var bibbase_data = {"data":"<img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/ajax-loader.gif\" id=\"spinner\"\n  style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Loading..\" />\n\n<div id=\"bibbase\">\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n    var bibbase = {\n      params: {\"bib\":\"https://owncloud.gwdg.de/index.php/s/hVBavTojEze89it/download\",\"jsonp\":\"1\",\"host\":\"bibbase.org\"},\n      data: [{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Venice, Italy\",\"title\":\"Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins for Wood Modification by Cleavage Products of Softwood Kraft Lignin\",\"volume\":\"2\",\"booktitle\":\"ISWFPC 2023 Conference Proceedings\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimir\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"240–243\",\"file\":\"Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\¶P6BJZV4\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{karthauser_substitution_2023,\\n\\taddress = {Venice, Italy},\\n\\ttitle = {Substitution of {Phenol} in {Phenol}-{Formaldehyde} {Resins} for {Wood} {Modification} by {Cleavage} {Products} of {Softwood} {Kraft} {Lignin}},\\n\\tvolume = {2},\\n\\tbooktitle = {{ISWFPC} 2023 {Conference} {Proceedings}},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimir and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {240--243},\\n\\tfile = {Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\PP6BJZV4\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_substitution_2023\",\"id\":\"karthauser_substitution_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-militz-substitutionofphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbycleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) binder comprising caustic calcined magnesia and potassium hydroxide activated biochar from softwood technical lignin\",\"volume\":\"398\",\"issn\":\"0950-0618\",\"url\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132475\",\"abstract\":\"Biochar augmentation in cementitious materials is attractive for enhancing the products' mechanical properties and improving sustainability. Softwood technical lignin biochar (5 wt-%) was used to augment MKPC as a replacement material, with increased surface area through KOH activation. Hard-burned (1000 °C) MgO was used as precursor. XRD and SEM-EDX analyses showed “struvite-K” as the primary component of the MKPC materials. MKPC materials including the 2-hour KOH-activated biochar showed the lowest porosity, highest strength and stiffness. Replacing MKPC with KOH-activated biochar can increase strength properties and reduce MKPC binder usage, providing a sustainable approach for precast applications.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2023-07-19\",\"journal\":\"Construction and Building Materials\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Uchechukwu\",\"Opara\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Emmanuel\",\"Uchechukwu\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Köhler\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Robert\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Kowald\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Torsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koddenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"keywords\":\"Biochar Augmented Cement, Caustic Calcined Magnesia, Low-carbon cement, Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement, Sustainable Construction\",\"pages\":\"132475\",\"file\":\"Opara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\A9YWI9GE\\\\Øpara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{uchechukwu_opara_low-carbon_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement ({MKPC}) binder comprising caustic calcined magnesia and potassium hydroxide activated biochar from softwood technical lignin},\\n\\tvolume = {398},\\n\\tissn = {0950-0618},\\n\\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132475},\\n\\tabstract = {Biochar augmentation in cementitious materials is attractive for enhancing the products' mechanical properties and improving sustainability. Softwood technical lignin biochar (5 wt-\\\\%) was used to augment MKPC as a replacement material, with increased surface area through KOH activation. Hard-burned (1000 °C) MgO was used as precursor. XRD and SEM-EDX analyses showed “struvite-K” as the primary component of the MKPC materials. MKPC materials including the 2-hour KOH-activated biochar showed the lowest porosity, highest strength and stiffness. Replacing MKPC with KOH-activated biochar can increase strength properties and reduce MKPC binder usage, providing a sustainable approach for precast applications.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2023-07-19},\\n\\tjournal = {Construction and Building Materials},\\n\\tauthor = {Uchechukwu Opara, Emmanuel Uchechukwu and Karthäuser, Johannes and Köhler, Robert and Kowald, Torsten and Koddenberg, Tim and Mai, Carsten},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tkeywords = {Biochar Augmented Cement, Caustic Calcined Magnesia, Low-carbon cement, Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement, Sustainable Construction},\\n\\tpages = {132475},\\n\\tfile = {Opara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\A9YWI9GE\\\\\\\\Opara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Uchechukwu Opara, E. U.\",\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Köhler, R.\",\"Kowald, T.\",\"Koddenberg, T.\",\"Mai, C.\"],\"key\":\"uchechukwu_opara_low-carbon_2023\",\"id\":\"uchechukwu_opara_low-carbon_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"uchechukwuopara-karthuser-khler-kowald-koddenberg-mai-lowcarbonmagnesiumpotassiumphosphatecementmkpcbindercomprisingcausticcalcinedmagnesiaandpotassiumhydroxideactivatedbiocharfromsoftwoodtechnicallignin-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918\"},\"keyword\":[\"Biochar Augmented Cement\",\"Caustic Calcined Magnesia\",\"Low-carbon cement\",\"Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement\",\"Sustainable Construction\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"0969-0239, 1572-882X\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2023-06-12\",\"journal\":\"Cellulose\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimirs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frauendorf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raskop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Salomé\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roggatz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"7277–7293\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karthauser_substituting_2023,\\n\\ttitle = {Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {0969-0239, 1572-882X},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45\\\\% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30\\\\% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2023-06-12},\\n\\tjournal = {Cellulose},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Hoffmann, Lisa and Raskop, Salomé and Roggatz, Daniel and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {7277--7293},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Frauendorf, H.\",\"Hoffmann, L.\",\"Raskop, S.\",\"Roggatz, D.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_substituting_2023\",\"id\":\"karthauser_substituting_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"techreport\",\"type\":\"Master thesis\",\"address\":\"Göttingen, Germany\",\"title\":\"Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme vom Typ I in Bezug auf Verklebung unbehandelter und modifizierter Laubhölzer / Performance of selected type I adhesive systems in relation to the bonding of untreated and treated hardwoods\",\"language\":\"de\",\"institution\":\"Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Persch\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2016\",\"pages\":\"78\",\"file\":\"Persch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\DDNVZ745\\\\¶ersch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@techreport{persch_leistungsfahigkeit_2016,\\n\\taddress = {Göttingen, Germany},\\n\\ttype = {Master thesis},\\n\\ttitle = {Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter {Klebstoffsysteme} vom {Typ} {I} in {Bezug} auf {Verklebung} unbehandelter und modifizierter {Laubhölzer} / {Performance} of selected type {I} adhesive systems in relation to the bonding of untreated and treated hardwoods},\\n\\tlanguage = {de},\\n\\tinstitution = {Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen},\\n\\tauthor = {Persch, Johannes},\\n\\tyear = {2016},\\n\\tpages = {78},\\n\\tfile = {Persch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\DDNVZ745\\\\\\\\Persch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Persch, J.\"],\"key\":\"persch_leistungsfahigkeit_2016\",\"id\":\"persch_leistungsfahigkeit_2016\",\"bibbaseid\":\"persch-leistungsfhigkeitausgewhlterklebstoffsystemevomtypiinbezugaufverklebungunbehandelterundmodifizierterlaubhlzerperformanceofselectedtypeiadhesivesystemsinrelationtothebondingofuntreatedandtreatedhardwoods-2016\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Johannesburg, South Africa\",\"title\":\"Long-term performance of DMDHEU-treated wood exposed in ground, above ground and in the marine environment\",\"doi\":\"IRG/WP 18-40825\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Brischke\"],\"firstnames\":[\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"1–30\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{emmerich_long-term_2018,\\n\\taddress = {Johannesburg, South Africa},\\n\\ttitle = {Long-term performance of {DMDHEU}-treated wood exposed in ground, above ground and in the marine environment},\\n\\tdoi = {IRG/WP 18-40825},\\n\\tauthor = {Emmerich, L. and Militz, H and Brischke, C.},\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {1--30},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Militz, H\",\"Brischke, C.\"],\"key\":\"emmerich_long-term_2018\",\"id\":\"emmerich_long-term_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"emmerich-militz-brischke-longtermperformanceofdmdheutreatedwoodexposedingroundabovegroundandinthemarineenvironment-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"militz, h\":\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/584638.html\",\"emmerich, l\":\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/vorschau_907655e5be13297c57335134c7490eaa/584646.html\",\"brischke, c\":\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/vorschau_52e1721480b78f8e0c07b23d1dcf425c/584643.html\"}},\"downloads\":0,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Distinctive impact of processing techniques on bonding surfaces of acetylated and heat treated beech wood and its relation to bonding strength\",\"issn\":\"0015-7473\",\"url\":\"http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077\",\"doi\":\"10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077\",\"abstract\":\"In this study, the tensile shear strength of untreated, acetylated and heat treated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood joints was investigated as a function of different surficial processing techniques. It was hypothesized, that differentiating patterns of surface texture are induced by specific processing techniques directly affecting the bonding performance of adhered assemblies. Surface processing was implemented either by peripheral planing with sharp and dull knifes, respectively, or by sanding (P100). Process-dependent surface textures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and a digital light microscope was applied to display the structural integrity of surficial wood tissues. In dependence on wood modification techniques, process-related patterns of surface texture were observed. Laser scanning data of surface morphology was used to derive area-related functional roughness parameters defining complex surface textures quantitatively. For tensile shear testing, lamellas were bonded either with a two-component melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive or with a one-component moisture-curing polyurethane adhesive. Single lap joint specimens following EN 302-1:2013 were prepared considering a material-adapted specimen geometry. Bonding strength was evaluated with respect to differentiating regimes of moisture. Specific dependences of modified beech wood properties on surface morphologies subsequent to surface processing and, therewith, on the associated bonding performance could be verified. As a result, universal relationships between bonding performance and surface processing technique could not be identified. Thus, individual studies of bonding performances in dependence on adherend- and processing-related surface textures are inevitable.\",\"journal\":\"Forest Products Journal\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lütkemeier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konnerth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2018\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{lutkemeier_distinctive_2018,\\n\\ttitle = {Distinctive impact of processing techniques on bonding surfaces of acetylated and heat treated beech wood and its relation to bonding strength},\\n\\tissn = {0015-7473},\\n\\turl = {http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077},\\n\\tdoi = {10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077},\\n\\tabstract = {In this study, the tensile shear strength of untreated, acetylated and heat treated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood joints was investigated as a function of different surficial processing techniques. It was hypothesized, that differentiating patterns of surface texture are induced by specific processing techniques directly affecting the bonding performance of adhered assemblies. Surface processing was implemented either by peripheral planing with sharp and dull knifes, respectively, or by sanding (P100). Process-dependent surface textures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and a digital light microscope was applied to display the structural integrity of surficial wood tissues. In dependence on wood modification techniques, process-related patterns of surface texture were observed. Laser scanning data of surface morphology was used to derive area-related functional roughness parameters defining complex surface textures quantitatively. For tensile shear testing, lamellas were bonded either with a two-component melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive or with a one-component moisture-curing polyurethane adhesive. Single lap joint specimens following EN 302-1:2013 were prepared considering a material-adapted specimen geometry. Bonding strength was evaluated with respect to differentiating regimes of moisture. Specific dependences of modified beech wood properties on surface morphologies subsequent to surface processing and, therewith, on the associated bonding performance could be verified. As a result, universal relationships between bonding performance and surface processing technique could not be identified. Thus, individual studies of bonding performances in dependence on adherend- and processing-related surface textures are inevitable.},\\n\\tjournal = {Forest Products Journal},\\n\\tauthor = {Lütkemeier, Bernd and Konnerth, Johannes and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Lütkemeier, B.\",\"Konnerth, J.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"lutkemeier_distinctive_2018\",\"id\":\"lutkemeier_distinctive_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"ltkemeier-konnerth-militz-distinctiveimpactofprocessingtechniquesonbondingsurfacesofacetylatedandheattreatedbeechwoodanditsrelationtobondingstrength-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Applications—A Review\",\"volume\":\"26\",\"copyright\":\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/molecules26092533\",\"abstract\":\"Improving the environmental performance of resins in wood treatment by using renewable chemicals has been a topic of interest for a long time. At the same time, lignin, the second most abundant biomass on earth, is produced in large scale as a side product and mainly used energetically. The use of lignin in wood adhesives or for wood modification has received a lot of scientific attention. Despite this, there are only few lignin-derived wood products commercially available. This review provides a summary of the research on lignin application in wood adhesives, as well as for wood modification. The research on the use of uncleaved lignin and of cleavage products of lignin is reviewed. Finally, the current state of the art of commercialization of lignin-derived wood products is presented.