-HSM model into methods in smart contracts. The system lets the modeler decide which of the independent patterns should be transformed into methods of a separate smart contract that is deployed on a sidechain for the purpose of (i) reducing processing costs and/or (ii) providing privacy so that other participants in the smart contract do not have visibility into processing of the pattern. We also briefly describe a proof-of-concept tool we built to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.}\n}\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Research on blockchains addresses multiple issues, with one being automated creation of smart contracts. Developing smart contract methods is more difficult than mainstream software development as the underlying blockchain infrastructure poses additional complexity. We report on a new approach to develop smart contracts with the objective to automate the process to increase developer efficiency and reduce risks of errors introduced by software developers. To support industry adoption, we use Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) modeling to describe an application while targeting applications in the trade vertical. We describe a system that transforms a BPMN model into a multi-modal model that combines Discrete Event (DE) modeling for concurrency with Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) to represent application functionality. Then, further transformations are used to transform the DE-HSM model into methods in smart contracts. The system lets the modeler decide which of the independent patterns should be transformed into methods of a separate smart contract that is deployed on a sidechain for the purpose of (i) reducing processing costs and/or (ii) providing privacy so that other participants in the smart contract do not have visibility into processing of the pattern. We also briefly describe a proof-of-concept tool we built to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-bodorik-jutla-longtermblockchaintransactionsspanningmultiplicityofsmartcontractmethods-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Long-Term Blockchain Transactions Spanning Multiplicity of Smart Contract Methods.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, C. G.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>;  and Jutla, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Springer BlockSys: Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems</i>, pages 141-155,  2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8104-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-longtermblockchaintransactionsspanningmultiplicityofsmartcontractmethods-2023', 'http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8104-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-bodorik-jutla-longtermblockchaintransactionsspanningmultiplicityofsmartcontractmethods-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-bodorik-jutla-longtermblockchaintransactionsspanningmultiplicityofsmartcontractmethods-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{liu2023longterm,\n  title     = {Long-Term Blockchain Transactions Spanning Multiplicity of Smart Contract Methods},\n  author    = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and Jutla, D.},\n  booktitle = {Springer BlockSys: Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems},\n  year      = {2023},\n  pages     = {141-155},\n  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8104-5},\n  isbn      = {978-981-99-8103-8},\n  eisbn     = {978-981-99-8104-5}\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (2)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022', 'https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193', event);\">\n    Supporting Long-term Transactions in Smart Contracts.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, C. G.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>;  and Jutla, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)</i>, pages 11-19,  2022. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022', 'https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Supporting Long-term Transactions in Smart Contracts [link]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/BCCA/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022', 'https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/BCCA/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Supporting Long-term Transactions in Smart Contracts [link]\"\n       title=\" download\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> download</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922193\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922193', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-bodorik-jutla-supportinglongtermtransactionsinsmartcontracts-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{9922193,\n  author       = {Liu, Christian Gang and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},\n  booktitle    = {2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)},\n  title        = {Supporting Long-term Transactions in Smart Contracts},\n  year         = {2022},\n  pages        = {11-19},\n  volume       = {},\n  number       = {},\n  doi          = {10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922193},\n  url_paper    = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193},\n  url_download = {https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/BCCA/},\n  paper        = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9922193}\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-bodorik-jutla-automatingsmartcontractgenerationonblockchainsusingmultimodalmodeling-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=217&amp;id=1219\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-bodorik-jutla-automatingsmartcontractgenerationonblockchainsusingmultimodalmodeling-2022', 'http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=217&amp;id=1219', event);\">\n    Automating Smart Contract Generation on Blockchains Using Multi-modal Modeling.