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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Fire Retardant Treatment of Wood – State of the Art and Future Perspectives.\n \n \n \n\n\n \n Sauerbier, P.; Mayer, A. K.; Emmerich, L.; and Militz, H.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n In Makovicka Osvaldova, L.; Markert, F.; and Zelinka, S. L., editor(s),
Wood & Fire Safety, pages 97–102. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2020.\n
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@incollection{sauerbier_fire_2020,\n\taddress = {Cham, Switzerland},\n\ttitle = {Fire {Retardant} {Treatment} of {Wood} – {State} of the {Art} and {Future} {Perspectives}},\n\tisbn = {978-3-030-41235-7},\n\tabstract = {Outdoor and indoor exposed wooden structures are prone to the hazard of fire. Thisr is often inevitable and hardly avoidable by factors such as the design. However, wood is widely used as a structural element in buildings, it is present all-over public places and the main source for indoor furniture. Thus, and due to recent incidents, the demand for an effective and leaching-resistant fire protection is rising. In addition, fire protection technologies are desired, which survive mechanical processing. Considering the latter, protective surface coatings show a high fire protection, while on opposite they are very sensitive to mechanical damages. Therefore, various approaches based on a full impregnation of timber with fire retardants have been studied. In the past aluminum, boron, halogens (e.g. bromine) and more recently phosphorus and nitrogen, were shown to be effective fire retardants in wood. Nowadays, most conventional fire retardant systems are halogen-free, while boron is still used. However, boron shows a low resistance to leaching and is classified as a SVHC candidate, which brings up health and environmental issues. The same is true for formaldehyde. Concerning environmental issues, nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be promising alternatives and highly effective fire retardants. Leaching in service was slightly reduced compared to boron but a decrease in strength properties was detected after treatment of wood with those compounds. In general, an increased hygroscopicity of wood was found after any of the listed treatments, together with a leaching of the flame-retardant chemical which was still too high to guarantee a long-term fire protection in wood exposed outside. The overall aim of this study is to (1) give an overview about the past developments and most established fire retardant chemicals and (2) review recent findings and developments in terms of permanent fire retardant treatments of wood.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tbooktitle = {Wood \\& {Fire} {Safety}},\n\tpublisher = {Springer International Publishing},\n\tauthor = {Sauerbier, Philipp and Mayer, Aaron Kilian and Emmerich, Lukas and Militz, Holger},\n\teditor = {Makovicka Osvaldova, Linda and Markert, Frank and Zelinka, Samuel L.},\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tkeywords = {Chemical wood modification, Fire retardant, Impregnation, Review},\n\tpages = {97--102},\n\tfile = {Sauerbier et al. - 2020 - Fire Retardant Treatment of Wood – State of the Ar.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\BMWPFQVP\\\\Sauerbier et al. - 2020 - Fire Retardant Treatment of Wood – State of the Ar.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n Outdoor and indoor exposed wooden structures are prone to the hazard of fire. Thisr is often inevitable and hardly avoidable by factors such as the design. However, wood is widely used as a structural element in buildings, it is present all-over public places and the main source for indoor furniture. Thus, and due to recent incidents, the demand for an effective and leaching-resistant fire protection is rising. In addition, fire protection technologies are desired, which survive mechanical processing. Considering the latter, protective surface coatings show a high fire protection, while on opposite they are very sensitive to mechanical damages. Therefore, various approaches based on a full impregnation of timber with fire retardants have been studied. In the past aluminum, boron, halogens (e.g. bromine) and more recently phosphorus and nitrogen, were shown to be effective fire retardants in wood. Nowadays, most conventional fire retardant systems are halogen-free, while boron is still used. However, boron shows a low resistance to leaching and is classified as a SVHC candidate, which brings up health and environmental issues. The same is true for formaldehyde. Concerning environmental issues, nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be promising alternatives and highly effective fire retardants. Leaching in service was slightly reduced compared to boron but a decrease in strength properties was detected after treatment of wood with those compounds. In general, an increased hygroscopicity of wood was found after any of the listed treatments, together with a leaching of the flame-retardant chemical which was still too high to guarantee a long-term fire protection in wood exposed outside. The overall aim of this study is to (1) give an overview about the past developments and most established fire retardant chemicals and (2) review recent findings and developments in terms of permanent fire retardant treatments of wood.\n
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\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Use of basalt scrim to enhance mechanical properties of particleboards.\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n Kramár, S.; Mayer, A. K.; Schöpper, C.; and Mai, C.\n\n\n \n\n\n\n
Construction and Building Materials, 238: 117769. March 2020.\n
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@article{kramar_use_2020,\n\ttitle = {Use of basalt scrim to enhance mechanical properties of particleboards},\n\tvolume = {238},\n\tissn = {09500618},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950061819332222},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117769},\n\tabstract = {The particleboard (PB) industry faces a high demand for light, low-cost panels of specific mechanical properties. This may be hard to fulfil because the density and strength of wood are linearly correlated. Use of proper materials and composition, however, may result in panels of a high strength-to-weightratio. This allows saving raw wood and energy as the strengthened PB is useful for high-load-bearing application. A promising reinforcing material are basalt fibres. In this study, basalt fibres in the form of a scrim provided reinforcement inside the PB panel. The scrim used had an area weight of 360 gÁmÀ2. Four compositions of 18 mm thick PBs and 640 kgÁmÀ3 target density were produced using melamineurea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin as the binder. Basalt scrims were positioned in the core, between the core and surface and in between both surface layers. The scrim used was either dry or additionally impregnated with MUF resin. The best variant proved to be the impregnated scrim placed in the middle of both surface layers. Its modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) increased by 119 and 85\\% compared to the control panels, respectively. The setup also improved internal bond strength, screw withdrawal resistance and thickness swelling. Thus, basalt scrims at the outer positions significantly enhance the strength-to-weight-ratio of PBs.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2019-12-19},\n\tjournal = {Construction and Building Materials},\n\tauthor = {Kramár, Samuel and Mayer, Aaron Kilian and Schöpper, Christian and Mai, Carsten},\n\tmonth = mar,\n\tyear = {2020},\n\tpages = {117769},\n\tfile = {Kramár et al. - 2020 - Use of basalt scrim to enhance mechanical properti.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\XPBADR8V\\\\Kramár et al. - 2020 - Use of basalt scrim to enhance mechanical properti.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n
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\n The particleboard (PB) industry faces a high demand for light, low-cost panels of specific mechanical properties. This may be hard to fulfil because the density and strength of wood are linearly correlated. Use of proper materials and composition, however, may result in panels of a high strength-to-weightratio. This allows saving raw wood and energy as the strengthened PB is useful for high-load-bearing application. A promising reinforcing material are basalt fibres. In this study, basalt fibres in the form of a scrim provided reinforcement inside the PB panel. The scrim used had an area weight of 360 gÁmÀ2. Four compositions of 18 mm thick PBs and 640 kgÁmÀ3 target density were produced using melamineurea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin as the binder. Basalt scrims were positioned in the core, between the core and surface and in between both surface layers. The scrim used was either dry or additionally impregnated with MUF resin. The best variant proved to be the impregnated scrim placed in the middle of both surface layers. Its modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) increased by 119 and 85% compared to the control panels, respectively. The setup also improved internal bond strength, screw withdrawal resistance and thickness swelling. Thus, basalt scrims at the outer positions significantly enhance the strength-to-weight-ratio of PBs.\n
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