@article{
 title = {Using 3PG to assess climate change impacts on management plan optimization of Eucalyptus plantations. A case study in Southern Brazil},
 type = {article},
 year = {2021},
 id = {834ff544-7cfc-3ae0-8d0a-2570b002cf78},
 created = {2021-05-25T11:33:59.293Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2021-05-25T11:33:59.293Z},
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 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
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 abstract = {Eucalyptus plantations around the world have been largely used by the paper industry. Optimizing the management of resources is a common practice in this highly competitive industry and new forest growth models may help to understand the impact of climate change on the decisions of the optimization processes. Current optimized management plans use empirical equations to predict future forest stands growth, and it is currently impractical to replace these empirical equations with physiological models due to data input requirements. In this paper, we present a different approach, by first carrying out a preliminary assessment with the process-based physiological model 3PG to evaluate the growth of Eucalyptus stands under climate change predictions. The information supplied by 3PG was then injected as a modifier in the projected yield that feeds the management plan optimizer allowing the interpretation of climate change impacts on the management plan. Modelling results show that although a general increase of rain with climate change is predicted, the distribution throughout the year will not favor the tree growth. On the contrary, rain will increase when it is less needed (summer) and decrease when it is most needed (winter), decreasing forest stand productivity between 3 and 5%, depending on the region and soil. Evaluation of the current optimized plan that kept constant the relation between wood price/cellulose ton shows a variation in different strategic management options and an overall increase of costs in owned areas between 2 and 4%, and a decrease of cumulated net present value, initially at 15% with later stabilization at 6–8%. This is a basic comparison to observe climate change effects; nevertheless, it provides insights into how the entire decision-making process may change due to a reduction in biomass production under future climate scenarios. This work demonstrates the use of physiological models to extract information that could be merged with existing and already implemented empirical models. The methodology may also be considered a preliminary alternative to the complete replacement of empirical models by physiological models. Our approach allows some insight into forest responses to different future climate conditions, something which empirical models are not designed for.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {HN Palma, João and Hakamada, Rodrigo and Moreira, Gabriela Gonçalves and Nobre, Silvana and Rodriguez, Luiz Carlos Estraviz},
 doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-81907-z},
 journal = {Scientific Reports}
}

Eucalyptus plantations around the world have been largely used by the paper industry. Optimizing the management of resources is a common practice in this highly competitive industry and new forest growth models may help to understand the impact of climate change on the decisions of the optimization processes. Current optimized management plans use empirical equations to predict future forest stands growth, and it is currently impractical to replace these empirical equations with physiological models due to data input requirements. In this paper, we present a different approach, by first carrying out a preliminary assessment with the process-based physiological model 3PG to evaluate the growth of Eucalyptus stands under climate change predictions. The information supplied by 3PG was then injected as a modifier in the projected yield that feeds the management plan optimizer allowing the interpretation of climate change impacts on the management plan. Modelling results show that although a general increase of rain with climate change is predicted, the distribution throughout the year will not favor the tree growth. On the contrary, rain will increase when it is less needed (summer) and decrease when it is most needed (winter), decreasing forest stand productivity between 3 and 5%, depending on the region and soil. Evaluation of the current optimized plan that kept constant the relation between wood price/cellulose ton shows a variation in different strategic management options and an overall increase of costs in owned areas between 2 and 4%, and a decrease of cumulated net present value, initially at 15% with later stabilization at 6–8%. This is a basic comparison to observe climate change effects; nevertheless, it provides insights into how the entire decision-making process may change due to a reduction in biomass production under future climate scenarios. This work demonstrates the use of physiological models to extract information that could be merged with existing and already implemented empirical models. The methodology may also be considered a preliminary alternative to the complete replacement of empirical models by physiological models. Our approach allows some insight into forest responses to different future climate conditions, something which empirical models are not designed for.

@article{
 title = {Using the yield-SAFE model to assess the impacts of climate change on yield of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) under agroforestry and monoculture systems},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Albizia gummifera,CORDEX,Ethiopia,HADCM3 model,Process-based model,System resilience},
 volume = {94},
 id = {7b6cf754-64ec-376b-b8a1-0a8adbf26cec},
 created = {2019-03-05T23:59:00.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2020-11-22T04:39:36.040Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2019, Springer Nature B.V. Ethiopia economy depends strongly on Coffea arabica production. Coffee, like many other crops, is sensitive to climate change and recent studies have suggested that future changes in climate will have a negative impact on its yield and quality. An urgent development and application of strategies against negative impacts of climate change on coffee production is important. Agroforestry-based system is one of the strategies that may ensure sustainable coffee production amidst likelihood future impacts of climate change.This system involves the combination of trees in buffer extremes thereby modifying microclimate conditions. This paper assessed coffee production under: (1) coffee monoculture and (2) coffee grown using agroforestry system, under: (a) current climate and (b) two different future climate change scenarios. The study focused on two representative coffee growing regions of Ethiopia under different soil, climate and elevation conditions. A process-based growth model (yield-SAFE) was used to simulate coffee production for a time horizon of 40 years.Climate change scenarios considered were: representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. The results revealed that in monoculture systems, the current coffee yields are between 1200 and 1250 kg ha−1 year−1, with expected decrease between 4–38 and 20–60% in scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. However, in agroforestry systems, the current yields are between 1600 and 2200 kg ha−1 year−1, the decrease was lower, ranging between 4–13 and 16–25% in RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that coffee production under agroforestry systems has a higher level of resilience when facing future climate change and reinforce the idea of using this type of management in the near future for adapting climate change negative impacts on coffee production.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gidey, T. and Oliveira, T.S. and Crous-Duran, J. and Palma, J.H.N.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-019-00369-5},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
 number = {1}
}

© 2019, Springer Nature B.V. Ethiopia economy depends strongly on Coffea arabica production. Coffee, like many other crops, is sensitive to climate change and recent studies have suggested that future changes in climate will have a negative impact on its yield and quality. An urgent development and application of strategies against negative impacts of climate change on coffee production is important. Agroforestry-based system is one of the strategies that may ensure sustainable coffee production amidst likelihood future impacts of climate change.This system involves the combination of trees in buffer extremes thereby modifying microclimate conditions. This paper assessed coffee production under: (1) coffee monoculture and (2) coffee grown using agroforestry system, under: (a) current climate and (b) two different future climate change scenarios. The study focused on two representative coffee growing regions of Ethiopia under different soil, climate and elevation conditions. A process-based growth model (yield-SAFE) was used to simulate coffee production for a time horizon of 40 years.Climate change scenarios considered were: representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. The results revealed that in monoculture systems, the current coffee yields are between 1200 and 1250 kg ha−1 year−1, with expected decrease between 4–38 and 20–60% in scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. However, in agroforestry systems, the current yields are between 1600 and 2200 kg ha−1 year−1, the decrease was lower, ranging between 4–13 and 16–25% in RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that coffee production under agroforestry systems has a higher level of resilience when facing future climate change and reinforce the idea of using this type of management in the near future for adapting climate change negative impacts on coffee production.

@article{
 title = {Agroforestry as a sustainable land use option to reduce wildfires risk in European Mediterranean areas},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Climate change,Ecosystems,Land uses,Management,Vegetation types},
 id = {483c3048-707a-312a-83d8-3a3eff4d94f2},
 created = {2020-02-04T23:59:00.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2021-03-06T08:13:58.020Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {true},
 abstract = {© 2020, Springer Nature B.V. Wildfires have always been an integral part of the ecology of many terrestrial ecosystems, but their frequency is increasing in many parts of the world. Wildfires were once a natural phenomenon, but after humans learned to control fire, it has been used as a management tool to increase soil fertility, to regenerate natural vegetation for grazing and to control competing vegetation. However, currently uncontrolled wildfires threaten not only natural vegetation, landscape biodiversity, communities and economies, but they also release large amounts of carbon dioxide, thus contributing to global temperature increase. Higher temperatures and drier summers have increased the risk of wildfires in biodiversity rich areas of European Mediterranean countries and have resulted in human casualties. The aim of this article is to investigate whether agroforestry, the practice of integrating woody vegetation and agricultural crops and/or livestock, could be a management tool to reduce wildfires in European Mediterranean countries. Fire events from 2008 to 2017 and data of land cover and land use were spatially correlated. Results indicated that agroforestry areas had fewer wildfire incidents than forests, shrublands or grasslands, providing evidence of the potential of agroforestry to reduce fire risk and protect ecosystems.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Damianidis, C. and Santiago-Freijanes, J.J. and den Herder, M. and Burgess, P. and Mosquera-Losada, M.R. and Graves, A. and Papadopoulos, A. and Pisanelli, A. and Camilli, F. and Rois-Díaz, M. and Kay, S. and Palma, J.H.N. and Pantera, A.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-020-00482-w},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems}
}

© 2020, Springer Nature B.V. Wildfires have always been an integral part of the ecology of many terrestrial ecosystems, but their frequency is increasing in many parts of the world. Wildfires were once a natural phenomenon, but after humans learned to control fire, it has been used as a management tool to increase soil fertility, to regenerate natural vegetation for grazing and to control competing vegetation. However, currently uncontrolled wildfires threaten not only natural vegetation, landscape biodiversity, communities and economies, but they also release large amounts of carbon dioxide, thus contributing to global temperature increase. Higher temperatures and drier summers have increased the risk of wildfires in biodiversity rich areas of European Mediterranean countries and have resulted in human casualties. The aim of this article is to investigate whether agroforestry, the practice of integrating woody vegetation and agricultural crops and/or livestock, could be a management tool to reduce wildfires in European Mediterranean countries. Fire events from 2008 to 2017 and data of land cover and land use were spatially correlated. Results indicated that agroforestry areas had fewer wildfire incidents than forests, shrublands or grasslands, providing evidence of the potential of agroforestry to reduce fire risk and protect ecosystems.

@article{
 title = {Modelling tree density effects on provisioning ecosystem services in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Agroforestry systems,Dehesa,Montado,Short rotation coppice,Silvoarable,Silvopasture,Yield-SAFE},
 volume = {93},
 id = {048029f2-ce28-3c2b-bc2b-d5124720e0e6},
 created = {2018-11-07T23:59:00.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2020-10-16T02:16:30.590Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2018, Springer Nature B.V. Agroforestry systems, in which trees are integrated in arable or pasture land, can be used to enable sustainable food, material, and energy production (i.e. provide provisioning ecosystem services) whilst reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with farming. However, one constraint on the uptake of agroforestry in Europe is a lack of knowledge on how specific agroforestry designs affect productivity. A process-based biophysical model, called Yield-SAFE, was used: (1) to quantify the food, material and biomass energy production of four contrasting case study systems in Europe in a common energy unit (MJ ha−1), and (2) to quantify how tree density determined the supply of provisioning ecosystem services. The Yield-SAFE model was calibrated so that simulated tree and crop growth fitted observed growth data for reference monoculture forestry, pasture, and arable systems. The modelled results showed that including trees in pasture or arable systems increased the overall accumulated energy of the system in comparison with monoculture forestry, pasture, and arable systems, but that the accumulated energy per tree was reduced as tree density increased. The greatest accumulated energy occurred in the highest tree density agroforestry system at all the case study sites. This suggests that the capture of environmental resources, such as light and water, for obtaining provisioning services is most effective in high density agroforestry systems. Further modelling should include tree canopy effects on micro-climatic and the impact this has on pasture, crop, and livestock yields, as well as the impact of tree density on the economic value and management of the different systems.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Crous-Duran, J. and Graves, A.R. and Paulo, J.A. and Mirck, J. and Oliveira, T.S. and Kay, S. and García de Jalón, S. and Palma, J.H.N.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-018-0297-4},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
 number = {5}
}

© 2018, Springer Nature B.V. Agroforestry systems, in which trees are integrated in arable or pasture land, can be used to enable sustainable food, material, and energy production (i.e. provide provisioning ecosystem services) whilst reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with farming. However, one constraint on the uptake of agroforestry in Europe is a lack of knowledge on how specific agroforestry designs affect productivity. A process-based biophysical model, called Yield-SAFE, was used: (1) to quantify the food, material and biomass energy production of four contrasting case study systems in Europe in a common energy unit (MJ ha−1), and (2) to quantify how tree density determined the supply of provisioning ecosystem services. The Yield-SAFE model was calibrated so that simulated tree and crop growth fitted observed growth data for reference monoculture forestry, pasture, and arable systems. The modelled results showed that including trees in pasture or arable systems increased the overall accumulated energy of the system in comparison with monoculture forestry, pasture, and arable systems, but that the accumulated energy per tree was reduced as tree density increased. The greatest accumulated energy occurred in the highest tree density agroforestry system at all the case study sites. This suggests that the capture of environmental resources, such as light and water, for obtaining provisioning services is most effective in high density agroforestry systems. Further modelling should include tree canopy effects on micro-climatic and the impact this has on pasture, crop, and livestock yields, as well as the impact of tree density on the economic value and management of the different systems.