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, C. G.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>;  and Jutla, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Journal of Advances in Information Technology (JAIT)</i>, volume 13, No. 3, pages 213–223,  2022. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=217&amp;id=1219\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-automatingsmartcontractgenerationonblockchainsusingmultimodalmodeling-2022', 'http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=217&amp;id=1219', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Automating Smart Contract Generation on Blockchains Using Multi-modal Modeling [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.12720/jait.13.3.213-223\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-automatingsmartcontractgenerationonblockchainsusingmultimodalmodeling-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.12720/jait.13.3.213-223', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-bodorik-jutla-automatingsmartcontractgenerationonblockchainsusingmultimodalmodeling-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-bodorik-jutla-automatingsmartcontractgenerationonblockchainsusingmultimodalmodeling-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{liu_automating_2021,\n  title        = {Automating Smart Contract Generation on Blockchains Using Multi-modal Modeling},\n  volume       = {13, No. 3},\n  issn         = {1798-2340},\n  url          = {http://www.jait.us/index.php?m=content&amp;c=index&amp;a=show&amp;catid=217&amp;id=1219},\n  doi          = {10.12720/jait.13.3.213-223},\n  abstract     = {The power and correctness of smart contracts have been the focus of much research. We propose a new approach for developing smart contracts that uses multi-modal modeling to represent the application logic for the trade domain. We use discrete events modeling for concurrency combined with {FSM} modeling to use concurrent {FSMs} to not only simplify the design process for the modeler, but also to scale the application running on a blockchain and facilitate identifying parts of a smart program that are suitable for off-chain processing on a sidechain that also provides privacy. In addition, we achieve separation of concerns between (a) application logic and (b) its transformation into a smart contract and deployment on a blockchain with processing of selected patterns on private sidechains. We transform the model into a smart contract automatically, such that patterns, selected by the modeler, are deployed on a sidechain. The interface for the mainchain to sidechain interaction is also prepared and deployed automatically.},\n  pages        = {213--223},\n  journaltitle = {10.12720/jait},\n  shortjournal = {{JAIT} is a scientific open access journal which focuses on empirical research results and critical analysis of technology development, use, management and impacts in information technology.},\n  booktitle    = {Journal of Advances in Information Technology (JAIT)},\n  author       = {Liu, C. G. and Bodorik, P. and Jutla, D.},\n  year         = {2022}\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  The power and correctness of smart contracts have been the focus of much research. We propose a new approach for developing smart contracts that uses multi-modal modeling to represent the application logic for the trade domain. We use discrete events modeling for concurrency combined with FSM modeling to use concurrent FSMs to not only simplify the design process for the modeler, but also to scale the application running on a blockchain and facilitate identifying parts of a smart program that are suitable for off-chain processing on a sidechain that also provides privacy. In addition, we achieve separation of concerns between (a) application logic and (b) its transformation into a smart contract and deployment on a blockchain with processing of selected patterns on private sidechains. We transform the model into a smart contract automatically, such that patterns, selected by the modeler, are deployed on a sidechain. The interface for the mainchain to sidechain interaction is also prepared and deployed automatically.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"bodorik-gliu-julta-usingfsmstofindpatternsforoffchaincomputingfindingpatternsforoffchaincomputingwithfsms-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'bodorik-gliu-julta-usingfsmstofindpatternsforoffchaincomputingfindingpatternsforoffchaincomputingwithfsms-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565', event);\">\n    Using FSMs to Find Patterns for Off-Chain Computing: Finding Patterns for Off-Chain Computing with FSMs.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>; G. Liu, C.;  and Julta, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>2021 The 3rd ACM International Conference on Blockchain Technology</i>, of <i>ICBCT '21</i>, pages 28–34, New York, NY, USA,  2021. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodorik-gliu-julta-usingfsmstofindpatternsforoffchaincomputingfindingpatternsforoffchaincomputingwithfsms-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Using FSMs to Find Patterns for Off-Chain Computing: Finding Patterns for Off-Chain Computing with FSMs [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('bodorik-gliu-julta-usingfsmstofindpatternsforoffchaincomputingfindingpatternsforoffchaincomputingwithfsms-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/bodorik-gliu-julta-usingfsmstofindpatternsforoffchaincomputingfindingpatternsforoffchaincomputingwithfsms-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('bodorik-gliu-julta-usingfsmstofindpatternsforoffchaincomputingfindingpatternsforoffchaincomputingwithfsms-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{10.1145/3460537.3460565,\n  author    = {Bodorik, Peter and G. Liu, Christian and Julta, Dawn},\n  title     = {Using FSMs to Find Patterns for Off-Chain Computing: Finding Patterns for Off-Chain Computing with FSMs},\n  year      = {2021},\n  isbn      = {9781450389624},\n  address   = {New York, NY, USA},\n  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3460537.3460565},\n  doi       = {10.1145/3460537.3460565},\n  abstract  = {One of the problems arising in using blockchains is their size-constraints regarding performance. This paper proposes a new algorithm for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining what computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust. Our algorithm uses FSMs or HSMs in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then uses pattern recognition to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. The pattern recognition property used is that once software execution transits into the pattern&#x27;s entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern&#x27;s exit state, when execution continues on-chain. The software developer reviews each pattern together with information, such as anticipated overhead cost due to off-chain execution, and she is provided with guidance on decision making whether to execute the smart contract pattern under consideration off-chain. Expert software developer inspection, in the context of a Trade Finance use case, validates that our algorithm finds optimal patterns for moving computations off-chain and improve blockchain software performance.},\n  booktitle = {2021 The 3rd ACM International Conference on Blockchain Technology},\n  pages     = {28–34},\n  numpages  = {7},\n  keywords  = {FSM and HSM modeling, Blockchain developer productivity, Smart contract, Off-chain computation, Blockchain},\n  location  = {Shanghai, China},\n  series    = {ICBCT &#x27;21}\n}\n\n\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  One of the problems arising in using blockchains is their size-constraints regarding performance. This paper proposes a new algorithm for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining what computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust. Our algorithm uses FSMs or HSMs in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then uses pattern recognition to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. The pattern recognition property used is that once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. The software developer reviews each pattern together with information, such as anticipated overhead cost due to off-chain execution, and she is provided with guidance on decision making whether to execute the smart contract pattern under consideration off-chain. Expert software developer inspection, in the context of a Trade Finance use case, validates that our algorithm finds optimal patterns for moving computations off-chain and improve blockchain software performance.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021', 'https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771', event);\">\n    From BPMN to smart contracts on blockchains: Transforming BPMN to DE-HSM multi-modal model.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>;  and Jutla, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)</i>, pages 1-7, Oct 2021. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021', 'https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From BPMN to smart contracts on blockchains: Transforming BPMN to DE-HSM multi-modal model [link]\"\n       title=\" paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  <a href=\"https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/ICEET/\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021', 'https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/ICEET/', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"From BPMN to smart contracts on blockchains: Transforming BPMN to DE-HSM multi-modal model [link]\"\n       title=\" download\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\"> download</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659771\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659771', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-bodorik-jutla-frombpmntosmartcontractsonblockchainstransformingbpmntodehsmmultimodalmodel-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{9659771,\n  author       = {Liu, Chris and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},\n  booktitle    = {2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)},\n  title        = {From BPMN to smart contracts on blockchains: Transforming BPMN to DE-HSM multi-modal model},\n  year         = {2021},\n  volume       = {},\n  number       = {},\n  pages        = {1-7},\n  abstract     = {Scalability, privacy, and interoperability are some of the major issues receiving attention in research on blockchain technologies. We concentrate on the trade finance vertical for which we develop a new modeling approach with the objective of automatic transformation of an application, represented using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), into a smart contract deployed on a blockchain. Here, we describe how the BPMN model is transformed into a multimodal model that combines DE-HSM modeling. We provide a high-level overview of the method and review how BPMN categories of elements are transformed into a multi-modal DE-HSM model. We also describe briefly how the DE-FMS model is automatically transformed into deployable smart contracts that interact to form a distributed application: The smart contract deployed on the main blockchain coordinates activities amongst the business partners and interoperates with smart contracts, also automatically prepared and deployed on a sidechain(s), with one smart contract per individual business partner. Privacy is obtained by performing activities, which are not germane to the collaboration with the other business partners but deal with the private activities of the individual business partner, in a smart contract deployed and executed on a side chain. We thus provide for interoperability of smart contracts and privacy as private activities of a business partner are performed in a smart contract on a private sidechain.