@article{
 title = {Sorgoleone release from sorghum roots shapes the composition of nitrifying populations, total bacteria, and archaea and determines the level of nitrification},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {145-166},
 volume = {56},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-019-01405-3},
 id = {2c974c2a-7ab3-3d09-addf-64bdd305d0f8},
 created = {2020-03-09T06:45:28.396Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {42378239-28f0-31f4-84cd-f67617a43376},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2020-03-09T06:45:28.396Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {JOUR},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Sorgoleone is a secondary sorghum metabolite released from roots. It has allelopathic properties and is considered to inhibit ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) responsible for the rate-limiting step (ammonia oxidation) in nitrification. Low activity of these microorganisms in soil may contribute to slow down nitrification and reduce nitrogen loss via denitrification and NO3− leaching. The potential nitrification rate (PNR) and the composition of microbial communities were monitored in rhizosphere soil to investigate the growth effect sorghum on biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). A greenhouse pipe experiment was conducted using sorghum lines IS20205 (high-sorgoleone release ability), IS32234 (medium-sorgoleone release ability), 296B (low-sorgoleone release ability), and a control (no plants) combined with fertilization application of 0 or 120 kg N ha−1. We applied nitrogen as ammonium sulfate at 16 days (20 N), 37 days (40 N), and 54 days (60 N). We collected soil solutions at 7.5 cm depths every 3 days and measured the pH and nitrate levels. At 1 and 2.3 months, we sampled the bulk and rhizosphere soils and roots in the 0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, and 30–80 cm depths to determine NO2, mineral N, total N, total C, sorgoleone, the composition of AOA, AOB, and total bacteria and archaea. Sorgoleone was continuously released throughout the 2.3 months’ growth and was significantly higher in IS20205, followed by IS32234 then 296B, which showed shallow levels. The IS2020 5rhizosphere showed lower NO2 and nitrate levels and significant inhibition of AOA populations. However, we did not find significant differences in the abundance of AOB between plant treatments. Multivariate analysis and Spearman’s correlations revealed that sorgoleone as well as environmental factors such as soil pH, soil moisture, NO3−-N, and NH4+-N shape the composition of microbial communities. This study demonstrated that the release of higher amounts of sorgoleone has great potential to inhibit the abundance of AOA and soil nitrification. The breeding of sorghum lines with the ability to release higher amounts of sorgoleone could be a strategic way to improve the biological nitrification inhibition during cultivation.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sarr, Papa Saliou and Ando, Yasuo and Nakamura, Satoshi and Deshpande, Santosh and Subbarao, Guntur Venkata},
 doi = {10.1007/s00374-019-01405-3},
 journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
 number = {2}
}

Sorgoleone is a secondary sorghum metabolite released from roots. It has allelopathic properties and is considered to inhibit ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) responsible for the rate-limiting step (ammonia oxidation) in nitrification. Low activity of these microorganisms in soil may contribute to slow down nitrification and reduce nitrogen loss via denitrification and NO3− leaching. The potential nitrification rate (PNR) and the composition of microbial communities were monitored in rhizosphere soil to investigate the growth effect sorghum on biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). A greenhouse pipe experiment was conducted using sorghum lines IS20205 (high-sorgoleone release ability), IS32234 (medium-sorgoleone release ability), 296B (low-sorgoleone release ability), and a control (no plants) combined with fertilization application of 0 or 120 kg N ha−1. We applied nitrogen as ammonium sulfate at 16 days (20 N), 37 days (40 N), and 54 days (60 N). We collected soil solutions at 7.5 cm depths every 3 days and measured the pH and nitrate levels. At 1 and 2.3 months, we sampled the bulk and rhizosphere soils and roots in the 0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, and 30–80 cm depths to determine NO2, mineral N, total N, total C, sorgoleone, the composition of AOA, AOB, and total bacteria and archaea. Sorgoleone was continuously released throughout the 2.3 months’ growth and was significantly higher in IS20205, followed by IS32234 then 296B, which showed shallow levels. The IS2020 5rhizosphere showed lower NO2 and nitrate levels and significant inhibition of AOA populations. However, we did not find significant differences in the abundance of AOB between plant treatments. Multivariate analysis and Spearman’s correlations revealed that sorgoleone as well as environmental factors such as soil pH, soil moisture, NO3−-N, and NH4+-N shape the composition of microbial communities. This study demonstrated that the release of higher amounts of sorgoleone has great potential to inhibit the abundance of AOA and soil nitrification. The breeding of sorghum lines with the ability to release higher amounts of sorgoleone could be a strategic way to improve the biological nitrification inhibition during cultivation.

@article{
 title = {Brachialactone isomers and derivatives of Brachiaria humidicola reveal contrasting nitrification inhibiting activity},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {BNI (Biological nitrification inhibition),Brachiaria humidicola,Forages,Fusicoccanes,Nitrosomonas europaea,Poaceae,Tropical savannas},
 pages = {491-497},
 volume = {154},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {Elsevier Masson SAS},
 day = {1},
 id = {6297398f-0419-3ab2-88a7-dbb48fadcd54},
 created = {2020-07-27T10:27:46.740Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {78f351fb-ae2c-37cd-8c50-4d03ff547a9a},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2020-07-27T10:27:46.740Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) of Brachiaria humidicola has been mainly attributed to the root-exuded fusicoccane-type diterpene brachialactone. We hypothesized, however, that according to the high diversity of fusicoccanes described for plants and microorganisms, BNI of B. humidicola is caused by an assemblage of bioactive fusicoccanes. B. humidicola root exudates were collected hydroponically and compounds isolated by semi-preparative HPLC. Chemical structures were revealed by spectroscopic techniques, including HRMS as well as 1D and 2D NMR. Nitrification inhibiting (NI) potential of isolated compounds was evaluated by a Nitrosomonas europaea based bioassay. Besides the previously described brachialactone (1), root exudates contained 3-epi-brachialactone (2), the C3-epimer of 1 (m/z 334), as well as 16-hydroxy-3-epi-brachialactone (3) with an additional hydroxyl group at C16 (m/z 350) and 3,18-epoxy-9-hydroxy-4,7-seco-brachialactone (4), which is a ring opened brachialactone derivative with a 3,18 epoxide ring and a hydroxyl group at C9 (m/z 332). The 3-epi-brachialactone (2) showed highest NI activity (ED50 ~ 20 μg mL−1, ED80 ~ 40 μg mL−1), followed by compound 4 with intermediate (ED50 ~ 40 μg mL−1), brachialactone (1) with low and compound 3 without activity. In coherence with previous reports on fusicoccanes, stereochemistry at C3 was of high relevance for the biological activity (NI potential) of brachialactones.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Egenolf, Konrad and Conrad, Jürgen and Schöne, Jochen and Braunberger, Christina and Beifuß, Uwe and Walker, Frank and Nuñez, Jonathan and Arango, Jacobo and Karwat, Hannes and Cadisch, Georg and Neumann, Günter and Rasche, Frank},
 doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.004},
 journal = {Plant Physiology and Biochemistry}
}

Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) of Brachiaria humidicola has been mainly attributed to the root-exuded fusicoccane-type diterpene brachialactone. We hypothesized, however, that according to the high diversity of fusicoccanes described for plants and microorganisms, BNI of B. humidicola is caused by an assemblage of bioactive fusicoccanes. B. humidicola root exudates were collected hydroponically and compounds isolated by semi-preparative HPLC. Chemical structures were revealed by spectroscopic techniques, including HRMS as well as 1D and 2D NMR. Nitrification inhibiting (NI) potential of isolated compounds was evaluated by a Nitrosomonas europaea based bioassay. Besides the previously described brachialactone (1), root exudates contained 3-epi-brachialactone (2), the C3-epimer of 1 (m/z 334), as well as 16-hydroxy-3-epi-brachialactone (3) with an additional hydroxyl group at C16 (m/z 350) and 3,18-epoxy-9-hydroxy-4,7-seco-brachialactone (4), which is a ring opened brachialactone derivative with a 3,18 epoxide ring and a hydroxyl group at C9 (m/z 332). The 3-epi-brachialactone (2) showed highest NI activity (ED50 ~ 20 μg mL−1, ED80 ~ 40 μg mL−1), followed by compound 4 with intermediate (ED50 ~ 40 μg mL−1), brachialactone (1) with low and compound 3 without activity. In coherence with previous reports on fusicoccanes, stereochemistry at C3 was of high relevance for the biological activity (NI potential) of brachialactones.

@article{
 title = {Adequate vegetative cover decreases nitrous oxide emissions from cattle urine deposited in grazed pastures under rainy season conditions},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 pages = {1-9},
 volume = {9},
 id = {944ae457-17ec-3dfb-aba4-0032da976c02},
 created = {2019-06-09T22:48:41.997Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {2d20bd82-6481-312d-8a54-1e5fc4aea635},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.996Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {A decline in pasture productivity is often associated with a reduction in vegetative cover. We hypothesize that nitrogen (N) in urine deposited by grazing cattle on degraded pastures, with low vegetative cover, is highly susceptible to losses. Here, we quantified the magnitude of urine-based nitrous oxide (N2O) lost from soil under paired degraded (low vegetative cover) and non-degraded (adequate vegetative cover) pastures across five countries of the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and estimated urine-N emission factors. Soil N2O emissions from simulated cattle urine patches were quantified with closed static chambers and gas chromatography. At the regional level, rainy season cumulative N2O emissions (3.31 versus 1.91 kg N2O-N ha-1) and emission factors (0.42 versus 0.18%) were higher for low vegetative cover compared to adequate vegetative cover pastures. Findings indicate that under rainy season conditions, adequate vegetative cover through proper pasture management could help reduce urine-induced N2O emissions from grazed pastures.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Chirinda, Ngonidzashe and Loaiza, Sandra and Arenas, Laura and Ruiz, Verónica and Faverín, Claudia and Alvarez, Carolina and Savian, Jean Víctor and Belfon, Renaldo and Zuniga, Karen and Morales-Rincon, Luis Alberto and Trujillo, Catalina and Arango, Miguel and Rao, Idupulapati and Arango, Jacobo and Peters, Michael and Barahona, Rolando and Costa, Ciniro and Rosenstock, Todd S. and Richards, Meryl and Martinez-Baron, Deissy and Cardenas, Laura},
 doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-37453-2},
 journal = {Scientific Reports},
 number = {1}
}

A decline in pasture productivity is often associated with a reduction in vegetative cover. We hypothesize that nitrogen (N) in urine deposited by grazing cattle on degraded pastures, with low vegetative cover, is highly susceptible to losses. Here, we quantified the magnitude of urine-based nitrous oxide (N2O) lost from soil under paired degraded (low vegetative cover) and non-degraded (adequate vegetative cover) pastures across five countries of the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and estimated urine-N emission factors. Soil N2O emissions from simulated cattle urine patches were quantified with closed static chambers and gas chromatography. At the regional level, rainy season cumulative N2O emissions (3.31 versus 1.91 kg N2O-N ha-1) and emission factors (0.42 versus 0.18%) were higher for low vegetative cover compared to adequate vegetative cover pastures. Findings indicate that under rainy season conditions, adequate vegetative cover through proper pasture management could help reduce urine-induced N2O emissions from grazed pastures.

@article{
 title = {Nitrate reductase activity in leaves as a plant physiological indicator of in vivo biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria humidicola},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 pages = {113-120},
 volume = {137},
 websites = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0981942819300518},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {Elsevier Masson},
 day = {1},
 id = {241b887a-3753-3a72-9a1d-33aa10939938},
 created = {2020-03-02T04:11:15.773Z},
 accessed = {2020-03-02},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2020-03-02T04:11:24.785Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The tropical forage grass Brachiaria humidicola (Bh) controls soil microbial nitrification via biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). The aim of our study was to verify if nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in Bh roots or leaves reflects in vivo performance of BNI in soils. NRA was measured in roots and leaves of contrasting accessions and apomictic hybrids of Bh grown under controlled greenhouse and natural field conditions. Nitrate (NO3−) contents were measured in soil solution and in Bh stem sap to validate NRA data. Potential soil nitrification rates (NRs) and leaf δ15N values were used to verify in vivo BNI by the NRA assay in the field study. NRA was detected in Bh leaves rather than roots, regardless of NO3− availability. NRA correlated with NO3− contents in soils and stem sap of contrasting Bh genotypes substantiating its reflectance of in vivo BNI performance. Additionally, leaf NRA data from the field study significantly correlated with simultaneously collected NRs and leaf δ15N data. The leaf NRA assay facilitated a rapid screening of contrasting Bh genotypes for their differences in in vivo performance of BNI under field and greenhouse conditions, but inconsistency of the BNI potential by Bh germplasm was observed. Among Bh genotypes tested, leaf NRA was closely linked with nitrification activity, and consequently with actual BNI performance. It was concluded that NRA in leaves of Bh can serve as an indicator of in vivo BNI activity when complemented with established BNI methodologies (δ15N, NRs) under greenhouse and field conditions.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Karwat, Hannes and Sparke, Marc-André and Rasche, Frank and Arango, Jacobo and Nuñez, Jonathan and Rao, Idupulapati and Moreta, Danilo and Cadisch, Georg},
 doi = {10.1016/J.PLAPHY.2019.02.002},
 journal = {Plant Physiology and Biochemistry}
}

The tropical forage grass Brachiaria humidicola (Bh) controls soil microbial nitrification via biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). The aim of our study was to verify if nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in Bh roots or leaves reflects in vivo performance of BNI in soils. NRA was measured in roots and leaves of contrasting accessions and apomictic hybrids of Bh grown under controlled greenhouse and natural field conditions. Nitrate (NO3−) contents were measured in soil solution and in Bh stem sap to validate NRA data. Potential soil nitrification rates (NRs) and leaf δ15N values were used to verify in vivo BNI by the NRA assay in the field study. NRA was detected in Bh leaves rather than roots, regardless of NO3− availability. NRA correlated with NO3− contents in soils and stem sap of contrasting Bh genotypes substantiating its reflectance of in vivo BNI performance. Additionally, leaf NRA data from the field study significantly correlated with simultaneously collected NRs and leaf δ15N data. The leaf NRA assay facilitated a rapid screening of contrasting Bh genotypes for their differences in in vivo performance of BNI under field and greenhouse conditions, but inconsistency of the BNI potential by Bh germplasm was observed. Among Bh genotypes tested, leaf NRA was closely linked with nitrification activity, and consequently with actual BNI performance. It was concluded that NRA in leaves of Bh can serve as an indicator of in vivo BNI activity when complemented with established BNI methodologies (δ15N, NRs) under greenhouse and field conditions.

@misc{
 title = {Nitrification in agricultural soils: impact, actors and mitigation},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2018},
 source = {Current Opinion in Biotechnology},
 volume = {50},
 id = {313df2b1-3801-3194-b13d-abb86bef9dc1},
 created = {2019-02-14T00:41:17.336Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {42378239-28f0-31f4-84cd-f67617a43376},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-14T00:41:17.412Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and hence heavily applied in agricultural systems via fertilization. Nitrification, that is, the conversion of ammonium via nitrite to nitrate by soil microorganisms, however, leads to nitrate leaching and gaseous nitrous oxide production and as such to an up to 50% loss of nitrogen availability for the plant. Nitrate leaching also results in eutrophication of groundwater, drinking water and recreational waters, toxic algal blooms and biodiversity loss, while nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 300× greater than carbon dioxide. Logically, inhibition of nitrification is an important strategy used in agriculture to reduce nitrogen losses, and contributes to a more environmental-friendly practice. However, recently identified and crucial players in nitrification, that is, ammonia-oxidizing archaea and comammox bacteria, seem to be under-investigated in this respect. In this review, we give an update on the different pathways in ammonia oxidation, the relevance for agriculture and the interaction with nitrification inhibitors. As such, we hope to pinpoint possible strategies to optimize the efficiency of nitrification inhibition.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Beeckman, Fabian and Motte, Hans and Beeckman, Tom},
 doi = {10.1016/j.copbio.2018.01.014}
}

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and hence heavily applied in agricultural systems via fertilization. Nitrification, that is, the conversion of ammonium via nitrite to nitrate by soil microorganisms, however, leads to nitrate leaching and gaseous nitrous oxide production and as such to an up to 50% loss of nitrogen availability for the plant. Nitrate leaching also results in eutrophication of groundwater, drinking water and recreational waters, toxic algal blooms and biodiversity loss, while nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 300× greater than carbon dioxide. Logically, inhibition of nitrification is an important strategy used in agriculture to reduce nitrogen losses, and contributes to a more environmental-friendly practice. However, recently identified and crucial players in nitrification, that is, ammonia-oxidizing archaea and comammox bacteria, seem to be under-investigated in this respect. In this review, we give an update on the different pathways in ammonia oxidation, the relevance for agriculture and the interaction with nitrification inhibitors. As such, we hope to pinpoint possible strategies to optimize the efficiency of nitrification inhibition.

@article{
 title = {Further insights into underlying mechanisms for the release of biological nitrification inhibitors from sorghum roots},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {99-110},
 volume = {423},
 id = {98f2c180-bde9-39ad-8c64-b9e2fcb5be8f},
 created = {2019-02-14T00:58:25.536Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {42378239-28f0-31f4-84cd-f67617a43376},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-14T00:58:25.634Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature Background: Sorghum roots release two categories of biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) – hydrophilic-BNIs and hydrophobic-BNIs. Earlier research indicated that rhizosphere pH and plasma membrane (PM) H + ATPase are functionally linked with the release of hydrophilic BNIs, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. This study is designed to reveal further insights into the regulatory mechanisms of BNIs release in root systems, using three sorghum genetic stocks. Methods: Sorghum plants were grown in a hydroponic system with pH of nutrient solutions ranging from 3.0 ̴ 9.0. Pharmacological agents [(fusicoccin and vanadate) and anion-channel blockers (−niflumic acid (NIF) and anthracene-9-carboxylate (A9C)] were applied to root exudate collection solutions; BNI activity was determined with luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea bioassay. Sorgoleone levels in root exudates and H + excretion from roots were determined. Two-phase partitioning system is used to isolate root plasma membrane (PM) and H + ATPase activity was determined. Results: A decrease in rhizosphere pH improved the release of hydrophilic-BNIs from roots of all the three sorghum genotypes, but had no effect on the release of hydrophobic-BNIs. Hydrophobic-BNI activity and sorgoleone levels in root-DCM wash are positively correlated. Fusicoccin promoted H + extrusion and stimulated the release of hydrophilic-BNIs. Vanadate, in contrast, suppressed H + extrusion and lowered the release of hydrophilic-BNIs. Anion-channel blockers did not inhibit the release of hydrophilic BNIs, but enhanced H + -extrusion and hydrophilic-BNIs release. Conclusion: Rhizosphere pH has a major influence on hydrophilic-BNIs release, but not on the release of hydrophobic-BNIs. The low rhizosphere pH stimulated PM-H + ATPase activity; H + -extrusion is closely coupled with hydrophilic-BNIs release. Anion-channel blockers stimulated H + extrusion and hydrophilic-BNIs release. Our results indicate that some unknown membrane transporters are operating the release of protonated BNIs, which may compensate for charge balance when transport of other anions is suppressed using anion-channel blockers. A new hypothesis is proposed for the release of hydrophilic-BNIs from sorghum roots.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Di, Tingjun and Afzal, Muhammad Rahil and Yoshihashi, Tadashi and Deshpande, Santosh and Zhu, Yiyong and Subbarao, Guntur Venkata},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-017-3505-5},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature Background: Sorghum roots release two categories of biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) – hydrophilic-BNIs and hydrophobic-BNIs. Earlier research indicated that rhizosphere pH and plasma membrane (PM) H + ATPase are functionally linked with the release of hydrophilic BNIs, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. This study is designed to reveal further insights into the regulatory mechanisms of BNIs release in root systems, using three sorghum genetic stocks. Methods: Sorghum plants were grown in a hydroponic system with pH of nutrient solutions ranging from 3.0 ̴ 9.0. Pharmacological agents [(fusicoccin and vanadate) and anion-channel blockers (−niflumic acid (NIF) and anthracene-9-carboxylate (A9C)] were applied to root exudate collection solutions; BNI activity was determined with luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea bioassay. Sorgoleone levels in root exudates and H + excretion from roots were determined. Two-phase partitioning system is used to isolate root plasma membrane (PM) and H + ATPase activity was determined. Results: A decrease in rhizosphere pH improved the release of hydrophilic-BNIs from roots of all the three sorghum genotypes, but had no effect on the release of hydrophobic-BNIs. Hydrophobic-BNI activity and sorgoleone levels in root-DCM wash are positively correlated. Fusicoccin promoted H + extrusion and stimulated the release of hydrophilic-BNIs. Vanadate, in contrast, suppressed H + extrusion and lowered the release of hydrophilic-BNIs. Anion-channel blockers did not inhibit the release of hydrophilic BNIs, but enhanced H + -extrusion and hydrophilic-BNIs release. Conclusion: Rhizosphere pH has a major influence on hydrophilic-BNIs release, but not on the release of hydrophobic-BNIs. The low rhizosphere pH stimulated PM-H + ATPase activity; H + -extrusion is closely coupled with hydrophilic-BNIs release. Anion-channel blockers stimulated H + extrusion and hydrophilic-BNIs release. Our results indicate that some unknown membrane transporters are operating the release of protonated BNIs, which may compensate for charge balance when transport of other anions is suppressed using anion-channel blockers. A new hypothesis is proposed for the release of hydrophilic-BNIs from sorghum roots.

@article{
 title = {The microbial nitrogen-cycling network},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {263-276},
 volume = {16},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9},
 publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
 id = {381c313f-2547-3cad-b80e-2d72ee60c00a},
 created = {2019-06-09T22:48:41.977Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {2d20bd82-6481-312d-8a54-1e5fc4aea635},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.992Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrogen-transforming microorganisms shape global biogeochemical nutrient cycles. In this Review, Kuypers, Marchant and Kartal explore the vast diversity of these microorganisms and their enzymes, highlighting novel pathways, and discuss how nitrogen-transforming microorganisms form complex nitrogen-cycling networks in different environments.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kuypers, Marcel M.M. and Marchant, Hannah K. and Kartal, Boran},
 doi = {10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9},
 journal = {Nature Reviews Microbiology},
 number = {5}
}

Nitrogen-transforming microorganisms shape global biogeochemical nutrient cycles. In this Review, Kuypers, Marchant and Kartal explore the vast diversity of these microorganisms and their enzymes, highlighting novel pathways, and discuss how nitrogen-transforming microorganisms form complex nitrogen-cycling networks in different environments.

@article{
 title = {A keystone microbial enzyme for nitrogen control of soil carbon storage},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {2-8},
 volume = {4},
 id = {b59281f5-3f86-31e5-b7b1-3d13b44a43b8},
 created = {2019-06-09T22:48:41.985Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {2d20bd82-6481-312d-8a54-1e5fc4aea635},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.996Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Agricultural and industrial activities have increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to ecosystems worldwide. N deposition can stimulate plant growth and soil carbon (C) input, enhancing soil C storage. Changes in microbial decomposition could also influence soil C storage, yet this influence has been difficult to discern, partly because of the variable effects of added N on the microbial enzymes involved. We show, using meta-analysis, that added N reduced the activity of lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs), and that this N-induced enzyme suppression was associated with increases in soil C. In contrast, N-induced changes in cellulase activity were unrelated to changes in soil C. Moreover, the effects of added soil N on LME activity accounted for more of the variation in responses of soil C than a wide range of other environmental and experimental factors. Our results suggest that, through responses of a single enzyme system to added N, soil microorganisms drive long-term changes in soil C accumulation. Incorporating this microbial influence on ecosystem biogeochemistry into Earth system models could improve predictions of ecosystem C dynamics.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Chen, Ji and Luo, Yiqi and Van Groenigen, Kees Jan and Hungate, Bruce A. and Cao, Junji and Zhou, Xuhui and Wang, Rui wu},
 doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaq1689},
 journal = {Science Advances},
 number = {8}
}

Agricultural and industrial activities have increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to ecosystems worldwide. N deposition can stimulate plant growth and soil carbon (C) input, enhancing soil C storage. Changes in microbial decomposition could also influence soil C storage, yet this influence has been difficult to discern, partly because of the variable effects of added N on the microbial enzymes involved. We show, using meta-analysis, that added N reduced the activity of lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs), and that this N-induced enzyme suppression was associated with increases in soil C. In contrast, N-induced changes in cellulase activity were unrelated to changes in soil C. Moreover, the effects of added soil N on LME activity accounted for more of the variation in responses of soil C than a wide range of other environmental and experimental factors. Our results suggest that, through responses of a single enzyme system to added N, soil microorganisms drive long-term changes in soil C accumulation. Incorporating this microbial influence on ecosystem biogeochemistry into Earth system models could improve predictions of ecosystem C dynamics.

@article{
 title = {Addressing agricultural nitrogen losses in a changing climate},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 pages = {399-408},
 volume = {1},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0106-0},
 publisher = {Springer US},
 id = {fc05d955-b000-34ec-a54d-58d31448153f},
 created = {2019-06-09T22:48:42.025Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {2d20bd82-6481-312d-8a54-1e5fc4aea635},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.996Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wieder, William R. and Gaudin, Amélie C. M. and Campbell, Eleanor E. and Atallah, Shady S. and Grandy, A. Stuart and Bowles, Timothy M.},
 doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0106-0},
 journal = {Nature Sustainability},
 number = {8}
}

@article{
 title = {A colourimetric microplate assay for simple, high throughput assessment of synthetic and biological nitrification inhibitors},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {275-287},
 volume = {413},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3100-1},
 publisher = {Springer},
 id = {a25b75c5-a844-36e9-88fb-32506ba7a52b},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T02:42:12.864Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {O'Sullivan2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Aim A simple, rapid, colourimetric method for screen- ing biological nitrification inhibitors in plants is presented. Methods Our approach combines the use of the Griess assay to track the rate of nitrite (NO2−) production by pure cultures of ammonia oxidising bacteria in the pres- ence and absence of nitrification inhibitors with a simple method for collecting root exudates from plants. NO2− formation was tracked colourimetically on a microplate reader over 9 h of incubation. The advantage of this method is that it provides a simple, high throughput means of measuring biological nitrification inhibition in root exudates, using wild-type bacterial cultures. Results NO2− formation rates and inhibition levels mea- sured using the high through-put method were highly correlated with those measured by tracking NO2− for- mation using a segmented flow analyser. The method was able to quantify inhibition of Nitrosomonas europaea by the synthetic nitrification inhibitors allythiourea (AT), dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4,- dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) with IC50 values similar to those reported in the literature. The method detected biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in root exudates from Brachiaria humidicola and the lack of BNI in root exudates from wheat cv. Janz with minimal alteration of the exudates prior to testing. The results also showed that the more common soil ammonia oxidising bacterium (AOB), Nitrosospira multiformis, was much less sensitive to AT and DCD than N. europaea but had similar sensitivity to DMPP. Conclusions This method provides a potentially useful way of screening large numbers of root exudate samples allowing for phenotyping of the BNI trait in crop and pasture populations which will be required for the trait to be introduced into commercial varieties.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {O'Sullivan, Cathryn A. and Duncan, Elliott G. and Whisson, Kelley and Treble, Karen and Ward, Philip R. and Roper, Margaret M.},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-016-3100-1},
 journal = {Plant and Soil}
}

Aim A simple, rapid, colourimetric method for screen- ing biological nitrification inhibitors in plants is presented. Methods Our approach combines the use of the Griess assay to track the rate of nitrite (NO2−) production by pure cultures of ammonia oxidising bacteria in the pres- ence and absence of nitrification inhibitors with a simple method for collecting root exudates from plants. NO2− formation was tracked colourimetically on a microplate reader over 9 h of incubation. The advantage of this method is that it provides a simple, high throughput means of measuring biological nitrification inhibition in root exudates, using wild-type bacterial cultures. Results NO2− formation rates and inhibition levels mea- sured using the high through-put method were highly correlated with those measured by tracking NO2− for- mation using a segmented flow analyser. The method was able to quantify inhibition of Nitrosomonas europaea by the synthetic nitrification inhibitors allythiourea (AT), dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4,- dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) with IC50 values similar to those reported in the literature. The method detected biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in root exudates from Brachiaria humidicola and the lack of BNI in root exudates from wheat cv. Janz with minimal alteration of the exudates prior to testing. The results also showed that the more common soil ammonia oxidising bacterium (AOB), Nitrosospira multiformis, was much less sensitive to AT and DCD than N. europaea but had similar sensitivity to DMPP. Conclusions This method provides a potentially useful way of screening large numbers of root exudate samples allowing for phenotyping of the BNI trait in crop and pasture populations which will be required for the trait to be introduced into commercial varieties.