@article{
 title = {Assessing food sustainable intensification potential of agroforestry using a carbon balance method},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Carbon sequestration,Climate change mitigation,Clipick,Food security,Land-use occupation,Life cycle analysis,Regulating ecosystem services,Soil fertility,Yield-SAFE},
 volume = {12},
 id = {afe82bd7-0b7a-3f92-8ead-4a0e3ea47318},
 created = {2019-02-25T23:59:00.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2020-11-21T12:53:00.435Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© SISEF.  Food security, climate change mitigation, and land use challenges are interlinked and need to be considered simultaneously. One possible solution is sustainable intensification, which is the practice of increasing food production per area of land whilst also reducing the environmental impacts associated with this. Agroforestry has been stated to be a practice that meets this definition. In this study, a new methodology is presented to assess the potential of different management options as sustainable intensification practices. The methodology is based on comparing the carbon emissions associated with the production of food and the carbon sequestered for that same activity for a particular quantity of food produced over a specific area and over a specific time. The resulting indicator, the “carbon balance” is the difference between the greenhouse gasses emitted (considered as negative values) and carbon sequestered (positive values) estimated in Mg CO 2eq per Mg of food produced on one hectare of land for one year. The carbon balance quantifies the global warming potential associated with sustainable intensification by integrating a process-based model with life cycle analysis and is able to estimate above-and below-ground biomass and soil carbon content. This methodology is tested in Portugal for wheat production under crop monoculture and agroforestry systems. The results show agroforestry to be a suitable practice for sustainable intensification compared to a crop monoculture as it just slightly decreased wheat yields whilst providing a positive carbon balance from year 50 onwards of approximately 1 Mg of CO 2eq sequestered per Mg of wheat produced.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Crous-Duran, J. and Graves, A.R. and Garcia-De-Jalón, S. and Paulo, J.A. and Tomé, M. and Palma, J.H.N.},
 doi = {10.3832/ifor2578-011},
 journal = {IForest},
 number = {1}
}

© SISEF. Food security, climate change mitigation, and land use challenges are interlinked and need to be considered simultaneously. One possible solution is sustainable intensification, which is the practice of increasing food production per area of land whilst also reducing the environmental impacts associated with this. Agroforestry has been stated to be a practice that meets this definition. In this study, a new methodology is presented to assess the potential of different management options as sustainable intensification practices. The methodology is based on comparing the carbon emissions associated with the production of food and the carbon sequestered for that same activity for a particular quantity of food produced over a specific area and over a specific time. The resulting indicator, the “carbon balance” is the difference between the greenhouse gasses emitted (considered as negative values) and carbon sequestered (positive values) estimated in Mg CO 2eq per Mg of food produced on one hectare of land for one year. The carbon balance quantifies the global warming potential associated with sustainable intensification by integrating a process-based model with life cycle analysis and is able to estimate above-and below-ground biomass and soil carbon content. This methodology is tested in Portugal for wheat production under crop monoculture and agroforestry systems. The results show agroforestry to be a suitable practice for sustainable intensification compared to a crop monoculture as it just slightly decreased wheat yields whilst providing a positive carbon balance from year 50 onwards of approximately 1 Mg of CO 2eq sequestered per Mg of wheat produced.

@article{
 title = {Agroforestry creates carbon sinks whilst enhancing the environment in agricultural landscapes in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Carbon storage,Climate change mitigation,Ecosystem services,Farmland,Resource protection,Spatial deficit analysis},
 volume = {83},
 id = {e518f2f3-8f9d-3989-b2e4-c682a20f467c},
 created = {2019-03-13T23:59:00.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2020-11-23T02:42:40.234Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2019 The Authors  Agroforestry, relative to conventional agriculture, contributes significantly to carbon sequestration, increases a range of regulating ecosystem services, and enhances biodiversity. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we combined scientific and technical knowledge to evaluate nine environmental pressures in terms of ecosystem services in European farmland and assessed the carbon storage potential of suitable agroforestry systems, proposed by regional experts. First, regions with potential environmental pressures were identified with respect to soil health (soil erosion by water and wind, low soil organic carbon), water quality (water pollution by nitrates, salinization by irrigation), areas affected by climate change (rising temperature), and by underprovision in biodiversity (pollination and pest control pressures, loss of soil biodiversity). The maps were overlaid to identify areas where several pressures accumulate. In total, 94.4% of farmlands suffer from at least one environmental pressure, pastures being less affected than arable lands. Regional hotspots were located in north-western France, Denmark, Central Spain, north and south-western Italy, Greece, and eastern Romania. The 10% of the area with the highest number of accumulated pressures were defined as Priority Areas, where the implementation of agroforestry could be particularly effective. In a second step, European agroforestry experts were asked to propose agroforestry practices suitable for the Priority Areas they were familiar with, and identified 64 different systems covering a wide range of practices. These ranged from hedgerows on field boundaries to fast growing coppices or scattered single tree systems. Third, for each proposed system, the carbon storage potential was assessed based on data from the literature and the results were scaled-up to the Priority Areas. As expected, given the wide range of agroforestry practices identified, the carbon sequestration potentials ranged between 0.09 and 7.29 t C ha −1 a −1 . Implementing agroforestry on the Priority Areas could lead to a sequestration of 2.1 to 63.9 million t C a −1 (7.78 and 234.85 million t CO 2eq a −1 ) depending on the type of agroforestry. This corresponds to between 1.4 and 43.4% of European agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, promoting agroforestry in the Priority Areas would contribute to mitigate the environmental pressures identified there. We conclude that the strategic and spatially targeted establishment of agroforestry systems could provide an effective means of meeting EU policy objectives on GHG emissions whilst providing a range of other important benefits.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kay, S. and Rega, C. and Moreno, G. and den Herder, M. and Palma, J.H.N. and Borek, R. and Crous-Duran, J. and Freese, D. and Giannitsopoulos, M. and Graves, A. and Jäger, M. and Lamersdorf, N. and Memedemin, D. and Mosquera-Losada, R. and Pantera, A. and Paracchini, M.L. and Paris, P. and Roces-Díaz, J.V. and Rolo, V. and Rosati, A. and Sandor, M. and Smith, J. and Szerencsits, E. and Varga, A. and Viaud, V. and Wawer, R. and Burgess, P.J. and Herzog, F.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.025},
 journal = {Land Use Policy}
}

© 2019 The Authors Agroforestry, relative to conventional agriculture, contributes significantly to carbon sequestration, increases a range of regulating ecosystem services, and enhances biodiversity. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we combined scientific and technical knowledge to evaluate nine environmental pressures in terms of ecosystem services in European farmland and assessed the carbon storage potential of suitable agroforestry systems, proposed by regional experts. First, regions with potential environmental pressures were identified with respect to soil health (soil erosion by water and wind, low soil organic carbon), water quality (water pollution by nitrates, salinization by irrigation), areas affected by climate change (rising temperature), and by underprovision in biodiversity (pollination and pest control pressures, loss of soil biodiversity). The maps were overlaid to identify areas where several pressures accumulate. In total, 94.4% of farmlands suffer from at least one environmental pressure, pastures being less affected than arable lands. Regional hotspots were located in north-western France, Denmark, Central Spain, north and south-western Italy, Greece, and eastern Romania. The 10% of the area with the highest number of accumulated pressures were defined as Priority Areas, where the implementation of agroforestry could be particularly effective. In a second step, European agroforestry experts were asked to propose agroforestry practices suitable for the Priority Areas they were familiar with, and identified 64 different systems covering a wide range of practices. These ranged from hedgerows on field boundaries to fast growing coppices or scattered single tree systems. Third, for each proposed system, the carbon storage potential was assessed based on data from the literature and the results were scaled-up to the Priority Areas. As expected, given the wide range of agroforestry practices identified, the carbon sequestration potentials ranged between 0.09 and 7.29 t C ha −1 a −1 . Implementing agroforestry on the Priority Areas could lead to a sequestration of 2.1 to 63.9 million t C a −1 (7.78 and 234.85 million t CO 2eq a −1 ) depending on the type of agroforestry. This corresponds to between 1.4 and 43.4% of European agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, promoting agroforestry in the Priority Areas would contribute to mitigate the environmental pressures identified there. We conclude that the strategic and spatially targeted establishment of agroforestry systems could provide an effective means of meeting EU policy objectives on GHG emissions whilst providing a range of other important benefits.

@article{
 title = {Dry deposition of air pollutants on trees at regional scale: A case study in the Basque Country},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Deposition velocity,Health,Land cover,Pollutant,Vegetation},
 volume = {278},
 id = {fceebcd9-6eb7-351b-8927-5dac7c74e8d8},
 created = {2019-08-04T23:59:00.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2020-12-29T12:47:19.260Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2019 Elsevier B.V. There is increased interest in the role of trees to reduce air pollution and thereby improve human health and well-being. This study determined the removal of air pollutants by dry deposition of trees across the Basque Country and estimated its annual economic value. A model that calculates the hourly dry deposition of NO2, O3, SO2, CO and PM10 on trees at a 1 km x 1 km resolution at a regional scale was developed. The calculated mean annual rates of removal of air pollution across various land uses were 12.9 kg O3 ha−1, 12.7 kg PM10 ha−1, 3.0 kg NO2 ha−1, 0.8 kg SO2 ha−1 and 0.2 kg CO ha−1. The results were then categorised according to land use in order to determine how much each land use category contributed to reducing air pollution and to determine to what extent trees provided pollution reduction benefits to society. Despite not being located in the areas of highest pollutions, coniferous forests, which cover 25% of the land, were calculated to absorb 21% of the air pollution. Compared to other land uses, coniferous forests were particularly effective in removing air pollution because of their high tree cover density and the duration of leaf life-span. The total economic value provided by the trees in reducing these pollutants in terms of health benefits was estimated to be €60 million yr−1 which represented around 0.09% of the Gross Domestic Product of the Basque Country in 2016. Whilst most health impacts from air pollution are in urban areas the results indicate that most air pollution is removed in rural areas.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {García de Jalón, S. and Burgess, P.J. and Curiel Yuste, J. and Moreno, G. and Graves, A. and Palma, J.H.N. and Crous-Duran, J. and Kay, S. and Chiabai, A.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107648},
 journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology}
}

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. There is increased interest in the role of trees to reduce air pollution and thereby improve human health and well-being. This study determined the removal of air pollutants by dry deposition of trees across the Basque Country and estimated its annual economic value. A model that calculates the hourly dry deposition of NO2, O3, SO2, CO and PM10 on trees at a 1 km x 1 km resolution at a regional scale was developed. The calculated mean annual rates of removal of air pollution across various land uses were 12.9 kg O3 ha−1, 12.7 kg PM10 ha−1, 3.0 kg NO2 ha−1, 0.8 kg SO2 ha−1 and 0.2 kg CO ha−1. The results were then categorised according to land use in order to determine how much each land use category contributed to reducing air pollution and to determine to what extent trees provided pollution reduction benefits to society. Despite not being located in the areas of highest pollutions, coniferous forests, which cover 25% of the land, were calculated to absorb 21% of the air pollution. Compared to other land uses, coniferous forests were particularly effective in removing air pollution because of their high tree cover density and the duration of leaf life-span. The total economic value provided by the trees in reducing these pollutants in terms of health benefits was estimated to be €60 million yr−1 which represented around 0.09% of the Gross Domestic Product of the Basque Country in 2016. Whilst most health impacts from air pollution are in urban areas the results indicate that most air pollution is removed in rural areas.