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"9\",\"urldate\":\"2021-04-27\",\"journal\":\"Molecules\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimirs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Number: 9 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\",\"keywords\":\"wood modification, adhesive, lignin, LPF resins\",\"pages\":\"2533\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\Z9TG4K8W\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\7SNVIQBY\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\MQ33G472\\\\\\\\2533.html:text/html\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karthauser_lignin_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Lignin and {Lignin}-{Derived} {Compounds} for {Wood} {Applications}—{A} {Review}},\\n\\tvolume = {26},\\n\\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\\n\\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/molecules26092533},\\n\\tabstract = {Improving the environmental performance of resins in wood treatment by using renewable chemicals has been a topic of interest for a long time. At the same time, lignin, the second most abundant biomass on earth, is produced in large scale as a side product and mainly used energetically. The use of lignin in wood adhesives or for wood modification has received a lot of scientific attention. Despite this, there are only few lignin-derived wood products commercially available. This review provides a summary of the research on lignin application in wood adhesives, as well as for wood modification. The research on the use of uncleaved lignin and of cleavage products of lignin is reviewed. Finally, the current state of the art of commercialization of lignin-derived wood products is presented.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {9},\\n\\turldate = {2021-04-27},\\n\\tjournal = {Molecules},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Mai, Carsten and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 9\\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\\n\\tkeywords = {wood modification, adhesive, lignin, LPF resins},\\n\\tpages = {2533},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\Z9TG4K8W\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\7SNVIQBY\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\MQ33G472\\\\\\\\2533.html:text/html},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Mai, C.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_lignin_2021\",\"id\":\"karthauser_lignin_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-mai-militz-ligninandligninderivedcompoundsforwoodapplicationsareview-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533\"},\"keyword\":[\"wood modification\",\"adhesive\",\"lignin\",\"LPF resins\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography\",\"volume\":\"11\",\"copyright\":\"2021 The Author(s)\",\"issn\":\"2045-2322\",\"url\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8\",\"abstract\":\"Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"1\",\"urldate\":\"2021-02-25\",\"journal\":\"Scientific Reports\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Koddenberg\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tim\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Greving\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Imke\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hagemann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Flenner\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Silja\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Krause\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Laipple\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Klein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Kim\",\"C.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schmitt\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Uwe\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Schuster\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Max\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Wolf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Andreas\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Seifert\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maria\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Ludwig\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Veronika\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Funk\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Stefan\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nopens\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Martin\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"February\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"note\":\"Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group\",\"pages\":\"4574\",\"file\":\"Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\RKLG3KJE\\\\\\\\Koddenberg et al. - 2021 - Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall le.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ZWEWZCCI\\\\\\\\s41598-021-83885-8.html:text/html\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{koddenberg_three-dimensional_2021,\\n\\ttitle = {Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography},\\n\\tvolume = {11},\\n\\tcopyright = {2021 The Author(s)},\\n\\tissn = {2045-2322},\\n\\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8},\\n\\tabstract = {Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {1},\\n\\turldate = {2021-02-25},\\n\\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\\n\\tauthor = {Koddenberg, Tim and Greving, Imke and Hagemann, Johannes and Flenner, Silja and Krause, Andreas and Laipple, Daniel and Klein, Kim C. and Schmitt, Uwe and Schuster, Max and Wolf, Andreas and Seifert, Maria and Ludwig, Veronika and Funk, Stefan and Militz, Holger and Nopens, Martin},\\n\\tmonth = feb,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tnote = {Number: 1\\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\\n\\tpages = {4574},\\n\\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\RKLG3KJE\\\\\\\\Koddenberg et al. - 2021 - Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall le.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ZWEWZCCI\\\\\\\\s41598-021-83885-8.html:text/html},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Koddenberg, T.\",\"Greving, I.\",\"Hagemann, J.\",\"Flenner, S.\",\"Krause, A.\",\"Laipple, D.\",\"Klein, K. C.\",\"Schmitt, U.\",\"Schuster, M.\",\"Wolf, A.\",\"Seifert, M.\",\"Ludwig, V.\",\"Funk, S.\",\"Militz, H.\",\"Nopens, M.\"],\"key\":\"koddenberg_three-dimensional_2021\",\"id\":\"koddenberg_three-dimensional_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"koddenberg-greving-hagemann-flenner-krause-laipple-klein-schmitt-etal-threedimensionalimagingofxylematcellwalllevelthroughnearfieldnanoholotomography-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for adhesion force analysis on functionalised surfaces and natural polymers\",\"volume\":\"529\",\"issn\":\"0927-7757\",\"url\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794\",\"doi\":\"DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.017\",\"abstract\":\"In this paper, the position resolved adhesion behaviour of AFM cantilevers with standard silicon tips, rounded silicon tips and OH-modified tips was compared. Surfaces of a flat functionalised microscopy glass slide (hydrophilic background with hydrophobic spots) and of a comparably rough wood/wax sample were scanned in gaseous atmosphere. These two samples were chosen because both of them contain polar and non-polar regions within an area small enough to be scanned at once by the AFM without relevant quality loss due high scan speeds. Moreover, OH and CH3 modified cantilever chips providing very flat functionalised surfaces were scanned. Except for the wood/wax sample, measurements were performed at different humidity levels – with only very little influence on the measured adhesion. Both silicon and OH modified tips showed a higher adhesion on the polar regions of each sample than on the non-polar ones. The difference between the adhesion values on the polar and non-polar surfaces was however systematically higher when standard silicon tips were used. This was also true on the wood/wax sample. As silicon tips are relatively cheap, robust and have a much smaller radius than typical functionalised tips, they allow simple high resolution differentiation of polar and non-polar domains even when the sample surface is relatively rough, as it is the case for natural wood-based polymers.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"urldate\":\"2017-06-13\",\"journal\":\"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Colson\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Jérôme\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Andorfer\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Laurin\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Nypelö\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Tiina\",\"Elina\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Lütkemeier\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Bernd\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Stöckel\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Frank\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Konnerth\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2017\",\"keywords\":\"Wood, Atomic force microscopy, functionalised tip, model surface, polarity, silicon tip\",\"pages\":\"363–372\",\"file\":\"Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\XSEFB6RK\\\\\\\\Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ENPVJFZA\\\\\\\\Colson et al. - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{colson_comparison_2017,\\n\\ttitle = {Comparison of silicon and {OH}-modified {AFM} tips for adhesion force analysis on functionalised surfaces and natural polymers},\\n\\tvolume = {529},\\n\\tissn = {0927-7757},\\n\\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794},\\n\\tdoi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.017},\\n\\tabstract = {In this paper, the position resolved adhesion behaviour of AFM cantilevers with standard silicon tips, rounded silicon tips and OH-modified tips was compared. Surfaces of a flat functionalised microscopy glass slide (hydrophilic background with hydrophobic spots) and of a comparably rough wood/wax sample were scanned in gaseous atmosphere. These two samples were chosen because both of them contain polar and non-polar regions within an area small enough to be scanned at once by the AFM without relevant quality loss due high scan speeds. Moreover, OH and CH3 modified cantilever chips providing very flat functionalised surfaces were scanned. Except for the wood/wax sample, measurements were performed at different humidity levels – with only very little influence on the measured adhesion. Both silicon and OH modified tips showed a higher adhesion on the polar regions of each sample than on the non-polar ones. The difference between the adhesion values on the polar and non-polar surfaces was however systematically higher when standard silicon tips were used. This was also true on the wood/wax sample. As silicon tips are relatively cheap, robust and have a much smaller radius than typical functionalised tips, they allow simple high resolution differentiation of polar and non-polar domains even when the sample surface is relatively rough, as it is the case for natural wood-based polymers.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\turldate = {2017-06-13},\\n\\tjournal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects},\\n\\tauthor = {Colson, Jérôme and Andorfer, Laurin and Nypelö, Tiina Elina and Lütkemeier, Bernd and Stöckel, Frank and Konnerth, Johannes},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2017},\\n\\tkeywords = {Wood, Atomic force microscopy, functionalised tip, model surface, polarity, silicon tip},\\n\\tpages = {363--372},\\n\\tfile = {Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\XSEFB6RK\\\\\\\\Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ENPVJFZA\\\\\\\\Colson et al. - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Colson, J.\",\"Andorfer, L.\",\"Nypelö, T. E.\",\"Lütkemeier, B.\",\"Stöckel, F.\",\"Konnerth, J.\"],\"key\":\"colson_comparison_2017\",\"id\":\"colson_comparison_2017\",\"bibbaseid\":\"colson-andorfer-nypel-ltkemeier-stckel-konnerth-comparisonofsiliconandohmodifiedafmtipsforadhesionforceanalysisonfunctionalisedsurfacesandnaturalpolymers-2017\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794\"},\"keyword\":[\"Wood\",\"Atomic force microscopy\",\"functionalised tip\",\"model surface\",\"polarity\",\"silicon tip\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Johannesburg, South Africa\",\"title\":\"Moisture correction for ultrasonic MOE measurements above fibre saturation point in Scots pine sapwood\",\"doi\":\"IRG/WP 06-20333\",\"abstract\":\"There is a high correlation between methods for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) and static modulus of elasticity (MOEstat). MOEdyn methods have been found sensitive to detect early stages of decay and may be seen as an option for non-destructive wood durability testing. As the MOEstat measurements do not change after reaching the fibre saturation point, the uncorrected MOEdyn data from ultrasonic pulse excitation method provides increasing values after fibre saturation. This is due to the effect of free water in the cell lumen on ultrasonic waves. The aim of this study was to make a moisture calibration for the MOEdyn ultrasonic pulse excitation method using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples. MOE was measured at five different moisture levels. Three different MOE test methods were used: MOEdyn using ultrasound and vibration excitation and the traditional MOEstat. Sound Scots pine sapwood samples treated with two copper-containing wood preservatives and two chitosan solutions were evaluated, using untreated sapwood samples as control. In this study a correction value (\\\"k\\\") was calculated based on data from different moisture levels for water saturated samples using four different wood treatments and control. By measuring MOEdyn ultrasonic at wood moisture contents just below fibre saturation point, a minor effect of incipient water accumulation in the wood matrix was detected. Wood treatments influence the \\\"k\\\" value, and a \\\"k\\\" value needs to be calculated for all wood treatments when measuring MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation. All the three MOE test methods in this study are applicable for all wood moisture levels as long as a \\\"k\\\" value is calculated for MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation.\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Larnøy\"],\"firstnames\":[\"E.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Alfredsen\"],\"firstnames\":[\"G.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H.\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"June\",\"year\":\"2006\",\"keywords\":\"Scots pine sapwood, moisture content, dynamic MOE, resonant vibration excitation, static MOE, ultrasonic pulse excitation, wood preservation agents\",\"pages\":\"9\",\"file\":\"IRG 06-20333:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\54R8QRQA\\\\\\\\IRG 06-20333.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{larnoy_moisture_2006,\\n\\taddress = {Johannesburg, South Africa},\\n\\ttitle = {Moisture correction for ultrasonic {MOE} measurements above fibre saturation point in {Scots} pine sapwood},\\n\\tdoi = {IRG/WP 06-20333},\\n\\tabstract = {There is a high correlation between methods for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) and static modulus of elasticity (MOEstat). MOEdyn methods have been found sensitive to detect early stages of decay and may be seen as an option for non-destructive wood durability testing. As the MOEstat measurements do not change after reaching the fibre saturation point, the uncorrected MOEdyn data from ultrasonic pulse excitation method provides increasing values after fibre saturation. This is due to the effect of free water in the cell lumen on ultrasonic waves. The aim of this study was to make a moisture calibration for the MOEdyn ultrasonic pulse excitation method using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples. MOE was measured at five different moisture levels. Three different MOE test methods were used: MOEdyn using ultrasound and vibration excitation and the traditional MOEstat. Sound Scots pine sapwood samples treated with two copper-containing wood preservatives and two chitosan solutions were evaluated, using untreated sapwood samples as control. In this study a correction value (\\\"k\\\") was calculated based on data from different moisture levels for water saturated samples using four different wood treatments and control. By measuring MOEdyn ultrasonic at wood moisture contents just below fibre saturation point, a minor effect of incipient water accumulation in the wood matrix was detected. Wood treatments influence the \\\"k\\\" value, and a \\\"k\\\" value needs to be calculated for all wood treatments when measuring MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation. All the three MOE test methods in this study are applicable for all wood moisture levels as long as a \\\"k\\\" value is calculated for MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation.},\\n\\tauthor = {Larnøy, E. and Alfredsen, G. and Militz, H.},\\n\\tmonth = jun,\\n\\tyear = {2006},\\n\\tkeywords = {Scots pine sapwood, moisture content, dynamic MOE, resonant vibration excitation, static MOE, ultrasonic pulse excitation, wood preservation agents},\\n\\tpages = {9},\\n\\tfile = {IRG 06-20333:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\54R8QRQA\\\\\\\\IRG 06-20333.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Larnøy, E.\",\"Alfredsen, G.