@article{
 title = {Genetic mitigation strategies to tackle agricultural GHG emissions: The case for biological nitrification inhibition technology},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {165-168},
 volume = {262},
 websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016894521730095X},
 month = {5},
 id = {16eecf4e-0627-39a5-9c7e-cbd79ae6c677},
 created = {2017-05-29T03:55:21.746Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T01:34:55.059Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2017},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Accelerated soil-nitrifier activity and rapid nitrification are the cause of declining nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and enhanced nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from farming. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is the ability of certain plant roots to suppress soil-nitrifier activity, through production and release of nitrification inhibitors. The power of phytochemicals with BNI-function needs to be harnessed to control soil-nitrifier activity and improve nitrogen-cycling in agricultural systems. Transformative biological technologies designed for genetic mitigation are needed, so that BNI-enabled crop-livestock and cropping systems can rein in soil-nitrifier activity, to help reduce greenhouse ga},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G.V. and Arango, J. and Masahiro, K. and Hooper, A.M. and Yoshihashi, T. and Ando, Y. and Nakahara, K. and Deshpande, S. and Ortiz-Monasterio, I. and Ishitani, M. and Peters, M. and Chirinda, N. and Wollenberg, L. and Lata, J.C. and Gerard, B. and Tobita, S. and Rao, I.M. and Braun, H.J. and Kommerell, V. and Tohme, J. and Iwanaga, M.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.004},
 journal = {Plant Science}
}

Accelerated soil-nitrifier activity and rapid nitrification are the cause of declining nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and enhanced nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from farming. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is the ability of certain plant roots to suppress soil-nitrifier activity, through production and release of nitrification inhibitors. The power of phytochemicals with BNI-function needs to be harnessed to control soil-nitrifier activity and improve nitrogen-cycling in agricultural systems. Transformative biological technologies designed for genetic mitigation are needed, so that BNI-enabled crop-livestock and cropping systems can rein in soil-nitrifier activity, to help reduce greenhouse ga

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria grasses mitigates soil nitrous oxide emissions from bovine urine patches},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 pages = {156-163},
 volume = {107},
 id = {d3cb3ea7-d17f-3786-9429-aa58799e9e26},
 created = {2019-02-14T00:55:25.687Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {42378239-28f0-31f4-84cd-f67617a43376},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-14T00:55:25.769Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {High nitrogen (N) concentration in bovine urine, which generally exceeds plant N uptake rates, results in the formation of hotspots of N loss when bovine urine is deposited on grazed pasture soils. High spatial variability in the distribution of urine patches in grazed pastures poses a major challenge to mitigate N losses. Some exudates from the roots of several tropical forage grasses were shown to inhibit the activity of soil nitrifiers; a process known as biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). We hypothesized that nitrate (NO3−) production and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from urine patches deposited on soils under forage grasses with high BNI capacity are lower than those with forage grasses with low BNI capacity. This hypothesis was tested using field plots of two tropical forage grass cultivars, Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tully (BT) and interspecific Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato (BM) which, correspondingly, have high and low BNI capacity. Nitrification rates and amoA gene copy numbers of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in soils under the two forage grasses were quantified before and after urine and water (control) application, as well, an additional experiment was conducted to quantify denitrification potential. Moreover, soil N2O emissions from simulated urine (0.123 kg N m−2) and water patches were monitored over a 29-day period. Results showed a greater suppression of nitrification, denitrification and AOA abundance in soils under BT than those under BM. Positive relationships (p < 0.05) existed between AOA and AOB abundance and NO3− contents in soils under BM. Bovine urine resulted in higher cumulative N2O fluxes from soils under BM (80 mg N2O-N m−2) compared to those under BT (32 mg N2O-N m−2). Consequently, N2O emission factors were higher for soils under BM (0.07%) than under BT (0.00002%). We conclude that tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity play a key role in mitigating N2O emissions from bovine urine patches in archaea-dominated soils. This suggests that wide-spread adoption of tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity may have a great potential to tighten N cycling in grazed pastures.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Byrnes, Ryan C. and Nùñez, Jonathan and Arenas, Laura and Rao, Idupulapati and Trujillo, Catalina and Alvarez, Carolina and Arango, Jacobo and Rasche, Frank and Chirinda, Ngonidzashe},
 doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.12.029},
 journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry}
}

High nitrogen (N) concentration in bovine urine, which generally exceeds plant N uptake rates, results in the formation of hotspots of N loss when bovine urine is deposited on grazed pasture soils. High spatial variability in the distribution of urine patches in grazed pastures poses a major challenge to mitigate N losses. Some exudates from the roots of several tropical forage grasses were shown to inhibit the activity of soil nitrifiers; a process known as biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). We hypothesized that nitrate (NO3−) production and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from urine patches deposited on soils under forage grasses with high BNI capacity are lower than those with forage grasses with low BNI capacity. This hypothesis was tested using field plots of two tropical forage grass cultivars, Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tully (BT) and interspecific Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato (BM) which, correspondingly, have high and low BNI capacity. Nitrification rates and amoA gene copy numbers of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in soils under the two forage grasses were quantified before and after urine and water (control) application, as well, an additional experiment was conducted to quantify denitrification potential. Moreover, soil N2O emissions from simulated urine (0.123 kg N m−2) and water patches were monitored over a 29-day period. Results showed a greater suppression of nitrification, denitrification and AOA abundance in soils under BT than those under BM. Positive relationships (p < 0.05) existed between AOA and AOB abundance and NO3− contents in soils under BM. Bovine urine resulted in higher cumulative N2O fluxes from soils under BM (80 mg N2O-N m−2) compared to those under BT (32 mg N2O-N m−2). Consequently, N2O emission factors were higher for soils under BM (0.07%) than under BT (0.00002%). We conclude that tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity play a key role in mitigating N2O emissions from bovine urine patches in archaea-dominated soils. This suggests that wide-spread adoption of tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity may have a great potential to tighten N cycling in grazed pastures.

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria grasses mitigates soil nitrous oxide emissions from bovine urine patches},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea,Biological nitrification inhibition,Bovine urine patches,Brachiaria humidicola,N2O emission factor},
 pages = {156-163},
 volume = {107},
 id = {d406032b-fc95-3bf9-b81c-0faa9640a6c7},
 created = {2019-06-09T22:48:41.983Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {2d20bd82-6481-312d-8a54-1e5fc4aea635},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.985Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {High nitrogen (N) concentration in bovine urine, which generally exceeds plant N uptake rates, results in the formation of hotspots of N loss when bovine urine is deposited on grazed pasture soils. High spatial variability in the distribution of urine patches in grazed pastures poses a major challenge to mitigate N losses. Some exudates from the roots of several tropical forage grasses were shown to inhibit the activity of soil nitrifiers; a process known as biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). We hypothesized that nitrate (NO3−) production and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from urine patches deposited on soils under forage grasses with high BNI capacity are lower than those with forage grasses with low BNI capacity. This hypothesis was tested using field plots of two tropical forage grass cultivars, Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tully (BT) and interspecific Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato (BM) which, correspondingly, have high and low BNI capacity. Nitrification rates and amoA gene copy numbers of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in soils under the two forage grasses were quantified before and after urine and water (control) application, as well, an additional experiment was conducted to quantify denitrification potential. Moreover, soil N2O emissions from simulated urine (0.123 kg N m−2) and water patches were monitored over a 29-day period. Results showed a greater suppression of nitrification, denitrification and AOA abundance in soils under BT than those under BM. Positive relationships (p < 0.05) existed between AOA and AOB abundance and NO3− contents in soils under BM. Bovine urine resulted in higher cumulative N2O fluxes from soils under BM (80 mg N2O-N m−2) compared to those under BT (32 mg N2O-N m−2). Consequently, N2O emission factors were higher for soils under BM (0.07%) than under BT (0.00002%). We conclude that tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity play a key role in mitigating N2O emissions from bovine urine patches in archaea-dominated soils. This suggests that wide-spread adoption of tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity may have a great potential to tighten N cycling in grazed pastures.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Byrnes, Ryan C. and Nùñez, Jonathan and Arenas, Laura and Rao, Idupulapati and Trujillo, Catalina and Alvarez, Carolina and Arango, Jacobo and Rasche, Frank and Chirinda, Ngonidzashe},
 doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.12.029},
 journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry}
}

High nitrogen (N) concentration in bovine urine, which generally exceeds plant N uptake rates, results in the formation of hotspots of N loss when bovine urine is deposited on grazed pasture soils. High spatial variability in the distribution of urine patches in grazed pastures poses a major challenge to mitigate N losses. Some exudates from the roots of several tropical forage grasses were shown to inhibit the activity of soil nitrifiers; a process known as biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). We hypothesized that nitrate (NO3−) production and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from urine patches deposited on soils under forage grasses with high BNI capacity are lower than those with forage grasses with low BNI capacity. This hypothesis was tested using field plots of two tropical forage grass cultivars, Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tully (BT) and interspecific Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato (BM) which, correspondingly, have high and low BNI capacity. Nitrification rates and amoA gene copy numbers of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in soils under the two forage grasses were quantified before and after urine and water (control) application, as well, an additional experiment was conducted to quantify denitrification potential. Moreover, soil N2O emissions from simulated urine (0.123 kg N m−2) and water patches were monitored over a 29-day period. Results showed a greater suppression of nitrification, denitrification and AOA abundance in soils under BT than those under BM. Positive relationships (p < 0.05) existed between AOA and AOB abundance and NO3− contents in soils under BM. Bovine urine resulted in higher cumulative N2O fluxes from soils under BM (80 mg N2O-N m−2) compared to those under BT (32 mg N2O-N m−2). Consequently, N2O emission factors were higher for soils under BM (0.07%) than under BT (0.00002%). We conclude that tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity play a key role in mitigating N2O emissions from bovine urine patches in archaea-dominated soils. This suggests that wide-spread adoption of tropical forage grasses with high BNI capacity may have a great potential to tighten N cycling in grazed pastures.

@article{
 title = {Nitrogen losses, uptake and abundance of ammonia oxidizers in soil under mineral and organo-mineral fertilization regimes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {2440-2450},
 volume = {96},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26249321,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jsfa.7364},
 month = {5},
 id = {52b210e7-6340-3367-9c10-881593066ef9},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:04.924Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Florio2016},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {Florio, Alessandro<br/>Felici, Barbara<br/>Migliore, Melania<br/>Dell'Abate, Maria Teresa<br/>Benedetti, Anna<br/>ENG<br/>2015/08/08 06:00<br/>J Sci Food Agric. 2015 Aug 6. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7364.},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: A laboratory incubation experiment and greenhouse studies investigated the impact of organo-mineral (OM) fertilization as an alternative practice to conventional mineral (M) fertilization on nitrogen (N) uptake and losses in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as well as on soil microbial biomass and ammonia oxidizers. RESULTS: While no significant difference in plant productivity and ammonia emissions between treatments could be detected, an increase in soil total N content and an average 17.9% decrease in nitrates leached were observed in OM fertilization compared with M fertilization. The microbial community responded differentially to treatments, suggesting that the organic matter fraction of the OM fertilizer might have influenced N immobilization in the microbial biomass in the short-medium term. Furthermore, nitrate contents in fertilized soils were significantly related to bacterial but not archaeal amoA gene copies, whereas in non-fertilized soils a significant relationship between soil nitrates and archaeal but not bacterial amoA copies was found. CONCLUSION: The application of OM fertilizer to soil maintained sufficient productivity and in turn increased N use efficiency and noticeably reduced N losses. Furthermore, in this experiment, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria drove nitrification when an N source was added to the soil, whereas ammonia-oxidizing archaea were responsible for ammonia oxidation in non-fertilized soil. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Florio, Alessandro and Felici, Barbara and Migliore, Melania and Dell'Abate, Maria Teresa and Benedetti, Anna},
 doi = {10.1002/jsfa.7364},
 journal = {Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture},
 number = {7}
}

BACKGROUND: A laboratory incubation experiment and greenhouse studies investigated the impact of organo-mineral (OM) fertilization as an alternative practice to conventional mineral (M) fertilization on nitrogen (N) uptake and losses in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as well as on soil microbial biomass and ammonia oxidizers. RESULTS: While no significant difference in plant productivity and ammonia emissions between treatments could be detected, an increase in soil total N content and an average 17.9% decrease in nitrates leached were observed in OM fertilization compared with M fertilization. The microbial community responded differentially to treatments, suggesting that the organic matter fraction of the OM fertilizer might have influenced N immobilization in the microbial biomass in the short-medium term. Furthermore, nitrate contents in fertilized soils were significantly related to bacterial but not archaeal amoA gene copies, whereas in non-fertilized soils a significant relationship between soil nitrates and archaeal but not bacterial amoA copies was found. CONCLUSION: The application of OM fertilizer to soil maintained sufficient productivity and in turn increased N use efficiency and noticeably reduced N losses. Furthermore, in this experiment, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria drove nitrification when an N source was added to the soil, whereas ammonia-oxidizing archaea were responsible for ammonia oxidation in non-fertilized soil. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

@article{
 title = {Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {160-171},
 volume = {71},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12175,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/gfs.12175/asset/gfs12175.pdf?v=1&t=ibx6apy2&s=666c85abe60b3c06597dbe523a864fa237753ffc,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gfs.12175/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Onlin},
 month = {3},
 id = {6c0d218f-7384-3143-8410-006bfe60d0dd},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-19T00:49:30.543Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bowatte2016a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {There is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil–plant system – lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium (NO3−NH4+) measured on in situ ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10-fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bowatte, S and Newton, P C D and Hoogendoorn, C J and Hume, D E and Stewart, A V and Brock, S C and Theobald, P W},
 doi = {10.1111/gfs.12175},
 journal = {Grass and Forage Science},
 number = {1}
}

There is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil–plant system – lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium (NO3−NH4+) measured on in situ ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10-fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification.

@article{
 title = {Transcriptional response of plasma membrane H+-ATPase genes to ammonium nutrition and its functional link to the release of biological nitrification inhibitors from sorghum roots},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {301-312},
 volume = {398},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2675-2,http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/376/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11104-015-2675-2.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11104-015-2675-2&token2=exp=1442545388~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
 day = {15},
 id = {a92d9985-8d57-3189-85e2-5a01cdf024a0},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:11.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:03.352Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Zeng2016},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zeng, Houqing and Di, Tingjun and Zhu, Yiyong and Subbarao, Guntur Venkata},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-015-2675-2},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

@article{
 title = {Plant nitrogen-use strategy as a driver of rhizosphere archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidiser abundance},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {Ammonia-oxidising archaea,Ammonia-oxidising bacteria,Grasslands,Plant traits,Resource-use strategy,Rhizosphere effect},
 pages = {1-11},
 volume = {92},
 id = {150ad81f-1bf1-318a-8f94-cd5c41c692a7},
 created = {2016-12-01T18:07:07.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {2d20bd82-6481-312d-8a54-1e5fc4aea635},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:58.919Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Thion2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The influence of plants on archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) ammonia oxidisers is poorly understood. Higher microbial activity in the rhizosphere, including organic nitrogen (N) mineralisation, may stimulate both groups, while ammonia uptake by plants may favour AOA, considered to prefer lower ammonia concentration. We therefore hypothesised (i) higher AOA and AOB abundances in the rhizosphere than bulk soil and (ii) that AOA are favoured over AOB in the rhizosphere of plants with an exploitative strategy and high N demand, especially (iii) during early growth, when plant N uptake is higher. These hypotheses were tested by growing 20 grassland plants, covering a spectrum of resource-use strategies, and determining AOA and AOB amoA gene abundances, rhizosphere and bulk soil characteristics and plant functional traits. Joint Bayesian mixed models indicated no increase in AO in the rhizosphere, but revealed that AOA were more abundant in the rhizosphere of exploitative plants, mostly grasses, and less abundant under conservative plants. In contrast, AOB abundance in the rhizosphere and bulk soil depended on pH, rather than plant traits. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for plant-ammonia oxidiser interactions and for links between plant functional traits and ammonia oxidiser ecology. Keywords:},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Thion, Cécile E. and Poirel, Jessica D. and Cornulier, Thomas and De Vries, Franciska T. and Bardgett, Richard D. and Prosser, James I.},
 doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiw091},
 journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
 number = {7}
}

The influence of plants on archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) ammonia oxidisers is poorly understood. Higher microbial activity in the rhizosphere, including organic nitrogen (N) mineralisation, may stimulate both groups, while ammonia uptake by plants may favour AOA, considered to prefer lower ammonia concentration. We therefore hypothesised (i) higher AOA and AOB abundances in the rhizosphere than bulk soil and (ii) that AOA are favoured over AOB in the rhizosphere of plants with an exploitative strategy and high N demand, especially (iii) during early growth, when plant N uptake is higher. These hypotheses were tested by growing 20 grassland plants, covering a spectrum of resource-use strategies, and determining AOA and AOB amoA gene abundances, rhizosphere and bulk soil characteristics and plant functional traits. Joint Bayesian mixed models indicated no increase in AO in the rhizosphere, but revealed that AOA were more abundant in the rhizosphere of exploitative plants, mostly grasses, and less abundant under conservative plants. In contrast, AOB abundance in the rhizosphere and bulk soil depended on pH, rather than plant traits. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for plant-ammonia oxidiser interactions and for links between plant functional traits and ammonia oxidiser ecology. Keywords:

@article{
 title = {Root extracts of Brachiaria humidicola and Saccharum spontaneum to increase N use by sugarcane},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {34-42},
 volume = {73},
 websites = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162016000100034&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
 id = {86dc9a61-298f-39fa-8821-01b9c779dc47},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T02:42:12.622Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kolln2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Retaining the mineral N in the form of NH4+ in the soil for a lengthy period is desirable for reducing losses. Furthermore, there is evidence that sugarcane prefers NH4+-N in place of NO3−-N. This study aimed firstly, to evaluate the potential of root extracts of Bracchiaria humidicola andSaccharum spontaneum, in contrast with the DCD (Dicyandiamide) inhibitor, to increase absorption of N by plants fertilized with ammonium sulfate, and secondly, to quantify the emission of N2O fluxes with the use of this inhibitor. The experiment was developed in a glasshouse in an entirely randomized design where four treatments were applied: AS) ammonium sulfate (control); AS+DCD) ammonium sulfate associated with dicyandiamide; AS+BCH) ammonium sulfate associated with root extracts ofBrachiaria humidicola; and AS+SCS) ammonium sulfate associated with root extracts of Saccharum spontaneum. Differences were observed in biomass production in plants 45 and 60 days after fertilization (DAF) and 15 and 60 days in biomass accumulation of roots. The application of AS associated with DCD synthetic inhibitor kept NO3−-N values low throughout the evaluation period, while in other treatments the concentration increased right up to the second evaluation 15 DAF. Sugarcane plants did not benefit from the increased presence of ammoniacal N promoted by DCD. The use of DCD reduced the average flux of N2O during the evaluation period compared to plants receiving AS treatments only, which was not observed when root extracts of B. humidicola and S. spontaneum were used.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kölln, Oriel Tiago and Franco, Henrique Coutinho Junqueira and Ferreira, Danilo Alves and Vargas, Vitor Paulo and Castro, Saulo Augusto de Quassi and Cantarella, Heitor and Caldana, Camila and Trivelin, Paulo Cesar Ocheuze},
 doi = {10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0093},
 journal = {Scientia Agricola},
 number = {1}
}

Retaining the mineral N in the form of NH4+ in the soil for a lengthy period is desirable for reducing losses. Furthermore, there is evidence that sugarcane prefers NH4+-N in place of NO3−-N. This study aimed firstly, to evaluate the potential of root extracts of Bracchiaria humidicola andSaccharum spontaneum, in contrast with the DCD (Dicyandiamide) inhibitor, to increase absorption of N by plants fertilized with ammonium sulfate, and secondly, to quantify the emission of N2O fluxes with the use of this inhibitor. The experiment was developed in a glasshouse in an entirely randomized design where four treatments were applied: AS) ammonium sulfate (control); AS+DCD) ammonium sulfate associated with dicyandiamide; AS+BCH) ammonium sulfate associated with root extracts ofBrachiaria humidicola; and AS+SCS) ammonium sulfate associated with root extracts of Saccharum spontaneum. Differences were observed in biomass production in plants 45 and 60 days after fertilization (DAF) and 15 and 60 days in biomass accumulation of roots. The application of AS associated with DCD synthetic inhibitor kept NO3−-N values low throughout the evaluation period, while in other treatments the concentration increased right up to the second evaluation 15 DAF. Sugarcane plants did not benefit from the increased presence of ammoniacal N promoted by DCD. The use of DCD reduced the average flux of N2O during the evaluation period compared to plants receiving AS treatments only, which was not observed when root extracts of B. humidicola and S. spontaneum were used.

@article{
 title = {Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Southwest Brazilian Amazon Pastures},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {beef production,n 2 o,pasture yield,tropical climate},
 pages = {1-5},
 volume = {7},
 websites = {https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/nitrogen-fertilizer-effects-on-nitrous-oxide-emission-from-southwestbrazilian-amazon-pastures-2471-2728-1000167.php?aid=74302},
 id = {dcd2e728-b579-314a-95ca-286bdd35575f},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T07:22:34.853Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Mazzetto2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Mazzetto, André Mancebo and Barneze, Arlete Simoes},
 doi = {10.4172/2471-2728.1000167},
 journal = {Journal of Fertilizers & Pesticides},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {Nitrate,Nitrous oxide,Pasture,Screening},
 pages = {160-171},
 volume = {71},
 id = {b2d8a019-3584-31dd-933d-c4e373a958c5},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.664Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bowatte2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {There is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil–plant system – lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium (NO3−NH4+) measured on in situ ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10-fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bowatte, S. and Newton, P. C D and Hoogendoorn, C. J. and Hume, D. E. and Stewart, A. V. and Brock, S. C. and Theobald, P. W.},
 doi = {10.1111/gfs.12175},
 journal = {Grass and Forage Science},
 number = {1}
}

There is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil–plant system – lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium (NO3−NH4+) measured on in situ ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10-fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification.

@article{
 title = {The Effect of Some Thai Medicinal Herb Extracts on Nitrification Inhibition},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {146},
 volume = {10},
 websites = {http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/view/56840},
 id = {c9e27992-b326-3c7d-85f5-4de5bca6c2f7},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T02:42:11.998Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ruanpan2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This study aimed to determine the effect on nitrification inhibition of some Thai medicinal herb extracts. The experimental design was completely randomized design, consisted 33 treatments with 4 replications. The experiments were performed in a laboratory, using surface soil of Yang Talat soil series as media. In each treatment, soil sample (100 g) was mixed thoroughly with 1 ml of herbal extract and 50 mg kg-1 of ammonium sulphate. The mixture was then incubated at ambient temperature. Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), ammonium-N (NH4+-N), nitrate-N (NO3--N), and soil pH were determined at week 1 to 4 after incubation. The results showed that the numbers of AOB in soil sample mixed with galanga stem decreased during the first 2 weeks. It was obvious that after the first week of incubation, the activity of NOB in soil samples mixed with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, heart- leaved moonseed stem, mangosteen fruit, kariyat leaf and galanga rhizome was suppressed. Soil samples containing herbal extracts had higher concentraions of NH4+-N and lower concentraions of NO3--N than those of control. The highest amount of NH4+-N was found in clove flower treated soil during the first 2 weeks of incubation. Kariyat leaf treated and cinnamon bark treated soil samples contained the highest amount of NH4+-N in weeks 3 and 4, respectively. Samples with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, mangosteen fruit, Thai copper pod leaf, Indian mulberry leaf, lemon grass leaf, bitter cucumber fruit, egg woman stem, fingerroot stem, fingerroot rhizome and hog plum leaf contained the lowest amount of NO3--N during the first 3 weeks. The concentraion of NO3--N in heart- leaved moonseed stem treated soil was the lowest in the last 3 weeks. The highest ratio of NH4+-N (100 %) and the lowest ratio of NO3--N (0.0 %) to inorganic N were found in samples with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, mangosteen fruit, Thai copper pod leaf, Indian mulberry leaf, lemon grass leaf, bitter cucumber fruit, egg woman stem, fingerroot stem, fingerroot rhizome, hog plum leaf and heart-leaved moonseed stem for 3 weeks. At early stages of incubation, low pH of herbal soil samples were observed. The pH of those samples, however, increased over time.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ruanpan, Wachiraporn and Mala, Thongchai},
 doi = {10.5539/mas.v10n2p146},
 journal = {Modern Applied Science},
 number = {2}
}

This study aimed to determine the effect on nitrification inhibition of some Thai medicinal herb extracts. The experimental design was completely randomized design, consisted 33 treatments with 4 replications. The experiments were performed in a laboratory, using surface soil of Yang Talat soil series as media. In each treatment, soil sample (100 g) was mixed thoroughly with 1 ml of herbal extract and 50 mg kg-1 of ammonium sulphate. The mixture was then incubated at ambient temperature. Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), ammonium-N (NH4+-N), nitrate-N (NO3--N), and soil pH were determined at week 1 to 4 after incubation. The results showed that the numbers of AOB in soil sample mixed with galanga stem decreased during the first 2 weeks. It was obvious that after the first week of incubation, the activity of NOB in soil samples mixed with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, heart- leaved moonseed stem, mangosteen fruit, kariyat leaf and galanga rhizome was suppressed. Soil samples containing herbal extracts had higher concentraions of NH4+-N and lower concentraions of NO3--N than those of control. The highest amount of NH4+-N was found in clove flower treated soil during the first 2 weeks of incubation. Kariyat leaf treated and cinnamon bark treated soil samples contained the highest amount of NH4+-N in weeks 3 and 4, respectively. Samples with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, mangosteen fruit, Thai copper pod leaf, Indian mulberry leaf, lemon grass leaf, bitter cucumber fruit, egg woman stem, fingerroot stem, fingerroot rhizome and hog plum leaf contained the lowest amount of NO3--N during the first 3 weeks. The concentraion of NO3--N in heart- leaved moonseed stem treated soil was the lowest in the last 3 weeks. The highest ratio of NH4+-N (100 %) and the lowest ratio of NO3--N (0.0 %) to inorganic N were found in samples with extracts of ringworm bush leaf, mangosteen fruit, Thai copper pod leaf, Indian mulberry leaf, lemon grass leaf, bitter cucumber fruit, egg woman stem, fingerroot stem, fingerroot rhizome, hog plum leaf and heart-leaved moonseed stem for 3 weeks. At early stages of incubation, low pH of herbal soil samples were observed. The pH of those samples, however, increased over time.

@article{
 title = {Economic Analysis of Maize Production and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rotation with Brachiaria humidicola},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {17307},
 volume = {106},
 id = {519807ae-6422-38e0-ac10-b55529d00ed2},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.664Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {},
 number = {2014}
}

@article{
 title = {Effect of some cover crops and their secondary metabolites on nitrous oxide (N2O ) emission by Pseudomonas denitrifiers isolated from chemically fertilized corn farm soil},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {allyl isothiocyanate,brassica juncea,cover crops,n 2 o emission,raphanus sativus var,sativus},
 pages = {91-97},
 id = {8bf7218f-552b-3cbf-8f31-43441fb3c636},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T02:42:12.843Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Nishiyama2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Nishiyama, Takaaki and Haba, Daisuke and Hashidoko, Yasuyuki},
 number = {2}
}

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition by rice root exudates and its relationship with nitrogen-use efficiency},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {1,9-decanediol,ammonia monooxygenase (AMO),biological nitrification inhibition/inhibitor (BNI,nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE),rice (Oryza sativa),root exudate},
 pages = {646-656},
 volume = {212},
 id = {7dff0caa-e47b-3939-9d5d-c8c3b3d5d99b},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:52.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:07.348Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Sun2016},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Key words: 1,9-decanediol, ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), biological nitrification inhibition/inhibitor (BNI), nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), rice (Oryza sativa), root exudate. Summary Microbial nitrification in soils is a major contributor to nitrogen (N) loss in agricultural systems. Some plants can secrete organic substances that act as biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs), and a small number of BNIs have been identified and characterized. How-ever, virtually no research has focused on the important food crop, rice (Oryza sativa). Here, 19 rice varieties were explored for BNI potential on the key nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea. Exudates from both indica and japonica genotypes were found to possess strong BNI potential. Older seedlings had higher BNI abilities than younger ones; Zhongjiu25 (ZJ25) and Wuyunjing7 (WYJ7) were the most effective genotypes among indica and japonica varieties, respectively. A new nitrification inhibitor, 1,9-decanediol, was identified, shown to block the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway of ammonia oxidation and to possess an 80% effective dose (ED 80) of 90 ng ll À1 . Plant N-use efficiency (NUE) was determined using a 15 N-labeling method. Correlation analyses indicated that both BNI abilities and 1,9-decanediol amounts of root exudates were positively correlated with plant ammonium-use efficiency and ammonium preference. These findings provide important new insights into the plant–bacterial interactions involved in the soil N cycle, and improve our understanding of the BNI capacity of rice in the context of NUE.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sun, Li and Lu, Yufang and Yu, Fangwei and Kronzucker, Herbert J. and Shi, Weiming},
 doi = {10.1111/nph.14057},
 journal = {New Phytologist},
 number = {3}
}

Key words: 1,9-decanediol, ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), biological nitrification inhibition/inhibitor (BNI), nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), rice (Oryza sativa), root exudate. Summary Microbial nitrification in soils is a major contributor to nitrogen (N) loss in agricultural systems. Some plants can secrete organic substances that act as biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs), and a small number of BNIs have been identified and characterized. How-ever, virtually no research has focused on the important food crop, rice (Oryza sativa). Here, 19 rice varieties were explored for BNI potential on the key nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea. Exudates from both indica and japonica genotypes were found to possess strong BNI potential. Older seedlings had higher BNI abilities than younger ones; Zhongjiu25 (ZJ25) and Wuyunjing7 (WYJ7) were the most effective genotypes among indica and japonica varieties, respectively. A new nitrification inhibitor, 1,9-decanediol, was identified, shown to block the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway of ammonia oxidation and to possess an 80% effective dose (ED 80) of 90 ng ll À1 . Plant N-use efficiency (NUE) was determined using a 15 N-labeling method. Correlation analyses indicated that both BNI abilities and 1,9-decanediol amounts of root exudates were positively correlated with plant ammonium-use efficiency and ammonium preference. These findings provide important new insights into the plant–bacterial interactions involved in the soil N cycle, and improve our understanding of the BNI capacity of rice in the context of NUE.