@article{
 title = {Agroforestry is paying off – Economic evaluation of ecosystem services in European landscapes with and without agroforestry systems},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Biomass production,Carbon storage,External cost,Nutrient loss,Pollination deficit,Soil loss},
 volume = {36},
 id = {410fba49-acbb-394b-9ceb-8dbc4bed8655},
 created = {2019-02-10T23:59:00.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2021-02-15T01:34:59.502Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2019 Elsevier B.V. The study assessed the economic performance of marketable ecosystem services (ES) (biomass production) and non-marketable ecosystem services and dis-services (groundwater, nutrient loss, soil loss, carbon sequestration, pollination deficit) in 11 contrasting European landscapes dominated by agroforestry land use compared to business as usual agricultural practice. The productivity and profitability of the farming activities and the associated ES were quantified using environmental modelling and economic valuation. After accounting for labour and machinery costs the financial value of the outputs of Mediterranean agroforestry systems tended to be greater than the corresponding agricultural system; but in Atlantic and Continental regions the agricultural system tended to be more profitable. However, when economic values for the associated ES were included, the relative profitability of agroforestry increased. Agroforestry landscapes: (i) were associated to reduced externalities of pollution from nutrient and soil losses, and (ii) generated additional benefits from carbon capture and storage and thus generated an overall higher economic gain. Our findings underline how a market system that includes the values of broader ES would result in land use change favouring multifunctional agroforestry. Imposing penalties for dis-services or payments for services would reflect their real world prices and would make agroforestry a more financially profitable system.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kay, S. and Graves, A. and Palma, J.H.N. and Moreno, G. and Roces-Díaz, J.V. and Aviron, S. and Chouvardas, D. and Crous-Duran, J. and Ferreiro-Domínguez, N. and García de Jalón, S. and Măcicăşan, V. and Mosquera-Losada, M.R. and Pantera, A. and Santiago-Freijanes, J.J. and Szerencsits, E. and Torralba, M. and Burgess, P.J. and Herzog, F.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100896},
 journal = {Ecosystem Services}
}

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. The study assessed the economic performance of marketable ecosystem services (ES) (biomass production) and non-marketable ecosystem services and dis-services (groundwater, nutrient loss, soil loss, carbon sequestration, pollination deficit) in 11 contrasting European landscapes dominated by agroforestry land use compared to business as usual agricultural practice. The productivity and profitability of the farming activities and the associated ES were quantified using environmental modelling and economic valuation. After accounting for labour and machinery costs the financial value of the outputs of Mediterranean agroforestry systems tended to be greater than the corresponding agricultural system; but in Atlantic and Continental regions the agricultural system tended to be more profitable. However, when economic values for the associated ES were included, the relative profitability of agroforestry increased. Agroforestry landscapes: (i) were associated to reduced externalities of pollution from nutrient and soil losses, and (ii) generated additional benefits from carbon capture and storage and thus generated an overall higher economic gain. Our findings underline how a market system that includes the values of broader ES would result in land use change favouring multifunctional agroforestry. Imposing penalties for dis-services or payments for services would reflect their real world prices and would make agroforestry a more financially profitable system.

@article{
 title = {Understory effect on tree and cork growth in cork oak woodlands},
 type = {article},
 year = {2018},
 keywords = {Cork ring,Cork thickness,Linear mixed model,Lupine,Quercus suber,Shrubs},
 volume = {27},
 id = {a4318084-27ee-3db6-94fe-2ebf2542ad6f},
 created = {2018-06-06T10:43:35.489Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2018-06-06T10:43:35.489Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2018 INIA. Aim of study: Cork oak is one of the main forest tree species in Portugal that typically occurs in montado, where operational practices oriented to the tree, crop or animal management may influence several of the ecosystem components. This study aimed at contributing to fulfil the a lack of knowledge on the effect of these practices on the cork and wood growth, by comparing the wood diameter growth and the annual cork increment under two different understory management options. Material and methods: An experimental trial implemented on an uneven-aged cork oak pure stand during a cork rotation period of 9 years, was established with the specific goal of comparing understory management options: a yellow lupine pasture versus spontaneous vegetation. Cork samples were taken at the beginning and end of the period and were used to measure cork thickness and annual cork rings. The differences between treatments were assessed performing a non-parametric test and a more robust approach using linear mixed model. Precipitation and treatment levels were jointly considered on the analysis. Main results: A slight effect was found on the cork thickness regarding the treatment with lupine application. However, no distinct effect was found, regarding wood and the annual cork increment pattern. Additionally, annual cork ring width showed a positive correlation with precipitation and a negative correlation with ring age. Research highlights: The results of this study indicate no distinct pattern regarding the annual cork and wood increment when comparing the understory effect of yellow lupine pasture versus spontaneous vegetation.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Faias, S.P. and Paulo, J.A. and Palma, J.H.N. and Tomé, M.},
 doi = {10.5424/fs/2018271-11967},
 journal = {Forest Systems},
 number = {1}
}

© 2018 INIA. Aim of study: Cork oak is one of the main forest tree species in Portugal that typically occurs in montado, where operational practices oriented to the tree, crop or animal management may influence several of the ecosystem components. This study aimed at contributing to fulfil the a lack of knowledge on the effect of these practices on the cork and wood growth, by comparing the wood diameter growth and the annual cork increment under two different understory management options. Material and methods: An experimental trial implemented on an uneven-aged cork oak pure stand during a cork rotation period of 9 years, was established with the specific goal of comparing understory management options: a yellow lupine pasture versus spontaneous vegetation. Cork samples were taken at the beginning and end of the period and were used to measure cork thickness and annual cork rings. The differences between treatments were assessed performing a non-parametric test and a more robust approach using linear mixed model. Precipitation and treatment levels were jointly considered on the analysis. Main results: A slight effect was found on the cork thickness regarding the treatment with lupine application. However, no distinct effect was found, regarding wood and the annual cork increment pattern. Additionally, annual cork ring width showed a positive correlation with precipitation and a negative correlation with ring age. Research highlights: The results of this study indicate no distinct pattern regarding the annual cork and wood increment when comparing the understory effect of yellow lupine pasture versus spontaneous vegetation.

@article{
 title = {How is agroforestry perceived in Europe? An assessment of positive and negative aspects by stakeholders},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Adoption,Agroforestry,Barrier,Europe,Opportunity},
 id = {b916be6d-2178-399d-a56a-bc65e8c2fa5f},
 created = {2017-09-05T18:40:38.316Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-09-05T18:40:38.316Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Whilst the benefits of agroforestry are widely recognised in tropical latitudes few studies have assessed how agroforestry is perceived in temperate latitudes. This study evaluates how stakeholders and key actors including farmers, landowners, agricultural advisors, researchers and environmentalists perceive the implementation and expansion of agroforestry in Europe. Meetings were held with 30 stakeholder groups covering different agroforestry systems in 2014 in eleven EU countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom). In total 344 valid responses were received to a questionnaire where stakeholders were asked to rank the positive and negative aspects of implementing agroforestry in their region. Improved biodiversity and wildlife habitats, animal health and welfare, and landscape aesthetics were seen as the main positive aspects of agroforestry. By contrast, increased labour, complexity of work, management costs and administrative burden were seen as the most important negative aspects. Overall, improving the environmental value of agriculture was seen as the main benefit of agroforestry, whilst management and socio-economic issues were seen as the greatest barriers. The great variability in the opportunities and barriers of the systems suggests enhanced adoption of agroforestry across Europe will be most likely to occur with specific initiatives for each type of system.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {García de Jalón, S. and Burgess, P.J. and Graves, A. and Moreno, G. and McAdam, J. and Pottier, E. and Novak, S. and Bondesan, V. and Mosquera-Losada, R. and Crous-Durán, J. and Palma, J.H.N. and Paulo, J.A. and Oliveira, T.S. and Cirou, E. and Hannachi, Y. and Pantera, A. and Wartelle, R. and Kay, S. and Malignier, N. and van Lerberghe, P. and Tsonkova, P. and Mirck, J. and Rois, M. and Kongsted, A.G. and Thenail, C. and Luske, B. and Berg, S. and Gosme, M. and Vityi, A.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-017-0116-3},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems}
}

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Whilst the benefits of agroforestry are widely recognised in tropical latitudes few studies have assessed how agroforestry is perceived in temperate latitudes. This study evaluates how stakeholders and key actors including farmers, landowners, agricultural advisors, researchers and environmentalists perceive the implementation and expansion of agroforestry in Europe. Meetings were held with 30 stakeholder groups covering different agroforestry systems in 2014 in eleven EU countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom). In total 344 valid responses were received to a questionnaire where stakeholders were asked to rank the positive and negative aspects of implementing agroforestry in their region. Improved biodiversity and wildlife habitats, animal health and welfare, and landscape aesthetics were seen as the main positive aspects of agroforestry. By contrast, increased labour, complexity of work, management costs and administrative burden were seen as the most important negative aspects. Overall, improving the environmental value of agriculture was seen as the main benefit of agroforestry, whilst management and socio-economic issues were seen as the greatest barriers. The great variability in the opportunities and barriers of the systems suggests enhanced adoption of agroforestry across Europe will be most likely to occur with specific initiatives for each type of system.

@article{
 title = {Agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value in Europe: provision of commercial goods and other ecosystem services},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Biodiversity,Bocage,Cultural services,Dehesa/montado,Parklands,Provisioning services,Regulating services,Wood pastures},
 id = {01c3b445-285d-33a0-9550-b6714e76d44c},
 created = {2017-10-17T04:02:45.422Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-10-17T04:02:45.422Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and cultural value (HNCV) agroforestry. In this review, based on the literature and stakeholder knowledge, we describe the structure, components and management practices of ten contrasting HNCV agroforestry systems distributed across five European bioclimatic regions. We also compile and categorize the ecosystem services provided by these agroforestry systems, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. HNCV agroforestry in Europe generally enhances biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services relative to conventional agriculture and forestry. These systems can reduce fire risk, compared to conventional forestry, and can increase carbon sequestration, moderate the microclimate, and reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching compared to conventional agriculture. However, some of the evidence is location specific and a better geographical coverage is needed to generalize patterns at broader scales. Although some traditional practices and products have been abandoned, many of the studied systems continue to provide multiple woody and non-woody plant products and high-quality food from livestock and game. Some of the cultural value of these systems can also be captured through tourism and local events. However there remains a continual challenge for farmers, landowners and society to fully translate the positive social and environmental impacts of HNCV agroforestry into market prices for the products and services.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Moreno, G. and Aviron, S. and Berg, S. and Crous-Duran, J. and Franca, A. and de Jalón, S.G. and Hartel, T. and Mirck, J. and Pantera, A. and Palma, J.H.N. and Paulo, J.A. and Re, G.A. and Sanna, F. and Thenail, C. and Varga, A. and Viaud, V. and Burgess, P.J.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-017-0126-1},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems}
}

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and cultural value (HNCV) agroforestry. In this review, based on the literature and stakeholder knowledge, we describe the structure, components and management practices of ten contrasting HNCV agroforestry systems distributed across five European bioclimatic regions. We also compile and categorize the ecosystem services provided by these agroforestry systems, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. HNCV agroforestry in Europe generally enhances biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services relative to conventional agriculture and forestry. These systems can reduce fire risk, compared to conventional forestry, and can increase carbon sequestration, moderate the microclimate, and reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching compared to conventional agriculture. However, some of the evidence is location specific and a better geographical coverage is needed to generalize patterns at broader scales. Although some traditional practices and products have been abandoned, many of the studied systems continue to provide multiple woody and non-woody plant products and high-quality food from livestock and game. Some of the cultural value of these systems can also be captured through tourism and local events. However there remains a continual challenge for farmers, landowners and society to fully translate the positive social and environmental impacts of HNCV agroforestry into market prices for the products and services.