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"larnoy_moisture_2006\",\"id\":\"larnoy_moisture_2006\",\"bibbaseid\":\"larny-alfredsen-militz-moisturecorrectionforultrasonicmoemeasurementsabovefibresaturationpointinscotspinesapwood-2006\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"keyword\":[\"Scots pine sapwood\",\"moisture content\",\"dynamic MOE\",\"resonant vibration excitation\",\"static MOE\",\"ultrasonic pulse excitation\",\"wood preservation agents\"],\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Johannesburg, South Africa\",\"title\":\"Resistance of modified wood to termite attack assessed in laboratory and field testing: A review of internal research\",\"doi\":\"IRG/WP 18-40824\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Emmerich\"],\"firstnames\":[\"L.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Gascón-Garrido\"],\"firstnames\":[\"P.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"H\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"year\":\"2018\",\"pages\":\"1–25\",\"file\":\"Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\DMFYCEQ3\\\\\\\\Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{emmerich_resistance_2018,\\n\\taddress = {Johannesburg, South Africa},\\n\\ttitle = {Resistance of modified wood to termite attack assessed in laboratory and field testing: {A} review of internal research},\\n\\tdoi = {IRG/WP 18-40824},\\n\\tauthor = {Emmerich, L. and Gascón-Garrido, P. and Militz, H},\\n\\tyear = {2018},\\n\\tpages = {1--25},\\n\\tfile = {Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\DMFYCEQ3\\\\\\\\Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Emmerich, L.\",\"Gascón-Garrido, P.\",\"Militz, H\"],\"key\":\"emmerich_resistance_2018\",\"id\":\"emmerich_resistance_2018\",\"bibbaseid\":\"emmerich-gascngarrido-militz-resistanceofmodifiedwoodtotermiteattackassessedinlaboratoryandfieldtestingareviewofinternalresearch-2018\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{\"militz, h\":\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/584638.html\",\"emmerich, l\":\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/vorschau_907655e5be13297c57335134c7490eaa/584646.html\"}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Technical Lignins\",\"volume\":\"14\",\"issn\":\"2073-4360\",\"url\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/polym14163383\",\"abstract\":\"Cleavage by microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a way to obtain higher-value organic chemicals from technical lignins. In this report, pine kraft lignin (PKL), spruce and beech organosolv lignin (SOSL and BOSL), and calcium lignosulfonates from spruce wood (LS) were pyrolyzed at temperatures between 30 and 280 ◦C using vacuum low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The mass balance, energy consumption, condensation rate, and pressure changes of the products during the pyrolysis process were recorded. Phenolic condensates obtained at different temperatures during pyrolysis were collected, and their chemical composition was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. The origin of the technical lignin had a significant influence on the pyrolysis products. Phenolic condensates were obtained in yields of approximately 15% (PKL and SOSL) as well as in lower yields of 4.5% (BOSL) or even 1.7% (LS). The main production of the phenolic condensates for the PKL and SOSL occurred at temperatures of approximately 140 and 180 ◦C, respectively. The main components of the phenolic fraction of the three softwood lignins were guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, and other guaiacol derivatives; however, the quantity varied significantly depending on the lignin source. Due to the low cleavage temperature vacuum, low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be an interesting approach to lignin conversion.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"16\",\"urldate\":\"2022-08-24\",\"journal\":\"Polymers\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimirs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frauendorf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Mai\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Carsten\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"August\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"3383\",\"file\":\"Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\§KUKYR79\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karthauser_vacuum_2022,\\n\\ttitle = {Vacuum {Low}-{Temperature} {Microwave}-{Assisted} {Pyrolysis} of {Technical} {Lignins}},\\n\\tvolume = {14},\\n\\tissn = {2073-4360},\\n\\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383},\\n\\tdoi = {10.3390/polym14163383},\\n\\tabstract = {Cleavage by microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a way to obtain higher-value organic chemicals from technical lignins. In this report, pine kraft lignin (PKL), spruce and beech organosolv lignin (SOSL and BOSL), and calcium lignosulfonates from spruce wood (LS) were pyrolyzed at temperatures between 30 and 280 ◦C using vacuum low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The mass balance, energy consumption, condensation rate, and pressure changes of the products during the pyrolysis process were recorded. Phenolic condensates obtained at different temperatures during pyrolysis were collected, and their chemical composition was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. The origin of the technical lignin had a significant influence on the pyrolysis products. Phenolic condensates were obtained in yields of approximately 15\\\\% (PKL and SOSL) as well as in lower yields of 4.5\\\\% (BOSL) or even 1.7\\\\% (LS). The main production of the phenolic condensates for the PKL and SOSL occurred at temperatures of approximately 140 and 180 ◦C, respectively. The main components of the phenolic fraction of the three softwood lignins were guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, and other guaiacol derivatives; however, the quantity varied significantly depending on the lignin source. Due to the low cleavage temperature vacuum, low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be an interesting approach to lignin conversion.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {16},\\n\\turldate = {2022-08-24},\\n\\tjournal = {Polymers},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Mai, Carsten and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = aug,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {3383},\\n\\tfile = {Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\SKUKYR79\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Frauendorf, H.\",\"Mai, C.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_vacuum_2022\",\"id\":\"karthauser_vacuum_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-mai-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisoftechnicallignins-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"downloads\":1,\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Dresden\",\"title\":\"Identifikation und Anwendung kurzkettiger Lignin-Bausteine zur Holzmodifizierung\",\"language\":\"de\",\"booktitle\":\"Deutsche Holzschutztagung 2022\",\"publisher\":\"IHD\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimirs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frauendorf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"May\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"140–147\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{karthauser_identifikation_2022,\\n\\taddress = {Dresden},\\n\\ttitle = {Identifikation und {Anwendung} kurzkettiger {Lignin}-{Bausteine} zur {Holzmodifizierung}},\\n\\tlanguage = {de},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Deutsche {Holzschutztagung} 2022},\\n\\tpublisher = {IHD},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Hoffmann, Lisa and Frauendorf, Holm and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = may,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {140--147},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Hoffmann, L.\",\"Frauendorf, H.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_identifikation_2022\",\"id\":\"karthauser_identifikation_2022\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-hoffmann-frauendorf-militz-identifikationundanwendungkurzkettigerligninbausteinezurholzmodifizierung-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Kaunas, Lithuania\",\"title\":\"Vacuum, Low-temperature, Microwaveassisted Pyrolysis of Various Technical Lignins\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 17th annual meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2021)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimirs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frauendorf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2021\",\"pages\":\"16–18\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{karthauser_vacuum_2021,\\n\\taddress = {Kaunas, Lithuania},\\n\\ttitle = {Vacuum, {Low}-temperature, {Microwaveassisted} {Pyrolysis} of {Various} {Technical} {Lignins}},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th annual meeting of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE} 2021)},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2021},\\n\\tpages = {16--18},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Frauendorf, H.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_vacuum_2021\",\"id\":\"karthauser_vacuum_2021\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofvarioustechnicallignins-2021\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Göttingen, Germany\",\"title\":\"Vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine Kraft lignin – Products and potential applications\",\"language\":\"EN\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 18th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2022)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimir\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"September\",\"year\":\"2022\",\"pages\":\"71–73\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{karthauser_vacuum_2022-1,\\n\\taddress = {Göttingen, Germany},\\n\\ttitle = {Vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine {Kraft} lignin – {Products} and potential applications},\\n\\tlanguage = {EN},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th meeting of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE} 2022)},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimir and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = sep,\\n\\tyear = {2022},\\n\\tpages = {71--73},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_vacuum_2022-1\",\"id\":\"karthauser_vacuum_2022-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofpinekraftligninproductsandpotentialapplications-2022\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"inproceedings\",\"type\":\"inproceedings\",\"address\":\"Ås, Norway\",\"title\":\"In-Situ Synthesis of Gypsum in Scots Pine Wood\",\"booktitle\":\"Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Bechstein\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Georg\",\"T.\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raskop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Salomé\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"October\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"7–9\",\"bibtex\":\"@inproceedings{karthauser_-situ_2023,\\n\\taddress = {Ås, Norway},\\n\\ttitle = {In-{Situ} {Synthesis} of {Gypsum} in {Scots} {Pine} {Wood}},\\n\\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {Meeting} of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE})},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Bechstein, Georg T. and Raskop, Salomé and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = oct,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {7--9},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Bechstein, G. T.\",\"Raskop, S.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_-situ_2023\",\"id\":\"karthauser_-situ_2023\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-bechstein-raskop-militz-insitusynthesisofgypsuminscotspinewood-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin\",\"volume\":\"30\",\"issn\":\"0969-0239, 1572-882X\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"11\",\"urldate\":\"2023-12-11\",\"journal\":\"Cellulose\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Biziks\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Vladimirs\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Frauendorf\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holm\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Hoffmann\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Lisa\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raskop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Salomé\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Roggatz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Daniel\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"July\",\"year\":\"2023\",\"pages\":\"7277–7293\",\"file\":\"Volltext:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ANSIPHVH\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2023 - Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins .pdf:application/pdf\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karthauser_substituting_2023-1,\\n\\ttitle = {Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin},\\n\\tvolume = {30},\\n\\tissn = {0969-0239, 1572-882X},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45\\\\% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30\\\\% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {11},\\n\\turldate = {2023-12-11},\\n\\tjournal = {Cellulose},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Hoffmann, Lisa and Raskop, Salomé and Roggatz, Daniel and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = jul,\\n\\tyear = {2023},\\n\\tpages = {7277--7293},\\n\\tfile = {Volltext:C\\\\:\\\\\\\\Users\\\\\\\\Eva\\\\\\\\Zotero\\\\\\\\storage\\\\\\\\ANSIPHVH\\\\\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2023 - Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins .pdf:application/pdf},\\n}\\n\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Biziks, V.\",\"Frauendorf, H.\",\"Hoffmann, L.\",\"Raskop, S.\",\"Roggatz, D.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_substituting_2023-1\",\"id\":\"karthauser_substituting_2023-1\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"},{\"bibtype\":\"article\",\"type\":\"article\",\"title\":\"Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin\",\"volume\":\"0\",\"issn\":\"0018-3768, 1436-736X\",\"shorttitle\":\"Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin\",\"url\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z\",\"abstract\":\"Abstract The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is obtained from non-renewable resources, finding substitutes has been a topic of research. Due to similarities in chemical structure and availability, lignin cleavage products present a promising alternative. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin have been used to substitute 30% of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins. Scots pine veneers were impregnated with the resin, and five-layered plywoods were produced. The influence of the substitution on the bonding quality, the dimensional stability, and the leaching of resin from the specimens were studied. Mechanical properties such as the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, as well as the dynamic impact bending strength of the plywood were analyzed. Both treatments led to plywood with good dimensional stability, and the resin was stable against leaching. The substitution of phenol with lignin cleavage products led to slightly reduced brittleness of the specimens compared to pure phenol–formaldehyde resin. This study presents a method to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, increase the use of currently underutilized lignin sources, and produce plywood with promising properties for exterior applications.\",\"language\":\"en\",\"number\":\"0\",\"urldate\":\"2024-01-08\",\"journal\":\"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products\",\"author\":[{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Karthäuser\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Johannes\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Raskop\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Salomé\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Slabohm\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Maik\"],\"suffixes\":[]},{\"propositions\":[],\"lastnames\":[\"Militz\"],\"firstnames\":[\"Holger\"],\"suffixes\":[]}],\"month\":\"January\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"bibtex\":\"@article{karthauser_modification_2024,\\n\\ttitle = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin},\\n\\tvolume = {0},\\n\\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\\n\\tshorttitle = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin},\\n\\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},\\n\\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},\\n\\tabstract = {Abstract\\n            The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is obtained from non-renewable resources, finding substitutes has been a topic of research. Due to similarities in chemical structure and availability, lignin cleavage products present a promising alternative. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin have been used to substitute 30\\\\% of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins. Scots pine veneers were impregnated with the resin, and five-layered plywoods were produced. The influence of the substitution on the bonding quality, the dimensional stability, and the leaching of resin from the specimens were studied. Mechanical properties such as the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, as well as the dynamic impact bending strength of the plywood were analyzed. Both treatments led to plywood with good dimensional stability, and the resin was stable against leaching. The substitution of phenol with lignin cleavage products led to slightly reduced brittleness of the specimens compared to pure phenol–formaldehyde resin. This study presents a method to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, increase the use of currently underutilized lignin sources, and produce plywood with promising properties for exterior applications.},\\n\\tlanguage = {en},\\n\\tnumber = {0},\\n\\turldate = {2024-01-08},\\n\\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\\n\\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Raskop, Salomé and Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},\\n\\tmonth = jan,\\n\\tyear = {2024},\\n}\\n\",\"author_short\":[\"Karthäuser, J.\",\"Raskop, S.\",\"Slabohm, M.\",\"Militz, H.\"],\"key\":\"karthauser_modification_2024\",\"id\":\"karthauser_modification_2024\",\"bibbaseid\":\"karthuser-raskop-slabohm-militz-modificationofplywoodwithphenolformaldehyderesinsubstitutionofphenolbypyrolysiscleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2024\",\"role\":\"author\",\"urls\":{\"Paper\":\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z\"},\"metadata\":{\"authorlinks\":{}},\"html\":\"\"}],\n      metadata: {\"authorlinks\":{}},\n      ownerID: undefined\n    };\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  var site$;\n  if (typeof $ != 'undefined') {\n    console.log('existing jquery: storing and then restoring');\n    site$ = $;\n    $ = null;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n  if (site$) {\n    console.log('existing jquery: avoiding conflict and restoring');\n    bb$ = $.noConflict(true);\n    $ = site$;\n  } else {\n    bb$ = $;\n  }\n  </script>\n\n  <script src=\"//bibbase.org/js/bibbase.min.js\"\n          type=\"text/javascript\">\n  </script>\n\n  <script type=\"text/javascript\"\n          src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\">\n  </script>\n  <script type=\"text/x-mathjax-config\">\n    MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\\\(','\\\\)']]},\n                        skipTags: [\"body\"],\n                        processClass: \"bibbase_paper\"});\n  </script>\n\n  <style>\n  @media print {\n    .dontprint {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n  .bibbase_group {\n    background-color: #E0E0E0;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-size: larger;\n    text-shadow: 0px 0px 3px #FFFFFF;\n    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;\n    -webkit-border-radius: 4px;\n    padding: 5px 40px 5px;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  .bibbase_paper {\n    margin-bottom: 5px;\n  }\n\n  }\n  </style>\n\n  \n  <div style=\"float: right; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: right; font-size: 12px\">\n    generated by\n    <a href=\"//bibbase.org\"\n       onclick=\"trackOutboundLink('bibbase', 'logo clicked', window.location.href, '//bibbase.org'); return false;\">\n      <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/logo.svg\"\n           style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-left: 3px; height: 16px;\"/\n           alt=\"bibbase.org\"\n           title=\"BibBase – The easiest way to maintain your publications page.\"\n        ></a>\n    \n  </div>\n  \n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_header\" class=\"dontprint\" style=\"\">\n\n    <ul class=\"nav nav-pills\" style=\"margin: 0px;\">\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"groupby_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\">\n          Group by\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li class=\"groupby year\"><a onclick=\"groupby('year')\">\n            Year</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby author\"><a onclick=\"groupby('author_short')\">\n            Author</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby type\"><a onclick=\"groupby('type')\">\n            Type</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby keyword\"><a onclick=\"groupby('keyword')\">\n            Keyword</a>\n        </li>\n        <li class=\"groupby downloads\"><a onclick=\"groupby('downloads')\">\n            Downloads</a>\n        </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n\n      <li class=\"dropdown\" id=\"menu_dropdown\">\n      <a class=\"dropdown-toggle\"\n         data-toggle=\"dropdown\"\n         href=\"#\" alt=\"controls\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-reorder\" alt=\"controls\"></i>\n          <b class=\"caret\"></b>\n      </a>\n      <ul class=\"dropdown-menu\">\n        <li>\n          <a onclick=\"toggleAll()\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-chevron-down fa-fw\"></i> Expand/Collapse All\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a download=\"download\" href=\"data:text/bibtex;base64,@inproceedings{karthauser_substitution_2023,
	address = {Venice, Italy},
	title = {Substitution of {Phenol} in {Phenol}-{Formaldehyde} {Resins} for {Wood} {Modification} by {Cleavage} {Products} of {Softwood} {Kraft} {Lignin}},
	volume = {2},
	booktitle = {{ISWFPC} 2023 {Conference} {Proceedings}},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimir and Militz, Holger},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {240--243},
	file = {Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\PP6BJZV4\\Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{uchechukwu_opara_low-carbon_2023,
	title = {Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement ({MKPC}) binder comprising caustic calcined magnesia and potassium hydroxide activated biochar from softwood technical lignin},
	volume = {398},
	issn = {0950-0618},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918},
	doi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132475},
	abstract = {Biochar augmentation in cementitious materials is attractive for enhancing the products' mechanical properties and improving sustainability. Softwood technical lignin biochar (5 wt-\%) was used to augment MKPC as a replacement material, with increased surface area through KOH activation. Hard-burned (1000 °C) MgO was used as precursor. XRD and SEM-EDX analyses showed “struvite-K” as the primary component of the MKPC materials. MKPC materials including the 2-hour KOH-activated biochar showed the lowest porosity, highest strength and stiffness. Replacing MKPC with KOH-activated biochar can increase strength properties and reduce MKPC binder usage, providing a sustainable approach for precast applications.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-07-19},
	journal = {Construction and Building Materials},
	author = {Uchechukwu Opara, Emmanuel Uchechukwu and Karthäuser, Johannes and Köhler, Robert and Kowald, Torsten and Koddenberg, Tim and Mai, Carsten},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Biochar Augmented Cement, Caustic Calcined Magnesia, Low-carbon cement, Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement, Sustainable Construction},
	pages = {132475},
	file = {Opara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\A9YWI9GE\\Opara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{karthauser_substituting_2023,
	title = {Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0969-0239, 1572-882X},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45\% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30\% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-06-12},
	journal = {Cellulose},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Hoffmann, Lisa and Raskop, Salomé and Roggatz, Daniel and Militz, Holger},
	month = jun,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {7277--7293},
}



@techreport{persch_leistungsfahigkeit_2016,
	address = {Göttingen, Germany},
	type = {Master thesis},
	title = {Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter {Klebstoffsysteme} vom {Typ} {I} in {Bezug} auf {Verklebung} unbehandelter und modifizierter {Laubhölzer} / {Performance} of selected type {I} adhesive systems in relation to the bonding of untreated and treated hardwoods},
	language = {de},
	institution = {Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen},
	author = {Persch, Johannes},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {78},
	file = {Persch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\DDNVZ745\\Persch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@inproceedings{emmerich_long-term_2018,
	address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
	title = {Long-term performance of {DMDHEU}-treated wood exposed in ground, above ground and in the marine environment},
	doi = {IRG/WP 18-40825},
	author = {Emmerich, L. and Militz, H and Brischke, C.},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1--30},
}



@article{lutkemeier_distinctive_2018,
	title = {Distinctive impact of processing techniques on bonding surfaces of acetylated and heat treated beech wood and its relation to bonding strength},
	issn = {0015-7473},
	url = {http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077},
	doi = {10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077},
	abstract = {In this study, the tensile shear strength of untreated, acetylated and heat treated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood joints was investigated as a function of different surficial processing techniques. It was hypothesized, that differentiating patterns of surface texture are induced by specific processing techniques directly affecting the bonding performance of adhered assemblies. Surface processing was implemented either by peripheral planing with sharp and dull knifes, respectively, or by sanding (P100). Process-dependent surface textures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and a digital light microscope was applied to display the structural integrity of surficial wood tissues. In dependence on wood modification techniques, process-related patterns of surface texture were observed. Laser scanning data of surface morphology was used to derive area-related functional roughness parameters defining complex surface textures quantitatively. For tensile shear testing, lamellas were bonded either with a two-component melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive or with a one-component moisture-curing polyurethane adhesive. Single lap joint specimens following EN 302-1:2013 were prepared considering a material-adapted specimen geometry. Bonding strength was evaluated with respect to differentiating regimes of moisture. Specific dependences of modified beech wood properties on surface morphologies subsequent to surface processing and, therewith, on the associated bonding performance could be verified. As a result, universal relationships between bonding performance and surface processing technique could not be identified. Thus, individual studies of bonding performances in dependence on adherend- and processing-related surface textures are inevitable.},
	journal = {Forest Products Journal},
	author = {Lütkemeier, Bernd and Konnerth, Johannes and Militz, Holger},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
}



@article{karthauser_lignin_2021,
	title = {Lignin and {Lignin}-{Derived} {Compounds} for {Wood} {Applications}—{A} {Review}},
	volume = {26},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533},
	doi = {10.3390/molecules26092533},
	abstract = {Improving the environmental performance of resins in wood treatment by using renewable chemicals has been a topic of interest for a long time. At the same time, lignin, the second most abundant biomass on earth, is produced in large scale as a side product and mainly used energetically. The use of lignin in wood adhesives or for wood modification has received a lot of scientific attention. Despite this, there are only few lignin-derived wood products commercially available. This review provides a summary of the research on lignin application in wood adhesives, as well as for wood modification. The research on the use of uncleaved lignin and of cleavage products of lignin is reviewed. Finally, the current state of the art of commercialization of lignin-derived wood products is presented.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2021-04-27},
	journal = {Molecules},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Mai, Carsten and Militz, Holger},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 9
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {wood modification, adhesive, lignin, LPF resins},
	pages = {2533},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\Z9TG4K8W\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\7SNVIQBY\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\MQ33G472\\2533.html:text/html},
}



@article{koddenberg_three-dimensional_2021,
	title = {Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8},
	abstract = {Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-02-25},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Koddenberg, Tim and Greving, Imke and Hagemann, Johannes and Flenner, Silja and Krause, Andreas and Laipple, Daniel and Klein, Kim C. and Schmitt, Uwe and Schuster, Max and Wolf, Andreas and Seifert, Maria and Ludwig, Veronika and Funk, Stefan and Militz, Holger and Nopens, Martin},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {4574},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\RKLG3KJE\\Koddenberg et al. - 2021 - Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall le.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\ZWEWZCCI\\s41598-021-83885-8.html:text/html},
}



@article{colson_comparison_2017,
	title = {Comparison of silicon and {OH}-modified {AFM} tips for adhesion force analysis on functionalised surfaces and natural polymers},
	volume = {529},
	issn = {0927-7757},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.017},
	abstract = {In this paper, the position resolved adhesion behaviour of AFM cantilevers with standard silicon tips, rounded silicon tips and OH-modified tips was compared. Surfaces of a flat functionalised microscopy glass slide (hydrophilic background with hydrophobic spots) and of a comparably rough wood/wax sample were scanned in gaseous atmosphere. These two samples were chosen because both of them contain polar and non-polar regions within an area small enough to be scanned at once by the AFM without relevant quality loss due high scan speeds. Moreover, OH and CH3 modified cantilever chips providing very flat functionalised surfaces were scanned. Except for the wood/wax sample, measurements were performed at different humidity levels – with only very little influence on the measured adhesion. Both silicon and OH modified tips showed a higher adhesion on the polar regions of each sample than on the non-polar ones. The difference between the adhesion values on the polar and non-polar surfaces was however systematically higher when standard silicon tips were used. This was also true on the wood/wax sample. As silicon tips are relatively cheap, robust and have a much smaller radius than typical functionalised tips, they allow simple high resolution differentiation of polar and non-polar domains even when the sample surface is relatively rough, as it is the case for natural wood-based polymers.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-06-13},
	journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects},
	author = {Colson, Jérôme and Andorfer, Laurin and Nypelö, Tiina Elina and Lütkemeier, Bernd and Stöckel, Frank and Konnerth, Johannes},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Wood, Atomic force microscopy, functionalised tip, model surface, polarity, silicon tip},
	pages = {363--372},
	file = {Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\XSEFB6RK\\Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\ENPVJFZA\\Colson et al. - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@inproceedings{larnoy_moisture_2006,
	address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
	title = {Moisture correction for ultrasonic {MOE} measurements above fibre saturation point in {Scots} pine sapwood},
	doi = {IRG/WP 06-20333},