@inproceedings{
 title = {Economic Analysis of Maize Production and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rotation with Brachiaria humidicola},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2016},
 keywords = {BNI,Brachiaria humidicola,CIAT},
 pages = {17307},
 volume = {106},
 issue = {2014},
 city = {Viena, Austria},
 id = {a9af73a9-e8e6-35e9-af53-1124015a737d},
 created = {2019-02-04T10:19:05.483Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {42378239-28f0-31f4-84cd-f67617a43376},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T01:04:00.891Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Among the essential macro elements for maize production, nitrogen (N) is the one limiting growth and yield the most. To maintain desired production levels, substantial amounts of N are required, mainly obtained through nitrogen fertilizer, a significant cost driver in maize production (13-18%). However, much of this fertilizer is lost after nitrification through leaching and denitrification processes under tropical humid conditions. Fertilizer lost to the environment produces considerable environmental damage (e.g., water pollution, emission of greenhouse gases) and generates economic loss to the producers. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), in collaboration with the University of Hohenheim (Germany) and Corpoica (Colombia), have conducted research on the phenomenon of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) present in permanent plots of Brachiaria humidicola (Bh) (≥10 years established) to quantify the residual effects of BNI on subsequent maize cultivars. This residual effects of BNI result in greater nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and therefore in higher maize grain yields. The trial was planted at the Research Center Corpoica-La Libertad, located in the eastern Plains of Colombia, during a period of three years (2013-2015). This article aims to evaluate the profitability of maize production on plots previously used for Bh and compares the results to conventional maize production (M). The analysis focused on measuring indicators of technical and economic efficiency with respect to NUE, yields and costs associated with each plot. Subsequently, profitability indicators were defined and a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify changes in yields, prices and expected costs. The results show that maize production on plots previously used for Bh (with residual BNI effect) is more profitable, with yields exceeding the ones obtained on conventional maize plots (no residual BNI effect) by up to 62%. This is accompanied by an increased technical and economic efficiency in NUE, lower unit costs (75%) and a superior cost-benefit ratio. However, the results are highly sensitive to variations in expected returns, and to some extent to maize sales prices and inc},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Burkart, Stefan and Enciso, Karen and Karwat, Hannes},
 booktitle = {Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development}
}

Among the essential macro elements for maize production, nitrogen (N) is the one limiting growth and yield the most. To maintain desired production levels, substantial amounts of N are required, mainly obtained through nitrogen fertilizer, a significant cost driver in maize production (13-18%). However, much of this fertilizer is lost after nitrification through leaching and denitrification processes under tropical humid conditions. Fertilizer lost to the environment produces considerable environmental damage (e.g., water pollution, emission of greenhouse gases) and generates economic loss to the producers. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), in collaboration with the University of Hohenheim (Germany) and Corpoica (Colombia), have conducted research on the phenomenon of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) present in permanent plots of Brachiaria humidicola (Bh) (≥10 years established) to quantify the residual effects of BNI on subsequent maize cultivars. This residual effects of BNI result in greater nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and therefore in higher maize grain yields. The trial was planted at the Research Center Corpoica-La Libertad, located in the eastern Plains of Colombia, during a period of three years (2013-2015). This article aims to evaluate the profitability of maize production on plots previously used for Bh and compares the results to conventional maize production (M). The analysis focused on measuring indicators of technical and economic efficiency with respect to NUE, yields and costs associated with each plot. Subsequently, profitability indicators were defined and a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify changes in yields, prices and expected costs. The results show that maize production on plots previously used for Bh (with residual BNI effect) is more profitable, with yields exceeding the ones obtained on conventional maize plots (no residual BNI effect) by up to 62%. This is accompanied by an increased technical and economic efficiency in NUE, lower unit costs (75%) and a superior cost-benefit ratio. However, the results are highly sensitive to variations in expected returns, and to some extent to maize sales prices and inc

@article{
 title = {Agricultural land usage transforms nitrifier population ecology},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {1918-1929},
 volume = {18},
 id = {d2dc6caa-b57f-3b27-8f64-3f556c007c7e},
 created = {2019-02-05T03:05:38.047Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {42378239-28f0-31f4-84cd-f67617a43376},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T03:05:38.047Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Application of nitrogen fertilizer has altered terrestrial ecosystems. Ammonia is nitrified by ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms, converting ammonia to highly mobile nitrate, contributing to the loss of nitrogen, soil nutrients, and production of detrimental nitrogen oxides. Mitigating these costs is of critical importance to a growing bioenergy industry. To resolve the impact of management on nitrifying populations, amplicon sequencing of markers associated with ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing taxa (ammonia monooxygenase-amoA, nitrite oxidoreductase-nxrB, respectively) was conducted from long-term managed and nearby native soils in Eastern Washington, USA. Native nitrifier population structure was altered profoundly by management. The native ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) community (comprised primarily by Nitrososphaera sister subclusters 1.1 and 2) was displaced by populations of Nitrosopumilus, Nitrosotalea, and different assemblages of Nitrososphaera (subcluster 1.1, and unassociated lineages of Nitrososphaera). A displacement of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) taxa was associated with management, with native groups of Nitrosospira (cluster 2 related, cluster 3A.2) displaced by Nitrosospira clusters 8B and 3A.1. A shift in nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was correlated with management, but distribution patterns could not be linked exclusively to management. Dominant nxrB sequences displayed only distant relationships to other NOB isolates and environmental clones.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bertagnolli, Anthony D. and McCalmont, Dylan and Meinhardt, Kelley A. and Fransen, Steven C. and Strand, Stuart and Brown, Sally and Stahl, David A.},
 doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13114},
 journal = {Environmental microbiology},
 number = {6}
}

Application of nitrogen fertilizer has altered terrestrial ecosystems. Ammonia is nitrified by ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms, converting ammonia to highly mobile nitrate, contributing to the loss of nitrogen, soil nutrients, and production of detrimental nitrogen oxides. Mitigating these costs is of critical importance to a growing bioenergy industry. To resolve the impact of management on nitrifying populations, amplicon sequencing of markers associated with ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing taxa (ammonia monooxygenase-amoA, nitrite oxidoreductase-nxrB, respectively) was conducted from long-term managed and nearby native soils in Eastern Washington, USA. Native nitrifier population structure was altered profoundly by management. The native ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) community (comprised primarily by Nitrososphaera sister subclusters 1.1 and 2) was displaced by populations of Nitrosopumilus, Nitrosotalea, and different assemblages of Nitrososphaera (subcluster 1.1, and unassociated lineages of Nitrososphaera). A displacement of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) taxa was associated with management, with native groups of Nitrosospira (cluster 2 related, cluster 3A.2) displaced by Nitrosospira clusters 8B and 3A.1. A shift in nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was correlated with management, but distribution patterns could not be linked exclusively to management. Dominant nxrB sequences displayed only distant relationships to other NOB isolates and environmental clones.

@article{
 title = {Archaeal Ammonia Oxidizers Dominate in Numbers, but Bacteria Drive Gross Nitrification in N-amended Grassland Soil},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {1350},
 volume = {6},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26648926},
 id = {fb56bf1c-b0d3-3401-8a0a-e2b0e0ce9b77},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:05.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:01.410Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Sterngren2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {Sterngren, Anna E<br/>Hallin, Sara<br/>Bengtson, Per<br/>eng<br/>Switzerland<br/>2015/12/10 06:00<br/>Front Microbiol. 2015 Nov 30;6:1350. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01350. eCollection 2015.},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play an important role in nitrification in terrestrial environments. Most often AOA outnumber AOB, but the relative contribution of AOA and AOB to nitrification rates remains unclear. The aim of this experiment was to test the hypotheses that high nitrogen availability would favor AOB and result in high gross nitrification rates, while high carbon availability would result in low nitrogen concentrations that favor the activity of AOA. The hypotheses were tested in a microcosm experiment where sugars, ammonium, or amino acids were added regularly to a grassland soil for a period of 33 days. The abundance of amoA genes from AOB increased markedly in treatments that received nitrogen, suggesting that AOB were the main ammonia oxidizers here. However, AOB could not account for the entire ammonia oxidation activity observed in treatments where the soil was deficient in available nitrogen. The findings suggest that AOA are important drivers of nitrification under nitrogen-poor conditions, but that input of easily available nitrogen results in increased abundance, activity, and relative importance of AOB for gross nitrification in grassland soil.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sterngren, A E and Hallin, S and Bengtson, P},
 doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2015.01350},
 journal = {Front Microbiol}
}

Both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play an important role in nitrification in terrestrial environments. Most often AOA outnumber AOB, but the relative contribution of AOA and AOB to nitrification rates remains unclear. The aim of this experiment was to test the hypotheses that high nitrogen availability would favor AOB and result in high gross nitrification rates, while high carbon availability would result in low nitrogen concentrations that favor the activity of AOA. The hypotheses were tested in a microcosm experiment where sugars, ammonium, or amino acids were added regularly to a grassland soil for a period of 33 days. The abundance of amoA genes from AOB increased markedly in treatments that received nitrogen, suggesting that AOB were the main ammonia oxidizers here. However, AOB could not account for the entire ammonia oxidation activity observed in treatments where the soil was deficient in available nitrogen. The findings suggest that AOA are important drivers of nitrification under nitrogen-poor conditions, but that input of easily available nitrogen results in increased abundance, activity, and relative importance of AOB for gross nitrification in grassland soil.

@article{
 title = {A 2-yr field assessment of the effects of chemical and biological nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen use efficiency in an intensively managed vegetable cropping system},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {43-50},
 volume = {201},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880914005428,http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880914005428},
 month = {3},
 id = {048786b0-9402-3baf-ae63-11b0dc5a127a},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:06.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2018-05-11T02:39:04.806Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Zhang2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The application of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) is effective in suppressing nitrification and N2O emissions while promoting crop yields in many agroecosystems. However, the inhibitory effects of different NIs for vegetable production under soil and environmental conditions in China are not fully understood. To evaluate the effects of chemical and biological NIs on N2O emissions and the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), a 2-yr field experiment with four treatments (regular urea (Urea), urea + dicyandiamide (DCD), urea + nitrapyrin (CP) and urea + biological nitrification inhibitor (BNI)) performed in triplicate was carried out in an intensive vegetable field using the static chamber and gas chromatography method. The results showed that the CP and BNI treatments shifted the main form of soil inorganic nitrogen (N) from nitrate (NO3−), which was the case for the Urea and DCD treatments, to ammonium (NH4+). The variations in soil temperature, moisture and NO3− content regulated the seasonal fluctuations of N2O emissions. Moreover, the DCD treatment did not significantly affect N2O or agronomic NUE relative to the Urea treatment, while CP and BNI significantly decreased annual N2O emissions by 16.5% and 18.1% and improved NUE by 12.6% and 6.7%, respectively. Thus, a markedly lower global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) was observed in the CP and BNI treatments relative to the Urea and DCD treatments. The results demonstrated that the NIs played important roles in enhancing yields and reducing N2O emissions from the vegetable ecosystem and that the CP and BNI treatments are suitable for marketing in China.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zhang, M and Fan, C.H. and Li, Q.L. and Li, B and Zhu, Y.Y. and Xiong, Z.Q.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.003},
 journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment},
 number = {0}
}

The application of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) is effective in suppressing nitrification and N2O emissions while promoting crop yields in many agroecosystems. However, the inhibitory effects of different NIs for vegetable production under soil and environmental conditions in China are not fully understood. To evaluate the effects of chemical and biological NIs on N2O emissions and the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), a 2-yr field experiment with four treatments (regular urea (Urea), urea + dicyandiamide (DCD), urea + nitrapyrin (CP) and urea + biological nitrification inhibitor (BNI)) performed in triplicate was carried out in an intensive vegetable field using the static chamber and gas chromatography method. The results showed that the CP and BNI treatments shifted the main form of soil inorganic nitrogen (N) from nitrate (NO3−), which was the case for the Urea and DCD treatments, to ammonium (NH4+). The variations in soil temperature, moisture and NO3− content regulated the seasonal fluctuations of N2O emissions. Moreover, the DCD treatment did not significantly affect N2O or agronomic NUE relative to the Urea treatment, while CP and BNI significantly decreased annual N2O emissions by 16.5% and 18.1% and improved NUE by 12.6% and 6.7%, respectively. Thus, a markedly lower global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) was observed in the CP and BNI treatments relative to the Urea and DCD treatments. The results demonstrated that the NIs played important roles in enhancing yields and reducing N2O emissions from the vegetable ecosystem and that the CP and BNI treatments are suitable for marketing in China.

@article{
 title = {Efficient rates of nitrogenous fertiliser for irrigated sweet sorghum cultivation during the post-rainy season in the semi-arid tropics},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {63-72},
 volume = {71},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1161030115300150},
 id = {cbdf9e18-bc87-31eb-9174-b0e6effbcfa9},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:06.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:57.789Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kurai2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a multipurpose crop with high tolerance to environmental stresses. To meet the increased demand for food and biofuel, current agricultural practices rely on the excessive use of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertiliser. However, excessive N fertiliser has resulted in negative environmental effects. In view of the varied N use efficiency (NUE) of plants under different environmental conditions, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficient rates of N fertiliser in semi-arid tropics for sweet sorghum cultivation during post-rainy season by maximising NUE without compromising yield. Field experiments were conducted on two sweet sorghum cultivars with four different N fertilisation rates (0, 63, 90 and 150 kg N ha−1) during the post-rainy season in India. Grain and stalk yields increased with N fertiliser, but significantly only up to 90 kg N ha−1. The observed increases in grain yield were attributed by increases in kernel numbers. Corresponding with the differences in biomass, both relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) increased with N fertilisation rate up to 90 kg N ha−1. Component analyses of RGR and CGR revealed that both net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area index (LAI) significantly contributed with increasing rates of N fertiliser applications. Furthermore, studies of NUE indices showed that agronomic N use efficiency (ANUE, indicating yield production per unit of fertiliser N) responded comparably up to 90 kg N ha−1, and decreased significantly thereafter. Analysis of ANUE components showed that the decline in ANUE at 150 kg N ha−1 was due to a decrease in physiological N use efficiency (PNUE), indicating that the absorbed N was not utilised efficiently for biomass and yield production, but merely accumulated. These results together suggest that 90 kg N ha−1 is an efficient N fertilisation rate suggested among the tested treatments for sustainable sweet sorghum cultivation during the post-rainy season in the semi-arid tropics.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kurai, Tomohiro and Morey, Shamitha R and Wani, Suhas P and Watanabe, Takeshi},
 doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.07.010},
 journal = {European Journal of Agronomy}
}

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a multipurpose crop with high tolerance to environmental stresses. To meet the increased demand for food and biofuel, current agricultural practices rely on the excessive use of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertiliser. However, excessive N fertiliser has resulted in negative environmental effects. In view of the varied N use efficiency (NUE) of plants under different environmental conditions, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficient rates of N fertiliser in semi-arid tropics for sweet sorghum cultivation during post-rainy season by maximising NUE without compromising yield. Field experiments were conducted on two sweet sorghum cultivars with four different N fertilisation rates (0, 63, 90 and 150 kg N ha−1) during the post-rainy season in India. Grain and stalk yields increased with N fertiliser, but significantly only up to 90 kg N ha−1. The observed increases in grain yield were attributed by increases in kernel numbers. Corresponding with the differences in biomass, both relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) increased with N fertilisation rate up to 90 kg N ha−1. Component analyses of RGR and CGR revealed that both net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area index (LAI) significantly contributed with increasing rates of N fertiliser applications. Furthermore, studies of NUE indices showed that agronomic N use efficiency (ANUE, indicating yield production per unit of fertiliser N) responded comparably up to 90 kg N ha−1, and decreased significantly thereafter. Analysis of ANUE components showed that the decline in ANUE at 150 kg N ha−1 was due to a decrease in physiological N use efficiency (PNUE), indicating that the absorbed N was not utilised efficiently for biomass and yield production, but merely accumulated. These results together suggest that 90 kg N ha−1 is an efficient N fertilisation rate suggested among the tested treatments for sustainable sweet sorghum cultivation during the post-rainy season in the semi-arid tropics.

@article{
 title = {ダイズの生育過程における根圏微生物叢の変動―圃場環境下での遺伝子解析},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {576-577},
 volume = {53},
 websites = {https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewBook?id=75F93A66FB26B846F3C3D49A0440DEC1},
 id = {00cc74bc-db9b-3377-8c92-dcdcdc3432a0},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:07.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:58.922Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Sugiyama2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sugiyama, A and 一史, 杉山 暁史・矢崎},
 journal = {化学と生物},
 number = {9},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Cropland soil–plant systems control production and consumption of methane and nitrous oxide and their emissions to the atmosphere},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {2-33},
 volume = {61},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2014.994469,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00380768.2014.994469,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00380768.2014.994469},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
 day = {2},
 id = {7d2ffedf-0ae3-395f-95fd-7c2ace3faed5},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:07.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:58.757Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Hayashi2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hayashi, Kentaro and Tokida, Takeshi and Kajiura, Masako and Yanai, Yosuke and Yano, Midori},
 doi = {10.1080/00380768.2014.994469},
 journal = {Soil Science and Plant Nutrition},
 number = {1},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Dynamics of Fertilizer Nitrogen Applied to Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in the Semi-Arid Tropics},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {409-418},
 volume = {49},
 websites = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jarq/49/4/49_409/_article},
 id = {53e7452c-c9e7-38fa-8e80-759677d76749},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:07.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:58.663Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {UCHINO2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {UCHINO, Hiroshi and WATANABE, Takeshi and RAMU, Karri and SAHRAWAT, Kanwar L. and MARIMUTHU, Subramanian and WANI, Suhas P. and ITO, Osamu},
 doi = {10.6090/jarq.49.409},
 journal = {Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ},
 number = {4},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Acidification in Rhizospheric Soil of Field-Grown Sorghum Decreases Nitrification Activity},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {245-253},
 volume = {49},
 websites = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jarq/49/3/49_245/_article},
 id = {95684190-eb63-3994-a188-944760520f5c},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T08:08:23.262Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {WATANABE2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {To date, most studies on biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in sorghum have been performed with plants grown in hydroponic systems. However, the current study was conducted to determine whether or not sorghum inhibits nitrification in fields of Alfisols, and clarify the mechanism that results in inhibition of soil nitrification in the field. Nitrification activity in the rhizosphere of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) i.e. soil attached to its roots within a few millimeters was measured and compared with those in adjacent bulk soil. Sweet sorghum (6 varieties) and grain sorghum (3 varieties) were cultivated in 4 Alfisol fields in a semi-arid tropical region of India during the 2010 or 2011 rainy seasons. Soil samples were collected three times during the growing season. Nitrification activity in the rhizospheric soil was significantly lower than that in the bulk soil during 8 out of 12 samplings while the pH (H2O, 1:2) of the rhizospheric soil was significantly lower than that of the bulk soil in 10 out of 12 samplings. Acidification of the soil by sulfuric acid decreased the nitrification activity to a compa- rable extent, as emerged in the rhizospheric soils. Our results indicate that acidification of soil around roots would be one of the main causes of nitrification inhibition by sorghum in the field.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {WATANABE, Takeshi and VENKATA, Satish P. and SAHRAWAT, Kanwar L. and WANI, Suhas P. and ITO, Osamu},
 doi = {10.6090/jarq.49.245},
 journal = {Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ},
 number = {3},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

To date, most studies on biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in sorghum have been performed with plants grown in hydroponic systems. However, the current study was conducted to determine whether or not sorghum inhibits nitrification in fields of Alfisols, and clarify the mechanism that results in inhibition of soil nitrification in the field. Nitrification activity in the rhizosphere of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) i.e. soil attached to its roots within a few millimeters was measured and compared with those in adjacent bulk soil. Sweet sorghum (6 varieties) and grain sorghum (3 varieties) were cultivated in 4 Alfisol fields in a semi-arid tropical region of India during the 2010 or 2011 rainy seasons. Soil samples were collected three times during the growing season. Nitrification activity in the rhizospheric soil was significantly lower than that in the bulk soil during 8 out of 12 samplings while the pH (H2O, 1:2) of the rhizospheric soil was significantly lower than that of the bulk soil in 10 out of 12 samplings. Acidification of the soil by sulfuric acid decreased the nitrification activity to a compa- rable extent, as emerged in the rhizospheric soils. Our results indicate that acidification of soil around roots would be one of the main causes of nitrification inhibition by sorghum in the field.

@article{
 title = {Agricultural land usage transforms nitrifier population ecology},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {n/a-n/a},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526405,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1462-2920.13114},
 month = {11},
 id = {ff4be217-ba23-3048-95d6-ffed60165b8f},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.669Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bertagnolli2015},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {Bertagnolli, Anthony D<br/>McCalmont, Dylan<br/>Meinhardt, Kelley A<br/>Fransen, Steven C<br/>Strand, Stuart<br/>Brown, Sally<br/>Stahl, David A<br/>ENG<br/>2015/11/04 06:00<br/>Environ Microbiol. 2015 Nov 3. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13114.},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Application of nitrogen fertilizer has altered terrestrial ecosystems. Ammonia is nitrified by ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms, converting ammonia to highly mobile nitrate, contributing to the loss of nitrogen, soil nutrients, and production of detrimental nitrogen oxides. Mitigating these costs is of critical importance to a growing bioenergy industry. To resolve the impact of management on nitrifying populations, amplicon sequencing of markers associated with ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing taxa (ammonia monooxygenase-amoA, nitrite oxidoreductase-nxrB, respectively) was conducted from long-term managed and nearby native soils in Eastern Washington, USA. Native nitrifier population structure was altered profoundly by management. The native ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) community (comprised primarily by Nitrososphaera sister subclusters 1.1 and 2) was displaced by populations of Nitrosopumilus, Nitrosotalea, and different assemblages of Nitrososphaera (subcluster 1.1, and unassociated lineages of Nitrososphaera). A displacement of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) taxa was associated with management, with native groups of Nitrosospira (cluster 2 related, cluster 3A.2) displaced by Nitrosospira clusters 8B and 3A.1. A shift in nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was correlated with management, but distribution patterns could not be linked exclusively to management. Dominant nxrB sequences displayed only distant relationships to other NOB isolates and environmental clones.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bertagnolli, Anthony D and McCalmont, Dylan and Meinhardt, Kelley A and Fransen, Steven C and Strand, Stuart and Brown, Sally and Stahl, David A},
 doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13114},
 journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

Application of nitrogen fertilizer has altered terrestrial ecosystems. Ammonia is nitrified by ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms, converting ammonia to highly mobile nitrate, contributing to the loss of nitrogen, soil nutrients, and production of detrimental nitrogen oxides. Mitigating these costs is of critical importance to a growing bioenergy industry. To resolve the impact of management on nitrifying populations, amplicon sequencing of markers associated with ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing taxa (ammonia monooxygenase-amoA, nitrite oxidoreductase-nxrB, respectively) was conducted from long-term managed and nearby native soils in Eastern Washington, USA. Native nitrifier population structure was altered profoundly by management. The native ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) community (comprised primarily by Nitrososphaera sister subclusters 1.1 and 2) was displaced by populations of Nitrosopumilus, Nitrosotalea, and different assemblages of Nitrososphaera (subcluster 1.1, and unassociated lineages of Nitrososphaera). A displacement of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) taxa was associated with management, with native groups of Nitrosospira (cluster 2 related, cluster 3A.2) displaced by Nitrosospira clusters 8B and 3A.1. A shift in nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was correlated with management, but distribution patterns could not be linked exclusively to management. Dominant nxrB sequences displayed only distant relationships to other NOB isolates and environmental clones.

@article{
 title = {Suppression of soil nitrification by plants},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI),Climate change,Global warming,Nitrification inhibitors,Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE),Nitrous oxide emissions},
 pages = {155-164},
 volume = {233},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.012,http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016894521500031X},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ireland Ltd},
 id = {c4494e9d-ed43-3613-a6a0-ba765fc0121b},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:07.733Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2015},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrification, the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, weakens the soil's ability to retain N and facilitates N-losses from production agriculture through nitrate-leaching and denitrification. This process has a profound influence on what form of mineral-N is absorbed, used by plants, and retained in the soil, or lost to the environment, which in turn affects N-cycling, N-use efficiency (NUE) and ecosystem health and services. As reactive-N is often the most limiting in natural ecosystems, plants have acquired a range of mechanisms that suppress soil-nitrifier activity to limit N-losses via N-leaching and denitrification. Plants' ability to produce and release nitrification inhibitors from roots and suppress soil-nitrifier activity is termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). With recent developments in methodology for in-situ measurement of nitrification inhibition, it is now possible to characterize BNI function in plants. This review assesses the current status of our understanding of the production and release of biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) and their potential in improving NUE in agriculture. A suite of genetic, soil and environmental factors regulate BNI activity in plants. BNI-function can be genetically exploited to improve the BNI-capacity of major food- and feed-crops to develop next-generation production systems with reduced nitrification and N2O emission rates to benefit both agriculture and the environment. The feasibility of such an approach is discussed based on the progresses made.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, Guntur Venkata and Yoshihashi, Tadashi and Worthington, Margaret and Nakahara, Kazuhiko and Ando, Yasuo and Sahrawat, Kanwar Lal and Rao, Idupulapati Madhusudhana and Lata, Jean-Christophe and Kishii, Masahiro and Braun, Hans-Joachim},
 doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.012},
 journal = {Plant Science}
}

Nitrification, the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, weakens the soil's ability to retain N and facilitates N-losses from production agriculture through nitrate-leaching and denitrification. This process has a profound influence on what form of mineral-N is absorbed, used by plants, and retained in the soil, or lost to the environment, which in turn affects N-cycling, N-use efficiency (NUE) and ecosystem health and services. As reactive-N is often the most limiting in natural ecosystems, plants have acquired a range of mechanisms that suppress soil-nitrifier activity to limit N-losses via N-leaching and denitrification. Plants' ability to produce and release nitrification inhibitors from roots and suppress soil-nitrifier activity is termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). With recent developments in methodology for in-situ measurement of nitrification inhibition, it is now possible to characterize BNI function in plants. This review assesses the current status of our understanding of the production and release of biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) and their potential in improving NUE in agriculture. A suite of genetic, soil and environmental factors regulate BNI activity in plants. BNI-function can be genetically exploited to improve the BNI-capacity of major food- and feed-crops to develop next-generation production systems with reduced nitrification and N2O emission rates to benefit both agriculture and the environment. The feasibility of such an approach is discussed based on the progresses made.