@article{
 title = {Modelling and valuing the environmental impacts of arable, forestry and agroforestry systems: a case study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Externality,Farm-SAFE,Profitability,Silvoarable,Valuation,Yield-SAFE},
 id = {cd89444a-3402-3478-a770-e9844ee74892},
 created = {2017-10-17T04:02:46.450Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-10-17T04:02:46.450Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. The use of land for intensive arable production in Europe is associated with a range of externalities that typically impose costs on third parties. The introduction of trees in arable systems can potentially be used to reduce these costs. This paper assesses the profitability and environmental externalities of a silvoarable agroforestry system, and compares this with the profitability and environmental externalities from an arable system and a forestry system. A silvoarable experimental plot of poplar trees planted in 1992 in Bedfordshire, Eastern England, was used as a case study. The Yield-SAFE model was used to simulate the growth and yields of the silvoarable, arable, and forestry land uses along with the associated environmental externalities, including carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen and phosphorus surplus, and soil erosion losses by water. The Farm-SAFE model was then used to quantify the monetary value of these effects. The study assesses both the financial profitability from a farmer perspective and the economic benefit from a societal perspective. The arable option was the most financially profitable system followed by the silvoarable system and forestry. However, when the environmental externalities were included, silvoarable agroforestry provided the greatest benefit. This suggests that the appropriate integration of trees in arable land can provide greater well-being benefits to society overall, than arable farming without trees, or forestry systems on their own.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {García de Jalón, S. and Graves, A. and Palma, J.H.N. and Williams, A. and Upson, M. and Burgess, P.J.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-017-0128-z},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems}
}

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. The use of land for intensive arable production in Europe is associated with a range of externalities that typically impose costs on third parties. The introduction of trees in arable systems can potentially be used to reduce these costs. This paper assesses the profitability and environmental externalities of a silvoarable agroforestry system, and compares this with the profitability and environmental externalities from an arable system and a forestry system. A silvoarable experimental plot of poplar trees planted in 1992 in Bedfordshire, Eastern England, was used as a case study. The Yield-SAFE model was used to simulate the growth and yields of the silvoarable, arable, and forestry land uses along with the associated environmental externalities, including carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen and phosphorus surplus, and soil erosion losses by water. The Farm-SAFE model was then used to quantify the monetary value of these effects. The study assesses both the financial profitability from a farmer perspective and the economic benefit from a societal perspective. The arable option was the most financially profitable system followed by the silvoarable system and forestry. However, when the environmental externalities were included, silvoarable agroforestry provided the greatest benefit. This suggests that the appropriate integration of trees in arable land can provide greater well-being benefits to society overall, than arable farming without trees, or forestry systems on their own.

@article{
 title = {Spatial similarities between European agroforestry systems and ecosystem services at the landscape scale},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Biodiversity,Biomass production,Carbon sequestration,Erosion,Groundwater recharge,Nitrate leaching,Pollination},
 id = {de531029-6a0a-3b31-9158-8dfae3484f73},
 created = {2017-10-18T01:55:23.936Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-10-18T01:55:23.936Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Agroforestry systems are known to provide ecosystem services which differ in quantity and quality from conventional agricultural practices and could enhance rural landscapes. In this study we compared ecosystem services provision of agroforestry and non-agroforestry landscapes in case study regions from three European biogeographical regions: Mediterranean (montado and dehesa), Continental (orchards and wooded pasture) and Atlantic agroforestry systems (chestnut soutos and hedgerows systems). Seven ecosystem service indicators (two provisioning and five regulating services) were mapped, modelled and assessed. Clear variations in amount and provision of ecosystem services were found between different types of agroforestry systems. Nonetheless regulating ecosystems services were improved in all agroforestry landscapes, with reduced nitrate losses, higher carbon sequestration, reduced soil losses, higher functional biodiversity focussed on pollination and greater habitat diversity reflected in a high proportion of semi-natural habitats. The results for provisioning services were inconsistent. While the annual biomass yield and the groundwater recharge rate tended to be higher in agricultural landscapes without agroforestry systems, the total biomass stock was reduced. These broad relationships were observed within and across the case study regions regardless of the agroforestry type or biogeographical region. Overall our study underlines the positive influence of agroforestry systems on the supply of regulating services and their role to enhance landscape structure.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kay, S. and Crous-Duran, J. and Ferreiro-Domínguez, N. and García de Jalón, S. and Graves, A. and Moreno, G. and Mosquera-Losada, M.R. and Palma, J.H.N. and Roces-Díaz, J.V. and Santiago-Freijanes, J.J. and Szerencsits, E. and Weibel, R. and Herzog, F.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-017-0132-3},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems}
}

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Agroforestry systems are known to provide ecosystem services which differ in quantity and quality from conventional agricultural practices and could enhance rural landscapes. In this study we compared ecosystem services provision of agroforestry and non-agroforestry landscapes in case study regions from three European biogeographical regions: Mediterranean (montado and dehesa), Continental (orchards and wooded pasture) and Atlantic agroforestry systems (chestnut soutos and hedgerows systems). Seven ecosystem service indicators (two provisioning and five regulating services) were mapped, modelled and assessed. Clear variations in amount and provision of ecosystem services were found between different types of agroforestry systems. Nonetheless regulating ecosystems services were improved in all agroforestry landscapes, with reduced nitrate losses, higher carbon sequestration, reduced soil losses, higher functional biodiversity focussed on pollination and greater habitat diversity reflected in a high proportion of semi-natural habitats. The results for provisioning services were inconsistent. While the annual biomass yield and the groundwater recharge rate tended to be higher in agricultural landscapes without agroforestry systems, the total biomass stock was reduced. These broad relationships were observed within and across the case study regions regardless of the agroforestry type or biogeographical region. Overall our study underlines the positive influence of agroforestry systems on the supply of regulating services and their role to enhance landscape structure.

@article{
 title = {Farmers’ reasoning behind the uptake of agroforestry practices: evidence from multiple case-studies across Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Driving forces,Farming,Interviews,Narrative thematic analysis},
 id = {2a769b51-35fb-3244-8f05-4c6f4589b06f},
 created = {2017-11-04T11:56:14.678Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-11-04T11:56:14.678Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Potential benefits and costs of agroforestry practices have been analysed by experts, but few studies have captured farmers’ perspectives on why agroforestry might be adopted on a European scale. This study provides answers to this question, through an analysis of 183 farmer interviews in 14 case study systems in eight European countries. The study systems included high natural and cultural value agroforestry systems, silvoarable systems, high value tree systems, and silvopasture systems, as well as systems where no agroforestry practices were occurring. A mixed method approach combining quantitative and qualitative approaches was taken throughout the interviews. Narrative thematic data analysis was performed. Data collection proceeded until no new themes emerged. Within a given case study, i.e. the different systems in different European regions, this sampling was performed both for farmers who practice agroforestry and farmers who did not. Results point to a great diversity of agroforestry practices, although many of the farmers are not aware of the term or concept of agroforestry, despite implementing the practice in their own farms. While only a few farmers mentioned eligibility for direct payments in the CAP as the main reason to remove trees from their land, to avoid the reduction of the funded area, the tradition in the family or the region, learning from others, and increasing the diversification of products play the most important role in adopting or not agroforestry systems.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rois-Díaz, M. and Lovric, N. and Lovric, M. and Ferreiro-Domínguez, N. and Mosquera-Losada, M.R. and Den Herder, M. and Graves, A. and Palma, J.H.N. and Paulo, J.A. and Pisanelli, A. and Smith, J. and Moreno, G. and García, S. and Varga, A. and Pantera, A. and Mirck, J. and Burgess, P.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-017-0139-9},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems}
}

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Potential benefits and costs of agroforestry practices have been analysed by experts, but few studies have captured farmers’ perspectives on why agroforestry might be adopted on a European scale. This study provides answers to this question, through an analysis of 183 farmer interviews in 14 case study systems in eight European countries. The study systems included high natural and cultural value agroforestry systems, silvoarable systems, high value tree systems, and silvopasture systems, as well as systems where no agroforestry practices were occurring. A mixed method approach combining quantitative and qualitative approaches was taken throughout the interviews. Narrative thematic data analysis was performed. Data collection proceeded until no new themes emerged. Within a given case study, i.e. the different systems in different European regions, this sampling was performed both for farmers who practice agroforestry and farmers who did not. Results point to a great diversity of agroforestry practices, although many of the farmers are not aware of the term or concept of agroforestry, despite implementing the practice in their own farms. While only a few farmers mentioned eligibility for direct payments in the CAP as the main reason to remove trees from their land, to avoid the reduction of the funded area, the tradition in the family or the region, learning from others, and increasing the diversification of products play the most important role in adopting or not agroforestry systems.

@article{
 title = {Current extent and stratification of agroforestry in the European Union},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {High natural and cultural value,High value trees,Land cover,Land use,Land use/cover area frame survey (LUCAS)},
 volume = {241},
 id = {a97f0f90-ce14-3660-8831-5cb81b8755c3},
 created = {2017-12-03T03:11:17.073Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-12-03T03:11:17.073Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 Elsevier B.V. An accurate and objective estimate on the extent of agroforestry in Europe is critical for the development of supporting policies. For this reason, a more harmonised and uniform Pan-European estimate is needed. The aim of this study was to quantify and map the distribution of agroforestry in the European Union. We classified agroforestry into three main types of agroforestry systems: arable agroforestry, livestock agroforestry and high value tree agroforestry. These three classes are partly overlapping as high value tree agroforestry can be part of either arable or livestock agroforestry. Agroforestry areas were mapped using LUCAS Land Use and Land Cover data (Eurostat, 2015). By identifying certain combinations of primary and secondary land cover and/or land management it was possible to identify agroforestry points and stratify them in the three different systems. According to our estimate using the LUCAS database the total area under agroforestry in the EU 27 is about 15.4 million ha which is equivalent to about 3.6% of the territorial area and 8.8% of the utilised agricultural area. Of our three studied systems, livestock agroforestry covers about 15.1 million ha which is by far the largest area. High value tree agroforestry and arable agroforestry cover 1.1 and 0.3 million ha respectively. Spain (5.6 million ha), France (1.6 million ha), Greece (1.6 million ha), Italy (1.4 million ha), Portugal (1.2 million ha), Romania (0.9 million ha) and Bulgaria (0.9 million ha) have the largest absolute area of agroforestry. However the extent of agroforestry, expressed as a proportion of the utilised agricultural area (UAA), is greatest in countries like Cyprus (40% of UAA), Portugal (32% of UA A) and Greece (31% of UAA). A cluster analysis revealed that a high abundance of agroforestry areas can be found in the south-west quadrat of the Iberian Peninsula, the south of France, Sardinia, south and central Italy, central and north-east Greece, south and central Bulgaria, and central Romania. Since the data were collected and analysed in a uniform manner it is now possible to make comparisons between countries and identify regions in Europe where agroforestry is already widely practiced and areas where there are opportunities for practicing agroforestry on a larger area and introducing novel practices. In addition, with this method it is possible to make more precise estimates on the extent of agroforestry in Europe and changes over time. Because agroforestry covers a considerable part of the agricultural land in the EU, it is crucial that it gets a more prominent and clearer place in EU statistical reporting in order to provide decision makers with more reliable information on the extent and nature of agroforestry. Reliable information, in turn, should help to guide policy development and implementation, and the evaluation of the impact of agricultural and other policies on agroforestry.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {den Herder, M. and Moreno, G. and Mosquera-Losada, R.M. and Palma, J.H.N. and Sidiropoulou, A. and Santiago Freijanes, J.J. and Crous-Duran, J. and Paulo, J.A. and Tomé, M. and Pantera, A. and Papanastasis, V.P. and Mantzanas, K. and Pachana, P. and Papadopoulos, A. and Plieninger, T. and Burgess, P.J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.005},
 journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment}
}