	abstract = {There is a high correlation between methods for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) and static modulus of elasticity (MOEstat). MOEdyn methods have been found sensitive to detect early stages of decay and may be seen as an option for non-destructive wood durability testing. As the MOEstat measurements do not change after reaching the fibre saturation point, the uncorrected MOEdyn data from ultrasonic pulse excitation method provides increasing values after fibre saturation. This is due to the effect of free water in the cell lumen on ultrasonic waves. The aim of this study was to make a moisture calibration for the MOEdyn ultrasonic pulse excitation method using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples. MOE was measured at five different moisture levels. Three different MOE test methods were used: MOEdyn using ultrasound and vibration excitation and the traditional MOEstat. Sound Scots pine sapwood samples treated with two copper-containing wood preservatives and two chitosan solutions were evaluated, using untreated sapwood samples as control. In this study a correction value ("k") was calculated based on data from different moisture levels for water saturated samples using four different wood treatments and control. By measuring MOEdyn ultrasonic at wood moisture contents just below fibre saturation point, a minor effect of incipient water accumulation in the wood matrix was detected. Wood treatments influence the "k" value, and a "k" value needs to be calculated for all wood treatments when measuring MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation. All the three MOE test methods in this study are applicable for all wood moisture levels as long as a "k" value is calculated for MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation.},
	author = {Larnøy, E. and Alfredsen, G. and Militz, H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Scots pine sapwood, moisture content, dynamic MOE, resonant vibration excitation, static MOE, ultrasonic pulse excitation, wood preservation agents},
	pages = {9},
	file = {IRG 06-20333:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\54R8QRQA\\IRG 06-20333.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@inproceedings{emmerich_resistance_2018,
	address = {Johannesburg, South Africa},
	title = {Resistance of modified wood to termite attack assessed in laboratory and field testing: {A} review of internal research},
	doi = {IRG/WP 18-40824},
	author = {Emmerich, L. and Gascón-Garrido, P. and Militz, H},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1--25},
	file = {Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\DMFYCEQ3\\Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{karthauser_vacuum_2022,
	title = {Vacuum {Low}-{Temperature} {Microwave}-{Assisted} {Pyrolysis} of {Technical} {Lignins}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2073-4360},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383},
	doi = {10.3390/polym14163383},
	abstract = {Cleavage by microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a way to obtain higher-value organic chemicals from technical lignins. In this report, pine kraft lignin (PKL), spruce and beech organosolv lignin (SOSL and BOSL), and calcium lignosulfonates from spruce wood (LS) were pyrolyzed at temperatures between 30 and 280 ◦C using vacuum low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The mass balance, energy consumption, condensation rate, and pressure changes of the products during the pyrolysis process were recorded. Phenolic condensates obtained at different temperatures during pyrolysis were collected, and their chemical composition was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. The origin of the technical lignin had a signiﬁcant inﬂuence on the pyrolysis products. Phenolic condensates were obtained in yields of approximately 15\% (PKL and SOSL) as well as in lower yields of 4.5\% (BOSL) or even 1.7\% (LS). The main production of the phenolic condensates for the PKL and SOSL occurred at temperatures of approximately 140 and 180 ◦C, respectively. The main components of the phenolic fraction of the three softwood lignins were guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, and other guaiacol derivatives; however, the quantity varied signiﬁcantly depending on the lignin source. Due to the low cleavage temperature vacuum, low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be an interesting approach to lignin conversion.},
	language = {en},
	number = {16},
	urldate = {2022-08-24},
	journal = {Polymers},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Mai, Carsten and Militz, Holger},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {3383},
	file = {Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\SKUKYR79\\Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:application/pdf},
}



@inproceedings{karthauser_identifikation_2022,
	address = {Dresden},
	title = {Identifikation und {Anwendung} kurzkettiger {Lignin}-{Bausteine} zur {Holzmodifizierung}},
	language = {de},
	booktitle = {Deutsche {Holzschutztagung} 2022},
	publisher = {IHD},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Hoffmann, Lisa and Frauendorf, Holm and Militz, Holger},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {140--147},
}



@inproceedings{karthauser_vacuum_2021,
	address = {Kaunas, Lithuania},
	title = {Vacuum, {Low}-temperature, {Microwaveassisted} {Pyrolysis} of {Various} {Technical} {Lignins}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th annual meeting of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE} 2021)},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Militz, Holger},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {16--18},
}



@inproceedings{karthauser_vacuum_2022-1,
	address = {Göttingen, Germany},
	title = {Vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine {Kraft} lignin – {Products} and potential applications},
	language = {EN},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th meeting of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE} 2022)},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimir and Militz, Holger},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {71--73},
}



@inproceedings{karthauser_-situ_2023,
	address = {Ås, Norway},
	title = {In-{Situ} {Synthesis} of {Gypsum} in {Scots} {Pine} {Wood}},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {Meeting} of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE})},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Bechstein, Georg T. and Raskop, Salomé and Militz, Holger},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {7--9},
}



@article{karthauser_substituting_2023-1,
	title = {Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0969-0239, 1572-882X},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45\% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30\% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2023-12-11},
	journal = {Cellulose},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Hoffmann, Lisa and Raskop, Salomé and Roggatz, Daniel and Militz, Holger},
	month = jul,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {7277--7293},
	file = {Volltext:C\:\\Users\\Eva\\Zotero\\storage\\ANSIPHVH\\Karthäuser et al. - 2023 - Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins .pdf:application/pdf},
}



@article{karthauser_modification_2024,
	title = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},
	shorttitle = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is obtained from non-renewable resources, finding substitutes has been a topic of research. Due to similarities in chemical structure and availability, lignin cleavage products present a promising alternative. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin have been used to substitute 30\% of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins. Scots pine veneers were impregnated with the resin, and five-layered plywoods were produced. The influence of the substitution on the bonding quality, the dimensional stability, and the leaching of resin from the specimens were studied. Mechanical properties such as the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, as well as the dynamic impact bending strength of the plywood were analyzed. Both treatments led to plywood with good dimensional stability, and the resin was stable against leaching. The substitution of phenol with lignin cleavage products led to slightly reduced brittleness of the specimens compared to pure phenol–formaldehyde resin. This study presents a method to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, increase the use of currently underutilized lignin sources, and produce plywood with promising properties for exterior applications.},
	language = {en},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2024-01-08},
	journal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},
	author = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Raskop, Salomé and Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
}
\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-download fa-fw\"></i> Download BibTeX\n          </a>\n        </li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"//bibbase.org/rss?bib=https://owncloud.gwdg.de/index.php/s/hVBavTojEze89it/download\">\n            <i class=\"fa fa-rss fa-fw\"></i> RSS Feed\n          </a>\n          </li>\n      </ul>\n      </li>\n\n      \n\n\n      \n    </ul>\n\n\n    <div class=\"alert alert-success bibbase_msg\" id=\"bibbase_msg_embed\"\n         style=\"display: none;\">\n\n      Excellent! 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In order to keep using Mendeley with BibBase past April\n        14th, you need to:\n        <ol>\n          <li>renew the authorization for BibBase on Mendeley, and</li>\n          <li>update the BibBase URL\n            in your page the same way you did when you initially set up\n            this page.\n          </li>\n        </ol>\n      </p>\n\n      <p>\n        <a href=\"http://bibbase.org/cgi-bin/mendeley2/get.py\">\n          <i class=\"fa fa-angle-double-right\"></i>\n          Fix it now</a>\n      </p>\n    </div>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <div id=\"bibbase_body\">\n    \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2024\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2024')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2024</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-raskop-slabohm-militz-modificationofplywoodwithphenolformaldehyderesinsubstitutionofphenolbypyrolysiscleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2024\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karthuser-raskop-slabohm-militz-modificationofplywoodwithphenolformaldehyderesinsubstitutionofphenolbypyrolysiscleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2024', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z', event);\">\n    Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Raskop, S.; Slabohm, M.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>European Journal of Wood and Wood Products</i>, 0(0). January 2024.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-raskop-slabohm-militz-modificationofplywoodwithphenolformaldehyderesinsubstitutionofphenolbypyrolysiscleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2024', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-raskop-slabohm-militz-modificationofplywoodwithphenolformaldehyderesinsubstitutionofphenolbypyrolysiscleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2024', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-raskop-slabohm-militz-modificationofplywoodwithphenolformaldehyderesinsubstitutionofphenolbypyrolysiscleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2024\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-raskop-slabohm-militz-modificationofplywoodwithphenolformaldehyderesinsubstitutionofphenolbypyrolysiscleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2024')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karthauser_modification_2024,\n\ttitle = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin: substitution of phenol by pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin},\n\tvolume = {0},\n\tissn = {0018-3768, 1436-736X},\n\tshorttitle = {Modification of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resin},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s00107-023-02029-z},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is obtained from non-renewable resources, finding substitutes has been a topic of research. Due to similarities in chemical structure and availability, lignin cleavage products present a promising alternative. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin have been used to substitute 30\\% of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins. Scots pine veneers were impregnated with the resin, and five-layered plywoods were produced. The influence of the substitution on the bonding quality, the dimensional stability, and the leaching of resin from the specimens were studied. Mechanical properties such as the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, as well as the dynamic impact bending strength of the plywood were analyzed. Both treatments led to plywood with good dimensional stability, and the resin was stable against leaching. The substitution of phenol with lignin cleavage products led to slightly reduced brittleness of the specimens compared to pure phenol–formaldehyde resin. This study presents a method to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, increase the use of currently underutilized lignin sources, and produce plywood with promising properties for exterior applications.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {0},\n\turldate = {2024-01-08},\n\tjournal = {European Journal of Wood and Wood Products},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Raskop, Salomé and Slabohm, Maik and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2024},\n}\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract The modification by impregnation of veneers for the production of plywood with phenol–formaldehyde resins is a well-known method to improve the dimensional stability and fungal resistance. Because phenol is obtained from non-renewable resources, finding substitutes has been a topic of research. Due to similarities in chemical structure and availability, lignin cleavage products present a promising alternative. In this study, microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products of softwood kraft lignin have been used to substitute 30% of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins. Scots pine veneers were impregnated with the resin, and five-layered plywoods were produced. The influence of the substitution on the bonding quality, the dimensional stability, and the leaching of resin from the specimens were studied. Mechanical properties such as the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, as well as the dynamic impact bending strength of the plywood were analyzed. Both treatments led to plywood with good dimensional stability, and the resin was stable against leaching. The substitution of phenol with lignin cleavage products led to slightly reduced brittleness of the specimens compared to pure phenol–formaldehyde resin. This study presents a method to reduce the use of non-renewable resources, increase the use of currently underutilized lignin sources, and produce plywood with promising properties for exterior applications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2023\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2023')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2023</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (5)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-militz-substitutionofphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbycleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins for Wood Modification by Cleavage Products of Softwood Kraft Lignin.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>ISWFPC 2023 Conference Proceedings</i>, volume 2, pages 240–243, Venice, Italy, July 2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-militz-substitutionofphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbycleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-militz-substitutionofphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbycleavageproductsofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{karthauser_substitution_2023,\n\taddress = {Venice, Italy},\n\ttitle = {Substitution of {Phenol} in {Phenol}-{Formaldehyde} {Resins} for {Wood} {Modification} by {Cleavage} {Products} of {Softwood} {Kraft} {Lignin}},\n\tvolume = {2},\n\tbooktitle = {{ISWFPC} 2023 {Conference} {Proceedings}},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimir and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {240--243},\n\tfile = {Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\PP6BJZV4\\\\Karthäuser et al. - Substitution of Phenol in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resi.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"uchechukwuopara-karthuser-khler-kowald-koddenberg-mai-lowcarbonmagnesiumpotassiumphosphatecementmkpcbindercomprisingcausticcalcinedmagnesiaandpotassiumhydroxideactivatedbiocharfromsoftwoodtechnicallignin-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'uchechukwuopara-karthuser-khler-kowald-koddenberg-mai-lowcarbonmagnesiumpotassiumphosphatecementmkpcbindercomprisingcausticcalcinedmagnesiaandpotassiumhydroxideactivatedbiocharfromsoftwoodtechnicallignin-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918', event);\">\n    Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) binder comprising caustic calcined magnesia and potassium hydroxide activated biochar from softwood technical lignin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Uchechukwu Opara, E. U.; Karthäuser, J.; Köhler, R.; Kowald, T.; Koddenberg, T.;  and Mai, C.