@inproceedings{
 title = {Regulation of nitrification in soil : Advances in integration of Brachiaria hybrids to intensify agriculture and to mitigate climate change},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {Paper ID: 432},
 city = {New Delhi, India},
 id = {d8e5389c-baee-3703-a5a4-c2b9a3a797d7},
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 author = {Arango, Jacobo and Rao, Idupulapati M and Ishitani, Manabu and Miles, John and Peters, Michael and Tohme, Joe and Moreta, Danilo and Worthington, Margaret and Hoek, Rein Van Der and Cuchillo, Mario and Hyman, Glenn and Tapasco, Jeimar and Martinez, Jesus},
 booktitle = {XXIII International Grassland Congress}
}

@inbook{
 type = {inbook},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {icle},
 pages = {1-30},
 volume = {1},
 issue = {1},
 websites = {http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781107415324A009},
 publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
 city = {Cambridge},
 id = {9c455360-03d3-3426-9f17-ebe60fede279},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
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 citation_key = {Melorose2015},
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 bibtype = {inbook},
 author = {Melorose, J. and Perroy, R. and Careas, S.},
 editor = {Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, undefined},
 doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
 chapter = {Summary for Policymakers},
 title = {Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis}
}

@article{
 title = {Management of land use systems for enhanced food security: conflicts, controversies and resolutions},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {70599},
 websites = {http://www.tropentag.de/2015/abstracts/links/Haumlring_d75LuBIr.pdf},
 id = {45ef07b4-efb3-3f4d-b96f-7dd57bf8c32c},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:07.163Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Haring2015},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {<p>Biochar and composts are considered as valuable soil amendments to increase nutrient use efficiency. However, the production and field application of the single components is linked to shortcomings: Biochar supplies little nitrogen (N) and has a low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Composting of N rich materials leads to high N losses via ammonia volatilisation. The addition of biochar during compost production may overcome the shortcomings of the single components: (1) N losses may be reduced through the sorption of N at biochar surfaces. (2) CEC of biochar may increase while specific surface area of biochars may decrease in the presence of the high microbial activity and labile carbon contents in compost. To follow these hypotheses, six compost treatments, among them three different biochars and their uncharred feedstocks (rice husks, corn cobs and sawdust), were cocomposted with poultry manure (15 vol-%) and rice straw (60 vol-%) in randomly allocated 1m3 compost bins in Tamale, Ghana. To study the effects of composting on surface area, fresh biochar particles were filled into litter bags and buried at 3 4 compost fill height. Surface area was determined with the BET method. First results show that surface areas decreased 3&ndash;4 fold during composting for all biochars. The decrease is most likely due to pore blocking by organic matter and colonisation by microorganisms. During composting, total N contents increased, while C/N decreased. A mass balance showed that total N losses were lower in rice husk biochar and charcoal composts compared to their uncharred feedstocks while corn cob char compost had higher N losses than the uncharred corn cob composts. These prelimiary results suggest that the potential of biochar co-composting to overcome shortcomings of the single components depends on the feedstock properties.</p>\n},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Haring, Volker and Steiner, Christoph and Mankaabusi, Delphine and Marschner, Bernd},
 journal = {Tropentag}
}

Biochar and composts are considered as valuable soil amendments to increase nutrient use efficiency. However, the production and field application of the single components is linked to shortcomings: Biochar supplies little nitrogen (N) and has a low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Composting of N rich materials leads to high N losses via ammonia volatilisation. The addition of biochar during compost production may overcome the shortcomings of the single components: (1) N losses may be reduced through the sorption of N at biochar surfaces. (2) CEC of biochar may increase while specific surface area of biochars may decrease in the presence of the high microbial activity and labile carbon contents in compost. To follow these hypotheses, six compost treatments, among them three different biochars and their uncharred feedstocks (rice husks, corn cobs and sawdust), were cocomposted with poultry manure (15 vol-%) and rice straw (60 vol-%) in randomly allocated 1m3 compost bins in Tamale, Ghana. To study the effects of composting on surface area, fresh biochar particles were filled into litter bags and buried at 3 4 compost fill height. Surface area was determined with the BET method. First results show that surface areas decreased 3–4 fold during composting for all biochars. The decrease is most likely due to pore blocking by organic matter and colonisation by microorganisms. During composting, total N contents increased, while C/N decreased. A mass balance showed that total N losses were lower in rice husk biochar and charcoal composts compared to their uncharred feedstocks while corn cob char compost had higher N losses than the uncharred corn cob composts. These prelimiary results suggest that the potential of biochar co-composting to overcome shortcomings of the single components depends on the feedstock properties.

\n

@article{
 title = {Development of a Biochar-Plant-Extract-Based Nitrification Inhibitor and Its Application in Field Conditions},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Biochar,Biological nitrification inhibition,Nitrogen},
 pages = {13585-13596},
 volume = {7},
 websites = {http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/10/13585},
 month = {10},
 day = {2},
 id = {c35aae84-deb4-3c3d-9634-827b708aa51e},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:52.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-07T05:27:27.443Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Reyes-Escobar2015},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The global use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has increased 10-fold in the last fifty years, resulting in increased N losses via nitrate leaching to groundwater bodies or from gaseous emissions to the atmosphere. One of the biggest problems farmers face in agricultural production systems is the loss of N. In this context, novel biological nitrification inhibitors (BNI) using biochar (BC) as a renewable matrix to increase N use efficiency, \r\nby reducing nitrification rates, have been evaluated. The chemical and morphological characteristics of BC were analyzed and BC-BNI complexes were formulated using \r\nplant extracts from pine (Pinus radiata), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and peumo (Cryptocarya alba). In field experiments, fertilizer and treatments, based on crude plant extracts and BC-BNI complexes, were applied and the effect on nitrification was periodically monitored, and at the laboratory level, a phytotoxicity assay was performed. The \r\nbiochar-peumo (BCPe) complex showed the highest nitrification inhibition (66%) on day 60 after application compared with the crude plant extract, suggesting that BCPe complex protects the BNI against biotic or abiotic factors, and therefore BC-BNI complexes could increase the persistence of biological nitrification inhibitors. None of the biochar complexes had toxic effect on radish plants.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Reyes-Escobar, Jhónatan and Zagal, Erick and Sandoval, Marco and Navia, Rodrigo and Muñoz, Cristina},
 doi = {10.3390/su71013585},
 journal = {Sustainability},
 number = {10}
}

The global use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has increased 10-fold in the last fifty years, resulting in increased N losses via nitrate leaching to groundwater bodies or from gaseous emissions to the atmosphere. One of the biggest problems farmers face in agricultural production systems is the loss of N. In this context, novel biological nitrification inhibitors (BNI) using biochar (BC) as a renewable matrix to increase N use efficiency, \r\nby reducing nitrification rates, have been evaluated. The chemical and morphological characteristics of BC were analyzed and BC-BNI complexes were formulated using \r\nplant extracts from pine (Pinus radiata), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and peumo (Cryptocarya alba). In field experiments, fertilizer and treatments, based on crude plant extracts and BC-BNI complexes, were applied and the effect on nitrification was periodically monitored, and at the laboratory level, a phytotoxicity assay was performed. The \r\nbiochar-peumo (BCPe) complex showed the highest nitrification inhibition (66%) on day 60 after application compared with the crude plant extract, suggesting that BCPe complex protects the BNI against biotic or abiotic factors, and therefore BC-BNI complexes could increase the persistence of biological nitrification inhibitors. None of the biochar complexes had toxic effect on radish plants.

@article{
 title = {“ Management of land use systems for enhanced food security : conflicts , controversies and resolutions ” Biological Nitrification Inhibition ( BNI ) in Tropical Pasture and its Influence on the Recovery of Applied Nitrogen Fertiliser by Subsequent Maize },
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {70599},
 id = {f6f80026-a570-3f9b-a48c-938d3eede6dc},
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 read = {false},
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 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Karwat2015},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Karwat, Hannes and Moreta, Danilo and Arango, Jacobo and Vergara, Daniel and Pardo, Paola and Herrera, Yeisson and Jonathan, N}
}

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition in sorghum: the role of sorgoleone production},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {325-335},
 volume = {379},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2075-z,http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/541/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11104-014-2075-z.pdf?auth66=1413803557_8468ea69da9e8420e0a330dcf4373f31&ext=.pdf},
 publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
 id = {3d7ccaa9-ccb8-3761-b02c-28e9c353a337},
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 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:57.147Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Tesfamariam2014},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Tesfamariam, Tsehaye and Yoshinaga, H and Deshpande, S P and Srinivasa Rao, P and Sahrawat, K L and Ando, Y and Nakahara, K and Hash, C T and Subbarao, G V},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-014-2075-z},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

@article{
 title = {Climate-smart crop-livestock systems for smallholders in the tropics: Integration of new forage hybrids to intensify agriculture and to mitigate climate change through regulation of nitrification in soil},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {130-132},
 volume = {2},
 id = {ca7027d6-2932-3816-b9d8-77bffa79b635},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:05.000Z},
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 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:59.561Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Rao2014a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rao, Idupulapati and Manabu Ishitani  Michael Peters, Joe Tohme, Jacobo Arango, Danilo E. Moreta, Hernán Lopez, Aracely Castro, Rein van der Hoek, Siriwan Martens, Glenn Hyman, Jeimar Tapasco, Jorge Duitama, Harold Suárez, Gonzalo Borrero, Jonathan Núñez, Katharina Hartmann,, John Miles},
 journal = {Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Developing methods to evaluate phenotypic variability in biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) capacity of Brachiaria grasses
},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {6-8},
 volume = {2},
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 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Arango2014},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
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 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Arango, Jacobo and Danilo Moreta  Katharina Hartmann, Moralba Domínguez, Manabu Ishitani, John Miles, Guntur Subbarao, Michael Peters, Idupulapati Rao, Jonathan Núñez},
 journal = {Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in Brachiaria pastures: A novel strategy to improve eco-efficiency of crop-livestock systems and to mitigate climate change},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {88-91},
 volume = {2},
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 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Moreta2014},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
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 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Moreta, Danilo E and Jacobo Arango   Daniel Vergara,  Alvaro Rincón,  Manabu Ishitani, Aracely Castro,  John Miles,  Michael Peters,  Joe Tohme,  Guntur V. Subbarao,  Idupulapati M. Rao, Mauricio Sotelo},
 journal = {Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {The importance of reduced meat and dairy consumption for meeting stringent climate change targets},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {79-91},
 volume = {124},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5},
 month = {5},
 day = {28},
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 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:07.828Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Hedenus2014},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {For agriculture, there are three major options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: 1) productivity improvements, particularly in the livestock sector; 2) dedicated technical mitigation measures; and 3) human dietary changes. The aim of the paper is to estimate long-term agricultural GHG emissions, under different mitigation scenarios, and to relate them to the emissions space compatible with the 2 °C temperature target. Our estimates include emissions up to 2070 from agricultural soils, manure management, enteric fermentation and paddy rice fields, and are based on IPCC Tier 2 methodology. We find that baseline agricultural CO2-equivalent emissions (using Global Warming Potentials with a 100 year time horizon) will be approximately 13 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070, compared to 7.1 Gton CO2eq/year 2000. However, if faster growth in livestock productivity is combined with dedicated technical mitigation measures, emissions may be kept to 7.7 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070. If structural changes in human diets are included, emissions may be reduced further, to 3–5 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070. The total annual emissions for meeting the 2 °C target with a chance above 50 % is in the order of 13 Gton CO2eq/year or less in 2070, for all sectors combined. We conclude that reduced ruminant meat and dairy consumption will be indispensable for reaching the 2 °C target with a high probability, unless unprecedented advances in technology take place.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hedenus, Fredrik and Wirsenius, Stefan and Johansson, Daniel J A},
 doi = {10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5},
 journal = {Climatic Change},
 number = {1-2},
 keywords = {BNI,Hedenus2014}
}

For agriculture, there are three major options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: 1) productivity improvements, particularly in the livestock sector; 2) dedicated technical mitigation measures; and 3) human dietary changes. The aim of the paper is to estimate long-term agricultural GHG emissions, under different mitigation scenarios, and to relate them to the emissions space compatible with the 2 °C temperature target. Our estimates include emissions up to 2070 from agricultural soils, manure management, enteric fermentation and paddy rice fields, and are based on IPCC Tier 2 methodology. We find that baseline agricultural CO2-equivalent emissions (using Global Warming Potentials with a 100 year time horizon) will be approximately 13 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070, compared to 7.1 Gton CO2eq/year 2000. However, if faster growth in livestock productivity is combined with dedicated technical mitigation measures, emissions may be kept to 7.7 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070. If structural changes in human diets are included, emissions may be reduced further, to 3–5 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070. The total annual emissions for meeting the 2 °C target with a chance above 50 % is in the order of 13 Gton CO2eq/year or less in 2070, for all sectors combined. We conclude that reduced ruminant meat and dairy consumption will be indispensable for reaching the 2 °C target with a high probability, unless unprecedented advances in technology take place.

@article{
 title = {Tropical forage-based systems for climate-smart livestock production in Latin America},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {12-15},
 volume = {14},
 id = {80de2b48-8f16-372c-81a0-9708171ac7d2},
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 citation_key = {Rao2014},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
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 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rao, Idupulapati and Michael Peters, undefined and Castro, Aracely and Subbarao, Guntur and Cadisch, Georg and Rincón, Alvaro},
 journal = {Rural21},
 number = {4},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Root exudates mediated interactions belowground},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {69-80},
 volume = {77},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.06.017},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {c948fada-d5a6-3125-8ab5-a057b65c5032},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
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 last_modified = {2019-02-05T07:22:34.844Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Haichar2014},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The root exudate composition reflects the contradictory-concomitantly attractive and repulsive-behaviour of plants towards soil microorganisms. Plants produce antimicrobial, insecticide and nematicide compounds to repel pathogens and invaders. They also produce border cells that detach from roots and play an important role as biological and physical barrier against aggressors. Plants produce also metabolites used as carbon source resulting in the attraction of phytobeneficial soil microorganisms that help plants in controlling diseases directly via the production of antimicrobial compounds or indirectly via the induction of plant systemic resistance. The root exudates may have a direct impact on carbon and nitrogen cycling, as they exhibit a rhizosphere priming effect towards soil organic matter degraders, and may inhibit nitrification process by soil nitrifying microorganisms. They also contain signalling molecules required for the establishment of 'plant-microorganisms' interactions. The composition of root exudates is therefore broad ranging, consisting of feeding, antimicrobial and signalling molecules. We thus focused this review on current research concerning the role of the root exudate composition in 'plant-microorganisms' interactions and functioning of the rhizosphere. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Haichar, Feth el Zahar and Santaella, Catherine and Heulin, Thierry and Achouak, Wafa},
 doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.06.017},
 journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry}
}

The root exudate composition reflects the contradictory-concomitantly attractive and repulsive-behaviour of plants towards soil microorganisms. Plants produce antimicrobial, insecticide and nematicide compounds to repel pathogens and invaders. They also produce border cells that detach from roots and play an important role as biological and physical barrier against aggressors. Plants produce also metabolites used as carbon source resulting in the attraction of phytobeneficial soil microorganisms that help plants in controlling diseases directly via the production of antimicrobial compounds or indirectly via the induction of plant systemic resistance. The root exudates may have a direct impact on carbon and nitrogen cycling, as they exhibit a rhizosphere priming effect towards soil organic matter degraders, and may inhibit nitrification process by soil nitrifying microorganisms. They also contain signalling molecules required for the establishment of 'plant-microorganisms' interactions. The composition of root exudates is therefore broad ranging, consisting of feeding, antimicrobial and signalling molecules. We thus focused this review on current research concerning the role of the root exudate composition in 'plant-microorganisms' interactions and functioning of the rhizosphere. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

@article{
 title = {Nitrification Inhibition Potential of Brachiaria humidicola},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {brachiaria humidicola á bnis,nitrification inhibition potential,á},
 pages = {113-116},
 volume = {37},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40009-013-0216-1},
 id = {2cb5b831-22eb-375e-8988-57892e4fb4e4},
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 citation_key = {Meena2014},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the nitrification inhibition potential of Brachiaria humidicola (B. humidicola) and their effect on nitrification process. The pots soil was mixed 2 mg of nitrogen through ammonium sulphate. Seven treatments were evaluated viz. control, four root extracts of B. humidicola called as bio-logical nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) (i.e., 70 % ethyl alcohol, 40 % ethyl alcohol, phosphate buffer solution and 2 M KCl salt solution extracts) and two standard chemical inhibitors i.e. dicyandiamide and neem oil coating. The amount of NH 4 ? -N was reduced 20.66–11.91 lg g -1 soil and NO 3 --N increased 28.89–31.18 lg g -1 soil from 14th to 22nd day time interval. Percent nitrification inhibition was more in BNIs (70 and 40 % alcohol extract) treated soils compared to plant based and synthetic nitrification inhibitors. The nitrification inhibition by B. humidicola also varied it was maximum (64.71 %) observed at 14th day over 22nd day (49.63 %).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Meena, H. M. and Sachdev, M. S. and Manjaiah, K. M. and Dotaniya, M. L.},
 doi = {10.1007/s40009-013-0216-1},
 journal = {National Academy Science Letters},
 number = {2}
}

An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the nitrification inhibition potential of Brachiaria humidicola (B. humidicola) and their effect on nitrification process. The pots soil was mixed 2 mg of nitrogen through ammonium sulphate. Seven treatments were evaluated viz. control, four root extracts of B. humidicola called as bio-logical nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) (i.e., 70 % ethyl alcohol, 40 % ethyl alcohol, phosphate buffer solution and 2 M KCl salt solution extracts) and two standard chemical inhibitors i.e. dicyandiamide and neem oil coating. The amount of NH 4 ? -N was reduced 20.66–11.91 lg g -1 soil and NO 3 --N increased 28.89–31.18 lg g -1 soil from 14th to 22nd day time interval. Percent nitrification inhibition was more in BNIs (70 and 40 % alcohol extract) treated soils compared to plant based and synthetic nitrification inhibitors. The nitrification inhibition by B. humidicola also varied it was maximum (64.71 %) observed at 14th day over 22nd day (49.63 %).

@article{
 title = {Nitrification inhibition in tropical soil under no ‑ tillage system Inibição da nitrificação em solos tropicais sob plantio direto},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {199-206},
 id = {282d16d8-9ed3-30d6-a85b-c966f1ce54d7},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:01.568Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Moro2014},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Moro, Edemar and Alexandre, Carlos and Crusciol, Costa and Nascente, Adriano Stephan}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Impact of “ Biological Nitrification Inhibition ” on N Recovery Efficiency , N Leaching and N2O Emissions Using the Example of Brachiaria humidicola},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {70599},
 websites = {https://hdl.handle.net/10568/58307,http://www.tropentag.de/2014/abstracts/links/},
 city = {Prague, Czech Republic Prague},
 id = {d5b0a390-3c4b-3a01-aba0-b4124bdd3c0a},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T06:48:26.136Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Egenolf2014},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {EEgenolf, Konrad and Karwat, Hannes and Rasche, Frank and Cadisch, Georg and Moreta, Danilo and Arango, Jacobo and Rao, Idupulapati M.},
 booktitle = {Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources ”}
}

@article{
 title = {Variation in Nitrification Inhibition Activity of Neem Leaves Collected from Different Locations of Lucknow ( India )},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {457-466},
 volume = {3},
 id = {0c45a5a2-dd33-3246-8a13-a375b9623e8c},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T03:00:11.194Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Arora2014},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This study was carried out to assess the variation in nitrification inhibition (NI) activity of neem leaves obtained from trees growing in same agroclimate. The study was accomplished in the year 2012, in Lucknow city of Uttar Pradesh State of India. Dried leaves of four neem trees growing at different locations within Lucknow were screened for their NI potential. Treatments comprised of 6 combinations of urea-N and inhibitors as urea with dried leaf powder of New Hyderabad (NH) location tree, urea with dried leaf powder of Gomti Nagar (GN) location tree, urea with dried leaf powder of Hazratganj (HG) location tree, urea with dried leaf powder of Indira Nagar (IN) location tree, urea alone (without any inhibitor) and control (without urea-N and without any inhibitor). Concentrations of NH4+-N and NO3--N present in soil were quantified on 1,3,7,14,21 and 28 day/s after treatment (DAT) by standard methods. Significant difference was observed in NI potential, as high concentration of NH4+-N was maintained during experimental period when dried leaf powder of NH location tree was used whereas low concentration of NH4+-N was obtained with the leaves of HG location tree. In the first week leaves of NH location tree, showed 90% NI which remained 56.98% till the third week, whereas it was least for HG by the third week, i.e., about 23%. Leaves obtained from NH location tree proved to be the best inhibitor for nitrification amongst all treatments. Further, growth response of seedlings of Hordeum vulgare (barley) was used as a biological check of soil nutritive value with the supplementation of dried leaf powder of four trees individually. NH location tree leaves treated soils were found to be the best with respect to growth parameters of barley. Study gives an indication for pre-screening of trees growing in different locations for better results at commercial levels.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Arora, Kavita and Srivastava, Alka},
 journal = {International Journal of Plant & Soil Science},
 number = {5}
}

This study was carried out to assess the variation in nitrification inhibition (NI) activity of neem leaves obtained from trees growing in same agroclimate. The study was accomplished in the year 2012, in Lucknow city of Uttar Pradesh State of India. Dried leaves of four neem trees growing at different locations within Lucknow were screened for their NI potential. Treatments comprised of 6 combinations of urea-N and inhibitors as urea with dried leaf powder of New Hyderabad (NH) location tree, urea with dried leaf powder of Gomti Nagar (GN) location tree, urea with dried leaf powder of Hazratganj (HG) location tree, urea with dried leaf powder of Indira Nagar (IN) location tree, urea alone (without any inhibitor) and control (without urea-N and without any inhibitor). Concentrations of NH4+-N and NO3--N present in soil were quantified on 1,3,7,14,21 and 28 day/s after treatment (DAT) by standard methods. Significant difference was observed in NI potential, as high concentration of NH4+-N was maintained during experimental period when dried leaf powder of NH location tree was used whereas low concentration of NH4+-N was obtained with the leaves of HG location tree. In the first week leaves of NH location tree, showed 90% NI which remained 56.98% till the third week, whereas it was least for HG by the third week, i.e., about 23%. Leaves obtained from NH location tree proved to be the best inhibitor for nitrification amongst all treatments. Further, growth response of seedlings of Hordeum vulgare (barley) was used as a biological check of soil nutritive value with the supplementation of dried leaf powder of four trees individually. NH location tree leaves treated soils were found to be the best with respect to growth parameters of barley. Study gives an indication for pre-screening of trees growing in different locations for better results at commercial levels.

@article{
 title = {Examination of nitrification inhibition by sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>) in soil around its roots},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {academy of ecology and,environmental sciences,nitrification inhibition,proceedings of the international,rhizosphere soil,sorghum},
 pages = {30-38},
 volume = {4},
 id = {9639c6c8-bb0e-37a6-bb35-2f2a1b840ca4},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:06.981Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ghoneim2014},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ghoneim, Adel and Al-modaihsh, Abdulla and Naeem, Saied and Metwally, Tamer and Gewailly, Elsaied},
 journal = {Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences},
 number = {3}
}

@article{
 title = {Climate-smart Brachiaria grasses for improving livestock production in East Africa},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {endophytes,greenhouse gas emissions,smallholder crop-livestock farmers,tropical grasses},
 pages = {38–39},
 volume = {2},
 websites = {http://tropicalgrasslands.info/index.php/tgft/article/viewFile/161/108},
 id = {2b7ac3f6-ba4b-3696-949e-339213d4dd62},
 created = {2017-01-25T08:13:51.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {143ed5a7-22fb-3195-b650-5aa79b78c0e0},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:59.829Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Djikeng2014},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Djikeng, Appolinaire and Rao, Idupulapati M. and Njarui, Donald and Mutimura, Mupenzi and Caradus, John and Ghimire, Sita R. and Johnson, Linda and Cardoso, Juan a. and Ahonsi, Monday and Kelemu, Segenet},
 journal = {Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Differential response of nonadapted ammonia-oxidising archaea and bacteria to drying-rewetting stress},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Ammonia-oxidising archaea,Ammonia-oxidising bacteria,Drought,Nitrification,Resilience,Resistance},
 pages = {380-389},
 volume = {90},
 id = {caf9e629-77d6-3b59-9f86-cf2c713cea33},
 created = {2019-02-05T08:08:22.483Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {42378239-28f0-31f4-84cd-f67617a43376},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T08:08:22.483Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of severe drought events followed by heavy rainfall, which will influence growth and activity of soil microorganisms, through osmotic stress and changes in nutrient concentration. There is evidence of rapid recovery of processes and adaptation of communities in soils regularly experiencing drying/rewetting and lower resistance and resilience in nonadapted soils. A microcosm-based study of ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), employing a grassland soil that rarely experiences drought, was used to test this hypothesis and also whether AOB were more resistant and resilient, through greater tolerance of high ammonia concentrations produced during drought and rewetting. Treated soils were dried, incubated for 3 weeks, rewetted, incubated for a further 3 weeks and compared to untreated soils, maintained at a constant moisture content. Nitrate accumulation and AOA and AOB abundance (abundance of respective amoA genes) and community composition (DGGE analysis of AOA amoA and AOB 16S rRNA genes) were poorly adapted to drying-rewetting. AOA abundance and community composition were less resistant than AOB during drought and less resilient after rewetting, at times when ammonium concentration was higher. Data provide evidence for poor adaptation of microbial communities and processes to drying-rewetting in soils with no history of drought and indicate niche differentiation of AOA and AOB associated with high ammonia concentration.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Thion, Cécile and Prosser, James I.},
 doi = {10.1111/1574-6941.12395},
 journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
 number = {2}
}

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of severe drought events followed by heavy rainfall, which will influence growth and activity of soil microorganisms, through osmotic stress and changes in nutrient concentration. There is evidence of rapid recovery of processes and adaptation of communities in soils regularly experiencing drying/rewetting and lower resistance and resilience in nonadapted soils. A microcosm-based study of ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), employing a grassland soil that rarely experiences drought, was used to test this hypothesis and also whether AOB were more resistant and resilient, through greater tolerance of high ammonia concentrations produced during drought and rewetting. Treated soils were dried, incubated for 3 weeks, rewetted, incubated for a further 3 weeks and compared to untreated soils, maintained at a constant moisture content. Nitrate accumulation and AOA and AOB abundance (abundance of respective amoA genes) and community composition (DGGE analysis of AOA amoA and AOB 16S rRNA genes) were poorly adapted to drying-rewetting. AOA abundance and community composition were less resistant than AOB during drought and less resilient after rewetting, at times when ammonium concentration was higher. Data provide evidence for poor adaptation of microbial communities and processes to drying-rewetting in soils with no history of drought and indicate niche differentiation of AOA and AOB associated with high ammonia concentration.

@article{
 title = {Challenges and opportunities for improving eco-efficiency of tropical forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 pages = {156-167},
 volume = {1},
 id = {d0672f82-fc43-3aa4-8f1d-e11f41a5567d},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:07.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:58.213Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Peters2013},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Peters, M and MARIO HERRERO2  KARL-HEINZ ERB3, IDUPULAPATI RAO1, GUNTUR V. SUBBARAO4, ARACELY CASTRO1, JACOBO ARANGO1, JULIÁN CHARÁ5, ENRIQUE MURGUEITIO5, REIN VAN DER HOEK1, PETER LÄDERACH1, GLENN HYMAN1, JEIMAR TAPASCO1, BERNARDO STRASSBURG6, BIRTHE PAUL1, ALVARO, MYLES FISHER1},
 journal = {Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) activity in sorghum and its characterization},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {243-259},
 volume = {366},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1419-9},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {c38a2930-7d18-3e11-bfa8-83e31214361f},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:04.772Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2013a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Aims The ability to suppress soil nitrification through the release of nitrification inhibitors from plant roots is termed ‘biological nitrification inhibition’ (BNI). Here, we aimed at the quantification and characterization of the BNI function in sorghum that includes inhibitor production, their chemical identity, functionality and factors regulating their release. Methods Sorghum was grown in solution culture and root exudate was collected using aerated NH4Cl solutions. A bioluminescence assay using recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea was employed to determine the BNI activity. Activity-guided chromatographic fractionation was used to isolate biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs). The chemical structure was analyzed using NMR and mass spectrometry; pH-stat systems were deployed to analyze the role of rhizosphere pH on BNIs release. Results Sorghum roots released two categories of BNIs: hydrophilic- and hydrophobic-BNIs. The release rates for hydrophilic- and hydrophobic- BNIs ranged from 10 to 25 ATU g−1 root dwt. d−1. Addition of hydrophilic BNIs (10 ATU g−1 soil) significantly inhibited soil nitrification (40 % inhibition) during a 30-d incubation test. Two BNI compounds isolated are: sakuranetin (ED80 0.6 μM; isolated from hydrophilic-BNIs fraction) and sorgoleone (ED80 13.0 μM; isolated from hydrophobic-BNIs fraction), which inhibited Nitrosomonas by blocking AMO and HAO enzymatic pathways. The BNIs release required the presence of NH 4 + in the root environment and the stimulatory effect of NH 4 + lasted 24 h. Unlike the hydrophobic-BNIs, the release of hydrophilic-BNIs declined at a rhizosphere pH >5.0; nearly 80 % of hydrophilic-BNI release was suppressed at pH ≥7.0. The released hydrophilic-BNIs were functionally stable within a pH range of 5.0 to 9.0. Sakuranetin showed a stronger inhibitory activity (ED50 0.2 μM) than methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (MHPP) (ED50 100 μM) (isolated from hydrophilic-BNIs fraction) in the in vitro culture-bioassay, but the activity was non-functional and ineffective in the soil-assay. Conclusions There is an urgent need to identify sorghum genetic stocks with high potential to release functional-BNIs for suppressing nitrification and to improve nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum-based production systems.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Nakahara, K and Ishikawa, T and Ono, H and Yoshida, M and Yoshihashi, T and Zhu, Yiyong and Zakir, H A K M and Deshpande, S P and Hash, C T and Sahrawat, K L},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-012-1419-9},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

Aims The ability to suppress soil nitrification through the release of nitrification inhibitors from plant roots is termed ‘biological nitrification inhibition’ (BNI). Here, we aimed at the quantification and characterization of the BNI function in sorghum that includes inhibitor production, their chemical identity, functionality and factors regulating their release. Methods Sorghum was grown in solution culture and root exudate was collected using aerated NH4Cl solutions. A bioluminescence assay using recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea was employed to determine the BNI activity. Activity-guided chromatographic fractionation was used to isolate biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs). The chemical structure was analyzed using NMR and mass spectrometry; pH-stat systems were deployed to analyze the role of rhizosphere pH on BNIs release. Results Sorghum roots released two categories of BNIs: hydrophilic- and hydrophobic-BNIs. The release rates for hydrophilic- and hydrophobic- BNIs ranged from 10 to 25 ATU g−1 root dwt. d−1. Addition of hydrophilic BNIs (10 ATU g−1 soil) significantly inhibited soil nitrification (40 % inhibition) during a 30-d incubation test. Two BNI compounds isolated are: sakuranetin (ED80 0.6 μM; isolated from hydrophilic-BNIs fraction) and sorgoleone (ED80 13.0 μM; isolated from hydrophobic-BNIs fraction), which inhibited Nitrosomonas by blocking AMO and HAO enzymatic pathways. The BNIs release required the presence of NH 4 + in the root environment and the stimulatory effect of NH 4 + lasted 24 h. Unlike the hydrophobic-BNIs, the release of hydrophilic-BNIs declined at a rhizosphere pH >5.0; nearly 80 % of hydrophilic-BNI release was suppressed at pH ≥7.0. The released hydrophilic-BNIs were functionally stable within a pH range of 5.0 to 9.0. Sakuranetin showed a stronger inhibitory activity (ED50 0.2 μM) than methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (MHPP) (ED50 100 μM) (isolated from hydrophilic-BNIs fraction) in the in vitro culture-bioassay, but the activity was non-functional and ineffective in the soil-assay. Conclusions There is an urgent need to identify sorghum genetic stocks with high potential to release functional-BNIs for suppressing nitrification and to improve nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum-based production systems.