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. An accurate and objective estimate on the extent of agroforestry in Europe is critical for the development of supporting policies. For this reason, a more harmonised and uniform Pan-European estimate is needed. The aim of this study was to quantify and map the distribution of agroforestry in the European Union. We classified agroforestry into three main types of agroforestry systems: arable agroforestry, livestock agroforestry and high value tree agroforestry. These three classes are partly overlapping as high value tree agroforestry can be part of either arable or livestock agroforestry. Agroforestry areas were mapped using LUCAS Land Use and Land Cover data (Eurostat, 2015). By identifying certain combinations of primary and secondary land cover and/or land management it was possible to identify agroforestry points and stratify them in the three different systems. According to our estimate using the LUCAS database the total area under agroforestry in the EU 27 is about 15.4 million ha which is equivalent to about 3.6% of the territorial area and 8.8% of the utilised agricultural area. Of our three studied systems, livestock agroforestry covers about 15.1 million ha which is by far the largest area. High value tree agroforestry and arable agroforestry cover 1.1 and 0.3 million ha respectively. Spain (5.6 million ha), France (1.6 million ha), Greece (1.6 million ha), Italy (1.4 million ha), Portugal (1.2 million ha), Romania (0.9 million ha) and Bulgaria (0.9 million ha) have the largest absolute area of agroforestry. However the extent of agroforestry, expressed as a proportion of the utilised agricultural area (UAA), is greatest in countries like Cyprus (40% of UAA), Portugal (32% of UA A) and Greece (31% of UAA). A cluster analysis revealed that a high abundance of agroforestry areas can be found in the south-west quadrat of the Iberian Peninsula, the south of France, Sardinia, south and central Italy, central and north-east Greece, south and central Bulgaria, and central Romania. Since the data were collected and analysed in a uniform manner it is now possible to make comparisons between countries and identify regions in Europe where agroforestry is already widely practiced and areas where there are opportunities for practicing agroforestry on a larger area and introducing novel practices. In addition, with this method it is possible to make more precise estimates on the extent of agroforestry in Europe and changes over time. Because agroforestry covers a considerable part of the agricultural land in the EU, it is crucial that it gets a more prominent and clearer place in EU statistical reporting in order to provide decision makers with more reliable information on the extent and nature of agroforestry. Reliable information, in turn, should help to guide policy development and implementation, and the evaluation of the impact of agricultural and other policies on agroforestry.

@article{
 title = {Are forest disturbances amplifying or canceling out climate change-induced productivity changes in European forests?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Fire,Forest models,Forest productivity-disturbances-climate change in,Insects,Storms,Trade-offs},
 volume = {12},
 id = {186f216c-bacd-3bbe-a061-0e3f863ed11d},
 created = {2017-12-06T01:49:48.059Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-12-06T01:49:48.059Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Recent studies projecting future climate change impacts on forests mainly consider either the effects of climate change on productivity or on disturbances. However, productivity and disturbances are intrinsically linked because 1) disturbances directly affect forest productivity (e.g. via a reduction in leaf area, growing stock or resource-use efficiency), and 2) disturbance susceptibility is often coupled to a certain development phase of the forest with productivity determining the time a forest is in this specific phase of susceptibility. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of forest productivity changes in different forest regions in Europe under climate change, and partition these changes into effects induced by climate change alone and by climate change and disturbances. We present projections of climate change impacts on forest productivity from state-of-The-Art forest models that dynamically simulate forest productivity and the effects of the main European disturbance agents (fire, storm, insects), driven by the same climate scenario in seven forest case studies along a large climatic gradient throughout Europe. Our study shows that, in most cases, including disturbances in the simulations exaggerate ongoing productivity declines or cancel out productivity gains in response to climate change. In fewer cases, disturbances also increase productivity or buffer climate-change induced productivity losses, e.g. because low severity fires can alleviate resource competition and increase fertilization. Even though our results cannot simply be extrapolated to other types of forests and disturbances, we argue that it is necessary to interpret climate change-induced productivity and disturbance changes jointly to capture the full range of climate change impacts on forests and to plan adaptation measures.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Reyer, C.P.O. and Bathgate, S. and Blennow, K. and Borges, J.G. and Bugmann, H. and Delzon, S. and Faias, S.P. and Garcia-Gonzalo, J. and Gardiner, B. and Gonzalez-Olabarria, J.R. and Gracia, C. and Hernández, J.G. and Kellomäki, S. and Kramer, K. and Lexer, M.J. and Lindner, M. and Van Der Maaten, E. and Maroschek, M. and Muys, B. and Nicoll, B. and Palahi, M. and Palma, J.H.N. and Paulo, J.A. and Peltola, H. and Pukkala, T. and Rammer, W. and Ray, D. and Sabaté, S. and Schelhaas, M.-J. and Seidl, R. and Temperli, C. and Tomé, M. and Yousefpour, R. and Zimmermann, N.E. and Hanewinkel, M.},
 doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa5ef1},
 journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
 number = {3}
}

© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Recent studies projecting future climate change impacts on forests mainly consider either the effects of climate change on productivity or on disturbances. However, productivity and disturbances are intrinsically linked because 1) disturbances directly affect forest productivity (e.g. via a reduction in leaf area, growing stock or resource-use efficiency), and 2) disturbance susceptibility is often coupled to a certain development phase of the forest with productivity determining the time a forest is in this specific phase of susceptibility. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of forest productivity changes in different forest regions in Europe under climate change, and partition these changes into effects induced by climate change alone and by climate change and disturbances. We present projections of climate change impacts on forest productivity from state-of-The-Art forest models that dynamically simulate forest productivity and the effects of the main European disturbance agents (fire, storm, insects), driven by the same climate scenario in seven forest case studies along a large climatic gradient throughout Europe. Our study shows that, in most cases, including disturbances in the simulations exaggerate ongoing productivity declines or cancel out productivity gains in response to climate change. In fewer cases, disturbances also increase productivity or buffer climate-change induced productivity losses, e.g. because low severity fires can alleviate resource competition and increase fertilization. Even though our results cannot simply be extrapolated to other types of forests and disturbances, we argue that it is necessary to interpret climate change-induced productivity and disturbance changes jointly to capture the full range of climate change impacts on forests and to plan adaptation measures.

@article{
 title = {A framework for modeling adaptive forest management and decision making under climate change},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Behavioral adaptation,Europe,Forest management,Knowledge management,Mathematical programming,Process-based models,Spatial planning},
 volume = {22},
 id = {a9b9db5c-5221-39f2-9c9b-e18a389433bd},
 created = {2018-02-06T09:06:10.754Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2018-02-06T09:06:10.754Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2017 by the author(s). Adapting the management of forest resources to climate change involves addressing several crucial aspects to provide a valid basis for decision making. These include the knowledge and belief of decision makers, the mapping of management options for the current as well as anticipated future bioclimatic and socioeconomic conditions, and the ways decisions are evaluated and made. We investigate the adaptive management process and develop a framework including these three aspects, thus providing a structured way to analyze the challenges and opportunities of managing forests in the face of climate change. We apply the framework for a range of case studies that differ in the way climate and its impacts are projected to change, the available management options, and how decision makers develop, update, and use their beliefs about climate change scenarios to select among adaptation options, each being optimal for a certain climate change scenario. We describe four stylized types of decision-making processes that differ in how they (1) take into account uncertainty and new information on the state and development of the climate and (2) evaluate alternative management decisions: the “no-change,” the “reactive,” the “trend-adaptive,” and the “forward-looking adaptive” decision-making types. Accordingly, we evaluate the experiences with alternative management strategies and recent publications on using Bayesian optimization methods that account for different simulated learning schemes based on varying knowledge, belief, and information. Finally, our proposed framework for identifying adaptation strategies provides solutions for enhancing forest structure and diversity, biomass and timber production, and reducing climate change-induced damages. They are spatially heterogeneous, reflecting the diversity in growing conditions and socioeconomic settings within Europe.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Yousefpour, R. and Temperli, C. and Jacobsen, J.B. and Thorsen, B.J. and Meilby, H. and Lexer, M.J. and Lindner, M. and Bugmann, H. and Borges, J.G. and Palma, J.H.N. and Ray, D. and Zimmermann, N.E. and Delzon, S. and Kremer, A. and Kramer, K. and Reyer, C.P.O. and Lasch-Born, P. and Garcia-Gonzalo, J. and Hanewinkel, M.},
 doi = {10.5751/ES-09614-220440},
 journal = {Ecology and Society},
 number = {4}
}

© 2017 by the author(s). Adapting the management of forest resources to climate change involves addressing several crucial aspects to provide a valid basis for decision making. These include the knowledge and belief of decision makers, the mapping of management options for the current as well as anticipated future bioclimatic and socioeconomic conditions, and the ways decisions are evaluated and made. We investigate the adaptive management process and develop a framework including these three aspects, thus providing a structured way to analyze the challenges and opportunities of managing forests in the face of climate change. We apply the framework for a range of case studies that differ in the way climate and its impacts are projected to change, the available management options, and how decision makers develop, update, and use their beliefs about climate change scenarios to select among adaptation options, each being optimal for a certain climate change scenario. We describe four stylized types of decision-making processes that differ in how they (1) take into account uncertainty and new information on the state and development of the climate and (2) evaluate alternative management decisions: the “no-change,” the “reactive,” the “trend-adaptive,” and the “forward-looking adaptive” decision-making types. Accordingly, we evaluate the experiences with alternative management strategies and recent publications on using Bayesian optimization methods that account for different simulated learning schemes based on varying knowledge, belief, and information. Finally, our proposed framework for identifying adaptation strategies provides solutions for enhancing forest structure and diversity, biomass and timber production, and reducing climate change-induced damages. They are spatially heterogeneous, reflecting the diversity in growing conditions and socioeconomic settings within Europe.

@article{
 title = {Predicting site index from climate and soil variables for cork oak (Quercus suber L.) stands in Portugal},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Cork oak,Partial least squares,Potential distribution,Quercus suber L.,Site index,Site quality},
 pages = {293-307},
 volume = {46},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-014-9462-4},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {3df7ac4c-2d6b-3b51-909f-eb35f5473146},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:52.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Paulo, JoanaAmaral and Palma, JoãoH N and Gomes, AlbertoAzevedo and Faias, SóniaPacheco and Tomé, José and Tomé, Margarida},
 doi = {10.1007/s11056-014-9462-4},
 journal = {New Forests},
 number = {2}
}

@article{
 title = {Adaptive management and debarking schedule optimization of Quercus suber L. stands under climate change: case study in Chamusca, Portugal},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Adaptive forest management,Cork oak,Ecosystem services,Landscape,Optimization,Region,Regulation},
 volume = {15},
 id = {a3aaea5e-e3a5-373a-8223-fff55d80177b},
 created = {2017-12-03T03:11:16.463Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-12-03T03:11:16.463Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Cork oak stands are one of the major sources of income from Portuguese Mediterranean forests. Future climate is projected to increase temperatures, reduce precipitation and decrease current forests’ productivity and therefore, adapting management, is a key strategy to mitigate impacts of future climate on cork supply. The central objective of this research was to compare conventional and adaptive management regimes under scenarios of climate change. The adaptive management focussed on adopting optimal harvest schedules while considering different management objectives. The study focused on the Chamusca region, one of the most productive areas of cork, and considered four distinct spatial scales for analysis. For each scale, the management objective was defined according to field information and considered the maximization of cork production while targeting different cork harvesting flows: (a) more frequent and regular or (b) less frequent and concentrated. A forest growth model was used to simulate climate change impact on future yield of cork oak stands under different forest management alternatives. A mixed integer programming model was developed to find the most adequate cork debarking cycle calendar for cork oak stands. Our results suggest that (1) business as usual management under climate change scenarios could decrease cork supply and carbon stock in the tree component of the forests by up to 20 and 30 %, respectively, (2) the development of adaptive management strategies, including cork extraction schedule optimization, to address climate change has advantages over traditional practices and (3) may contribute further to increase cork production (up to double productivity in mid-long term) while addressing concerns with the regulation of cork extraction flows through the adaptation of debarking periods. The mixed integer programming allowed the spatial visualization of the debarking cycle delay. Furthermore, results underline the relevance of an approach to develop adaptive management strategies that can consider different management goals, with different constraints to address climate change.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Palma, J.H.N. and Paulo, J.A. and Faias, S.P. and Garcia-Gonzalo, J. and Borges, J.G. and Tomé, M.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10113-015-0818-x},
 journal = {Regional Environmental Change},
 number = {8}
}

© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Cork oak stands are one of the major sources of income from Portuguese Mediterranean forests. Future climate is projected to increase temperatures, reduce precipitation and decrease current forests’ productivity and therefore, adapting management, is a key strategy to mitigate impacts of future climate on cork supply. The central objective of this research was to compare conventional and adaptive management regimes under scenarios of climate change. The adaptive management focussed on adopting optimal harvest schedules while considering different management objectives. The study focused on the Chamusca region, one of the most productive areas of cork, and considered four distinct spatial scales for analysis. For each scale, the management objective was defined according to field information and considered the maximization of cork production while targeting different cork harvesting flows: (a) more frequent and regular or (b) less frequent and concentrated. A forest growth model was used to simulate climate change impact on future yield of cork oak stands under different forest management alternatives. A mixed integer programming model was developed to find the most adequate cork debarking cycle calendar for cork oak stands. Our results suggest that (1) business as usual management under climate change scenarios could decrease cork supply and carbon stock in the tree component of the forests by up to 20 and 30 %, respectively, (2) the development of adaptive management strategies, including cork extraction schedule optimization, to address climate change has advantages over traditional practices and (3) may contribute further to increase cork production (up to double productivity in mid-long term) while addressing concerns with the regulation of cork extraction flows through the adaptation of debarking periods. The mixed integer programming allowed the spatial visualization of the debarking cycle delay. Furthermore, results underline the relevance of an approach to develop adaptive management strategies that can consider different management goals, with different constraints to address climate change.

@article{
 title = {A decision support system for management planning of Eucalyptus plantations facing climate change},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {change impacts,climate change,decision support system,eucalypt,forest ecosystem management,forestry,management planning,models,portugal,productivity},
 pages = {187-199},
 volume = {71},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000331706900009},
 id = {ecca9f2b-c632-3932-b2d4-01be47c84df0},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:06.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 notes = {Sp. Iss. SI<br/>Ab3rc<br/>Times Cited:1<br/>Cited References Count:35},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Climate change studies in Portugal point to warming winters and increase in the dry season length, impacting growth of plants. New tools are needed to increase the effectiveness of forest management planning under climate change. To develop research tools that may help forest managers cope with climate change challenges to long-term planning. These tools should help assess the impact of climate change on the timing and location of forest management options as well as on forest products flows. The proposed tools are based on information system architecture approaches that suggested a "Decision Support System" (DSS) with a modular structure to integrate (1) a management information module; (2) a prescription generator module that integrates a process-based model (Glob3PG); (3) a decision module; (4) a solution report module. To demonstrate the usefulness of the DSS, a eucalyptus forest with 1,722 stands (6,138 ha) in Portugal was considered. Two climate scenarios were used. Potential wood supply decreased from 2.35 to 2.19 million m(3), land value depreciated from 81.1 to 74.7 million Euro and total carbon stock decreased from 228 to 212 tons. The DSS demonstrated that the design of optimal management plans should take into account climate change.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Garcia-Gonzalo, J and Borges, J G and Palma, J H N and Zubizarreta-Gerendiain, A},
 doi = {DOI 10.1007/s13595-013-0337-1},
 journal = {Annals of Forest Science},
 number = {2}
}

Climate change studies in Portugal point to warming winters and increase in the dry season length, impacting growth of plants. New tools are needed to increase the effectiveness of forest management planning under climate change. To develop research tools that may help forest managers cope with climate change challenges to long-term planning. These tools should help assess the impact of climate change on the timing and location of forest management options as well as on forest products flows. The proposed tools are based on information system architecture approaches that suggested a "Decision Support System" (DSS) with a modular structure to integrate (1) a management information module; (2) a prescription generator module that integrates a process-based model (Glob3PG); (3) a decision module; (4) a solution report module. To demonstrate the usefulness of the DSS, a eucalyptus forest with 1,722 stands (6,138 ha) in Portugal was considered. Two climate scenarios were used. Potential wood supply decreased from 2.35 to 2.19 million m(3), land value depreciated from 81.1 to 74.7 million Euro and total carbon stock decreased from 228 to 212 tons. The DSS demonstrated that the design of optimal management plans should take into account climate change.

@article{
 title = {A web-based ToolBox approach to support adaptive forest management under climate change},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {decision support systems,decision-support,knowledge transfer,model,multi-criteria analysis,optimization,systems,vulnerability},
 pages = {96-107},
 volume = {29},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000345373600009},
 id = {675259ae-d178-3ae5-ac40-3d82b92846f4},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:25.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 notes = {Suppl. 1 Sp. Iss. SI<br/>Au1if<br/>Times Cited:0<br/>Cited References Count:31},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The design and implementation of the adaptive forest management (AFM) ToolBox is presented. Design principles derived from previous experiences in decision support system (DSS) development include support for (1) modularity, (2) accessibility via the Internet, (3) inclusion of different types of knowledge and information, (4) the use of different data sources, and (5) specific problem types. As major components of the AFM ToolBox DataBase, Vulnerability Assessment Tools (single user version, group mode) and an optimization tool to generate optimized management plans at the level of management units or landscapes are highlighted. A key feature is the distinction of two archetypical user profiles (manager, analyst). The AFM ToolBox is evaluated against eight criteria for the assessment of DSS. It is concluded that the ToolBox approach setting focus on modularity while avoiding to over-emphasis technical integration provides the right frame to secure the flexibility regarding tools and decision-making processes which is mandatory if a DSS should be taken up by practice.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rammer, W and Schauflinger, C and Vacik, H and Palma, J H N and Garcia-Gonzalo, J and Borges, J G and Lexer, M J},
 doi = {Doi 10.1080/02827581.2013.851277},
 journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research}
}

The design and implementation of the adaptive forest management (AFM) ToolBox is presented. Design principles derived from previous experiences in decision support system (DSS) development include support for (1) modularity, (2) accessibility via the Internet, (3) inclusion of different types of knowledge and information, (4) the use of different data sources, and (5) specific problem types. As major components of the AFM ToolBox DataBase, Vulnerability Assessment Tools (single user version, group mode) and an optimization tool to generate optimized management plans at the level of management units or landscapes are highlighted. A key feature is the distinction of two archetypical user profiles (manager, analyst). The AFM ToolBox is evaluated against eight criteria for the assessment of DSS. It is concluded that the ToolBox approach setting focus on modularity while avoiding to over-emphasis technical integration provides the right frame to secure the flexibility regarding tools and decision-making processes which is mandatory if a DSS should be taken up by practice.

@article{
 title = {Predicting site index from climate and soil variables for cork oak (Quercus suber L.) stands in Portugal},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Cork oak,Partial least squares,Potential distribution,Quercus suber L.,Site index,Site quality},
 pages = {1-15},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-014-9462-4},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {7acdb1ce-5c68-3eec-b5a5-6bedbf1bdd3f},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:31.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Paulo, JoanaAmaral and Palma, JoãoH N and Gomes, AlbertoAzevedo and Faias, SóniaPacheco and Tomé, José and Tomé, Margarida},
 doi = {10.1007/s11056-014-9462-4},
 journal = {New Forests}
}

@article{
 title = {Innovative agroecosystem goods and services: key profitability drivers in Swiss agroforestry},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Agroenvironmental policy,Ecosystem services,Participatory research},
 pages = {1-12},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0261-2},
 publisher = {Springer Paris},
 id = {0878e093-2442-3cfa-af07-49faceecbd57},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:36.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Sereke, Firesenai and Graves, AnilR and Dux, Dunja and Palma, JoaoH N and Herzog, Felix},
 doi = {10.1007/s13593-014-0261-2},
 journal = {Agronomy for Sustainable Development}
}

@article{
 title = {Valuing biodiversity enhancement in New Zealand's planted forests: Socioeconomic and spatial determinants of willingness-to-pay},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Biodiversity,Discrete choice experiment,Ordinary least squares panel regression,Planted forests,Random parameters logit,Willingness,choice experiment approach,contingent valuation method,directional heterogeneity,environmental valuation,falcons falco-novaeseelandiae,landscape improvements,mixed logit,nest-site,nonmarket valuation,plantation forests,rural,selection,to pay},
 pages = {90-101},
 volume = {98},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000332263900010},
 id = {093aba5c-abaf-31d1-b4ef-7af878c74609},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:50.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 notes = {ISI Document Delivery No.: AC1NS<br/>Times Cited: 0<br/>Cited Reference Count: 113<br/>Yao, Richard T. Scarpa, Riccardo Turner, James A. Barnard, Tim D. Rose, John M. Palma, Joao H. N. Harrison, Duncan R.<br/>Scion and Future Forest Research<br/>We would like to thank the staff members of Scion, forest companies, conservation organisations, focus group participants and forest ecologists who helped in the development and implementation of this research; Ruth Falshaw for editorial assistance; and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. We also extend our appreciation to the survey respondents for taking the time to participate in the economic valuation survey. This research was made possible by funding provided by Scion and Future Forest Research.<br/>Elsevier science bv<br/>Amsterdam},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Planted forests are increasingly recognised for the provision of habitats for species threatened with extinction. Despite this development, a limited number of empirical studies have been undertaken to estimate the economic value of this ecosystem service. New Zealand's planted forests provide habitat to at least 118 threatened species. These forests can be managed to increase the abundance of many of these species. We present findings from survey data obtained in a discrete choice experiment designed to estimate the non-market values for a proposed biodiversity enhancement programme in New Zealand's planted forests. We used a two-stage modelling process. First we estimated the individual specific willingness to pay values and then we explored their socio-economic and spatial determinants. The first stage modelling process, which used a random parameters logit model with error components, suggested that willingness to pay was higher for increasing the abundance of native bird than for non-bird species. The second stage model used a least squares panel random-effects regression. Results from this method suggested that socioeconomic characteristics, such as attitudes toward the programme and distance from large planted forests, influenced willingness to pay for biodiversity enhancement. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Yao, R T and Scarpa, R and Turner, J A and Barnard, T D and Rose, J M and Palma, J H N and Harrison, D R},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.12.009},
 journal = {Ecological Economics}
}

Planted forests are increasingly recognised for the provision of habitats for species threatened with extinction. Despite this development, a limited number of empirical studies have been undertaken to estimate the economic value of this ecosystem service. New Zealand's planted forests provide habitat to at least 118 threatened species. These forests can be managed to increase the abundance of many of these species. We present findings from survey data obtained in a discrete choice experiment designed to estimate the non-market values for a proposed biodiversity enhancement programme in New Zealand's planted forests. We used a two-stage modelling process. First we estimated the individual specific willingness to pay values and then we explored their socio-economic and spatial determinants. The first stage modelling process, which used a random parameters logit model with error components, suggested that willingness to pay was higher for increasing the abundance of native bird than for non-bird species. The second stage model used a least squares panel random-effects regression. Results from this method suggested that socioeconomic characteristics, such as attitudes toward the programme and distance from large planted forests, influenced willingness to pay for biodiversity enhancement. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