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Construction and Building Materials</i>, 398: 132475. September 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uchechukwuopara-karthuser-khler-kowald-koddenberg-mai-lowcarbonmagnesiumpotassiumphosphatecementmkpcbindercomprisingcausticcalcinedmagnesiaandpotassiumhydroxideactivatedbiocharfromsoftwoodtechnicallignin-2023', 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) binder comprising caustic calcined magnesia and potassium hydroxide activated biochar from softwood technical lignin [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132475\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('uchechukwuopara-karthuser-khler-kowald-koddenberg-mai-lowcarbonmagnesiumpotassiumphosphatecementmkpcbindercomprisingcausticcalcinedmagnesiaandpotassiumhydroxideactivatedbiocharfromsoftwoodtechnicallignin-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132475', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/uchechukwuopara-karthuser-khler-kowald-koddenberg-mai-lowcarbonmagnesiumpotassiumphosphatecementmkpcbindercomprisingcausticcalcinedmagnesiaandpotassiumhydroxideactivatedbiocharfromsoftwoodtechnicallignin-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('uchechukwuopara-karthuser-khler-kowald-koddenberg-mai-lowcarbonmagnesiumpotassiumphosphatecementmkpcbindercomprisingcausticcalcinedmagnesiaandpotassiumhydroxideactivatedbiocharfromsoftwoodtechnicallignin-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{uchechukwu_opara_low-carbon_2023,\n\ttitle = {Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement ({MKPC}) binder comprising caustic calcined magnesia and potassium hydroxide activated biochar from softwood technical lignin},\n\tvolume = {398},\n\tissn = {0950-0618},\n\turl = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823021918},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132475},\n\tabstract = {Biochar augmentation in cementitious materials is attractive for enhancing the products&#x27; mechanical properties and improving sustainability. Softwood technical lignin biochar (5 wt-\\%) was used to augment MKPC as a replacement material, with increased surface area through KOH activation. Hard-burned (1000 °C) MgO was used as precursor. XRD and SEM-EDX analyses showed “struvite-K” as the primary component of the MKPC materials. MKPC materials including the 2-hour KOH-activated biochar showed the lowest porosity, highest strength and stiffness. Replacing MKPC with KOH-activated biochar can increase strength properties and reduce MKPC binder usage, providing a sustainable approach for precast applications.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-07-19},\n\tjournal = {Construction and Building Materials},\n\tauthor = {Uchechukwu Opara, Emmanuel Uchechukwu and Karthäuser, Johannes and Köhler, Robert and Kowald, Torsten and Koddenberg, Tim and Mai, Carsten},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tkeywords = {Biochar Augmented Cement, Caustic Calcined Magnesia, Low-carbon cement, Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement, Sustainable Construction},\n\tpages = {132475},\n\tfile = {Opara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\A9YWI9GE\\\\Opara et al. - 2023 - Low-carbon magnesium potassium phosphate cement (M.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Biochar augmentation in cementitious materials is attractive for enhancing the products' mechanical properties and improving sustainability. Softwood technical lignin biochar (5 wt-%) was used to augment MKPC as a replacement material, with increased surface area through KOH activation. Hard-burned (1000 °C) MgO was used as precursor. XRD and SEM-EDX analyses showed “struvite-K” as the primary component of the MKPC materials. MKPC materials including the 2-hour KOH-activated biochar showed the lowest porosity, highest strength and stiffness. Replacing MKPC with KOH-activated biochar can increase strength properties and reduce MKPC binder usage, providing a sustainable approach for precast applications.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5', event);\">\n    Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.; Frauendorf, H.; Hoffmann, L.; Raskop, S.; Roggatz, D.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cellulose</i>, 30: 7277–7293. June 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karthauser_substituting_2023,\n\ttitle = {Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {0969-0239, 1572-882X},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45\\% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30\\% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2023-06-12},\n\tjournal = {Cellulose},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Hoffmann, Lisa and Raskop, Salomé and Roggatz, Daniel and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {7277--7293},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-bechstein-raskop-militz-insitusynthesisofgypsuminscotspinewood-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  In-Situ Synthesis of Gypsum in Scots Pine Wood.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Bechstein, G. T.; Raskop, S.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE)</i>, pages 7–9, Ås, Norway, October 2023. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-bechstein-raskop-militz-insitusynthesisofgypsuminscotspinewood-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-bechstein-raskop-militz-insitusynthesisofgypsuminscotspinewood-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{karthauser_-situ_2023,\n\taddress = {Ås, Norway},\n\ttitle = {In-{Situ} {Synthesis} of {Gypsum} in {Scots} {Pine} {Wood}},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {Meeting} of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE})},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Bechstein, Georg T. and Raskop, Salomé and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {7--9},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5', event);\">\n    Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.; Frauendorf, H.; Hoffmann, L.; Raskop, S.; Roggatz, D.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Cellulose</i>, 30(11): 7277–7293. July 2023.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023', 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023', 'http://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-hoffmann-raskop-roggatz-militz-substitutingphenolinphenolformaldehyderesinsforwoodmodificationbyphenoliccleavageproductsfromvacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofsoftwoodkraftlignin-2023')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karthauser_substituting_2023-1,\n\ttitle = {Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins for wood modification by phenolic cleavage products from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin},\n\tvolume = {30},\n\tissn = {0969-0239, 1572-882X},\n\turl = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\n\tdoi = {10.1007/s10570-023-05295-5},\n\tabstract = {Abstract\n            Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45\\% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30\\% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {11},\n\turldate = {2023-12-11},\n\tjournal = {Cellulose},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Hoffmann, Lisa and Raskop, Salomé and Roggatz, Daniel and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {7277--7293},\n\tfile = {Volltext:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\ANSIPHVH\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2023 - Substituting phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins .pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Abstract Wood modification by impregnation and curing inside of the cell wall using phenol–formaldehyde resins (PF resins) is a well-known and commercialized method to improve, amongst others, the dimensional stability and the durability of wood. However, phenol is mainly obtained from non-renewable resources, and the substitution of phenol by renewable resources has been a topic of research interest for years. Due to the high availability of technical lignins, lignin-derived cleavage products are promising candidates. In this study, organic cleavage products obtained from vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of softwood kraft lignin were used to substitute up to 45% of phenol in PF resins. The curing behavior and the free formaldehyde content of the resins was studied. Pine sapwood was treated with these resins by a vacuum pressure treatment, and the weight percent gain, leaching, and dimensional stability of the species were examined. Selected samples were analyzed with bright-field microscopy. The results indicate that up to 30% substitution of phenol by lignin-based organic products does not lead to significantly inferior quality of wood modification. Additionally, the amount of formaldehyde added to the resin can be reduced. The method described in this study could be a way to improve the environmental footprint of wood modification by PF resins.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2022\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2022')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2022</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-mai-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisoftechnicallignins-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-mai-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisoftechnicallignins-2022', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383', event);\">\n    Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Technical Lignins.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.; Frauendorf, H.; Mai, C.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Polymers</i>, 14(16): 3383. August 2022.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-mai-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisoftechnicallignins-2022', 'https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Technical Lignins [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/polym14163383\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-mai-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisoftechnicallignins-2022', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/polym14163383', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-mai-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisoftechnicallignins-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-mai-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisoftechnicallignins-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karthauser_vacuum_2022,\n\ttitle = {Vacuum {Low}-{Temperature} {Microwave}-{Assisted} {Pyrolysis} of {Technical} {Lignins}},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {2073-4360},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/16/3383},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/polym14163383},\n\tabstract = {Cleavage by microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a way to obtain higher-value organic chemicals from technical lignins. In this report, pine kraft lignin (PKL), spruce and beech organosolv lignin (SOSL and BOSL), and calcium lignosulfonates from spruce wood (LS) were pyrolyzed at temperatures between 30 and 280 ◦C using vacuum low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The mass balance, energy consumption, condensation rate, and pressure changes of the products during the pyrolysis process were recorded. Phenolic condensates obtained at different temperatures during pyrolysis were collected, and their chemical composition was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. The origin of the technical lignin had a significant influence on the pyrolysis products. Phenolic condensates were obtained in yields of approximately 15\\% (PKL and SOSL) as well as in lower yields of 4.5\\% (BOSL) or even 1.7\\% (LS). The main production of the phenolic condensates for the PKL and SOSL occurred at temperatures of approximately 140 and 180 ◦C, respectively. The main components of the phenolic fraction of the three softwood lignins were guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, and other guaiacol derivatives; however, the quantity varied significantly depending on the lignin source. Due to the low cleavage temperature vacuum, low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be an interesting approach to lignin conversion.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {16},\n\turldate = {2022-08-24},\n\tjournal = {Polymers},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Mai, Carsten and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {3383},\n\tfile = {Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\SKUKYR79\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2022 - Vacuum Low-Temperature Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysi.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Cleavage by microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a way to obtain higher-value organic chemicals from technical lignins. In this report, pine kraft lignin (PKL), spruce and beech organosolv lignin (SOSL and BOSL), and calcium lignosulfonates from spruce wood (LS) were pyrolyzed at temperatures between 30 and 280 ◦C using vacuum low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The mass balance, energy consumption, condensation rate, and pressure changes of the products during the pyrolysis process were recorded. Phenolic condensates obtained at different temperatures during pyrolysis were collected, and their chemical composition was determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. The origin of the technical lignin had a significant influence on the pyrolysis products. Phenolic condensates were obtained in yields of approximately 15% (PKL and SOSL) as well as in lower yields of 4.5% (BOSL) or even 1.7% (LS). The main production of the phenolic condensates for the PKL and SOSL occurred at temperatures of approximately 140 and 180 ◦C, respectively. The main components of the phenolic fraction of the three softwood lignins were guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, and other guaiacol derivatives; however, the quantity varied significantly depending on the lignin source. Due to the low cleavage temperature vacuum, low-temperature, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be an interesting approach to lignin conversion.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-hoffmann-frauendorf-militz-identifikationundanwendungkurzkettigerligninbausteinezurholzmodifizierung-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Identifikation und Anwendung kurzkettiger Lignin-Bausteine zur Holzmodifizierung.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.; Hoffmann, L.; Frauendorf, H.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Deutsche Holzschutztagung 2022</i>, pages 140–147, Dresden, May 2022. IHD\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-hoffmann-frauendorf-militz-identifikationundanwendungkurzkettigerligninbausteinezurholzmodifizierung-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-hoffmann-frauendorf-militz-identifikationundanwendungkurzkettigerligninbausteinezurholzmodifizierung-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{karthauser_identifikation_2022,\n\taddress = {Dresden},\n\ttitle = {Identifikation und {Anwendung} kurzkettiger {Lignin}-{Bausteine} zur {Holzmodifizierung}},\n\tlanguage = {de},\n\tbooktitle = {Deutsche {Holzschutztagung} 2022},\n\tpublisher = {IHD},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Hoffmann, Lisa and Frauendorf, Holm and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = may,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {140--147},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofpinekraftligninproductsandpotentialapplications-2022\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine Kraft lignin – Products and potential applications.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 18th meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2022)</i>, pages 71–73, Göttingen, Germany, September 2022. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofpinekraftligninproductsandpotentialapplications-2022\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofpinekraftligninproductsandpotentialapplications-2022')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{karthauser_vacuum_2022-1,\n\taddress = {Göttingen, Germany},\n\ttitle = {Vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine {Kraft} lignin – {Products} and potential applications},\n\tlanguage = {EN},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th meeting of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE} 2022)},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimir and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2022},\n\tpages = {71--73},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2021\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2021')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2021</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-mai-militz-ligninandligninderivedcompoundsforwoodapplicationsareview-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'karthuser-biziks-mai-militz-ligninandligninderivedcompoundsforwoodapplicationsareview-2021', 'https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533', event);\">\n    Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Applications—A Review.