@article{
 title = {Nitrogen management in grasslands and forage-based production systems – Role of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI)},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 pages = {168−174},
 volume = {1},
 id = {58426809-40b3-38a5-b9ce-f5ff7eca29b4},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:05.603Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2013},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and I.M. RAO2  Y. ANDO1, K.L. SAHRAWAT3, T. TESFAMARIAM1, J.C. LATA4, S. BOUDSOCQ5, J.W. MILES2, M. ISHITANI2 AND M. PETERS2, K NAKAHARA1},
 journal = {Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Interplay among NH4+ uptake, rhizosphere pH and plasma membrane H+-ATPase determine the release of BNIs in sorghum roots – possible mechanisms and underlying hypothesis},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 pages = {131-141},
 volume = {358},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1151-5},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {38de9087-a7ad-38b8-a39c-42981b6f8dbc},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:59.393Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Zhu2012},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {online first 2012.2.24},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Aims and background The ability to suppress soil nitrification through the release of nitrification inhibitors from plant roots is termed ‘biological nitrification inhibition’ (BNI). Earlier, we reported that sorghum roots release higher BNI-activity when grown with NH 4 + , but not with NO 3 - as N source. Also for BNI release, rhizosphere pH of < 5.0 is needed; beyond this, a negative effect on BNI release was observed with nearly 80% loss of BNI activity at pH > 7.0. This study is aimed at understanding the inter-functional relationships associated with NH 4 + uptake, rhizosphere-pH and plasma membrane H + -ATPase (PM H + -ATPase) activity in regulating the release of BNIs (biological nitrification inhibitors) from sorghum roots. Methods Sorghum was grown hydroponically and root exudates were collected from intact plants using a pH-stat system to separate the secondary acidification effects by NH 4 + uptake on BNIs release. A recombinant luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea bioassay was used to determine BNI-activity. Root plasma membrane was isolated using a two-phase partitioning system. Hydrolytic H + -ATPase activity was determined. Split-root system setup was deployed to understand the localized responses to NH 4 + , H + -ATPase-stimulator (fusicoccin) or H + -ATPase-inhibitor (vanadates) on BNI release by sorghum. Results Presence of NH 4 + in the rhizosphere stimulated the expression of H + -ATPase activity and enhanced the release of BNIs from sorghum roots. Fusicoccin, which stimulates H + -ATPase activity, also stimulated BNIs release in the absence of NH 4 + ; vanadate, which suppresses H + -ATPase activity, also suppressed the release of BNIs. NH 4 + levels (in rhizosphere) positively influenced BNIs release and root H + -ATPase activity in the concentration range of 0-1.0 mM, indicating a close relationship between BNI release and root H + -ATPase activity with a possible involvement of carrier-mediated transport for the release of BNIs in sorghum. Conclusion Our results suggest that NH 4 + uptake, PM H + -ATPase activity, and rhizosphere acidification are functionally inter-connected with BNI release in sorghum. Such knowledge is critical to gain insights into why BNI function is more effective in light-textured, mildly acidic soils compared to other soil types.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zhu, Yiyong and Zeng, Houqing and Shen, Qirong and Ishikawa, T and Subbarao, Guntur},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-012-1151-5},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

Aims and background The ability to suppress soil nitrification through the release of nitrification inhibitors from plant roots is termed ‘biological nitrification inhibition’ (BNI). Earlier, we reported that sorghum roots release higher BNI-activity when grown with NH 4 + , but not with NO 3 - as N source. Also for BNI release, rhizosphere pH of < 5.0 is needed; beyond this, a negative effect on BNI release was observed with nearly 80% loss of BNI activity at pH > 7.0. This study is aimed at understanding the inter-functional relationships associated with NH 4 + uptake, rhizosphere-pH and plasma membrane H + -ATPase (PM H + -ATPase) activity in regulating the release of BNIs (biological nitrification inhibitors) from sorghum roots. Methods Sorghum was grown hydroponically and root exudates were collected from intact plants using a pH-stat system to separate the secondary acidification effects by NH 4 + uptake on BNIs release. A recombinant luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea bioassay was used to determine BNI-activity. Root plasma membrane was isolated using a two-phase partitioning system. Hydrolytic H + -ATPase activity was determined. Split-root system setup was deployed to understand the localized responses to NH 4 + , H + -ATPase-stimulator (fusicoccin) or H + -ATPase-inhibitor (vanadates) on BNI release by sorghum. Results Presence of NH 4 + in the rhizosphere stimulated the expression of H + -ATPase activity and enhanced the release of BNIs from sorghum roots. Fusicoccin, which stimulates H + -ATPase activity, also stimulated BNIs release in the absence of NH 4 + ; vanadate, which suppresses H + -ATPase activity, also suppressed the release of BNIs. NH 4 + levels (in rhizosphere) positively influenced BNIs release and root H + -ATPase activity in the concentration range of 0-1.0 mM, indicating a close relationship between BNI release and root H + -ATPase activity with a possible involvement of carrier-mediated transport for the release of BNIs in sorghum. Conclusion Our results suggest that NH 4 + uptake, PM H + -ATPase activity, and rhizosphere acidification are functionally inter-connected with BNI release in sorghum. Such knowledge is critical to gain insights into why BNI function is more effective in light-textured, mildly acidic soils compared to other soil types.

@article{
 title = {Fertilizer induced nitrous oxide emissions from Vertisols and Alfisols during sweet sorghum cultivation in the Indian semi-arid tropics},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {9-14},
 volume = {438},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201073X},
 id = {9ff78067-de07-30c2-a5ef-2096c8eda096},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:04.895Z},
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 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ramu2012},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Vertisols and Alfisols during sweet sorghum cultivation in the Indian semi-arid tropics were determined using a closed chamber technique during the rainy season (June–October) of 2010. The study included two treatments, nitrogen (N) at a rate of 90 kg/ha and a control without N fertilizer application. The N2O emissions strongly coincided with N fertilization and rainfall events. The cumulative N2O–N emission from Alfisols was 1.81 N2O–N kg/ha for 90 N treatment and 0.15 N2O–N kg/ha for the 0 N treatment. Similarly, the N2O–N emission from Vertisols was 0.70 N2O–N kg/ha for 90 N treatment and 0.09 N2O–N kg/ha for the 0 N treatment. The mean N2O–N emission factor for fertilizer induced emissions from the Alfisols was 0.90% as compared to 0.32% for Vertisols. Our results suggest that the N2O emissions are dependent on the soil properties. Therefore, the monitoring of N2O emissions from different agro-ecological regions, having different soil types, rainfall characteristics, cropping systems and crop management practices are necessary to develop comprehensive and accurate green house gas inventories.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ramu, Karri and Watanabe, Takeshi and Uchino, Hiroshi and Sahrawat, Kanwar L and Wani, Suhas P and Ito, Osamu},
 doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.005},
 journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
 number = {0}
}

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Vertisols and Alfisols during sweet sorghum cultivation in the Indian semi-arid tropics were determined using a closed chamber technique during the rainy season (June–October) of 2010. The study included two treatments, nitrogen (N) at a rate of 90 kg/ha and a control without N fertilizer application. The N2O emissions strongly coincided with N fertilization and rainfall events. The cumulative N2O–N emission from Alfisols was 1.81 N2O–N kg/ha for 90 N treatment and 0.15 N2O–N kg/ha for the 0 N treatment. Similarly, the N2O–N emission from Vertisols was 0.70 N2O–N kg/ha for 90 N treatment and 0.09 N2O–N kg/ha for the 0 N treatment. The mean N2O–N emission factor for fertilizer induced emissions from the Alfisols was 0.90% as compared to 0.32% for Vertisols. Our results suggest that the N2O emissions are dependent on the soil properties. Therefore, the monitoring of N2O emissions from different agro-ecological regions, having different soil types, rainfall characteristics, cropping systems and crop management practices are necessary to develop comprehensive and accurate green house gas inventories.

@inbook{
 type = {inbook},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {249-302},
 volume = {114},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123942753000018},
 publisher = {Academic Press},
 id = {4772c8a4-100a-39b5-b224-5a4365bec86b},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:11.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:04.050Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2012},
 source_type = {Book Section},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Abstract Human activity has had the single largest influence on the global nitrogen (N) cycle by introducing unprecedented amounts of reactive-N into ecosystems. A major portion of this reactive-N, applied as fertilizer to crops, leaks into the environment with cascading negative effects on ecosystem functions and contributes to global warming. Natural ecosystems use multiple pathways of the N-cycle to regulate the flow of this element. By contrast, the large amounts of N currently applied in agricultural systems cycle primarily through the nitrification process, a single inefficient route that allows much of the reactive-N to leak into the environment. The fact that present agricultural systems do not channel this reactive-N through alternate pathways is largely due to uncontrolled soil nitrifier activity, creating a rapid nitrifying soil environment. Regulating nitrification is therefore central to any strategy for improving nitrogen-use efficiency. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is an active plant-mediated natural function, where nitrification inhibitors released from plant roots suppress soil-nitrifying activity, thereby forcing N into other pathways. This review illustrates the presence of detection methods for variation in physiological regulation of BNI-function in field crops and pasture grasses and analyzes the potential for its genetic manipulation. We present a conceptual framework utilizing a BNI-platform that integrates diverse crop science disciplines with ecological principles. Sustainable agriculture will require development of production systems that include new crop cultivars capable of controlling nitrification (i.e., high BNI-capacity) and improved agronomic practices to minimize leakage of reactive-N during the N-cycle, a critical requirement for increasing food production while avoiding environmental damage.},
 bibtype = {inbook},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Sahrawat, K L and Nakahara, K and Ishikawa, T and Kishii, M and Rao, I M and Hash, C T and George, T S and Srinivasa Rao, P and Nardi, P and Bonnett, D and Berry, W and Suenaga, K and Lata, J C},
 editor = {Donald, L Sparks},
 doi = {10.1016/b978-0-12-394275-3.00001-8},
 chapter = {Chapter six - Biological Nitrification Inhibition-Novel Strategy to Regulate Nitrification in Agricultural Systems},
 title = {Advances in Agronomy}
}

Abstract Human activity has had the single largest influence on the global nitrogen (N) cycle by introducing unprecedented amounts of reactive-N into ecosystems. A major portion of this reactive-N, applied as fertilizer to crops, leaks into the environment with cascading negative effects on ecosystem functions and contributes to global warming. Natural ecosystems use multiple pathways of the N-cycle to regulate the flow of this element. By contrast, the large amounts of N currently applied in agricultural systems cycle primarily through the nitrification process, a single inefficient route that allows much of the reactive-N to leak into the environment. The fact that present agricultural systems do not channel this reactive-N through alternate pathways is largely due to uncontrolled soil nitrifier activity, creating a rapid nitrifying soil environment. Regulating nitrification is therefore central to any strategy for improving nitrogen-use efficiency. Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is an active plant-mediated natural function, where nitrification inhibitors released from plant roots suppress soil-nitrifying activity, thereby forcing N into other pathways. This review illustrates the presence of detection methods for variation in physiological regulation of BNI-function in field crops and pasture grasses and analyzes the potential for its genetic manipulation. We present a conceptual framework utilizing a BNI-platform that integrates diverse crop science disciplines with ecological principles. Sustainable agriculture will require development of production systems that include new crop cultivars capable of controlling nitrification (i.e., high BNI-capacity) and improved agronomic practices to minimize leakage of reactive-N during the N-cycle, a critical requirement for increasing food production while avoiding environmental damage.

@article{
 title = {Production of wheat-Leymus racemosus translocation lines},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {11-13},
 volume = {111},
 id = {a64995c4-a038-3814-8a56-501777a264fc},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:12.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:56.758Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kishii2011},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kishii, M},
 journal = {eWIS}
}

@article{
 title = {Nitrification inhibition activity, a novel trait in root exudates of rice},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {plq014},
 volume = {2010},
 websites = {http://aobplants.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/aobpla/plq014,https://academic.oup.com/aobpla/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aobpla/plq014},
 month = {11},
 day = {15},
 id = {6fe520d1-cdd4-306e-9da3-a877be8493a3},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:06.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-02-05T07:22:35.512Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {PariascaTanaka2010},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {201101.12 online PDF file<br/><br/>10.1093/aobpla/plq014<br/><br/>AoB Plants (2010)<br/>doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plq014<br/>First published online: September 17, 2010},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background and aims Nitrification is an important process in soil--plant systems for providing plant-available nitrate (NO3−). However, NO3− is less stable in soils compared with ammonium (NH4+) and is more easily lost through leaching, runoff or denitrification. This study tested whether biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) activity is present in the root exudates of rice (Oryza sativa) and also the extent of variation between different genotypes.Methodology The BNI activity of root exudates was estimated by a bioluminescence assay using a recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea strain. Afterwards, the effect of a single application of concentrated root exudates and that of exudates deposited in the rhizosphere soil was tested on BNI using soil incubation. Soil was added with (NH4)2SO4 and water to reach 60 % of the water-holding capacity and incubated at 30 °C for different periods. Amounts of NH4+ and NO3− were determined using a continuous-flow auto-analyser.Principal results In an initial screening experiment, BNI activity in the exudates of 36 different rice genotypes was evaluated using a bioassay based on a recombinant Nitrosomonas strain. Significant genotypic variation was detected with the upland cultivar IAC25 demonstrating consistently high BNI activity, while modern lowland varieties like Nipponbare or IR64 exhibited lower activity. Subsequent experiments ruled out the possibility that BNI activity is simply due to non-specific (solute) leakage from roots. Soil incubation studies with concentrated root exudates of IAC25 showed significant reductions in NO3− formation. This effect was confirmed by detecting lower NO3− levels in incubation experiments using rhizosphere soil obtained from IAC25.Conclusions Our results provide first evidence that root exudates of rice can reduce nitrification rates in soil. Having shown this for a model crop, rice, offers possibilities for further exploitation of this phenomenon through molecular and genetic tools.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Tanaka, J. Pariasca and Nardi, Pierfrancesco and Wissuwa, Matthias},
 doi = {10.1093/aobpla/plq014},
 journal = {AoB Plants}
}

Background and aims Nitrification is an important process in soil--plant systems for providing plant-available nitrate (NO3−). However, NO3− is less stable in soils compared with ammonium (NH4+) and is more easily lost through leaching, runoff or denitrification. This study tested whether biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) activity is present in the root exudates of rice (Oryza sativa) and also the extent of variation between different genotypes.Methodology The BNI activity of root exudates was estimated by a bioluminescence assay using a recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea strain. Afterwards, the effect of a single application of concentrated root exudates and that of exudates deposited in the rhizosphere soil was tested on BNI using soil incubation. Soil was added with (NH4)2SO4 and water to reach 60 % of the water-holding capacity and incubated at 30 °C for different periods. Amounts of NH4+ and NO3− were determined using a continuous-flow auto-analyser.Principal results In an initial screening experiment, BNI activity in the exudates of 36 different rice genotypes was evaluated using a bioassay based on a recombinant Nitrosomonas strain. Significant genotypic variation was detected with the upland cultivar IAC25 demonstrating consistently high BNI activity, while modern lowland varieties like Nipponbare or IR64 exhibited lower activity. Subsequent experiments ruled out the possibility that BNI activity is simply due to non-specific (solute) leakage from roots. Soil incubation studies with concentrated root exudates of IAC25 showed significant reductions in NO3− formation. This effect was confirmed by detecting lower NO3− levels in incubation experiments using rhizosphere soil obtained from IAC25.Conclusions Our results provide first evidence that root exudates of rice can reduce nitrification rates in soil. Having shown this for a model crop, rice, offers possibilities for further exploitation of this phenomenon through molecular and genetic tools.

@article{
 title = {生物的硝化抑制作用 硝化を制御する新たなアプローチ},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 pages = {397-402},
 volume = {65},
 websites = {http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40017362715/},
 id = {ee7cfb46-3c3a-384f-a691-9612c56074f0},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
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 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
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 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:04.854Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
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 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {2010},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2011.1.6 PDF file<br/>農業技術協会},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {石川隆之, undefined and Subarao, Guntur and 伊藤, 治},
 journal = {農業技術},
 number = {11},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Nitrification along a grassland gradient: Inhibition found in matgrass swards},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {635-641},
 volume = {42},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TC7-4Y6JXT8-1/2/b55705c2515981b346930acf07e58bd6},
 id = {77899b35-51cc-35fb-bfaf-f3a82dd449ce},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:06.008Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Smits2010},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2010.12.19 online PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Measurements along a hill-slope vegetation gradient in nutrient-poor grasslands from acid grasslands via matgrass swards to calcareous grasslands showed increased ammonium to nitrate ratios in the matgrass swards. These results generated the research question whether there might be a difference in nitrification activity or nitrifying community composition between the different zones in this hill-slope gradient. In each of the vegetation types along the gradient, soil samples were taken in five grassland nature reserves. Potential nitrification rates have been determined as an indication of the size of the active ammonia-oxidising microbial communities. Additionally, the dominant ammonia-oxidising sequences related to the [beta]-Proteobacteria have been determined by a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene in combination with Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) at one of the nature reserves. Compared to the top and lower zones of the vegetation gradient (i.e. acid grasslands and calcareous grasslands, respectively), potential nitrification rates were clearly repressed in the middle, matgrass swards zone. In contrast to the differences in potential nitrification activities observed in one of the nature reserves (Bemelerberg), no differences in dominant ammonia-oxidising sequences were observed at this location. One sequence belonging to cluster 3 of the Nitrosospira lineage appeared to be dominant among the sequences belonging to the ammonia-oxidising species of the [beta]-Proteobacteria in all vegetation zones. Nitrification was apparently inhibited by the vegetation, whereas no shift in nitrifier populations could be shown. The possible role of repressed nitrification in the decline of this vegetation type is discussed.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Smits, N A C and Hefting, M M and Kamst-van Agterveld, M P and Laanbroek, H J and Paalman, A J and Bobbink, R},
 doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.01.001},
 journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
 number = {4}
}

Measurements along a hill-slope vegetation gradient in nutrient-poor grasslands from acid grasslands via matgrass swards to calcareous grasslands showed increased ammonium to nitrate ratios in the matgrass swards. These results generated the research question whether there might be a difference in nitrification activity or nitrifying community composition between the different zones in this hill-slope gradient. In each of the vegetation types along the gradient, soil samples were taken in five grassland nature reserves. Potential nitrification rates have been determined as an indication of the size of the active ammonia-oxidising microbial communities. Additionally, the dominant ammonia-oxidising sequences related to the [beta]-Proteobacteria have been determined by a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene in combination with Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) at one of the nature reserves. Compared to the top and lower zones of the vegetation gradient (i.e. acid grasslands and calcareous grasslands, respectively), potential nitrification rates were clearly repressed in the middle, matgrass swards zone. In contrast to the differences in potential nitrification activities observed in one of the nature reserves (Bemelerberg), no differences in dominant ammonia-oxidising sequences were observed at this location. One sequence belonging to cluster 3 of the Nitrosospira lineage appeared to be dominant among the sequences belonging to the ammonia-oxidising species of the [beta]-Proteobacteria in all vegetation zones. Nitrification was apparently inhibited by the vegetation, whereas no shift in nitrifier populations could be shown. The possible role of repressed nitrification in the decline of this vegetation type is discussed.

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) - Is there potential for genetic interventions in the Triticeae?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {529-545},
 volume = {59},
 id = {b1a80c6a-d6af-31bc-8081-13491b5ad8ee},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:57.515Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2009a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, Guntur Venkata and Kishii, Masahiro and Nakahara, Kazuhiko and Ishikawa, Takayuki and Ban, Tomohiro and Tsujimoto, Hisashi and George, Timothy S and Berry, Wade L and Hash, C Tom and Ito, Osamu},
 journal = {Breeding Science},
 number = {5}
}

@article{
 title = {Modelling approach to analyse the effects of nitrification inhibition on primary production},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {220-230},
 volume = {23},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01476.x},
 publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
 id = {6742744b-9613-3b82-8bd3-d06c2772bacb},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:07.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:57.584Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Boudsocq2009},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2010.12.16},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Summary * 1Wet tropical savannas have high grass productivity despite the fact that nitrogen is generally limiting for primary production and soil nutrient content is typically very low. Nitrogen recycling, and especially nitrification, is supposed to be a strong determinant of the balance between conservation and loss of nutrients at the ecosystem level. The important primary production observed in wet tropical savannas might be due to a tight nutrient cycling and the fact that some grass species inhibit soil nitrification. * 2Using a general theoretical ecosystem model taking both nitrate and ammonium into account, we investigate analytically, using a four–compartment-differential-equation system the general conditions under which nitrification inhibition enhances primary production. We then estimate the quantitative impact of such a mechanism on the dynamics and budget of nitrogen in a well-documented ecosystem, the Lamto savanna (Ivory Coast). This ecosystem is dominated by the grass Hyparrhenia diplandra, which drastically reduces nitrification in the whole savanna except for a small zone. While this small zone supports a lower grass primary production, nitrification is higher, most likely due to the presence of another genotype of H. diplandra, which has no effect on nitrification processes. Ultimately, we test whether differences in nitrification fluxes can alone explain this variation in primary production. * 3Model analysis shows that nitrification inhibition enhances primary production only if the recycling efficiency – that is, the fraction of nitrogen passing through a compartment that stays inside the ecosystem – of ammonium is higher than the recycling efficiency of nitrate. This condition probably manifests itself in most soils as ammonium is less mobile than nitrate and is not touched by denitrification. It also depends partially on the relative affinity of plants for ammonium or nitrate. The numerical predictions for this model in the Lamto savanna show that variations in nitrification inhibition capacity may explain observed differences in primary production. * 4In conclusion we find that nitrification inhibition is a process which probably enhances ecosystem fertility in a sustainable way, particularly in situations of high nitrate leaching and denitrification fluxes. This mechanism could explain the ecological advantage exhibited by native African grasses over indigenous grasses in South-American pastures.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Boudsocq, S and Lata, J C and Mathieu, J and Abbadie, L and Barot, S},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01476.x},
 journal = {Functional Ecology},
 number = {1}
}

Summary * 1Wet tropical savannas have high grass productivity despite the fact that nitrogen is generally limiting for primary production and soil nutrient content is typically very low. Nitrogen recycling, and especially nitrification, is supposed to be a strong determinant of the balance between conservation and loss of nutrients at the ecosystem level. The important primary production observed in wet tropical savannas might be due to a tight nutrient cycling and the fact that some grass species inhibit soil nitrification. * 2Using a general theoretical ecosystem model taking both nitrate and ammonium into account, we investigate analytically, using a four–compartment-differential-equation system the general conditions under which nitrification inhibition enhances primary production. We then estimate the quantitative impact of such a mechanism on the dynamics and budget of nitrogen in a well-documented ecosystem, the Lamto savanna (Ivory Coast). This ecosystem is dominated by the grass Hyparrhenia diplandra, which drastically reduces nitrification in the whole savanna except for a small zone. While this small zone supports a lower grass primary production, nitrification is higher, most likely due to the presence of another genotype of H. diplandra, which has no effect on nitrification processes. Ultimately, we test whether differences in nitrification fluxes can alone explain this variation in primary production. * 3Model analysis shows that nitrification inhibition enhances primary production only if the recycling efficiency – that is, the fraction of nitrogen passing through a compartment that stays inside the ecosystem – of ammonium is higher than the recycling efficiency of nitrate. This condition probably manifests itself in most soils as ammonium is less mobile than nitrate and is not touched by denitrification. It also depends partially on the relative affinity of plants for ammonium or nitrate. The numerical predictions for this model in the Lamto savanna show that variations in nitrification inhibition capacity may explain observed differences in primary production. * 4In conclusion we find that nitrification inhibition is a process which probably enhances ecosystem fertility in a sustainable way, particularly in situations of high nitrate leaching and denitrification fluxes. This mechanism could explain the ecological advantage exhibited by native African grasses over indigenous grasses in South-American pastures.

@article{
 title = {Biochemical cycling in the rhizosphere having an impact on global change},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {61-81},
 volume = {321},
 id = {8ca88994-4a29-32ca-aeb1-962fd717c8aa},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:59.211Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Philippot2009},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2010.4.5 online PDF file<br/>2009.2.23 online first PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Changes in chemical properties in soil around plant roots influence many microbial processes, including those having an impact on greenhouse gas emissions. To potentially mitigate these emissions according to the Kyoto protocol, knowledge about how and where these gases are produced and consumed in soils is required. In this review, we focus on the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane, which are produced by nitrifying and denitrifying prokaryotes and methanogenic archaea, respectively. After describing the microbial processes involved in production and consumption of nitrous oxide and methane and how they can be affected in the rhizosphere, we give an overview of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from the rhizosphere and soils and sediments with plants. We also discuss strategies to mitigate emissions from the rhizosphere and consider possibilities for carbon sequestration.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Philippot, L and Hallin, S and Börjesson, G and Baggs, E M},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

Changes in chemical properties in soil around plant roots influence many microbial processes, including those having an impact on greenhouse gas emissions. To potentially mitigate these emissions according to the Kyoto protocol, knowledge about how and where these gases are produced and consumed in soils is required. In this review, we focus on the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane, which are produced by nitrifying and denitrifying prokaryotes and methanogenic archaea, respectively. After describing the microbial processes involved in production and consumption of nitrous oxide and methane and how they can be affected in the rhizosphere, we give an overview of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from the rhizosphere and soils and sediments with plants. We also discuss strategies to mitigate emissions from the rhizosphere and consider possibilities for carbon sequestration.