@article{
 title = {Carbon sequestration of modern Quercus suber L. silvoarable agroforestry systems in Portugal: a YieldSAFE-based estimation},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Agricultural land,Alley cropping,Dehesa,Land use change,Modeling,Montado},
 pages = {791-801},
 volume = {88},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9725-2},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {74d42cef-e74e-35a8-b25e-95ffbdf840fe},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:26:03.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
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 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Palma, J H N and Paulo, J A and Tomé, M},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-014-9725-2},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
 number = {5}
}

@article{
 title = {A decision support system for a multi stakeholder's decision process in a Portuguese National Forest},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {decision support system,linear programming,management,mixed integer goal programming,participatory planning,sustainable forest management,tools},
 pages = {359-373},
 volume = {22},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000322930000019},
 id = {56dc4468-8cfe-3a45-be72-d2bafc11e834},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:53.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 notes = {198NQ<br/>Times Cited:1<br/>Cited References Count:31},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Aim of study: In this paper, we present a decision support system (DSS) to support decision making where different stakeholders have to generate landscape and forest level strategic plans. We further present an interactive approach that may take advantage of a posteriori preference modelling (i.e. Pareto frontier technique) to facilitate the specification of the levels of achievement of various objectives. Area of study: The approach was applied to one planning cycle of a real world study case, the Leiria National Forest in Portugal. The Leiria National Forest, a managed area of approximately eleven thousand hectares in which 8,679 hectares are even aged stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) aimed at the production of wood. Material and methods: The interactive approach, at first, tries to generate Pareto efficient frontiers for different objectives. Then, multiple decision makers are involved in the process to seek an agreement towards the definition of a consensual strategic plan. Main results: The system developed in this article integrates an information management subsystem, a module to generate alternative management regimes, growth model routines and a decision module that generates and solves mathematical formulations. It also provides a module to display reports and view the resulting solutions (management plans). We also build the Pareto frontier for different criteria. The results show that the proposed DSS can help solve strategic planning problems subject to sustainable management constraints where people organize themselves and participate jointly to manage their natural resources. Research highlights: The interactive approach facilitates the involvement of multiple stakeholders in the decision making process.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Garcia-Gonzalo, J and Palma, J H N and Freire, J P A and Tome, M and Mateus, R and Rodriguez, L C E and Bushenkov, V and Borges, J G},
 doi = {DOI 10.5424/fs/2013222-03793},
 journal = {Forest Systems},
 number = {2}
}

Aim of study: In this paper, we present a decision support system (DSS) to support decision making where different stakeholders have to generate landscape and forest level strategic plans. We further present an interactive approach that may take advantage of a posteriori preference modelling (i.e. Pareto frontier technique) to facilitate the specification of the levels of achievement of various objectives. Area of study: The approach was applied to one planning cycle of a real world study case, the Leiria National Forest in Portugal. The Leiria National Forest, a managed area of approximately eleven thousand hectares in which 8,679 hectares are even aged stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) aimed at the production of wood. Material and methods: The interactive approach, at first, tries to generate Pareto efficient frontiers for different objectives. Then, multiple decision makers are involved in the process to seek an agreement towards the definition of a consensual strategic plan. Main results: The system developed in this article integrates an information management subsystem, a module to generate alternative management regimes, growth model routines and a decision module that generates and solves mathematical formulations. It also provides a module to display reports and view the resulting solutions (management plans). We also build the Pareto frontier for different criteria. The results show that the proposed DSS can help solve strategic planning problems subject to sustainable management constraints where people organize themselves and participate jointly to manage their natural resources. Research highlights: The interactive approach facilitates the involvement of multiple stakeholders in the decision making process.

@inproceedings{
 title = {Integrating a Eucalyptus fastigata carbon yield calculator in WEFES, a web explorer of forest environmental services},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2012},
 pages = {326},
 websites = {http://www.gip-ecofor.org/doc/drupal/tours2012/Book-Tours2012_VF.pdf},
 city = {Tours, France},
 id = {d15c38a9-3850-3b6f-9076-717a570d7bca},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:19.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
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 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Conference Proceedings},
 folder_uuids = {41839915-45f8-4900-9037-cf307bdf8437},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Palma, J N H and Meason, D},
 booktitle = {International Conference on Tackling climate change: the contribution of forest scientific knowledge, 21 - 24 May}
}

@misc{
 title = {Development of a Web Based Explorer for Forest Ecosystem Services (WEFES)},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2012},
 source = {International Conference on Tackling climate change: the contribution of forest scientific knowledge, 21 - 24 May},
 pages = {278},
 websites = {http://home.isa.utl.pt/~joaopalma/projects/tranzfor/wefes/},
 city = {Tours, France},
 id = {4bf7f481-595e-32ae-957f-02e63640186f},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:40.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2021-05-25T11:27:37.634Z},
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 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Web Page},
 folder_uuids = {41839915-45f8-4900-9037-cf307bdf8437},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Palma, J H N and Hock, B and Palmer, D and Payn, T}
}

@article{
 title = {Resource communication. sIMfLOR - platform for portuguese forest simulators},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {biomass,forest management alternatives,forest models,globulus,growth,models,simplot,simyt,suber,tool},
 pages = {543-548},
 volume = {21},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000312471200020},
 id = {54b5bed3-71b4-3f0f-b945-90ce0b792ed6},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:42.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 notes = {056EM<br/>Times Cited:1<br/>Cited References Count:24},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {In the last decades there has been an increasing number of forest models developed for the main species of the Portuguese forest. Forest models support management decisions by predicting long term stand development under alternative scenarios and taking into account all the components of the ecosystem. However, in most cases, there is a gap between the models developed and their application by decision-makers. The platform for Portuguese Forest Simulators (sIMfLOR) tries to overcome this gap integrating a wide variety of forest models into simulators and providing a baseline tool for forest managers in Portugal. As an integrated modular platform, sIMfLOR makes available forest simulators for the Portuguese forest with user-friendly interfaces to facilitate the introduction of the information for the simulators. The platform displays stand and regional simulators, interfaces to generate required inputs and also auxiliary tools. As the platform focus on end-users, it allows visualization of the simulators outputs in default graphics which can easily be edited by users. The sIMfLOR platform can be permanently accessed at http://www.isa.utl.pt/cef/forchange/fctools.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Faias, S P and Palma, J H N and Barreiro, S and Paulo, J A and Tome, M},
 doi = {DOI 10.5424/fs/2012213-02951},
 journal = {Forest Systems},
 number = {3}
}

In the last decades there has been an increasing number of forest models developed for the main species of the Portuguese forest. Forest models support management decisions by predicting long term stand development under alternative scenarios and taking into account all the components of the ecosystem. However, in most cases, there is a gap between the models developed and their application by decision-makers. The platform for Portuguese Forest Simulators (sIMfLOR) tries to overcome this gap integrating a wide variety of forest models into simulators and providing a baseline tool for forest managers in Portugal. As an integrated modular platform, sIMfLOR makes available forest simulators for the Portuguese forest with user-friendly interfaces to facilitate the introduction of the information for the simulators. The platform displays stand and regional simulators, interfaces to generate required inputs and also auxiliary tools. As the platform focus on end-users, it allows visualization of the simulators outputs in default graphics which can easily be edited by users. The sIMfLOR platform can be permanently accessed at http://www.isa.utl.pt/cef/forchange/fctools.

@article{
 title = {Contribution of cork oak plantations installed after 1990 in Portugal to the Kyoto commitments and to the landowners economy},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {Carbon sequestration,Cork oak,Kyoto protocol,New plantations area,Wood},
 pages = {59-68},
 volume = {17},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934111001845},
 id = {e5b96f2c-d15f-3340-89fc-f995ba15754f},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:56.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Cork oak stands are a part of the agroforestry ecosystem in Portugal, characterized by a low crown cover from cork oak trees, managed towards cork production, and sometimes in combination with grazing. In recent years, European Union policies gave impetus to a large area of new cork oak plantations, which have been established mainly for cork production purposes, and consequently with higher stand density than traditional agroforestry systems. These plantations are important not only for cork production but also for the carbon sequestered by these slow growing forests that won't be harvested for wood production. Thinning operations will be needed to avoid excessive inter-tree competition and wood extracted from these thinning may also provide income for the owners. In the present study, carbon sequestered and wood volumes resulting from thinning were estimated for the next 70 years. Three scenarios of different annual afforestation rates and different site indexes were tested. The resulting values for the considered scenarios show that, if the plantation rates are maintained, new cork oak plantations will have an important contribution to the Portuguese commitments to providing CO2 offsets under the Kyoto protocol. Additionally, due to the increasing values of initial density in new cork plantations, cork oak forests will produce a significant volume of wood that may become an important contribution to the landowners' income.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Coelho, Marta Baptista and Paulo, Joana Amaral and Palma, João Henrique Nunes and Tomé, Margarida},
 doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.10.005},
 journal = {Forest Policy and Economics},
 number = {0}
}

Cork oak stands are a part of the agroforestry ecosystem in Portugal, characterized by a low crown cover from cork oak trees, managed towards cork production, and sometimes in combination with grazing. In recent years, European Union policies gave impetus to a large area of new cork oak plantations, which have been established mainly for cork production purposes, and consequently with higher stand density than traditional agroforestry systems. These plantations are important not only for cork production but also for the carbon sequestered by these slow growing forests that won't be harvested for wood production. Thinning operations will be needed to avoid excessive inter-tree competition and wood extracted from these thinning may also provide income for the owners. In the present study, carbon sequestered and wood volumes resulting from thinning were estimated for the next 70 years. Three scenarios of different annual afforestation rates and different site indexes were tested. The resulting values for the considered scenarios show that, if the plantation rates are maintained, new cork oak plantations will have an important contribution to the Portuguese commitments to providing CO2 offsets under the Kyoto protocol. Additionally, due to the increasing values of initial density in new cork plantations, cork oak forests will produce a significant volume of wood that may become an important contribution to the landowners' income.

@article{
 title = {Farm-SAFE: the process of developing a plot- and farm-scale model of arable, forestry, and silvoarable economics},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 keywords = {Cost-benefit analysis,Economic analysis,Economic model,Equivalent annual value,Net present value},
 pages = {93-108},
 volume = {81},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9363-2},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {9494cd21-73ed-3a65-890d-89f4d847a599},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:10.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Graves, A R and Burgess, P J and Liagre, F and Terreaux, J P and Borrel, T and Dupraz, C and Palma, J and Herzog, F},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-010-9363-2},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
 number = {2}
}

@article{
 title = {A system identification approach for developing and parameterising an agroforestry system model under constrained availability of data},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 keywords = {Agroforestry,Calibration,Constrained parameter optimization,Model adaptation,Real-world agroforestry experiment,Validation},
 pages = {1540-1553},
 volume = {26},
 websites = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815211001812},
 id = {a19ce02e-9625-37bc-829b-5c885de2a5d3},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:25.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.020},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Keesman, Karel J and Graves, Anil and van der Werf, Wopke and Burgess, Paul J and Palma, Joao and Dupraz, Christian and van Keulen, Herman},
 journal = {Environmental Modelling & Software},
 number = {12}
}

@article{
 title = {Farm-SAFE: the process of developing a plot- and farm-scale model of arable, forestry, and silvoarable economics},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 keywords = {Cost-benefit analysis,Economic analysis,Economic model,Equivalent annual value,Net present value},
 pages = {93-108},
 volume = {81},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9363-2},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {93d20c4c-0309-3398-af62-8a1173fd0ff7},
 created = {2021-05-25T11:14:20.033Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2021-05-25T11:14:20.033Z},
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 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Graves, A R and Burgess, P J and Liagre, F and Terreaux, J P and Borrel, T and Dupraz, C and Palma, J and Herzog, F},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-010-9363-2},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
 number = {2}
}