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.; Mai, C.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Molecules</i>, 26(9): 2533. January 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 9 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-mai-militz-ligninandligninderivedcompoundsforwoodapplicationsareview-2021', 'https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Applications—A Review [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092533\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('karthuser-biziks-mai-militz-ligninandligninderivedcompoundsforwoodapplicationsareview-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092533', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-mai-militz-ligninandligninderivedcompoundsforwoodapplicationsareview-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-mai-militz-ligninandligninderivedcompoundsforwoodapplicationsareview-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{karthauser_lignin_2021,\n\ttitle = {Lignin and {Lignin}-{Derived} {Compounds} for {Wood} {Applications}—{A} {Review}},\n\tvolume = {26},\n\tcopyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},\n\turl = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2533},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/molecules26092533},\n\tabstract = {Improving the environmental performance of resins in wood treatment by using renewable chemicals has been a topic of interest for a long time. At the same time, lignin, the second most abundant biomass on earth, is produced in large scale as a side product and mainly used energetically. The use of lignin in wood adhesives or for wood modification has received a lot of scientific attention. Despite this, there are only few lignin-derived wood products commercially available. This review provides a summary of the research on lignin application in wood adhesives, as well as for wood modification. The research on the use of uncleaved lignin and of cleavage products of lignin is reviewed. Finally, the current state of the art of commercialization of lignin-derived wood products is presented.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {9},\n\turldate = {2021-04-27},\n\tjournal = {Molecules},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Mai, Carsten and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Number: 9\nPublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},\n\tkeywords = {wood modification, adhesive, lignin, LPF resins},\n\tpages = {2533},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\Z9TG4K8W\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\7SNVIQBY\\\\Karthäuser et al. - 2021 - Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Appli.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\MQ33G472\\\\2533.html:text/html},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Improving the environmental performance of resins in wood treatment by using renewable chemicals has been a topic of interest for a long time. At the same time, lignin, the second most abundant biomass on earth, is produced in large scale as a side product and mainly used energetically. The use of lignin in wood adhesives or for wood modification has received a lot of scientific attention. Despite this, there are only few lignin-derived wood products commercially available. This review provides a summary of the research on lignin application in wood adhesives, as well as for wood modification. The research on the use of uncleaved lignin and of cleavage products of lignin is reviewed. Finally, the current state of the art of commercialization of lignin-derived wood products is presented.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"koddenberg-greving-hagemann-flenner-krause-laipple-klein-schmitt-etal-threedimensionalimagingofxylematcellwalllevelthroughnearfieldnanoholotomography-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'koddenberg-greving-hagemann-flenner-krause-laipple-klein-schmitt-etal-threedimensionalimagingofxylematcellwalllevelthroughnearfieldnanoholotomography-2021', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8', event);\">\n    Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Koddenberg, T.; Greving, I.; Hagemann, J.; Flenner, S.; Krause, A.; Laipple, D.; Klein, K. C.; Schmitt, U.; Schuster, M.; Wolf, A.; Seifert, M.; Ludwig, V.; Funk, S.; Militz, H.;  and Nopens, M.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Scientific Reports</i>, 11(1): 4574. February 2021.\n  <span class=\"note\">Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group</span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koddenberg-greving-hagemann-flenner-krause-laipple-klein-schmitt-etal-threedimensionalimagingofxylematcellwalllevelthroughnearfieldnanoholotomography-2021', 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('koddenberg-greving-hagemann-flenner-krause-laipple-klein-schmitt-etal-threedimensionalimagingofxylematcellwalllevelthroughnearfieldnanoholotomography-2021', 'http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/koddenberg-greving-hagemann-flenner-krause-laipple-klein-schmitt-etal-threedimensionalimagingofxylematcellwalllevelthroughnearfieldnanoholotomography-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('koddenberg-greving-hagemann-flenner-krause-laipple-klein-schmitt-etal-threedimensionalimagingofxylematcellwalllevelthroughnearfieldnanoholotomography-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{koddenberg_three-dimensional_2021,\n\ttitle = {Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography},\n\tvolume = {11},\n\tcopyright = {2021 The Author(s)},\n\tissn = {2045-2322},\n\turl = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83885-8},\n\tdoi = {10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8},\n\tabstract = {Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-02-25},\n\tjournal = {Scientific Reports},\n\tauthor = {Koddenberg, Tim and Greving, Imke and Hagemann, Johannes and Flenner, Silja and Krause, Andreas and Laipple, Daniel and Klein, Kim C. and Schmitt, Uwe and Schuster, Max and Wolf, Andreas and Seifert, Maria and Ludwig, Veronika and Funk, Stefan and Militz, Holger and Nopens, Martin},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tnote = {Number: 1\nPublisher: Nature Publishing Group},\n\tpages = {4574},\n\tfile = {Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\RKLG3KJE\\\\Koddenberg et al. - 2021 - Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall le.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\ZWEWZCCI\\\\s41598-021-83885-8.html:text/html},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofvarioustechnicallignins-2021\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Vacuum, Low-temperature, Microwaveassisted Pyrolysis of Various Technical Lignins.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Karthäuser, J.; Biziks, V.; Frauendorf, H.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In <i>Proceedings of the 17th annual meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE 2021)</i>, pages 16–18, Kaunas, Lithuania, October 2021. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofvarioustechnicallignins-2021\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('karthuser-biziks-frauendorf-militz-vacuumlowtemperaturemicrowaveassistedpyrolysisofvarioustechnicallignins-2021')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{karthauser_vacuum_2021,\n\taddress = {Kaunas, Lithuania},\n\ttitle = {Vacuum, {Low}-temperature, {Microwaveassisted} {Pyrolysis} of {Various} {Technical} {Lignins}},\n\tbooktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th annual meeting of the {Northern} {European} {Network} for {Wood} {Science} and {Engineering} ({WSE} 2021)},\n\tauthor = {Karthäuser, Johannes and Biziks, Vladimirs and Frauendorf, Holm and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = oct,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tpages = {16--18},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2018\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2018')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2018</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (3)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"emmerich-militz-brischke-longtermperformanceofdmdheutreatedwoodexposedingroundabovegroundandinthemarineenvironment-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Long-term performance of DMDHEU-treated wood exposed in ground, above ground and in the marine environment.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/vorschau_907655e5be13297c57335134c7490eaa/584646.html\">Emmerich, L.</a>; Militz, H;  and <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/vorschau_52e1721480b78f8e0c07b23d1dcf425c/584643.html\">Brischke, C.</a>\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In pages 1–30, Johannesburg, South Africa,  2018. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/IRG/WP 18-40825\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('emmerich-militz-brischke-longtermperformanceofdmdheutreatedwoodexposedingroundabovegroundandinthemarineenvironment-2018', 'http://doi.org/IRG/WP 18-40825', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/emmerich-militz-brischke-longtermperformanceofdmdheutreatedwoodexposedingroundabovegroundandinthemarineenvironment-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('emmerich-militz-brischke-longtermperformanceofdmdheutreatedwoodexposedingroundabovegroundandinthemarineenvironment-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{emmerich_long-term_2018,\n\taddress = {Johannesburg, South Africa},\n\ttitle = {Long-term performance of {DMDHEU}-treated wood exposed in ground, above ground and in the marine environment},\n\tdoi = {IRG/WP 18-40825},\n\tauthor = {Emmerich, L. and Militz, H and Brischke, C.},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {1--30},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"ltkemeier-konnerth-militz-distinctiveimpactofprocessingtechniquesonbondingsurfacesofacetylatedandheattreatedbeechwoodanditsrelationtobondingstrength-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'ltkemeier-konnerth-militz-distinctiveimpactofprocessingtechniquesonbondingsurfacesofacetylatedandheattreatedbeechwoodanditsrelationtobondingstrength-2018', 'http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077', event);\">\n    Distinctive impact of processing techniques on bonding surfaces of acetylated and heat treated beech wood and its relation to bonding strength.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Lütkemeier, B.; Konnerth, J.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Forest Products Journal</i>. July 2018.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ltkemeier-konnerth-militz-distinctiveimpactofprocessingtechniquesonbondingsurfacesofacetylatedandheattreatedbeechwoodanditsrelationtobondingstrength-2018', 'http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Distinctive impact of processing techniques on bonding surfaces of acetylated and heat treated beech wood and its relation to bonding strength [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('ltkemeier-konnerth-militz-distinctiveimpactofprocessingtechniquesonbondingsurfacesofacetylatedandheattreatedbeechwoodanditsrelationtobondingstrength-2018', 'http://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/ltkemeier-konnerth-militz-distinctiveimpactofprocessingtechniquesonbondingsurfacesofacetylatedandheattreatedbeechwoodanditsrelationtobondingstrength-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('ltkemeier-konnerth-militz-distinctiveimpactofprocessingtechniquesonbondingsurfacesofacetylatedandheattreatedbeechwoodanditsrelationtobondingstrength-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{lutkemeier_distinctive_2018,\n\ttitle = {Distinctive impact of processing techniques on bonding surfaces of acetylated and heat treated beech wood and its relation to bonding strength},\n\tissn = {0015-7473},\n\turl = {http://forestprodjournals.org/doi/abs/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077},\n\tdoi = {10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00077},\n\tabstract = {In this study, the tensile shear strength of untreated, acetylated and heat treated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood joints was investigated as a function of different surficial processing techniques. It was hypothesized, that differentiating patterns of surface texture are induced by specific processing techniques directly affecting the bonding performance of adhered assemblies. Surface processing was implemented either by peripheral planing with sharp and dull knifes, respectively, or by sanding (P100). Process-dependent surface textures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and a digital light microscope was applied to display the structural integrity of surficial wood tissues. In dependence on wood modification techniques, process-related patterns of surface texture were observed. Laser scanning data of surface morphology was used to derive area-related functional roughness parameters defining complex surface textures quantitatively. For tensile shear testing, lamellas were bonded either with a two-component melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive or with a one-component moisture-curing polyurethane adhesive. Single lap joint specimens following EN 302-1:2013 were prepared considering a material-adapted specimen geometry. Bonding strength was evaluated with respect to differentiating regimes of moisture. Specific dependences of modified beech wood properties on surface morphologies subsequent to surface processing and, therewith, on the associated bonding performance could be verified. As a result, universal relationships between bonding performance and surface processing technique could not be identified. Thus, individual studies of bonding performances in dependence on adherend- and processing-related surface textures are inevitable.},\n\tjournal = {Forest Products Journal},\n\tauthor = {Lütkemeier, Bernd and Konnerth, Johannes and Militz, Holger},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {2018},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this study, the tensile shear strength of untreated, acetylated and heat treated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood joints was investigated as a function of different surficial processing techniques. It was hypothesized, that differentiating patterns of surface texture are induced by specific processing techniques directly affecting the bonding performance of adhered assemblies. Surface processing was implemented either by peripheral planing with sharp and dull knifes, respectively, or by sanding (P100). Process-dependent surface textures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and a digital light microscope was applied to display the structural integrity of surficial wood tissues. In dependence on wood modification techniques, process-related patterns of surface texture were observed. Laser scanning data of surface morphology was used to derive area-related functional roughness parameters defining complex surface textures quantitatively. For tensile shear testing, lamellas were bonded either with a two-component melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive or with a one-component moisture-curing polyurethane adhesive. Single lap joint specimens following EN 302-1:2013 were prepared considering a material-adapted specimen geometry. Bonding strength was evaluated with respect to differentiating regimes of moisture. Specific dependences of modified beech wood properties on surface morphologies subsequent to surface processing and, therewith, on the associated bonding performance could be verified. As a result, universal relationships between bonding performance and surface processing technique could not be identified. Thus, individual studies of bonding performances in dependence on adherend- and processing-related surface textures are inevitable.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"emmerich-gascngarrido-militz-resistanceofmodifiedwoodtotermiteattackassessedinlaboratoryandfieldtestingareviewofinternalresearch-2018\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Resistance of modified wood to termite attack assessed in laboratory and field testing: A review of internal research.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  <a class=\"bibbase author link\" href=\"https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/vorschau_907655e5be13297c57335134c7490eaa/584646.html\">Emmerich, L.</a>; Gascón-Garrido, P.;  and Militz, H\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In pages 1–25, Johannesburg, South Africa,  2018. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/IRG/WP 18-40824\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('emmerich-gascngarrido-militz-resistanceofmodifiedwoodtotermiteattackassessedinlaboratoryandfieldtestingareviewofinternalresearch-2018', 'http://doi.org/IRG/WP 18-40824', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/emmerich-gascngarrido-militz-resistanceofmodifiedwoodtotermiteattackassessedinlaboratoryandfieldtestingareviewofinternalresearch-2018\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <span class=\"bibbase_stats_paper\" style=\"color: #777;\">\n    <span>1 download</span>\n  </span>\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('emmerich-gascngarrido-militz-resistanceofmodifiedwoodtotermiteattackassessedinlaboratoryandfieldtestingareviewofinternalresearch-2018')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{emmerich_resistance_2018,\n\taddress = {Johannesburg, South Africa},\n\ttitle = {Resistance of modified wood to termite attack assessed in laboratory and field testing: {A} review of internal research},\n\tdoi = {IRG/WP 18-40824},\n\tauthor = {Emmerich, L. and Gascón-Garrido, P. and Militz, H},\n\tyear = {2018},\n\tpages = {1--25},\n\tfile = {Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\DMFYCEQ3\\\\Emmerich et al. - 2018 - Resistance of modified wood to termite attack asse.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2017\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2017')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2017</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"colson-andorfer-nypel-ltkemeier-stckel-konnerth-comparisonofsiliconandohmodifiedafmtipsforadhesionforceanalysisonfunctionalisedsurfacesandnaturalpolymers-2017\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794\"\n     onclick=\"return trackOutboundLink('publications', 'click', 'colson-andorfer-nypel-ltkemeier-stckel-konnerth-comparisonofsiliconandohmodifiedafmtipsforadhesionforceanalysisonfunctionalisedsurfacesandnaturalpolymers-2017', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794', event);\">\n    Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for adhesion force analysis on functionalised surfaces and natural polymers.\n  </a>\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Colson, J.; Andorfer, L.; Nypelö, T. E.; Lütkemeier, B.; Stöckel, F.;  and Konnerth, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  <i>Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects</i>, 529: 363–372. September 2017.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('colson-andorfer-nypel-ltkemeier-stckel-konnerth-comparisonofsiliconandohmodifiedafmtipsforadhesionforceanalysisonfunctionalisedsurfacesandnaturalpolymers-2017', 'http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794', event.ctrlKey, event)\">\n    <img src=\"//bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg\"\n\t     alt=\"Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for adhesion force analysis on functionalised surfaces and natural polymers [link]\"\n       title=\"Paper\"\n\t     class=\"bibbase_icon\"\n         ><span class=\"bibbase_icon_text\">Paper</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.017\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('colson-andorfer-nypel-ltkemeier-stckel-konnerth-comparisonofsiliconandohmodifiedafmtipsforadhesionforceanalysisonfunctionalisedsurfacesandnaturalpolymers-2017', 'http://doi.org/DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.017', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/colson-andorfer-nypel-ltkemeier-stckel-konnerth-comparisonofsiliconandohmodifiedafmtipsforadhesionforceanalysisonfunctionalisedsurfacesandnaturalpolymers-2017\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('colson-andorfer-nypel-ltkemeier-stckel-konnerth-comparisonofsiliconandohmodifiedafmtipsforadhesionforceanalysisonfunctionalisedsurfacesandnaturalpolymers-2017')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@article{colson_comparison_2017,\n\ttitle = {Comparison of silicon and {OH}-modified {AFM} tips for adhesion force analysis on functionalised surfaces and natural polymers},\n\tvolume = {529},\n\tissn = {0927-7757},\n\turl = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775717305794},\n\tdoi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.017},\n\tabstract = {In this paper, the position resolved adhesion behaviour of AFM cantilevers with standard silicon tips, rounded silicon tips and OH-modified tips was compared. Surfaces of a flat functionalised microscopy glass slide (hydrophilic background with hydrophobic spots) and of a comparably rough wood/wax sample were scanned in gaseous atmosphere. These two samples were chosen because both of them contain polar and non-polar regions within an area small enough to be scanned at once by the AFM without relevant quality loss due high scan speeds. Moreover, OH and CH3 modified cantilever chips providing very flat functionalised surfaces were scanned. Except for the wood/wax sample, measurements were performed at different humidity levels – with only very little influence on the measured adhesion. Both silicon and OH modified tips showed a higher adhesion on the polar regions of each sample than on the non-polar ones. The difference between the adhesion values on the polar and non-polar surfaces was however systematically higher when standard silicon tips were used. This was also true on the wood/wax sample. As silicon tips are relatively cheap, robust and have a much smaller radius than typical functionalised tips, they allow simple high resolution differentiation of polar and non-polar domains even when the sample surface is relatively rough, as it is the case for natural wood-based polymers.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\turldate = {2017-06-13},\n\tjournal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects},\n\tauthor = {Colson, Jérôme and Andorfer, Laurin and Nypelö, Tiina Elina and Lütkemeier, Bernd and Stöckel, Frank and Konnerth, Johannes},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2017},\n\tkeywords = {Wood, Atomic force microscopy, functionalised tip, model surface, polarity, silicon tip},\n\tpages = {363--372},\n\tfile = {Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\XSEFB6RK\\\\Colson et al. - 2017 - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\ENPVJFZA\\\\Colson et al. - Comparison of silicon and OH-modified AFM tips for.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  In this paper, the position resolved adhesion behaviour of AFM cantilevers with standard silicon tips, rounded silicon tips and OH-modified tips was compared. Surfaces of a flat functionalised microscopy glass slide (hydrophilic background with hydrophobic spots) and of a comparably rough wood/wax sample were scanned in gaseous atmosphere. These two samples were chosen because both of them contain polar and non-polar regions within an area small enough to be scanned at once by the AFM without relevant quality loss due high scan speeds. Moreover, OH and CH3 modified cantilever chips providing very flat functionalised surfaces were scanned. Except for the wood/wax sample, measurements were performed at different humidity levels – with only very little influence on the measured adhesion. Both silicon and OH modified tips showed a higher adhesion on the polar regions of each sample than on the non-polar ones. The difference between the adhesion values on the polar and non-polar surfaces was however systematically higher when standard silicon tips were used. This was also true on the wood/wax sample. As silicon tips are relatively cheap, robust and have a much smaller radius than typical functionalised tips, they allow simple high resolution differentiation of polar and non-polar domains even when the sample surface is relatively rough, as it is the case for natural wood-based polymers.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2016\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2016')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2016</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"persch-leistungsfhigkeitausgewhlterklebstoffsystemevomtypiinbezugaufverklebungunbehandelterundmodifizierterlaubhlzerperformanceofselectedtypeiadhesivesystemsinrelationtothebondingofuntreatedandtreatedhardwoods-2016\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme vom Typ I in Bezug auf Verklebung unbehandelter und modifizierter Laubhölzer / Performance of selected type I adhesive systems in relation to the bonding of untreated and treated hardwoods.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Persch, J.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  Technical Report Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany,  2016.\n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/persch-leistungsfhigkeitausgewhlterklebstoffsystemevomtypiinbezugaufverklebungunbehandelterundmodifizierterlaubhlzerperformanceofselectedtypeiadhesivesystemsinrelationtothebondingofuntreatedandtreatedhardwoods-2016\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('persch-leistungsfhigkeitausgewhlterklebstoffsystemevomtypiinbezugaufverklebungunbehandelterundmodifizierterlaubhlzerperformanceofselectedtypeiadhesivesystemsinrelationtothebondingofuntreatedandtreatedhardwoods-2016')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@techreport{persch_leistungsfahigkeit_2016,\n\taddress = {Göttingen, Germany},\n\ttype = {Master thesis},\n\ttitle = {Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter {Klebstoffsysteme} vom {Typ} {I} in {Bezug} auf {Verklebung} unbehandelter und modifizierter {Laubhölzer} / {Performance} of selected type {I} adhesive systems in relation to the bonding of untreated and treated hardwoods},\n\tlanguage = {de},\n\tinstitution = {Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen},\n\tauthor = {Persch, Johannes},\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {78},\n\tfile = {Persch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\DDNVZ745\\\\Persch - 2016 - Leistungsfähigkeit ausgewählter Klebstoffsysteme v.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n  <div class=\"bibbase_group_whole\" id=\"group_2006\">\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group\"\n      onclick=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      onkeypress=\"toggleGroup('group_2006')\"\n      tabindex=\"0\">\n      <i class=\"fa fa-angle-down bibbase_group_head_icon\"></i>&nbsp;\n      <span>2006</span>\n      <span class=\"bibbase_group_count\">\n        \n        (1)\n        \n      </span>\n    </div>\n    <div class=\"bibbase_group_body\">\n      \n  \n  <div class=\"bibbase_paper\" id=\"larny-alfredsen-militz-moisturecorrectionforultrasonicmoemeasurementsabovefibresaturationpointinscotspinesapwood-2006\">\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_titleauthoryear\">\n\n  \n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_title\">\n  \n  \n  \n  Moisture correction for ultrasonic MOE measurements above fibre saturation point in Scots pine sapwood.\n  \n  \n  \n</span>\n\n  <span class=\"bibbase_paper_author\">\n  Larnøy, E.; Alfredsen, G.;  and Militz, H.\n</span>\n\n  \n\n</span>\n\n  In pages 9, Johannesburg, South Africa, June 2006. \n  <span class=\"note\"></span>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_note\"></span>\n\n<br class=\"bibbase_paper_content\"/>\n\n<span class=\"bibbase_paper_content dontprint\">\n\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"http://doi.org/IRG/WP 06-20333\"\n     onclick=\"log_download('larny-alfredsen-militz-moisturecorrectionforultrasonicmoemeasurementsabovefibresaturationpointinscotspinesapwood-2006', 'http://doi.org/IRG/WP 06-20333', event.ctrlKey)\"\n     class=\"bibbase doi link\">\n    <span>doi</span></a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  \n  <a href=\"//bibbase.org/network/publication/larny-alfredsen-militz-moisturecorrectionforultrasonicmoemeasurementsabovefibresaturationpointinscotspinesapwood-2006\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibbase_page link\">link</a>\n  &nbsp;\n  \n\n  <a href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showBib(event); return false;\"\n     class=\"bibbase bibtex link\">bibtex\n    <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n\n  \n  &nbsp;\n  <a class=\"bibbase_abstract_link bibbase link\"\n     href=\"#\"\n     onclick=\"showAbstract(event); return false;\">\n    abstract <i class=\"fa fa-caret-down\"></i></a>\n  \n\n  \n\n  <!-- <a class=\"bibbase read link hidden\" -->\n  <!--    href=\"javascript:toggleRead('larny-alfredsen-militz-moisturecorrectionforultrasonicmoemeasurementsabovefibresaturationpointinscotspinesapwood-2006')\" -->\n  <!--    title=\"Marking this paper as read adds it to your library on BibBase.\" -->\n  <!--    > -->\n  <!--   <i class=\"fa fa-check\"></i>&nbsp; -->\n  <!--   <span>mark as read</span> -->\n  <!-- </a> -->\n\n  &nbsp;\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n\n</span>\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"bibtex\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  <pre style=\"white-space: pre-wrap;\">@inproceedings{larnoy_moisture_2006,\n\taddress = {Johannesburg, South Africa},\n\ttitle = {Moisture correction for ultrasonic {MOE} measurements above fibre saturation point in {Scots} pine sapwood},\n\tdoi = {IRG/WP 06-20333},\n\tabstract = {There is a high correlation between methods for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) and static modulus of elasticity (MOEstat). MOEdyn methods have been found sensitive to detect early stages of decay and may be seen as an option for non-destructive wood durability testing. As the MOEstat measurements do not change after reaching the fibre saturation point, the uncorrected MOEdyn data from ultrasonic pulse excitation method provides increasing values after fibre saturation. This is due to the effect of free water in the cell lumen on ultrasonic waves. The aim of this study was to make a moisture calibration for the MOEdyn ultrasonic pulse excitation method using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples. MOE was measured at five different moisture levels. Three different MOE test methods were used: MOEdyn using ultrasound and vibration excitation and the traditional MOEstat. Sound Scots pine sapwood samples treated with two copper-containing wood preservatives and two chitosan solutions were evaluated, using untreated sapwood samples as control. In this study a correction value (&quot;k&quot;) was calculated based on data from different moisture levels for water saturated samples using four different wood treatments and control. By measuring MOEdyn ultrasonic at wood moisture contents just below fibre saturation point, a minor effect of incipient water accumulation in the wood matrix was detected. Wood treatments influence the &quot;k&quot; value, and a &quot;k&quot; value needs to be calculated for all wood treatments when measuring MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation. All the three MOE test methods in this study are applicable for all wood moisture levels as long as a &quot;k&quot; value is calculated for MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation.},\n\tauthor = {Larnøy, E. and Alfredsen, G. and Militz, H.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2006},\n\tkeywords = {Scots pine sapwood, moisture content, dynamic MOE, resonant vibration excitation, static MOE, ultrasonic pulse excitation, wood preservation agents},\n\tpages = {9},\n\tfile = {IRG 06-20333:C\\:\\\\Users\\\\Eva\\\\Zotero\\\\storage\\\\54R8QRQA\\\\IRG 06-20333.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n</pre>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"well well-small bibbase\" data-type=\"abstract\"\n     style=\"display:none\">\n  There is a high correlation between methods for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) and static modulus of elasticity (MOEstat). MOEdyn methods have been found sensitive to detect early stages of decay and may be seen as an option for non-destructive wood durability testing. As the MOEstat measurements do not change after reaching the fibre saturation point, the uncorrected MOEdyn data from ultrasonic pulse excitation method provides increasing values after fibre saturation. This is due to the effect of free water in the cell lumen on ultrasonic waves. The aim of this study was to make a moisture calibration for the MOEdyn ultrasonic pulse excitation method using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples. MOE was measured at five different moisture levels. Three different MOE test methods were used: MOEdyn using ultrasound and vibration excitation and the traditional MOEstat. Sound Scots pine sapwood samples treated with two copper-containing wood preservatives and two chitosan solutions were evaluated, using untreated sapwood samples as control. In this study a correction value (\"k\") was calculated based on data from different moisture levels for water saturated samples using four different wood treatments and control. By measuring MOEdyn ultrasonic at wood moisture contents just below fibre saturation point, a minor effect of incipient water accumulation in the wood matrix was detected. Wood treatments influence the \"k\" value, and a \"k\" value needs to be calculated for all wood treatments when measuring MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation. All the three MOE test methods in this study are applicable for all wood moisture levels as long as a \"k\" value is calculated for MOEdyn ultrasound above fibre saturation.\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n\n    </div>\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n  </div>\n\n\n  <!-- Modal -->\n\n  <!-- <iframe id=\"bibbase_network_frame\" -->\n  <!--         src=\"//bibbase.org/network/control\" -->\n  <!--         style=\"display: none;\"> -->\n  <!-- </iframe> -->\n\n</div>\n"}; document.write(bibbase_data.data);