@article{
 title = {Evidence for biological nitrification inhibition in Brachiaria pastures},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {17302-17307},
 volume = {106},
 websites = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0903694106},
 month = {10},
 day = {13},
 id = {93916bd2-7364-3ec9-b6e2-6cc9797f52dc},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:59.224Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2009},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2009.10.27 online PDF file<br/>2009.10.1 online first PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrification, a key process in the global nitrogen cycle that generates nitrate through microbial activity, may enhance losses of fertilizer nitrogen by leaching and denitrification. Certain plants can suppress soil-nitrification by releasing inhibitors from roots, a phenomenon termed biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Here, we report the discovery of an effective nitrification inhibitor in the root-exudates of the tropical forage grass Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick. Named “brachialactone,” this inhibitor is a recently discovered cyclic diterpene with a unique 5-8-5-membered ring system and a γ-lactone ring. It contributed 60–90% of the inhibitory activity released from the roots of this tropical grass. Unlike nitrapyrin (a synthetic nitrification inhibitor), which affects only the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway, brachialactone appears to block both AMO and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase enzymatic pathways in Nitrosomonas. Release of this inhibitor is a regulated plant function, triggered and sustained by the availability of ammonium (NH4+) in the root environment. Brachialactone release is restricted to those roots that are directly exposed to NH4+. Within 3 years of establishment, Brachiaria pastures have suppressed soil nitrifier populations (determined as amoA genes; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea), along with nitrification and nitrous oxide emissions. These findings provide direct evidence for the existence and active regulation of a nitrification inhibitor (or inhibitors) release from tropical pasture root systems. Exploiting the BNI function could become a powerful strategy toward the development of low-nitrifying agronomic systems, benefiting both agriculture and the environment.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Nakahara, K. and Hurtado, M. P. and Ono, H. and Moreta, D. E. and Salcedo, A. F. and Yoshihashi, A. T. and Ishikawa, T. and Ishitani, M. and Ohnishi-Kameyama, M. and Yoshida, M. and Rondon, M. and Rao, I. M. and Lascano, C. E. and Berry, W. L. and Ito, O.},
 doi = {10.1073/pnas.0903694106},
 journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
 number = {41}
}

Nitrification, a key process in the global nitrogen cycle that generates nitrate through microbial activity, may enhance losses of fertilizer nitrogen by leaching and denitrification. Certain plants can suppress soil-nitrification by releasing inhibitors from roots, a phenomenon termed biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Here, we report the discovery of an effective nitrification inhibitor in the root-exudates of the tropical forage grass Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick. Named “brachialactone,” this inhibitor is a recently discovered cyclic diterpene with a unique 5-8-5-membered ring system and a γ-lactone ring. It contributed 60–90% of the inhibitory activity released from the roots of this tropical grass. Unlike nitrapyrin (a synthetic nitrification inhibitor), which affects only the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway, brachialactone appears to block both AMO and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase enzymatic pathways in Nitrosomonas. Release of this inhibitor is a regulated plant function, triggered and sustained by the availability of ammonium (NH4+) in the root environment. Brachialactone release is restricted to those roots that are directly exposed to NH4+. Within 3 years of establishment, Brachiaria pastures have suppressed soil nitrifier populations (determined as amoA genes; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea), along with nitrification and nitrous oxide emissions. These findings provide direct evidence for the existence and active regulation of a nitrification inhibitor (or inhibitors) release from tropical pasture root systems. Exploiting the BNI function could become a powerful strategy toward the development of low-nitrifying agronomic systems, benefiting both agriculture and the environment.

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria humidicola roots varies with soil type and inhibits nitrifying bacteria, but not other major soil microorganisms},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {725-733},
 volume = {55},
 id = {8e8d389c-b864-38e1-938b-a8bc4c4ce596},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:06.257Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Gopalakrishnan2009},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2009.12.11 online PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The tropical pasture grass Brachiaria humidiola (Rendle) Schweick releases nitrification inhibitory compounds from its roots, a phenomenon termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). We investigated the influence of root exudates of B. humidicola on nitrification, major soil microorganisms and plant growth promoting microorganisms using two contrasting soil types, Andosol and Cambisol. The addition of root exudates (containing BNI activity that is expressed in Allylthiourea unit (ATU) was standardized in a bioassay against a synthetic inhibitor of nitrification, allylthiourea, and their function in soil was compared to inhibition caused by the synthetic nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. At 30 and 40 ATU g−1soil, root exudates inhibited nitrification by 95% in fresh Cambisol after 60 days. Nitrification was also similarly inhibited in rhizosphere soils of Cambisol where B. humidicola was grown for 6 months. Root exudates did not inhibit other soil microorganisms, including gram-negative bacteria, total cultivable bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads. Root exudates, when added to pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea, inhibited their growth, but did not inhibit the growth of several plant growth promoting microorganisms, Azospirillum lipoferum, Rhizobium leguminosarum and Azotobacter chroococcum. Our results indicate that the nitrification inhibitors released by B. humidicola roots inhibited nitrifying bacteria, but did not negatively affect other major soil microorganisms and the effectiveness of the inhibitory effect varied with soil type.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gopalakrishnan, Subramaniam and WATANABE, Takashi and PEARSE, Stuart J and ITO, Osamu and HOSSAIN, Zakir A K M and SUBBARAO, Guntur V},
 journal = {Soil Science & Plant Nutrition
Volume Issue, Pages },
 number = {5}
}

The tropical pasture grass Brachiaria humidiola (Rendle) Schweick releases nitrification inhibitory compounds from its roots, a phenomenon termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). We investigated the influence of root exudates of B. humidicola on nitrification, major soil microorganisms and plant growth promoting microorganisms using two contrasting soil types, Andosol and Cambisol. The addition of root exudates (containing BNI activity that is expressed in Allylthiourea unit (ATU) was standardized in a bioassay against a synthetic inhibitor of nitrification, allylthiourea, and their function in soil was compared to inhibition caused by the synthetic nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. At 30 and 40 ATU g−1soil, root exudates inhibited nitrification by 95% in fresh Cambisol after 60 days. Nitrification was also similarly inhibited in rhizosphere soils of Cambisol where B. humidicola was grown for 6 months. Root exudates did not inhibit other soil microorganisms, including gram-negative bacteria, total cultivable bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads. Root exudates, when added to pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea, inhibited their growth, but did not inhibit the growth of several plant growth promoting microorganisms, Azospirillum lipoferum, Rhizobium leguminosarum and Azotobacter chroococcum. Our results indicate that the nitrification inhibitors released by B. humidicola roots inhibited nitrifying bacteria, but did not negatively affect other major soil microorganisms and the effectiveness of the inhibitory effect varied with soil type.

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of net nitrification activity in a Mediterranean woodland: possible role of chemicals produced by Arbutus unedo},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {273-283},
 volume = {315},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11104-008-9750-x},
 month = {2},
 day = {29},
 id = {7119975b-51b3-3010-8cae-67d022c66bd7},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:12.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:07.980Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Castaldi2009},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2009.2.23 online PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrification is a key biological process for the control of soil NO3 − availability and N losses from terrestrial ecosystems. The study investigates the causes for the absence of net nitrification activity in the soil of a Mediterranean monospecific woodland of Arbutus unedo, focusing in particular on the possible role of chemicals produced by this plant. The mineral N pool, net rates of mineralization and nitrification were measured in the soil top 10 cm over 18 months. Raw extracts of leaves and roots of Arbutus unedo and soil underneath Arbutus plant canopy were purified using chromatographic techniques and the structure of chemicals was defined using spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Leaf extracts (raw, aqueous and organic fractions) were tested for their toxicity on net nitrification, using a test soil. Field and laboratory incubations showed soil NO3 − concentration below the detection limit over the whole study period, despite the significant NH4 + availability. Toxicity tests indicated that more than 400 μg of extract g−1 dry soil were needed to have more than 50% reduction of net NO3 − production. Gallocatechin and catechin were among the most abundant chemicals in the extracts of leaves, roots and soil. Their soil concentration was significantly higher than the annual calculated input via leaf litter, and it was in the range of toxic concentrations, as deduced from the dose-response curve of the toxicity test. Data support the hypothesis that plant produced chemicals might be involved in the limited net nitrate production in this Mediterranean woodland.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Castaldi, Simona and Carfora, Anna and Fiorentino, Antonio and Natale, Angela and Messere, Anna and Miglietta, Franco and Cotrufo, M Francesca},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-008-9750-x},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

Nitrification is a key biological process for the control of soil NO3 − availability and N losses from terrestrial ecosystems. The study investigates the causes for the absence of net nitrification activity in the soil of a Mediterranean monospecific woodland of Arbutus unedo, focusing in particular on the possible role of chemicals produced by this plant. The mineral N pool, net rates of mineralization and nitrification were measured in the soil top 10 cm over 18 months. Raw extracts of leaves and roots of Arbutus unedo and soil underneath Arbutus plant canopy were purified using chromatographic techniques and the structure of chemicals was defined using spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Leaf extracts (raw, aqueous and organic fractions) were tested for their toxicity on net nitrification, using a test soil. Field and laboratory incubations showed soil NO3 − concentration below the detection limit over the whole study period, despite the significant NH4 + availability. Toxicity tests indicated that more than 400 μg of extract g−1 dry soil were needed to have more than 50% reduction of net NO3 − production. Gallocatechin and catechin were among the most abundant chemicals in the extracts of leaves, roots and soil. Their soil concentration was significantly higher than the annual calculated input via leaf litter, and it was in the range of toxic concentrations, as deduced from the dose-response curve of the toxicity test. Data support the hypothesis that plant produced chemicals might be involved in the limited net nitrate production in this Mediterranean woodland.

@article{
 title = {Free fatty acids from the pasture grass Brachiaria humidicola and one of their methyl esters as inhibitors of nitrification},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {89-99},
 volume = {313},
 id = {bb6caa01-39f3-37f9-b27f-72f8bbdc664f},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:56.837Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2008b},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2008.7.11 online PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The tropical pasture grass, Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick, produces nitrification inhibitory compounds (termed biological nitrification inhibitors or BNIs) in its shoot and root tissues and releases BNIs from its roots. In the present study, two BNI compounds were isolated and identified from the shoot tissue of B. humidicola using activity-guided fractionation. The recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea containing luxAB genes derived from the bioluminescent marine gram-negative bacterium Vibrio harveyi, were used to determine BNI activity. The BNI compounds in the shoot tissue were identified as linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LN) using authentic-chemicals obtained from ©Sigma (ED80 16.0 μg ml−1 for both LA and LN) for verification. None of the other tested free fatty acids namely stearic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and cis-vaccenic acid showed any inhibitory effect on nitrification. Among the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) evaluated [methyl oleate, methyl linoleate (LA-ME) and methyl linoleneate (LN-ME)], only LA-ME showed an inhibitory effect (ED80 8.0 μg ml−1). The inhibitory effect of LA, LN and LA-ME in the soil was stable for 120 days at 20°C. Soil treated with LA, LN and LA-ME showed a very low accumulation of NO3 − and the maintenance of soil inorganic N in the NH4 + form. The inhibitory effect of LA-ME on soil nitrification was greater than that of LA or LN. In addition to BNI activity, both LA and LA-ME showed a suppressive effect on urea hydrolysis in soil. Both LA and LN blocked the AMO (ammonia monooxygenase) and HAO (hydroxylamino oxidoreductase) enzymatic pathways in Nitrosomonas. Since LA and LN can be produced from vegetable oils such as soybean, flax or sunflower, they have the potential for use as nitrification inhibitors in production agriculture.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Nakahara, K and Ishikawa, T and Yoshihashi, T and Ito, O and Ono, H and Ohnishi-Kameyama, M and Yoshida, M and Kawano, N and Berry, W L},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

The tropical pasture grass, Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick, produces nitrification inhibitory compounds (termed biological nitrification inhibitors or BNIs) in its shoot and root tissues and releases BNIs from its roots. In the present study, two BNI compounds were isolated and identified from the shoot tissue of B. humidicola using activity-guided fractionation. The recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea containing luxAB genes derived from the bioluminescent marine gram-negative bacterium Vibrio harveyi, were used to determine BNI activity. The BNI compounds in the shoot tissue were identified as linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LN) using authentic-chemicals obtained from ©Sigma (ED80 16.0 μg ml−1 for both LA and LN) for verification. None of the other tested free fatty acids namely stearic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and cis-vaccenic acid showed any inhibitory effect on nitrification. Among the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) evaluated [methyl oleate, methyl linoleate (LA-ME) and methyl linoleneate (LN-ME)], only LA-ME showed an inhibitory effect (ED80 8.0 μg ml−1). The inhibitory effect of LA, LN and LA-ME in the soil was stable for 120 days at 20°C. Soil treated with LA, LN and LA-ME showed a very low accumulation of NO3 − and the maintenance of soil inorganic N in the NH4 + form. The inhibitory effect of LA-ME on soil nitrification was greater than that of LA or LN. In addition to BNI activity, both LA and LA-ME showed a suppressive effect on urea hydrolysis in soil. Both LA and LN blocked the AMO (ammonia monooxygenase) and HAO (hydroxylamino oxidoreductase) enzymatic pathways in Nitrosomonas. Since LA and LN can be produced from vegetable oils such as soybean, flax or sunflower, they have the potential for use as nitrification inhibitors in production agriculture.

@article{
 title = {農業生態系での硝酸化成および亜酸化窒素放出制御のための植物を使った戦略　—生物的硝化抑制（BNI）—},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 pages = {335-345},
 volume = {83},
 id = {600b576b-6252-3b87-9687-4290c129d513},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:04.242Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2008a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, Guntur and スバラオ, グントウール and 伊藤治, undefined},
 journal = {農業および園芸},
 number = {3},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Relevance of genetically modified crops in light of future environmental and legislative challenges to the agri-environment},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {online first},
 id = {9010730b-adbd-3be5-8229-09e747a32b47},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:05.966Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {OBrien2008},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2009.2.23. online first PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {A key challenge for countries like Ireland up to 2030 is to produce sufficient supplies of food, feed and fuel, without compromising on public health or negatively impacting the environment. As we progress through the technology era, certain agricultural technologies [e.g. genetically modified (GM) crops] have been championed to maximise production while minimising environmental impact. Yet, multiple arguments have been made to counter such a claim, which has led to a polarisation of opinions and a plethora of generic commentaries being made in regard to the impact of this technology. Yet, few studies within the European Union (EU) have conducted a critical needs analysis to assess the potential of specific GM traits in light of issues, such as climate change, increased environmental legislation (e.g. EU Water Framework, Nitrates Directive, proposed reform to the Pesticide Directive and Common Agricultural Policy reform), mitigating biodiversity loss and sustainable biofuel production. The goal of this study is to collate a register of GM traits such that a list of potential GM crops could be prioritised against the backdrop of the challenges facing the tillage sector. Clearly, the crops with the most significant potential for genetic modification are those that are grown widely and/or receive high applications of pesticides and fertilisers (e.g. potato, wheat, barley and maize). GM traits with significant agronomic potential include late blight resistant potato, Fusarium head blight resistant wheat and Septoria resistant wheat and herbicide-tolerant winter oilseed rape and maize. Following on from these, crops with enhanced nitrogen-use efficiency could provide significant input to the tillage sector in light of EU-based restrictions on nitrogen usage, crops with elevated protein content could offset the costs of imported animal feed and crops with modified oil content/lignocellulose composition could assist in biodiesel/bioenergy production at a regional level. This study is relevant to other European countries that cultivate similar crops and like Ireland, are facing multiple challenges to their tillage sector in the near future.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {O'Brien, M and Mullins, E},
 journal = {Annals of Applied Biology}
}

A key challenge for countries like Ireland up to 2030 is to produce sufficient supplies of food, feed and fuel, without compromising on public health or negatively impacting the environment. As we progress through the technology era, certain agricultural technologies [e.g. genetically modified (GM) crops] have been championed to maximise production while minimising environmental impact. Yet, multiple arguments have been made to counter such a claim, which has led to a polarisation of opinions and a plethora of generic commentaries being made in regard to the impact of this technology. Yet, few studies within the European Union (EU) have conducted a critical needs analysis to assess the potential of specific GM traits in light of issues, such as climate change, increased environmental legislation (e.g. EU Water Framework, Nitrates Directive, proposed reform to the Pesticide Directive and Common Agricultural Policy reform), mitigating biodiversity loss and sustainable biofuel production. The goal of this study is to collate a register of GM traits such that a list of potential GM crops could be prioritised against the backdrop of the challenges facing the tillage sector. Clearly, the crops with the most significant potential for genetic modification are those that are grown widely and/or receive high applications of pesticides and fertilisers (e.g. potato, wheat, barley and maize). GM traits with significant agronomic potential include late blight resistant potato, Fusarium head blight resistant wheat and Septoria resistant wheat and herbicide-tolerant winter oilseed rape and maize. Following on from these, crops with enhanced nitrogen-use efficiency could provide significant input to the tillage sector in light of EU-based restrictions on nitrogen usage, crops with elevated protein content could offset the costs of imported animal feed and crops with modified oil content/lignocellulose composition could assist in biodiesel/bioenergy production at a regional level. This study is relevant to other European countries that cultivate similar crops and like Ireland, are facing multiple challenges to their tillage sector in the near future.

@article{
 title = {Detection, isolation and characterization of a root-exuded compound, methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, responsible for biological nitrification inhibition by sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {442-451},
 volume = {180},
 id = {13c6feae-01c1-3568-af67-a8953c604422},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:05.596Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2008},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2009.2.23 online PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {• Nitrification results in poor nitrogen (N) recovery and negative environmental impacts in most agricultural systems. Some plant species release secondary metabolites from their roots that inhibit nitrification, a phenomenon known as biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Here, we attempt to characterize BNI in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). • In solution culture, the effect of N nutrition and plant age was studied on BNI activity from roots. A bioluminescence assay using recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea was employed to determine the inhibitory effect of root exudates. One major active constituent was isolated by activity-guided HPLC fractionations. The structure was analysed using NMR and mass spectrometry. Properties and the 70% inhibitory concentration (IC70) of this compound were determined by in vitro assay. • Sorghum had significant BNI capacity, releasing 20 allylthiourea units (ATU) g−1 root DW d−1. Release of BNI compounds increased with growth stage and concentration of     supply.    -grown plants released several-fold higher BNI compounds than    -grown plants. The active constituent was identified as methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate. • BNI compound release from roots is a physiologically active process, stimulated by the presence of    . Methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate is the first compound purified from the root exudates of any species; this is an important step towards better understanding BNI in sorghum.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, Guntur V and Pearse, Stuart J and Gopalakrishnan, Subramaniam and Ito, Osamu and Ishikawa, Takayuki and Kawano, Naoyoshi and Nakahara, Kazuhiko and Yoshihashi, Tadashi and Ono, Hiroshi and Yoshida, Mitsuru},
 journal = {New Phytologist},
 number = {2}
}

• Nitrification results in poor nitrogen (N) recovery and negative environmental impacts in most agricultural systems. Some plant species release secondary metabolites from their roots that inhibit nitrification, a phenomenon known as biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Here, we attempt to characterize BNI in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). • In solution culture, the effect of N nutrition and plant age was studied on BNI activity from roots. A bioluminescence assay using recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea was employed to determine the inhibitory effect of root exudates. One major active constituent was isolated by activity-guided HPLC fractionations. The structure was analysed using NMR and mass spectrometry. Properties and the 70% inhibitory concentration (IC70) of this compound were determined by in vitro assay. • Sorghum had significant BNI capacity, releasing 20 allylthiourea units (ATU) g−1 root DW d−1. Release of BNI compounds increased with growth stage and concentration of supply. -grown plants released several-fold higher BNI compounds than -grown plants. The active constituent was identified as methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate. • BNI compound release from roots is a physiologically active process, stimulated by the presence of . Methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate is the first compound purified from the root exudates of any species; this is an important step towards better understanding BNI in sorghum.

@article{
 title = {Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle :},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 pages = {889-893},
 id = {839dbfef-7cf7-3a97-9a55-bbe95fd8aac9},
 created = {2019-06-09T22:48:41.988Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {2d20bd82-6481-312d-8a54-1e5fc4aea635},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2019-06-10T04:22:10.996Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Trends, Recent and Galloway, James N and Townsend, Alan R and Erisman, Jan Willem and Bekunda, Mateete and Cai, Zucong and Freney, John R and Martinelli, Luiz A and Seitzinger, Sybil P and Sutton, Mark A},
 number = {May}
}

@article{
 title = {Plant-based manipulation of nitrification in soil: a new approach to managing N loss?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {1-4},
 volume = {294},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11104-007-9263-z},
 month = {5},
 day = {15},
 id = {52dc5546-7a9b-3446-b789-b1a3fee96d3a},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:57.128Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Fillery2007},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.6.18 copy on line, PDF file, and a reprint from Subbarao},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Much work has gone into the management of nitrification through applications of chemicals known to inhibit enzyme function in nitrifiers with indifferent outcomes when tested in the field. Much less attention has been focused on the capacity of plants to modify nitrification in situ. Subbarao and coworkers in a series of neat and elegant studies have confirmed that a tropical grass species, Brachiaria humidicola, produces chemicals that inhibit nitrification in soil. Critical to the work was the use of a Nitrosomonas europaea strain (nitrifying bacteria) that had been specifically constructed to produce bioluminescence due to the expression of “luxAB’ genes during nitrification. This application led to the development of an assay that enabled the suppression of nitrification to be assessed directly. They produce evidence that the production of chemicals by Brachiaria humidicola roots, described as biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs), is under plant control. However, the triggers or molecular controls for BNI production have yet to be ascertained. Examination of the capacity of major crops to produce BNIs, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays) indicate that these do not have this capacity. Work is needed on wild relatives of these crops and the major temperate grass species such as Lolium perenne to determine whether these have the capacity to produce BNIs with an aim to introduce this capacity into domesticated lines. The work of Subbarao et al. highlights how molecular biology can be used to introduce traits into micro-organisms responsible for key soil N transformations in a way that facilitates analysis of the interaction between plants and the soil environment so crucial to their growth and survival.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Fillery, Ian R P},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-007-9263-z},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

Much work has gone into the management of nitrification through applications of chemicals known to inhibit enzyme function in nitrifiers with indifferent outcomes when tested in the field. Much less attention has been focused on the capacity of plants to modify nitrification in situ. Subbarao and coworkers in a series of neat and elegant studies have confirmed that a tropical grass species, Brachiaria humidicola, produces chemicals that inhibit nitrification in soil. Critical to the work was the use of a Nitrosomonas europaea strain (nitrifying bacteria) that had been specifically constructed to produce bioluminescence due to the expression of “luxAB’ genes during nitrification. This application led to the development of an assay that enabled the suppression of nitrification to be assessed directly. They produce evidence that the production of chemicals by Brachiaria humidicola roots, described as biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs), is under plant control. However, the triggers or molecular controls for BNI production have yet to be ascertained. Examination of the capacity of major crops to produce BNIs, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays) indicate that these do not have this capacity. Work is needed on wild relatives of these crops and the major temperate grass species such as Lolium perenne to determine whether these have the capacity to produce BNIs with an aim to introduce this capacity into domesticated lines. The work of Subbarao et al. highlights how molecular biology can be used to introduce traits into micro-organisms responsible for key soil N transformations in a way that facilitates analysis of the interaction between plants and the soil environment so crucial to their growth and survival.

@article{
 title = {Fusicoccins are biosynthesized by an unusual chimera diterpene synthase in fungi},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {3084-3088},
 volume = {104},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17360612},
 id = {a7ff79e5-769c-301b-8c3c-cec62991f00f},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:05.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:01.536Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Toyomasu2007},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {2007.12.19 PDF file on line},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Fusicoccins are a class of diterpene glucosides produced by the plant-pathogenic fungus Phomopsis amygdali. As modulators of 14-3-3 proteins, fusicoccins function as potent activators of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase in plants and also exhibit unique biological activity in animal cells. Despite their well studied biological activities, no genes encoding fusicoccin biosynthetic enzymes have been identified. Cyclic diterpenes are commonly synthesized via cyclization of a C(20) precursor, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), which is produced through condensation of the universal C(5) isoprene units dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate by prenyltransferases. We found that (+)-fusicocca-2,10 (14)-diene, a tricyclic hydrocarbon precursor for fusicoccins, is biosynthesized from the C(5) isoprene units by an unusual multifunctional enzyme, P. amygdali fusicoccadiene synthase (PaFS), which shows both prenyltransferase and terpene cyclase activities. The functional analysis of truncated mutants and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that PaFS consists of two domains: a terpene cyclase domain at the N terminus and a prenyltransferase domain at the C terminus. These findings suggest that fusicoccadiene can be produced efficiently in the fungus by using the C(5) precursors, irrespective of GGDP availability. In fact, heterologous expression of PaFS alone resulted in the accumulation of fusicocca-2,10 (14)-diene in Escherichia coli cells, whereas no product was detected in E. coli cells expressing Gibberella fujikuroi ent-kaurene synthase, another fungal diterpene cyclase that also uses GGDP as a substrate but does not contain a prenyltransferase domain. Genome walking suggested that fusicoccin biosynthetic enzymes are encoded as a gene cluster near the PaFS gene.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Toyomasu, T and Tsukahara, M and Kaneko, A and Niida, R and Mitsuhashi, W and Dairi, T and Kato, N and Sassa, T},
 journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
 number = {9}
}

Fusicoccins are a class of diterpene glucosides produced by the plant-pathogenic fungus Phomopsis amygdali. As modulators of 14-3-3 proteins, fusicoccins function as potent activators of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase in plants and also exhibit unique biological activity in animal cells. Despite their well studied biological activities, no genes encoding fusicoccin biosynthetic enzymes have been identified. Cyclic diterpenes are commonly synthesized via cyclization of a C(20) precursor, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), which is produced through condensation of the universal C(5) isoprene units dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate by prenyltransferases. We found that (+)-fusicocca-2,10 (14)-diene, a tricyclic hydrocarbon precursor for fusicoccins, is biosynthesized from the C(5) isoprene units by an unusual multifunctional enzyme, P. amygdali fusicoccadiene synthase (PaFS), which shows both prenyltransferase and terpene cyclase activities. The functional analysis of truncated mutants and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that PaFS consists of two domains: a terpene cyclase domain at the N terminus and a prenyltransferase domain at the C terminus. These findings suggest that fusicoccadiene can be produced efficiently in the fungus by using the C(5) precursors, irrespective of GGDP availability. In fact, heterologous expression of PaFS alone resulted in the accumulation of fusicocca-2,10 (14)-diene in Escherichia coli cells, whereas no product was detected in E. coli cells expressing Gibberella fujikuroi ent-kaurene synthase, another fungal diterpene cyclase that also uses GGDP as a substrate but does not contain a prenyltransferase domain. Genome walking suggested that fusicoccin biosynthetic enzymes are encoded as a gene cluster near the PaFS gene.

@article{
 title = {Nitrification Inhibitors from the Root Tissues of Brachiaria humidicola , a Tropical Grass},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {1385-1388},
 volume = {55},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17243702,http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf062593o},
 month = {2},
 id = {770033eb-28a5-304c-ba69-554db57ff838},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:07.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:58.611Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
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 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Gopalakrishnan2007},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {2007.6.4 copy on line, PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrification inhibitory activity was found in root tissue extracts of Brachiaria humidicola, a tropical pasture grass. Two active inhibitory compounds were isolated by activity-guided fractionation, using recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea containing luxAB genes derived from the bioluminescent marine gram-negative bacterium Vibrio harveyi. The compounds were identified as methyl-p-coumarate and methyl ferulate, respectively. Their nitrification inhibitory properties were confirmed in chemically synthesized preparations of each. The IC50 values of chemically synthesized preparations were 19.5 and 4.4 microM, respectively. The ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of p-coumaric and ferulic acids inhibited nitrification, whereas the free acid forms did not show inhibitory activity.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gopalakrishnan, Subramaniam and Subbarao, Guntur V and Nakahara, Kazuhiko and Yoshihashi, Tadashi and Ito, Osamu and Maeda, Ikuko and Ono, Hiroshi and Yoshida, Mitsuru},
 doi = {10.1021/jf062593o},
 journal = {Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry},
 number = {4}
}

Nitrification inhibitory activity was found in root tissue extracts of Brachiaria humidicola, a tropical pasture grass. Two active inhibitory compounds were isolated by activity-guided fractionation, using recombinant Nitrosomonas europaea containing luxAB genes derived from the bioluminescent marine gram-negative bacterium Vibrio harveyi. The compounds were identified as methyl-p-coumarate and methyl ferulate, respectively. Their nitrification inhibitory properties were confirmed in chemically synthesized preparations of each. The IC50 values of chemically synthesized preparations were 19.5 and 4.4 microM, respectively. The ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of p-coumaric and ferulic acids inhibited nitrification, whereas the free acid forms did not show inhibitory activity.