},\n  keywords     = {},\n  doi          = {10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659771},\n  issn         = {2409-2983},\n  month        = {Oct},\n  url_paper    = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771},\n  url_download = {https://web.cs.dal.ca/~gang/ICEET/},\n  paper        = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659771}\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Scalability, privacy, and interoperability are some of the major issues receiving attention in research on blockchain technologies. We concentrate on the trade finance vertical for which we develop a new modeling approach with the objective of automatic transformation of an application, represented using Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), into a smart contract deployed on a blockchain. Here, we describe how the BPMN model is transformed into a multimodal model that combines DE-HSM modeling. We provide a high-level overview of the method and review how BPMN categories of elements are transformed into a multi-modal DE-HSM model. We also describe briefly how the DE-FMS model is automatically transformed into deployable smart contracts that interact to form a distributed application: The smart contract deployed on the main blockchain coordinates activities amongst the business partners and interoperates with smart contracts, also automatically prepared and deployed on a sidechain(s), with one smart contract per individual business partner. Privacy is obtained by performing activities, which are not germane to the collaboration with the other business partners but deal with the private activities of the individual business partner, in a smart contract deployed and executed on a side chain. We thus provide for interoperability of smart contracts and privacy as private activities of a business partner are performed in a smart contract on a private sidechain.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"liu-bodorik-jutla-atoolformovingblockchaincomputationsoffchain-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'liu-bodorik-jutla-atoolformovingblockchaincomputationsoffchain-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848', event);\">\n    A Tool for Moving Blockchain Computations Off-Chain.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Liu, C.; <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://blockchain.cs.dal.ca/\">Bodorik, P.</a>;  and Jutla, D.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure</i>, of <i>BSCI '21</i>, pages 103–109, New York, NY, USA,  2021. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-atoolformovingblockchaincomputationsoffchain-2021', 'https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"A Tool for Moving Blockchain Computations Off-Chain [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('liu-bodorik-jutla-atoolformovingblockchaincomputationsoffchain-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/liu-bodorik-jutla-atoolformovingblockchaincomputationsoffchain-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('liu-bodorik-jutla-atoolformovingblockchaincomputationsoffchain-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{10.1145/3457337.3457848,\n  author    = {Liu, Christian and Bodorik, Peter and Jutla, Dawn},\n  title     = {A Tool for Moving Blockchain Computations Off-Chain},\n  year      = {2021},\n  isbn      = {9781450384001},\n  address   = {New York, NY, USA},\n  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3457337.3457848},\n  doi       = {10.1145/3457337.3457848},\n  abstract  = {This paper proposes a new approach and tool for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining which computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust and how they can be moved off-chain automatically. Our approach uses Finite State Machines (FSMs) and Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) modeling in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then use pattern properties to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. Once software execution transits into the pattern&#x27;s entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern&#x27;s exit state, when execution continues on-chain. This paper further describes a tool for (1) FSM input and visualization, its analysis, and automatic transformation into a smart contract, and (2) an interface to support the developers&#x27; decision to optimally off-chain computations and to (3) define the communications between on-chain and off-chain computations.},\n  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure},\n  pages     = {103–109},\n  numpages  = {7},\n  keywords  = {hierarchical state machine, blockchain, HSM, simple-graph, off-chain computation, transformation of FSM to smart contract, smart contract, FSM model},\n  location  = {Virtual Event, Hong Kong},\n  series    = {BSCI &#x27;21}\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  This paper proposes a new approach and tool for blockchain software developers and architects to use for determining which computations of a smart contract can be effectively done off-chain without loss of trust and how they can be moved off-chain automatically. Our approach uses Finite State Machines (FSMs) and Hierarchical State Machines (HSMs) modeling in order to create smart contract patterns using graphs and then use pattern properties to identify which parts of the smart contracts should be considered for moving off-chain. Once software execution transits into the pattern's entry state, off-chain execution continues until the execution transits into the pattern's exit state, when execution continues on-chain. This paper further describes a tool for (1) FSM input and visualization, its analysis, and automatic transformation into a smart contract, and (2) an interface to support the developers' decision to optimally off-chain computations and to (3) define the communications between on-chain and off-chain computations.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);