@article{
 title = {NH 4+ triggers the synthesis and release of biological nitrification inhibition compounds in Brachiaria humidicola roots},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {245-257},
 volume = {290},
 id = {8e0340b5-724d-3c6c-9033-e5370f158c31},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:05.995Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2007b},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2009.2.23 online PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The release of chemical compounds from plant roots that suppress soil nitrification is termed biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Determining the environmental factors that control the synthesis and release of BNI-compounds from Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick, a tropical pasture grass that thrives on acid soils, is the focus of this investigation. Because the BNI trait is related to the N status of the plant, we investigated the possibility that the expression of this trait would be related to the forms of N found in the root environment. Plants were grown with two sources of N, NH4+ or NO3− for 60 days and the release of BNI-compounds monitored. Only plants grown with NH4+ released BNI-compounds from roots. The presence of NH4+ and possibly the secondary effect of its uptake (i.e., acidic pH) in the root environment significantly enhanced the release of BNI-compounds. Both the NH4+ and NO3− grown plants responded to the stimulus from NH4+ in the root environment. BNI-compounds found in root tissue and their release were nearly three times greater in NH4+ grown than from NO3− grown plants. The BNI-compounds released from roots composed of at least three active components—Type-I (stable to pH changes from 3.0 to 10), Type-II (temporarily loses its inhibitory effect at a pH higher than a threshold pH of 4.5 and the inhibitory effect is reestablished when the root exudate pH is adjusted to <4.5) and Type-III (inhibitory effect is irreversibly lost if the pH of the root exudate reaches 10.0 or above). A major portion of BNI-compounds released in the presence of NH4+ is of Type-I. In the absence of NH4+, mostly Type-II and Type-III BNI-compounds were released. The BNI-compounds inhibited the function of Nitrosomonas europaea through the blocking of both ammonia monooxygenase and hydroxylamino oxidoreductase pathways. These results indicate that the release of BNI-compounds from B. humidicola roots is a regulated function and that presence of NH4+ in the root environment is necessary for the sustained synthesis and release of BNI.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Wang, H Y and Ito, O and Nakahara, K and Berry, W L},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

The release of chemical compounds from plant roots that suppress soil nitrification is termed biological nitrification inhibition (BNI). Determining the environmental factors that control the synthesis and release of BNI-compounds from Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick, a tropical pasture grass that thrives on acid soils, is the focus of this investigation. Because the BNI trait is related to the N status of the plant, we investigated the possibility that the expression of this trait would be related to the forms of N found in the root environment. Plants were grown with two sources of N, NH4+ or NO3− for 60 days and the release of BNI-compounds monitored. Only plants grown with NH4+ released BNI-compounds from roots. The presence of NH4+ and possibly the secondary effect of its uptake (i.e., acidic pH) in the root environment significantly enhanced the release of BNI-compounds. Both the NH4+ and NO3− grown plants responded to the stimulus from NH4+ in the root environment. BNI-compounds found in root tissue and their release were nearly three times greater in NH4+ grown than from NO3− grown plants. The BNI-compounds released from roots composed of at least three active components—Type-I (stable to pH changes from 3.0 to 10), Type-II (temporarily loses its inhibitory effect at a pH higher than a threshold pH of 4.5 and the inhibitory effect is reestablished when the root exudate pH is adjusted to <4.5) and Type-III (inhibitory effect is irreversibly lost if the pH of the root exudate reaches 10.0 or above). A major portion of BNI-compounds released in the presence of NH4+ is of Type-I. In the absence of NH4+, mostly Type-II and Type-III BNI-compounds were released. The BNI-compounds inhibited the function of Nitrosomonas europaea through the blocking of both ammonia monooxygenase and hydroxylamino oxidoreductase pathways. These results indicate that the release of BNI-compounds from B. humidicola roots is a regulated function and that presence of NH4+ in the root environment is necessary for the sustained synthesis and release of BNI.

@inproceedings{
 title = {Can biologically produced nitrification inhibitors (BNI) suppress soil microbial populations other than nitrifiers? A case study with Brachiaria humidicola},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2007},
 pages = {94（10-11）},
 city = {東京農業大学世田谷キャンパス},
 id = {efc6c722-6f92-37c8-b6c7-a0d657aa9260},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:02.829Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Gopalakrishnann2007},
 source_type = {Conference Proceedings},
 notes = {2007.9.21},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Gopalakrishnann, Subramaniam and Guntur, Subramaniam Gopalakrishnann・渡邉 武・伊藤 治・Subbarao},
 booktitle = {日本土壌肥料学会2007年度大会},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI)—is it a widespread phenomenon?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {5-18},
 volume = {294},
 id = {be9b1f39-0bee-3d45-9c3e-25a959bc7763},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:11.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:02.825Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2007a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.6.18 copy on line, PDF file, and a reprint from Subbarao},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Regulating nitrification could be a key strategy in improving nitrogen (N) recovery and agronomic N-use efficiency in situations where the loss of N following nitrification is significant. A highly sensitive bioassay using recombinant luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea, has been developed that can detect and quantify the amount of nitrification inhibitors produced by plants (hereafter referred to as BNI activity). A number of species including tropical and temperate pastures, cereals and legumes were tested for BNI in their root exudate. There was a wide range in BNI capacity among the 18 species tested; specific BNI (AT units activity g−1 root dry wt) ranged from 0 (i.e. no detectable activity) to 18.3 AT units. Among the tested cereal and legume crops, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)], pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], and groundnut [Arachis hypogaea (L.)] showed detectable BNI in root exudate. Among pasture grasses, Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick, B. decumbens Stapf showed the highest BNI capacity. Several high- and low-BNI genotypes were identified within the B. humidicola species. Soil collected from field plots of 10 year-old high-BNI genotypes of B. humidicola, showed a near total suppression (>90%) of nitrification; most of the soil inorganic N remained in the NH4+ form after 30 days of incubation. In contrast, soils collected from low-BNI genotypes did not show any inhibitory effect; most of the soil inorganic N was converted to NO3– after 30 days of incubation. In both the high- and low-BNI genotypes, BNI was detected in root exudate only when plants were grown with NH4+, but not when grown with NO3– as the sole source of N. BNI compounds when added to the soil inhibited nitrification and the relationship was linear (r 2 = 0.92**; n = 12). The BNI from high- and low-BNI types when added to N. europaea in pure culture, blocked both the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and the hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) pathways. Our results indicated that BNI capacity varies widely among and within species; and that some degree of BNI capacity is likely a widespread phenomenon in tropical pasture grasses. We suggest that the BNI capacity could either be managed and/or introduced into pastures/crops with an expression of this phenomenon, via genetic improvement approaches that combine high productivity along with some capacity to regulate soil nitrification process.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Rondon, M and Ito, O and Ishikawa, T and Rao, I M and Nakahara, K and Lascano, Carlos and Berry, W L},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

Regulating nitrification could be a key strategy in improving nitrogen (N) recovery and agronomic N-use efficiency in situations where the loss of N following nitrification is significant. A highly sensitive bioassay using recombinant luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea, has been developed that can detect and quantify the amount of nitrification inhibitors produced by plants (hereafter referred to as BNI activity). A number of species including tropical and temperate pastures, cereals and legumes were tested for BNI in their root exudate. There was a wide range in BNI capacity among the 18 species tested; specific BNI (AT units activity g−1 root dry wt) ranged from 0 (i.e. no detectable activity) to 18.3 AT units. Among the tested cereal and legume crops, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)], pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], and groundnut [Arachis hypogaea (L.)] showed detectable BNI in root exudate. Among pasture grasses, Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick, B. decumbens Stapf showed the highest BNI capacity. Several high- and low-BNI genotypes were identified within the B. humidicola species. Soil collected from field plots of 10 year-old high-BNI genotypes of B. humidicola, showed a near total suppression (>90%) of nitrification; most of the soil inorganic N remained in the NH4+ form after 30 days of incubation. In contrast, soils collected from low-BNI genotypes did not show any inhibitory effect; most of the soil inorganic N was converted to NO3– after 30 days of incubation. In both the high- and low-BNI genotypes, BNI was detected in root exudate only when plants were grown with NH4+, but not when grown with NO3– as the sole source of N. BNI compounds when added to the soil inhibited nitrification and the relationship was linear (r 2 = 0.92**; n = 12). The BNI from high- and low-BNI types when added to N. europaea in pure culture, blocked both the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and the hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) pathways. Our results indicated that BNI capacity varies widely among and within species; and that some degree of BNI capacity is likely a widespread phenomenon in tropical pasture grasses. We suggest that the BNI capacity could either be managed and/or introduced into pastures/crops with an expression of this phenomenon, via genetic improvement approaches that combine high productivity along with some capacity to regulate soil nitrification process.

@article{
 title = {Field Validation of the Phenomenon of Nitrification Inhibition by Brachiaria humidicola and Other Tropical Grasses},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 pages = {107-112},
 volume = {51},
 id = {be112fd8-299f-3fba-bde5-dc91e9af7d84},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:12.000Z},
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 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:56.253Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2007},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.4.26 copy on line, PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The phenomenon of nitrification-inhibitory compounds from plant roots is termed as "biological nitrification inhibition" (BN!). Our earlier studies using controlled environments have consistently shown that Brachiaria species have the ability to release inhibitory compounds from their roots that suppress nitrification in soils (termed as BNI activity). To demonstrate this proof of concept for BNI under field conditions, this present investigation was undertaken as part of a collaborative research project between JIRCAS and CIAT. It is also assumed that BN! phenomenon would be cumulative in nature with time, thus the field experiment is designed as a long-term study to monitor changes in the nitrification potential of soils influenced by growing Brachiaria sp. of differential BNI capacities. Various tropical pastures showing a varying degree of BNI activity were selected for the experiment, along with soybeans, which are believed to lack such BNI capacity, as a control. The field experiment was initiated in September 2004, after several months of preparations, and is jointly funded by JIRCAS and CIAT. Among the measurements done twice a year are nitrate and ammonium levels in the soil, total nitrogen plant uptake, net fluxes of nitrous oxide, a count of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the soil, and estimates of nitrate leaching using ion exchange resins. The soil physical and chemical properties at the field site were thoroughly characterized before the initiation of this field study to provide baseline information. The first year's results from May 2005 did not show a clear BN! effect on soil nitrification from B. humidicola grasses. However, the second year results are beginning to show clear trends that indicate B. humidicola varieties to have an inhibitory effect on soil nitrification.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Rondon, M and Rao, I M and Ishikawa, T and Ito, O and Hurtado, M P and E. Amezquita, undefined and Barrtos, E and Lascano, C},
 journal = {JIRCAS Working Report},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

The phenomenon of nitrification-inhibitory compounds from plant roots is termed as "biological nitrification inhibition" (BN!). Our earlier studies using controlled environments have consistently shown that Brachiaria species have the ability to release inhibitory compounds from their roots that suppress nitrification in soils (termed as BNI activity). To demonstrate this proof of concept for BNI under field conditions, this present investigation was undertaken as part of a collaborative research project between JIRCAS and CIAT. It is also assumed that BN! phenomenon would be cumulative in nature with time, thus the field experiment is designed as a long-term study to monitor changes in the nitrification potential of soils influenced by growing Brachiaria sp. of differential BNI capacities. Various tropical pastures showing a varying degree of BNI activity were selected for the experiment, along with soybeans, which are believed to lack such BNI capacity, as a control. The field experiment was initiated in September 2004, after several months of preparations, and is jointly funded by JIRCAS and CIAT. Among the measurements done twice a year are nitrate and ammonium levels in the soil, total nitrogen plant uptake, net fluxes of nitrous oxide, a count of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the soil, and estimates of nitrate leaching using ion exchange resins. The soil physical and chemical properties at the field site were thoroughly characterized before the initiation of this field study to provide baseline information. The first year's results from May 2005 did not show a clear BN! effect on soil nitrification from B. humidicola grasses. However, the second year results are beginning to show clear trends that indicate B. humidicola varieties to have an inhibitory effect on soil nitrification.

@article{
 title = {A bioluminescence assay to detect nitrification inhibitors released from plant roots: a case study with Brachiaria humidicola},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {101-112},
 volume = {288},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9094-3,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11104-006-9094-3},
 month = {10},
 publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
 day = {25},
 id = {bed7ab37-0ff8-30c8-b33d-eb8192ddc5b0},
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 citation_key = {Subbarao2006a},
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 language = {English},
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 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Ishikawa, T and Ito, O and Nakahara, K and Wang, H Y and Berry, W L},
 doi = {10.1007/s11104-006-9094-3},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {1-2}
}

@article{
 title = {Scope and Strategies for Regulation of Nitrification in Agricultural Systems-Challenges and Opportunities},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {303-335},
 volume = {25},
 id = {e94a8d0e-b3e1-31b9-aca9-26695772964b},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:03.242Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Subbarao2006},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.2.20 copy on line, PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {[Headnote] Nitrification, a microbial process, is a key component and integral part of the nitrogen (N) cycle. Soil N is in a constant state of flux, moving and changing chemical forms. During nitrification, a relatively immobile N-form (NH^sup +^^sub 4^) is converted into highly mobile nitrate-N (NO^sup -^^sub 3^). The nitrate formed is susceptible to losses via leaching and conversion to gaseous forms via denitrification. Often less than 30% of the applied N fertilizer is recovered in intensive agricultural systems, largely due to losses associated with and following nitrification. Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) is defined as the biomass produced per unit of assimilated N and is a conservative function in most biological systems. A better alternative is to define NUE as the dry matter produced per unit N applied and strive for improvements in agronomic yields through N recovery. Suppressing nitrification along with its associated N losses is potentially a key part in any strategy to improve N recovery and agronomic NUE. In many mature N-limited ecosystems, nitrification is reduced to a relatively minor flux. In such systems there is a high degree of internal N cycling with minimal loss of N. In contrast, in most high-production agricultural systems nitrification is a major process in N cycling with the resulting N losses and inefficiencies. This review presents the current state of knowledge on nitrification and associated N losses, and discusses strategies for controlling nitrification in agricultural systems. Limitations of the currently available nitrification inhibitors are highlighted. The concept of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is proposed for controlling nitrification in agricultural systems utilizing traits found in natural ecosystems. It is emphasized that suppression of nitrification in agricultural systems is a critical step required for improving agronomic NUE and maintaining environmental quality.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Subbarao, G V and Ito, O and K L Sahrawat, undefined and Berry, W L and Nakahara, K and Ishikawa, T and Watanabe, T and Suenaga, K and Rondon, M and Rao, I M},
 journal = {Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences},
 number = {4}
}

[Headnote] Nitrification, a microbial process, is a key component and integral part of the nitrogen (N) cycle. Soil N is in a constant state of flux, moving and changing chemical forms. During nitrification, a relatively immobile N-form (NH^sup +^^sub 4^) is converted into highly mobile nitrate-N (NO^sup -^^sub 3^). The nitrate formed is susceptible to losses via leaching and conversion to gaseous forms via denitrification. Often less than 30% of the applied N fertilizer is recovered in intensive agricultural systems, largely due to losses associated with and following nitrification. Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) is defined as the biomass produced per unit of assimilated N and is a conservative function in most biological systems. A better alternative is to define NUE as the dry matter produced per unit N applied and strive for improvements in agronomic yields through N recovery. Suppressing nitrification along with its associated N losses is potentially a key part in any strategy to improve N recovery and agronomic NUE. In many mature N-limited ecosystems, nitrification is reduced to a relatively minor flux. In such systems there is a high degree of internal N cycling with minimal loss of N. In contrast, in most high-production agricultural systems nitrification is a major process in N cycling with the resulting N losses and inefficiencies. This review presents the current state of knowledge on nitrification and associated N losses, and discusses strategies for controlling nitrification in agricultural systems. Limitations of the currently available nitrification inhibitors are highlighted. The concept of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is proposed for controlling nitrification in agricultural systems utilizing traits found in natural ecosystems. It is emphasized that suppression of nitrification in agricultural systems is a critical step required for improving agronomic NUE and maintaining environmental quality.

@article{
 title = {Production of wheat–Leymus racemosus chromosome addition lines},
 type = {article},
 year = {2004},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {255-260},
 volume = {109},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-004-1631-y},
 publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
 id = {e5e5f43e-5276-3010-ab18-905a0f1ddb8b},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:06.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:00.868Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kishii2004},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {We produced ten wheat– Leymus racemosus chromosome addition lines. Eight chromosomes (A, C, F, H, I, J, k, and l) were recovered as disomic additions and two (E and n) as monosomic. Screening of the addition lines was done by fluorescence in situ hybridization using several repetitive sequences as probes, which allowed us to identify different L. racemosus chromosomes and find many aberrant L. racemosus chromosomes. RFLP analysis revealed partial conservation of homology between L. racemosus and wheat chromosomes, depending on the homologous groups. Chromosomes A and l belonged to group 2, chromosomes C and I to group 5, and chromosome k to group 6. Chromosomes H and J were a mixture of groups 1, 3, and 7, chromosome n of groups 3 and 7, and chromosomes E and F were of group 4 and others. Comparison of our addition lines with other addition lines showed large cytological differences.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kishii, Masahiro and Yamada, Toyomi and Sasakuma, Tetsuo and Tsujimoto, Hisashi},
 doi = {10.1007/s00122-004-1631-y},
 journal = {Theoretical and Applied Genetics},
 number = {2}
}

We produced ten wheat– Leymus racemosus chromosome addition lines. Eight chromosomes (A, C, F, H, I, J, k, and l) were recovered as disomic additions and two (E and n) as monosomic. Screening of the addition lines was done by fluorescence in situ hybridization using several repetitive sequences as probes, which allowed us to identify different L. racemosus chromosomes and find many aberrant L. racemosus chromosomes. RFLP analysis revealed partial conservation of homology between L. racemosus and wheat chromosomes, depending on the homologous groups. Chromosomes A and l belonged to group 2, chromosomes C and I to group 5, and chromosome k to group 6. Chromosomes H and J were a mixture of groups 1, 3, and 7, chromosome n of groups 3 and 7, and chromosomes E and F were of group 4 and others. Comparison of our addition lines with other addition lines showed large cytological differences.

@article{
 title = {Grass populations control nitrification in savanna soils},
 type = {article},
 year = {2004},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {605-611},
 volume = {18},
 id = {30381b93-0841-3a21-b9b1-e97955a346fc},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:11.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:03.574Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Lata2004},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.2.23 copy on line, PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {1.   Nitrification plays a key role in the functioning of many natural ecosystems. It is directly involved in plant nitrogen nutrition and soil N losses through leaching and denitrification. The control of this process by plants is poorly understood, although modifications of nitrification would allow plants to manipulate competition for N and induce changes in ecosystem N balance. In a wet tropical savanna ecosystem (Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire), the soil N cycle is characterized by distinct high- and low-nitrification sites. Previous publications showed that nitrification was positively or negatively correlated with root densities of the dominant grass covering these sites. These contrasting sites were chosen to investigate the extent to which vegetation controls long-term nitrification. 2.   In situ experimental plots were created where grass individuals originating from high- or low-nitrifying soils were transplanted into both soils. Nitrifying enzyme activity (NEA) was measured up to 24 months after transplanting. Grasses from both sites significantly modified NEA up to rates similar to those at their respective control sites. 3.   The level of individual plant control (inhibition and stimulation) was correlated with grass biomass. The potential mechanisms of this control is discussed, along with its consequences for ecosystem N cycling (such as N losses), as the denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) is much higher in the high-nitrification site. Such results suggest that plant species can have important consequences for N cycling at the population level.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Lata, J.-C. and DEGRANGE, V and RAYNAUD, X and MARON, P.-A. and LENSI, R and ABBADIE, L},
 journal = {Functional Ecology},
 number = {4}
}

1. Nitrification plays a key role in the functioning of many natural ecosystems. It is directly involved in plant nitrogen nutrition and soil N losses through leaching and denitrification. The control of this process by plants is poorly understood, although modifications of nitrification would allow plants to manipulate competition for N and induce changes in ecosystem N balance. In a wet tropical savanna ecosystem (Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire), the soil N cycle is characterized by distinct high- and low-nitrification sites. Previous publications showed that nitrification was positively or negatively correlated with root densities of the dominant grass covering these sites. These contrasting sites were chosen to investigate the extent to which vegetation controls long-term nitrification. 2. In situ experimental plots were created where grass individuals originating from high- or low-nitrifying soils were transplanted into both soils. Nitrifying enzyme activity (NEA) was measured up to 24 months after transplanting. Grasses from both sites significantly modified NEA up to rates similar to those at their respective control sites. 3. The level of individual plant control (inhibition and stimulation) was correlated with grass biomass. The potential mechanisms of this control is discussed, along with its consequences for ecosystem N cycling (such as N losses), as the denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) is much higher in the high-nitrification site. Such results suggest that plant species can have important consequences for N cycling at the population level.

@inbook{
 type = {inbook},
 year = {2003},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {413-419},
 volume = {255},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-2923-9_40},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 city = {Dordrecht},
 id = {5bfbb309-1830-33b2-a1d1-1fec4d6f1b8d},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:05.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:00.440Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ishikawa2003},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.2.20 copy on line, PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Nitrification by soil nitrifiers may result in substantial losses of applied nitrogen through NO3− leaching and N2O emission. The biological inhibition of nitrification by crop plants or pasture species is not well known. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of three pasture species, Brachiaria humidicola, B. decumbens and Melinis minutiflora to inhibit nitrification. Plants were grown in a growth chamber for sixty days, fertilized with (NH4)2SO4. After harvesting, the soil was incubated with (NH4)2SO4 for 24 days. Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), NH4-N levels, and N2O emission were monitored at 4 d intervals. Among the species studied, B. humidicola inhibited nitrification and maintained NH4-N in soil to a much greater extent than the other two species. This nitrification inhibition lasted for 12 days after initiation of soil incubation study (i.e. from 60 DAS when the plants were harvested). The AOB populations and N2O emission from the soil were significantly lower in the soils where B. humidicola has been grown compared to the other two species. Root exudates and soil extracts of B. humidicola suppressed AOB populations, whereas those of B. decumbens and M. minutiflora did not. The results are in consistence with the hypothesis that B. humidicola suppressed nitrification and N2O emissions through an inhibitory effect on the AOB population.},
 bibtype = {inbook},
 author = {Ishikawa, T and Subbarao, G V and Ito, O and Okada, K},
 doi = {10.1007/978-94-017-2923-9_40},
 chapter = {Suppression of nitrification and nitrous oxide emission by the tropical grass Brachiaria humidicola},
 title = {Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth}
}

Nitrification by soil nitrifiers may result in substantial losses of applied nitrogen through NO3− leaching and N2O emission. The biological inhibition of nitrification by crop plants or pasture species is not well known. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of three pasture species, Brachiaria humidicola, B. decumbens and Melinis minutiflora to inhibit nitrification. Plants were grown in a growth chamber for sixty days, fertilized with (NH4)2SO4. After harvesting, the soil was incubated with (NH4)2SO4 for 24 days. Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), NH4-N levels, and N2O emission were monitored at 4 d intervals. Among the species studied, B. humidicola inhibited nitrification and maintained NH4-N in soil to a much greater extent than the other two species. This nitrification inhibition lasted for 12 days after initiation of soil incubation study (i.e. from 60 DAS when the plants were harvested). The AOB populations and N2O emission from the soil were significantly lower in the soils where B. humidicola has been grown compared to the other two species. Root exudates and soil extracts of B. humidicola suppressed AOB populations, whereas those of B. decumbens and M. minutiflora did not. The results are in consistence with the hypothesis that B. humidicola suppressed nitrification and N2O emissions through an inhibitory effect on the AOB population.

@article{
 title = {Cereal/legume rotation effects on rhizosphere bacterial community structure in west african soils},
 type = {article},
 year = {2003},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {73-82},
 volume = {37},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0573-2},
 publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
 id = {18eec7de-f747-3788-bf20-d1f5c680df12},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:05.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:00.240Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Alvey2003},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The increased use of cereal/legume crop rotation has been advocated as a strategy to increase cereal yields of subsistence farmers in West Africa, and is believed to promote changes in the rhizosphere that enhance early plant growth. In this study we investigated the microbial diversity of the rhizoplane from seedlings grown in two soils previously planted to cereal or legume from experimental plots in Gaya, Niger, and Kaboli, Togo. Soils from these legume rotation and continuous cereal plots were placed into containers and sown in a growth chamber with maize (Zea mays L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). At 7 and 14 days after sowing, 16S rDNA profiles of the eubacterial and ammonia-oxidizing communities from the rhizoplane and bulk soil were generated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Community profiles were subjected to peak fitting analyses to quantify the DNA band position and intensities, after which these data were compared using correspondence and principal components analysis. The data showed that cropping system had a highly significant effect on community structure (p <0.005), irrespective of plant species or sampling time. Continuous cereal-soil grown plants had highly similar rhizoplane communities across crop species and sites, whereas communities from the rotation soil showed greater variability and clustered with respect to plant species. Analyses of the ammonia-oxidizing communities provided no evidence of any effects of plant species or management history on ammonia oxidizers in soil from Kaboli, but there were large shifts with respect to this group of bacteria in soils from Gaya. The results of these analyses show that crop rotation can cause significant shifts in rhizosphere bacterial communities.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Alvey, S and Yang, C H and Buerkert, A and Crowley, D E},
 doi = {10.1007/s00374-002-0573-2},
 journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
 number = {2}
}

The increased use of cereal/legume crop rotation has been advocated as a strategy to increase cereal yields of subsistence farmers in West Africa, and is believed to promote changes in the rhizosphere that enhance early plant growth. In this study we investigated the microbial diversity of the rhizoplane from seedlings grown in two soils previously planted to cereal or legume from experimental plots in Gaya, Niger, and Kaboli, Togo. Soils from these legume rotation and continuous cereal plots were placed into containers and sown in a growth chamber with maize (Zea mays L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). At 7 and 14 days after sowing, 16S rDNA profiles of the eubacterial and ammonia-oxidizing communities from the rhizoplane and bulk soil were generated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Community profiles were subjected to peak fitting analyses to quantify the DNA band position and intensities, after which these data were compared using correspondence and principal components analysis. The data showed that cropping system had a highly significant effect on community structure (p <0.005), irrespective of plant species or sampling time. Continuous cereal-soil grown plants had highly similar rhizoplane communities across crop species and sites, whereas communities from the rotation soil showed greater variability and clustered with respect to plant species. Analyses of the ammonia-oxidizing communities provided no evidence of any effects of plant species or management history on ammonia oxidizers in soil from Kaboli, but there were large shifts with respect to this group of bacteria in soils from Gaya. The results of these analyses show that crop rotation can cause significant shifts in rhizosphere bacterial communities.

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of soil nitrifying bacteria communities and their activities by glucosinolate hydrolysis products},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {1261-1269},
 volume = {32},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071700000432},
 id = {525e2212-514c-393b-bf95-ddfd758d779c},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:57.382Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bending2000},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {During microbial degradation of crucifer tissues in soil, a range of low molecular weight volatile S-containing compounds is produced. While a number of these compounds are known to have potent nitrification inhibiting properties, the effects of isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are derived from glucosinolates, are not known. We investigated the effects of glucosinolate hydrolysis products on communities and activities of nitrifying bacteria in bioassays using contrasting sandy- and clay-loam soils. In both soils, ITCs reduced populations of NH4+-oxidizing bacteria and inhibited their growth. ITCs had no apparent inhibitory effect on populations of NO2−-oxidizing bacteria in sandy-loam, but did reduce growth of these bacteria in clay-loam. Individual application of an aliphatic and an aromatic ITC inhibited nitrification of applied NH4+ in the two soils, with the effect being longer lived in sandy-loam relative to clay-loam. After 42 days, mineralization of N in sandy-loam amended with 2-phenethyl-ITC was greater than in unamended soil, suggesting that this compound had a general fumigant effect on the soil microbiota. ITCs were more effective inhibitors of nitrification than intact glucosinolates or nitriles. Phenyl-ITC was found to be the most toxic of the ITCs tested, but generally there were no differences between the nitrifying inhibitory properties of aliphatic and aromatic ITCs. The capacity of 2-propenyl-ITC to inhibit nitrification was shown to be less than that of dimethyl-disulphide. However, when concentrations of 2-propenyl-ITC and dimethyl-sulphide, which had no effect on nitrification when applied to soil individually, were mixed, nitrification was strongly inhibited. No such synergistic interaction was found for either of these compounds with dimethyl-disulphide. The significance of these findings is discussed.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bending, Gary D and Lincoln, Suzanne D},
 doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00043-2},
 journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
 number = {8–9}
}

During microbial degradation of crucifer tissues in soil, a range of low molecular weight volatile S-containing compounds is produced. While a number of these compounds are known to have potent nitrification inhibiting properties, the effects of isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are derived from glucosinolates, are not known. We investigated the effects of glucosinolate hydrolysis products on communities and activities of nitrifying bacteria in bioassays using contrasting sandy- and clay-loam soils. In both soils, ITCs reduced populations of NH4+-oxidizing bacteria and inhibited their growth. ITCs had no apparent inhibitory effect on populations of NO2−-oxidizing bacteria in sandy-loam, but did reduce growth of these bacteria in clay-loam. Individual application of an aliphatic and an aromatic ITC inhibited nitrification of applied NH4+ in the two soils, with the effect being longer lived in sandy-loam relative to clay-loam. After 42 days, mineralization of N in sandy-loam amended with 2-phenethyl-ITC was greater than in unamended soil, suggesting that this compound had a general fumigant effect on the soil microbiota. ITCs were more effective inhibitors of nitrification than intact glucosinolates or nitriles. Phenyl-ITC was found to be the most toxic of the ITCs tested, but generally there were no differences between the nitrifying inhibitory properties of aliphatic and aromatic ITCs. The capacity of 2-propenyl-ITC to inhibit nitrification was shown to be less than that of dimethyl-disulphide. However, when concentrations of 2-propenyl-ITC and dimethyl-sulphide, which had no effect on nitrification when applied to soil individually, were mixed, nitrification was strongly inhibited. No such synergistic interaction was found for either of these compounds with dimethyl-disulphide. The significance of these findings is discussed.

@article{
 title = {Relationships between root density of the African grass Hyparrhenia diplandra and nitrification at the decimetric scale: an inhibition-stimulation balance hypothesis},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {595-600},
 volume = {267},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10787164,http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1043},
 month = {3},
 day = {22},
 edition = {2000/04/29},
 id = {8262cb4d-20a5-3f51-be2f-f55ab165fdb5},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:05.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:00.592Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Lata2000},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {Lata, J C<br/>Guillaume, K<br/>Degrange, V<br/>Abbadie, L<br/>Lensi, R<br/>ENGLAND<br/>Proc Biol Sci. 2000 Mar 22;267(1443):595-600.},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Previous studies have shown that Lamto savannah exhibits two different types of nitrogen cycle with high and low nitrification sites and suggested that the perennial grass Hyparrhenia diplandra is responsible for this duality at a subpopulation level, with one ecotype being thought to be able to inhibit nitrification. The present work aimed to investigate the relationships between nitrification and the roots of H. diplandra at two scales. (i) Site-scale experiments gave new insight into the hypothesized control of nitrification by H. diplandra tussocks: the two ecotypes exhibited opposite influences, inhibition in a low nitrification site (A) and stimulation in a high nitrification site (B). (ii) Decimetric-scale experiments demonstrated close negative or positive relationships (in sites A or B, respectively) between the roots and nitrification (in the 0-10 cm soil layer), showing an unexpectedly high sensitivity of the nitrification process to root density. In both soils, the correlation between the roots and nitrification decreased with depth and practically disappeared in the 20-30 cm soil layer (where the nitrification potential was found to be very low). Therefore, the impact of H. diplandra on nitrification may be viewed as an inhibition-stimulation balance.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Lata, J.-C. and Guillaume, K and Degrange, V and Abbadie, L and Lensi, R},
 doi = {10.1098/rspb.2000.1043},
 journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
 number = {1443}
}

Previous studies have shown that Lamto savannah exhibits two different types of nitrogen cycle with high and low nitrification sites and suggested that the perennial grass Hyparrhenia diplandra is responsible for this duality at a subpopulation level, with one ecotype being thought to be able to inhibit nitrification. The present work aimed to investigate the relationships between nitrification and the roots of H. diplandra at two scales. (i) Site-scale experiments gave new insight into the hypothesized control of nitrification by H. diplandra tussocks: the two ecotypes exhibited opposite influences, inhibition in a low nitrification site (A) and stimulation in a high nitrification site (B). (ii) Decimetric-scale experiments demonstrated close negative or positive relationships (in sites A or B, respectively) between the roots and nitrification (in the 0-10 cm soil layer), showing an unexpectedly high sensitivity of the nitrification process to root density. In both soils, the correlation between the roots and nitrification decreased with depth and practically disappeared in the 20-30 cm soil layer (where the nitrification potential was found to be very low). Therefore, the impact of H. diplandra on nitrification may be viewed as an inhibition-stimulation balance.

@article{
 title = {Phylogenetic analysis of rhizosphere-associated β -subclass proteobacterial ammonia oxidizers in a municipal wastewater treatment plant based on rhizoremediation technology},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {34-38},
 volume = {31},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00760.x,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00760.x},
 month = {7},
 publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd},
 id = {99982779-ae00-3929-ad8c-5d992f7abba3},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:11.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:02.837Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {AbdElHaleem2000},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {In wastewater treatment plants based on the rhizosphere zone (rhizoremediation technology), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play an important role in the removal of fixed nitrogen. However, the diversity of these bacteria in rhizoremediation wastewater treatment plants is largely unknown. We employed direct PCR amplification and cloning of 16S rRNA genes to determine the phylogenetic affiliation of AOB occurring in root and soil samples of a wastewater treatment plant (Merzdorf plant, Brandenburg, Germany). 16S rDNA clone libraries were screened by hybridization using an oligonucleotide probe specific for AOB of the beta subclass of proteobacteria. Comparative sequence analysis of all hybridization-positive clones revealed that the majority of rDNA sequences was affiliated to members of the genus Nitrosospira and formed a novel subcluster (SM cluster), whereas only three sequences were most closely related to Nitrosomonas species. Affiliation of the novel Nitrosospira-like sequences with those of isolates from soil and rhizosphere suggests that phylogenetic clusters reflect physiological differences between members of this genus.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Abd El Haleem, D and von Wintzingerode, F. and Moter, A and Moawad, H and Göbel, U.B.},
 doi = {10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00760.x},
 journal = {Letters in Applied Microbiology},
 number = {1}
}

In wastewater treatment plants based on the rhizosphere zone (rhizoremediation technology), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play an important role in the removal of fixed nitrogen. However, the diversity of these bacteria in rhizoremediation wastewater treatment plants is largely unknown. We employed direct PCR amplification and cloning of 16S rRNA genes to determine the phylogenetic affiliation of AOB occurring in root and soil samples of a wastewater treatment plant (Merzdorf plant, Brandenburg, Germany). 16S rDNA clone libraries were screened by hybridization using an oligonucleotide probe specific for AOB of the beta subclass of proteobacteria. Comparative sequence analysis of all hybridization-positive clones revealed that the majority of rDNA sequences was affiliated to members of the genus Nitrosospira and formed a novel subcluster (SM cluster), whereas only three sequences were most closely related to Nitrosomonas species. Affiliation of the novel Nitrosospira-like sequences with those of isolates from soil and rhizosphere suggests that phylogenetic clusters reflect physiological differences between members of this genus.

@article{
 title = {熱帯イネ科牧草による硝化抑制作用の可能性 ーBrachiaria humidicola によるアンモニア酸化細菌の増殖抑制と亜酸化窒素の発生抑制効果ー},
 type = {article},
 year = {1999},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {762-768},
 volume = {70},
 id = {9f37e00d-7fd4-386e-bc41-25d9d5a7a83a},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:02.593Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ishikawa1999},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.10.29 PDF file on line<br/><br/>Possibility of Nitrification Suppression by a Tropical Grass : The Effect on Multiplication of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria and Nitrous Oxide Efflux},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {熱帯イネ科牧草(Brachiaria decumbens(Bd), B. humidicola(Bh), Melinis minutiflora(Mm))による硝化抑制作用を検討した。これらの牧草を黒ボク土の入ったポットで2週間生育させた後,硫安を添加した。硫安添加後,Bd区およびMm区では土壌中のアンモニア酸化細菌の数が増加したが,Bh区では試験期間中アンモニア酸化細菌の数は一定であった。3種の牧草を4週間ポットで生育させ,硫安を添加し,土壌から発生する亜酸化窒素の量を測定した。硫安添加後1日目で,Bd区およびMm区では亜酸化窒素の顕著な発生が見られ,発生は4日間以上続いた。それに対し,Bh区においては対照区と同様に亜酸化窒素の発生量は僅かだった。亜酸化窒素を測定した後,植物の根を除いた土壌に硫安を再添加した。Bh区において,土壌中のアンモニア態窒素が減少するまでに8日間の遅延が見られた。以上より, B.humidicolaはアンモニア酸化細菌の増殖を抑制することにより,土壌中の硝化作用および土壌から発生する亜酸化窒素の量を抑制する可能性が示唆された。  We examined the effect of three tropical grasses (Brachiaria decumbense, B. humidicola and Melinzis minzutiflora) on nitrification in soils. These three grasses were grown in pots filled with loamy Andisol for 2 weeks and then ammonium-N was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate. After ammonium-N applications, the number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in soils increased more than ten times for two grasses compared from B. humidicola. But in the case of B. humidicola, the number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria did not increase and kept the same value for 27 d. Three grasses were grown in 1/5000 a Wagner pots for 4 weeks and then ammonium-N was applied to the soils for the determination of nitrous oxide emissions. From one day after the applications of ammonium-N, emission of nitrous oxide from the soils in which B. decumbense and M. minutiflora were grown was observed and continued more than 4 d. However, there was little emission of nitrous oxide from the soil in which B. humidicola was grown. Moreover, after determination of nitrous oxide emissions, plant roots were removed from the soil and ammonium-N was reapplied to the soils. Only in the soil in which B. humidicola was grown, was nitrification delayed. From these data, it seems likely that the tropical grass, B. humidicola, inhibits nitrification in soil; in particular, it suppresses the multiplication of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the soil as well as the emission of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ishikawa, T and 隆之・渡辺武・陽捷行, 石川},
 journal = {日本土壌肥料学雑誌},
 number = {6}
}

熱帯イネ科牧草(Brachiaria decumbens(Bd), B. humidicola(Bh), Melinis minutiflora(Mm))による硝化抑制作用を検討した。これらの牧草を黒ボク土の入ったポットで2週間生育させた後,硫安を添加した。硫安添加後,Bd区およびMm区では土壌中のアンモニア酸化細菌の数が増加したが,Bh区では試験期間中アンモニア酸化細菌の数は一定であった。3種の牧草を4週間ポットで生育させ,硫安を添加し,土壌から発生する亜酸化窒素の量を測定した。硫安添加後1日目で,Bd区およびMm区では亜酸化窒素の顕著な発生が見られ,発生は4日間以上続いた。それに対し,Bh区においては対照区と同様に亜酸化窒素の発生量は僅かだった。亜酸化窒素を測定した後,植物の根を除いた土壌に硫安を再添加した。Bh区において,土壌中のアンモニア態窒素が減少するまでに8日間の遅延が見られた。以上より, B.humidicolaはアンモニア酸化細菌の増殖を抑制することにより,土壌中の硝化作用および土壌から発生する亜酸化窒素の量を抑制する可能性が示唆された。 We examined the effect of three tropical grasses (Brachiaria decumbense, B. humidicola and Melinzis minzutiflora) on nitrification in soils. These three grasses were grown in pots filled with loamy Andisol for 2 weeks and then ammonium-N was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate. After ammonium-N applications, the number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in soils increased more than ten times for two grasses compared from B. humidicola. But in the case of B. humidicola, the number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria did not increase and kept the same value for 27 d. Three grasses were grown in 1/5000 a Wagner pots for 4 weeks and then ammonium-N was applied to the soils for the determination of nitrous oxide emissions. From one day after the applications of ammonium-N, emission of nitrous oxide from the soils in which B. decumbense and M. minutiflora were grown was observed and continued more than 4 d. However, there was little emission of nitrous oxide from the soil in which B. humidicola was grown. Moreover, after determination of nitrous oxide emissions, plant roots were removed from the soil and ammonium-N was reapplied to the soils. Only in the soil in which B. humidicola was grown, was nitrification delayed. From these data, it seems likely that the tropical grass, B. humidicola, inhibits nitrification in soil; in particular, it suppresses the multiplication of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the soil as well as the emission of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere.

@inbook{
 type = {inbook},
 year = {1994},
 pages = {166-169},
 publisher = {養賢堂},
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 author = {坂井弘, undefined},
 editor = {土壌養分分析法委員会編, undefined},
 chapter = {土壌における薬剤の硝化抑制力の検定法},
 title = {土壌養分分析法},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Occurrence of fusicoccanes in plants and fungi},
 type = {article},
 year = {1994},
 pages = {39-49},
 volume = {13},
 id = {a6db8f19-0586-3432-bfc5-dcdaadb9e858},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:06.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
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 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:01.888Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Muromtsev1994},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2010.4.30 online PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The literature on substances structurally related to fusicoccin shows that its molecular design is not unique. Compounds of this type with a dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctane skeleton (the 5→8→5 ring system) are often encountered in nature. The compounds, systematically reviewed, comprise a single class of fusicoccane-type terpenoids characterized by the presence of the dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctane system in the structure of these molecules. The review is arranged according to the taxonomy of the organisms producing these terpenoids; it is shown that compounds of this type, including physiologically active ones, are found in the major systematic divisions: fungi, lower and higher plants, and animals (insects). Chemical, analytical, and biogenetic data are given for each compound, as well as data on their physiological activity and the mechanism of their action on plants. Nomenclature is proposed for the fusicoccane-type compounds.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Muromtsev, G S and Voblikova, V D and Kobrina, N S and Koreneva, V M and Krasnopolskaya, L M and Sadovskaya, V L},
 journal = {Journal of Plant Growth Regulation},
 number = {1},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

The literature on substances structurally related to fusicoccin shows that its molecular design is not unique. Compounds of this type with a dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctane skeleton (the 5→8→5 ring system) are often encountered in nature. The compounds, systematically reviewed, comprise a single class of fusicoccane-type terpenoids characterized by the presence of the dicyclopenta[a,d]cyclooctane system in the structure of these molecules. The review is arranged according to the taxonomy of the organisms producing these terpenoids; it is shown that compounds of this type, including physiologically active ones, are found in the major systematic divisions: fungi, lower and higher plants, and animals (insects). Chemical, analytical, and biogenetic data are given for each compound, as well as data on their physiological activity and the mechanism of their action on plants. Nomenclature is proposed for the fusicoccane-type compounds.

@inbook{
 type = {inbook},
 year = {1994},
 pages = {165-166},
 publisher = {養賢堂},
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 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inbook},
 author = {坂井弘, undefined},
 editor = {土壌養分分析法委員会編, undefined},
 chapter = {硝酸化成菌数の代替としての６時間硝化量},
 title = {土壌養分分析法},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

@article{
 title = {Variation in mineral nitrogen under grazed grassland swards},
 type = {article},
 year = {1991},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {177-188},
 volume = {138},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012244,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00012244},
 month = {12},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {17d07a9d-a1a8-3500-8809-1b6e507bf27a},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:56.904Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Jarvis1991},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The effects of fertilizer N input to grazed grass swards on the extent and forms of mineral N in soil profiles were examined at five sites in England, each with a wide range of fertilizer N treatments. Changes in total mineral N (TN = NH 4+ + NO3) and in the ratio of the contents of NH 4+ and NO~ (NR) were examined in relation to soil type, treatment, soil depth and sampling time. Measured losses of NO 3 during the drainage period increased with increasing soil NO~ levels in the soil profile at three of the sites. When the data were expressed on a ratio (NR) basis, in order to provide some indication of nitrification rate, there was also a good relationship with leaching losses. Thus as NR increased, so leaching decreased. There were distinct changes in mineral N, especially in NR in the top 10 cm of the soil profile, with treatment. At all sites, the values for this ratio decreased with increasing rates of fertilizer addition even when there was little or no difference between the treatments in TN. Furthermore, when the treatments finished at two of the sites and a common application rate was applied, differences in the ratio related to the previous treatment remained. It was suggested that this effect resulted from differences in nitrification rates stimulated by the different N fertilizer treatments.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Jarvis, S C and Barraclough, D},
 doi = {10.1007/BF00012244},
 journal = {Plant and Soil},
 number = {2}
}

The effects of fertilizer N input to grazed grass swards on the extent and forms of mineral N in soil profiles were examined at five sites in England, each with a wide range of fertilizer N treatments. Changes in total mineral N (TN = NH 4+ + NO3) and in the ratio of the contents of NH 4+ and NO~ (NR) were examined in relation to soil type, treatment, soil depth and sampling time. Measured losses of NO 3 during the drainage period increased with increasing soil NO~ levels in the soil profile at three of the sites. When the data were expressed on a ratio (NR) basis, in order to provide some indication of nitrification rate, there was also a good relationship with leaching losses. Thus as NR increased, so leaching decreased. There were distinct changes in mineral N, especially in NR in the top 10 cm of the soil profile, with treatment. At all sites, the values for this ratio decreased with increasing rates of fertilizer addition even when there was little or no difference between the treatments in TN. Furthermore, when the treatments finished at two of the sites and a common application rate was applied, differences in the ratio related to the previous treatment remained. It was suggested that this effect resulted from differences in nitrification rates stimulated by the different N fertilizer treatments.

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of nitrate accumulation in tropical grassland soils: effect of nitrogen fertilization and soil disturbance},
 type = {article},
 year = {1988},
 pages = {407-416},
 volume = {39},
 websites = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1988.tb01226.x},
 month = {9},
 id = {8a07567b-a507-343c-b20d-49d61c834788},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:09.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:05.670Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {SYLVESTER-BRADLEY1988},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2007.2.20 no copy, request a copy to the library<br/>2007.2.26 copy, PDF file},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {In acid soils in the Eastern Plains of Colombia, forage grasses planted on land prepared before the previous dry season produced 40–50% more dry matter than when land was prepared immediately before planting. Virtually no NO3 accumulated in surface (0–10 cm) soil from three native undisturbed savanna sites. Where land was ploughed before the dry season, NO3 levels increased gradually after a 2–3 month lag, and dropped at the beginning of the rains. In samples incubated for 4 weeks, more NO3 accumulated in the wet than the dry season. A similar 2–3-month lag occurred when land was ploughed after the dry season. NH4+ levels were higher in ploughed than savanna soils, and rose in all soils at the beginning of the rains. More NO3 and NH4+ accumulated on incubation in pots than in soil cores. Forage grasses inhibited NO3 accumulation in the soil, relative to plant-free plots, and legumes stimulated it. N fertilization overcame this inhibition except in the case of Brachiaria humidicola.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, R. and MOSQUERA, D. and MÉNDEZ, J. E.},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.1988.tb01226.x},
 journal = {Journal of Soil Science},
 number = {3},
 keywords = {BNI}
}

In acid soils in the Eastern Plains of Colombia, forage grasses planted on land prepared before the previous dry season produced 40–50% more dry matter than when land was prepared immediately before planting. Virtually no NO3 accumulated in surface (0–10 cm) soil from three native undisturbed savanna sites. Where land was ploughed before the dry season, NO3 levels increased gradually after a 2–3 month lag, and dropped at the beginning of the rains. In samples incubated for 4 weeks, more NO3 accumulated in the wet than the dry season. A similar 2–3-month lag occurred when land was ploughed after the dry season. NH4+ levels were higher in ploughed than savanna soils, and rose in all soils at the beginning of the rains. More NO3 and NH4+ accumulated on incubation in pots than in soil cores. Forage grasses inhibited NO3 accumulation in the soil, relative to plant-free plots, and legumes stimulated it. N fertilization overcame this inhibition except in the case of Brachiaria humidicola.

@article{
 title = {Allelopathic suppression of weed and nitrification by selected cultivars ofSorghum bicolor (L.) moench},
 type = {article},
 year = {1986},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {209-219},
 volume = {12},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045604,http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/228/art%253A10.1007%252FBF01045604.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF01045604&token2=exp=1451294799~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F228%2Fart%25253A10.10},
 publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers},
 id = {e870fb4d-faff-328f-a0db-d4b8b2fd7f9a},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:11.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:03.468Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Alsaadawi1986},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Alsaadawi, IbrahimS and Al-Uqaili, JawadK and Alrubeaa, AhlamJ and Al-Hadithy, SattaaM},
 doi = {10.1007/BF01045604},
 journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of nitrifying bacteria by grass and forb root extracts},
 type = {article},
 year = {1969},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {633-635},
 volume = {15},
 id = {f248dfe7-6558-3400-ac17-f07e52c389b9},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:57.448Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Neal1969},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2011.2.8 copy<br/>2011.2.4 request a copy tho the library},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Root extracts of six climax species of grasses and eight species of grasses or forbs that increase on or invade overgrazed land were bioassayed for the presence of substances which inhibit nitrifying bacteria. Inhibitors were detected in root extracts of grasses and forbs that commonly increase on or invade overgrazed grasslands.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Neal, J L Jr.},
 journal = {Can. J. Microbiol.},
 number = {6}
}

Root extracts of six climax species of grasses and eight species of grasses or forbs that increase on or invade overgrazed land were bioassayed for the presence of substances which inhibit nitrifying bacteria. Inhibitors were detected in root extracts of grasses and forbs that commonly increase on or invade overgrazed grasslands.

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of Nitrifiers by Grass Root Extracts},
 type = {article},
 year = {1966},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {231-238},
 volume = {3},
 websites = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2401248},
 publisher = {British Ecological Society},
 id = {5539529c-0495-3db7-91e0-335aa75e2dfd},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
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 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:04.797Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Munro1966a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {In a previous paper (Munro 1966), surface-sterilized pieces of the roots of Hyparrhenia filipendula were found to contain a substance which greatly decreased the numbers of nitrite-oxidizers in enrichment cultures of these organisms made from a Rhodesian soil. In the experiments described here, extracts were made of the roots of this and other grasses, and tested against enrichment cultures of both ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizers by measuring the amount of nitrite produced or consumed during a short-term incubation. The roots of H. filipendula were shown to contain a water-soluble, heat-labile and dialysable substance which inhibits nitrifying bacteria. Water extracts of these roots lost their inhibitory activity fairly rapidly when they were stored in a refrigerator under aseptic conditions. Alcohol extracts of roots of H. filipendula also contain inhibitors which are apparently not heat-labile. Other common grasses of the area also contain a heat labile, water-soluble inhibitor. Some evidence is presented that a heat-labile inhibitor may be excreted by Eragrostis curvula roots in water culture. These results do not conflict with the suggestion of earlier workers that changes in the availability of mineral nitrogen in the soil are produced by the inhibition of nitrification processes by exudates of the roots of certain grass species. These changes may be important in determining the course of plant succession in some Southern African grasslands and the stability of certain communities which occur late in the succession.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Munro, P E},
 journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
 number = {2}
}

In a previous paper (Munro 1966), surface-sterilized pieces of the roots of Hyparrhenia filipendula were found to contain a substance which greatly decreased the numbers of nitrite-oxidizers in enrichment cultures of these organisms made from a Rhodesian soil. In the experiments described here, extracts were made of the roots of this and other grasses, and tested against enrichment cultures of both ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizers by measuring the amount of nitrite produced or consumed during a short-term incubation. The roots of H. filipendula were shown to contain a water-soluble, heat-labile and dialysable substance which inhibits nitrifying bacteria. Water extracts of these roots lost their inhibitory activity fairly rapidly when they were stored in a refrigerator under aseptic conditions. Alcohol extracts of roots of H. filipendula also contain inhibitors which are apparently not heat-labile. Other common grasses of the area also contain a heat labile, water-soluble inhibitor. Some evidence is presented that a heat-labile inhibitor may be excreted by Eragrostis curvula roots in water culture. These results do not conflict with the suggestion of earlier workers that changes in the availability of mineral nitrogen in the soil are produced by the inhibition of nitrification processes by exudates of the roots of certain grass species. These changes may be important in determining the course of plant succession in some Southern African grasslands and the stability of certain communities which occur late in the succession.

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of Nitrite-Oxidizers by Roots of Grass},
 type = {article},
 year = {1966},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {227-229},
 volume = {3},
 websites = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2401247},
 publisher = {British Ecological Society},
 id = {69505ce2-e908-35dc-b873-eeba5e264dcb},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:10.000Z},
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 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:04:02.713Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Munro1966},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {2010.12.16},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Munro, P E},
 journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
 number = {2}
}

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of Nitrogen-Fixing and Nitrifying Bacteria by Seed Plants II Characterization and Identification of Inhibitors},
 type = {article},
 year = {1965},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {255-268},
 volume = {18},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1965.tb06888.x},
 publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
 id = {40c88f55-befc-3a94-aea3-86d9cbf6b954},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:04.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {8e4475ab-0952-364d-a593-4a3d664d83b3},
 group_id = {bae3d315-43da-3183-82f9-b142ae851545},
 last_modified = {2017-07-21T02:03:59.937Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Rice1965a},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rice, Elroy L},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1399-3054.1965.tb06888.x},
 journal = {Physiologia Plantarum},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Inhibition of Nitrogen-Fixing and Nitrifying Bacteria by Seed Plants III. Comparison of Three Species of Euphorbia},
 type = {article},
 year = {1965},
 keywords = {BNI},
 pages = {43-44},
 volume = {45},
 id = {4b4e890b-05e5-33c6-bacc-a9c4804cc51e},
 created = {2016-06-15T03:34:12.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
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 author = {Rice, Elroy L},
 journal = {Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci.}
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@article{
 title = {土壌の硝化作用に関する研究（第12報）硝化抑制剤の土壌施用後の有効期間の検定について},
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 author = {坂井弘, undefined},
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@article{
 title = {Inhibition of Nitrogen-Fixing and Nitrifying Bacteria by Seed Plants (I.)},
 type = {article},
 year = {1964},
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 pages = {824-837},
 volume = {45},
 websites = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1934928},
 publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
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 abstract = {To determine whether the rate of plant succession on abandoned fields is due in part to the production by the pioneer species of substances inhibitory to nitrogen-fixing or nitrifying bacteria, plant extracts were tested for inhibitory activity by the diffusion technique on solid medium against two strains of Azotobacter, two strains of Rhizobium, one strain of Nitrobacter, and two strains of Nitrosomonas. Of 20 species tested, 13 exhibited considerable inhibitory activity against most of the test organisms. There was considerable variability among the species as to the organ containing the greatest amount of the inhibitor. Of 14 species tested, root extracts of all were inhibitory to at least some of the test organisms. Three of four species tested had more inhibitory activity in young leaves than old. Three of five species had greater activity in young inflorescences than old. Fifteen of 50 plant extracts tested completely prevented any detectable nitrite production by both strains of Nitrosomonas. Eleven other extracts completely prevented nitriteproduction by one of the strains. Leachates of the pots of 10 species of 12 grown in sand culture were inhibitory to one or more of the test organisms. No change in inhibitory activity occurred in sterile extracts of four of eight species due to inherent enzymatic activity or autoxidation at 24.5@?C or 37@?C. Three species had slight to moderate decreases in activity, and there was an increase in activity of the Digitaria sanguinalis extract against the nitrifiers. There was little loss in inhibitory activity in nonsterile extracts of four of eight species after 6 days at 37@?C. Considerable loss of activity occurred in three species after 6 days, and a slight increase occurred after 24 hours at 37@?C in one species. Inhibitors in extracts of seven species were at least slightly adsorbed by kaolin or activated charcoal. An extract of Aristida oligantha resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of nodules produced on stringless greenpod bean plants. Living plants of Ambrosia elatior, Bromus japonicus, and Digitaria sanguinalis brought about a reduction in the number of nodules produced on inoculated red kidney bean and black valentine bean plants. Older plants of Aristida oligantha significantly inhibited nodulation in black valentine beans. The occurrence of inhibitors of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria in pioneer species of abandoned cultivated field in Oklahoma suggests that this mechanism may be important in competition and succession among plants.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rice, Elroy L},
 journal = {Ecology},
 number = {4}
}

To determine whether the rate of plant succession on abandoned fields is due in part to the production by the pioneer species of substances inhibitory to nitrogen-fixing or nitrifying bacteria, plant extracts were tested for inhibitory activity by the diffusion technique on solid medium against two strains of Azotobacter, two strains of Rhizobium, one strain of Nitrobacter, and two strains of Nitrosomonas. Of 20 species tested, 13 exhibited considerable inhibitory activity against most of the test organisms. There was considerable variability among the species as to the organ containing the greatest amount of the inhibitor. Of 14 species tested, root extracts of all were inhibitory to at least some of the test organisms. Three of four species tested had more inhibitory activity in young leaves than old. Three of five species had greater activity in young inflorescences than old. Fifteen of 50 plant extracts tested completely prevented any detectable nitrite production by both strains of Nitrosomonas. Eleven other extracts completely prevented nitriteproduction by one of the strains. Leachates of the pots of 10 species of 12 grown in sand culture were inhibitory to one or more of the test organisms. No change in inhibitory activity occurred in sterile extracts of four of eight species due to inherent enzymatic activity or autoxidation at 24.5@?C or 37@?C. Three species had slight to moderate decreases in activity, and there was an increase in activity of the Digitaria sanguinalis extract against the nitrifiers. There was little loss in inhibitory activity in nonsterile extracts of four of eight species after 6 days at 37@?C. Considerable loss of activity occurred in three species after 6 days, and a slight increase occurred after 24 hours at 37@?C in one species. Inhibitors in extracts of seven species were at least slightly adsorbed by kaolin or activated charcoal. An extract of Aristida oligantha resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of nodules produced on stringless greenpod bean plants. Living plants of Ambrosia elatior, Bromus japonicus, and Digitaria sanguinalis brought about a reduction in the number of nodules produced on inoculated red kidney bean and black valentine bean plants. Older plants of Aristida oligantha significantly inhibited nodulation in black valentine beans. The occurrence of inhibitors of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria in pioneer species of abandoned cultivated field in Oklahoma suggests that this mechanism may be important in competition and succession among plants.

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@article{
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@article{
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