@article{
 title = {Farm-SAFE: the process of developing a plot- and farm-scale model of arable, forestry, and silvoarable economics},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 keywords = {Cost-benefit analysis,Economic analysis,Economic model,Equivalent annual value,Net present value},
 pages = {93-108},
 volume = {81},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9363-2},
 publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
 id = {89cad206-723f-3ebb-bb93-f06d936a59bb},
 created = {2021-05-25T11:14:20.197Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2021-05-25T11:14:20.197Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Graves, A R and Burgess, P J and Liagre, F and Terreaux, J P and Borrel, T and Dupraz, C and Palma, J and Herzog, F},
 doi = {10.1007/s10457-010-9363-2},
 journal = {Agroforestry Systems},
 number = {2}
}

@article{
 title = {Implementation and calibration of the parameter-sparse Yield-SAFE model to predict production and land equivalent ratio in mixed tree and crop systems under two contrasting production situations in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 pages = {1744-1756},
 volume = {221},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000278906400010},
 id = {5ed0326b-c32d-3974-b4c5-5b7159169ad3},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:25.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 notes = {Times Cited: 0},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Silvoarable agroforestry, the integration of trees and arable crops on the same area, has the potential to offer production, ecological, and societal benefits. However, the uptake of such systems in Europe has been limited by a combination of unsupportive policies and uncertainty concerning their productivity, profitability, and environmental impact. Faced with a lack of experimental data, the parameter-sparse Yield-SAFE model offers one method for generating plausible yield data and improving understanding of production in mixed tree-crop systems under European conditions. The applicability of the model was examined by: (i) selecting two contrasting sites in France and the UK with measured agricultural, silvoarable and/or forestry data, (ii) implementing the model in a software package, and (iii) inputting data and parameters on the climate, soils, management regime, and tree and crop types. Following calibration, Yield-SAFE provided credible descriptions of measured arable and tree (Populus spp.) yields in the monoculture and silvoarable systems at the two sites. An examination of the response of the model to changes in model parameters and environmental and management data showed that silvoarable crop yields were most sensitive to variations in tree parameters. Increased soil depths increased timber yields, and increasing stand density increased stand volume whilst decreasing individual tree volume. In all the simulations, the model predicted greater efficiency in use of land, i.e. greater land equivalent ratios, when trees and crops were combined rather than grown as sole crops. These results, supported by the sparse experimental data available, indicate that agroforestry provides a method of increasing food, timber and biomass production from limited land resources in Europe. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Graves, A R and Burgess, P J and Palma, J and Keesman, K J and van der Werf, W and Dupraz, C and van Keulen, H and Herzog, F and Mayus, M},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.03.008},
 journal = {Ecological Modelling},
 number = {13-14}
}

Silvoarable agroforestry, the integration of trees and arable crops on the same area, has the potential to offer production, ecological, and societal benefits. However, the uptake of such systems in Europe has been limited by a combination of unsupportive policies and uncertainty concerning their productivity, profitability, and environmental impact. Faced with a lack of experimental data, the parameter-sparse Yield-SAFE model offers one method for generating plausible yield data and improving understanding of production in mixed tree-crop systems under European conditions. The applicability of the model was examined by: (i) selecting two contrasting sites in France and the UK with measured agricultural, silvoarable and/or forestry data, (ii) implementing the model in a software package, and (iii) inputting data and parameters on the climate, soils, management regime, and tree and crop types. Following calibration, Yield-SAFE provided credible descriptions of measured arable and tree (Populus spp.) yields in the monoculture and silvoarable systems at the two sites. An examination of the response of the model to changes in model parameters and environmental and management data showed that silvoarable crop yields were most sensitive to variations in tree parameters. Increased soil depths increased timber yields, and increasing stand density increased stand volume whilst decreasing individual tree volume. In all the simulations, the model predicted greater efficiency in use of land, i.e. greater land equivalent ratios, when trees and crops were combined rather than grown as sole crops. These results, supported by the sparse experimental data available, indicate that agroforestry provides a method of increasing food, timber and biomass production from limited land resources in Europe. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

@article{
 title = {Methodological approach for the assessment of environmental effects of agroforestry at the landscape scale},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 pages = {450-462},
 volume = {29},
 id = {6281301a-f4dc-3adc-ab6a-f6489a755f3f},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:08.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Palma, J and Graves, A and Burgess, P J and Keesman, K and van Keulen, H and Mayus, M and Reisner, Y and Herzog, F},
 journal = {Ecological Engineering},
 keywords = {504 -1st paper of Phd}
}

@article{
 title = {Yield-SAFE: A parameter-sparse, process-based dynamic model for predicting resource capture, growth, and production in agroforestry systems},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {607 - YieldSAFE Model},
 pages = {419-433},
 volume = {29},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://000245445500011},
 id = {f410b362-45e2-3180-b00d-d00a197063e6},
 created = {2015-06-18T17:25:15.000Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {b7274c91-4c26-3e19-b289-f05c1ceeac44},
 last_modified = {2017-03-13T08:25:37.029Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {English},
 notes = {153OT<br/>Times Cited:4<br/>Cited References Count:32},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {1.Silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) is the cultivation of trees and arable crops on the same parcel of land. SAF may contribute to modern diversified land use objectives in Europe, such as enhanced biodiversity and productivity, reduced leaching of nitrogen, protection against flooding and erosion, and attractiveness of the landscape. Long-term yield predictions are needed to assess long-term economic profitability of SAF.2.A model for growth, resource sharing and productivity in agroforestry systems was developed to act as a tool in forecasts of yield, economic optimization of farming enterprises and exploration of policy options for land use in Europe. The model is called Yield-SAFE; from "YIeld Estimator for Long term Design of Silvoarable AgroForestry in Europe". The model was developed with as few equations and parameters as possible to allow model parameterization under constrained availability of data from long-term experiments.3.The model consists of seven state equations expressing the temporal dynamics of: (1) tree biomass; (2) tree leaf area; (3) number of shoots per tree; (4) crop biomass; (5) crop leaf area index; (6) heat sum; and (7) soil water content. The main outputs of the model are the growth dynamics and final yields of trees and crops. Daily inputs are temperature, radiation and precipitation. Planting densities, initial biomasses of tree and crop species, and soil parameters must be specified.4.A parameterization of Yield-SAFE is generated, using published yield tables for tree growth and output from the comprehensive crop simulation model STICS. Analysis of tree and crop growth data from two poplar agroforestry stands in the United Kingdom demonstrates the validity of the modelling concept and calibration philosophy of Yield-SAFE. A sensitivity analysis is presented to elucidate which biological parameters most influence short and long-term productivity and land equivalent ratio.5.The conceptual model, elaborated in Yield-SAFE, in combination with the outlined procedure for model calibration, offers a valid tool for exploratory land use studies. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {van der Werf, Wopke and Keesman, Karel and Burgess, Paul and Graves, Anil and Pilbeam, David and Incoll, L. D. and Metselaar, Klaas and Mayus, Martina and Stappers, Roel and van Keulen, Herman and Palma, João and Dupraz, Christian},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.09.017},
 journal = {Ecological Engineering},
 number = {4}
}

1.Silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) is the cultivation of trees and arable crops on the same parcel of land. SAF may contribute to modern diversified land use objectives in Europe, such as enhanced biodiversity and productivity, reduced leaching of nitrogen, protection against flooding and erosion, and attractiveness of the landscape. Long-term yield predictions are needed to assess long-term economic profitability of SAF.2.A model for growth, resource sharing and productivity in agroforestry systems was developed to act as a tool in forecasts of yield, economic optimization of farming enterprises and exploration of policy options for land use in Europe. The model is called Yield-SAFE; from "YIeld Estimator for Long term Design of Silvoarable AgroForestry in Europe". The model was developed with as few equations and parameters as possible to allow model parameterization under constrained availability of data from long-term experiments.3.The model consists of seven state equations expressing the temporal dynamics of: (1) tree biomass; (2) tree leaf area; (3) number of shoots per tree; (4) crop biomass; (5) crop leaf area index; (6) heat sum; and (7) soil water content. The main outputs of the model are the growth dynamics and final yields of trees and crops. Daily inputs are temperature, radiation and precipitation. Planting densities, initial biomasses of tree and crop species, and soil parameters must be specified.4.A parameterization of Yield-SAFE is generated, using published yield tables for tree growth and output from the comprehensive crop simulation model STICS. Analysis of tree and crop growth data from two poplar agroforestry stands in the United Kingdom demonstrates the validity of the modelling concept and calibration philosophy of Yield-SAFE. A sensitivity analysis is presented to elucidate which biological parameters most influence short and long-term productivity and land equivalent ratio.5.The conceptual model, elaborated in Yield-SAFE, in combination with the outlined procedure for model calibration, offers a valid tool for exploratory land use studies. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

@article{
 title = {Integrating environmental and economic performance to assess modern silvoarable agroforestry in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {agricultural policy,carbon sequestration,erosion,land use alternatives,landscape biodiversity,multicriteria decision,net present value,nitrogen leaching,nutrient loss,promethee,promethee method,systems},
 pages = {759-767},
 volume = {63},
 websites = {<Go to ISI>://000248883200015},
 id = {902488f9-5ecb-3154-9e2b-bc8fba5e08dd},
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 abstract = {The environmental and economic performance of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe is highly variable. Multi-criteria analysis, using the PROMETHEE outranking approach, was used to evaluate the integrated performance of silvoarable agroforestry on hypothetical farms in nineteen landscape test sites in Spain, France, and The Netherlands. The silvoarable scenarios allocated a proportion of the hypothetical farms (10 or 50%) to silvoarable agroforestry at two different tree densities (50 or 113 trees ha(-1)) on two different qualities of land (best or worst quality land). The status quo (conventional arable farming) was also assessed for comparison. The criteria used in the evaluation (soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration, landscape biodiversity, and infinite net present value) were assessed at each landscape test site; infinite net present value was assessed under six levels of government support. In France, the analysis showed, assuming equal weighting between environmental and economic performance, that silvoarable agroforestry was preferable to conventional arable farming. The best results were observed when agroforestry was implemented on 50% of the highest quality land on the farm; the effect of tree density (50113 trees ha(-1)) was small. By contrast, in Spain and The Netherlands, the consistently greater profitability of conventional arable agriculture relative to the agroforestry alternatives made overall performance of agroforestry systems dependent on the proportion of the farm planted, and the tree density and land quality used. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Palma, J and Graves, A R and Burgess, P J and van der Werf, W and Herzog, F},
 doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.011},
 journal = {Ecological Economics},
 number = {4}
}

The environmental and economic performance of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe is highly variable. Multi-criteria analysis, using the PROMETHEE outranking approach, was used to evaluate the integrated performance of silvoarable agroforestry on hypothetical farms in nineteen landscape test sites in Spain, France, and The Netherlands. The silvoarable scenarios allocated a proportion of the hypothetical farms (10 or 50%) to silvoarable agroforestry at two different tree densities (50 or 113 trees ha(-1)) on two different qualities of land (best or worst quality land). The status quo (conventional arable farming) was also assessed for comparison. The criteria used in the evaluation (soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration, landscape biodiversity, and infinite net present value) were assessed at each landscape test site; infinite net present value was assessed under six levels of government support. In France, the analysis showed, assuming equal weighting between environmental and economic performance, that silvoarable agroforestry was preferable to conventional arable farming. The best results were observed when agroforestry was implemented on 50% of the highest quality land on the farm; the effect of tree density (50113 trees ha(-1)) was small. By contrast, in Spain and The Netherlands, the consistently greater profitability of conventional arable agriculture relative to the agroforestry alternatives made overall performance of agroforestry systems dependent on the proportion of the farm planted, and the tree density and land quality used. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

@article{
 title = {Modelling for Water Management: First Calibration of Yield-SAFE for irrigated maize in Mediterranean regions},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 pages = {3},
 volume = {P-101},
 websites = {http://cs.zblmath.fiz-karlsruhe.de/LNI/Proceedings/Proceedings101/gi-proc-101-033.pdf},
 chapter = {143},
 id = {373f6aeb-0765-3899-8cd3-d7ca9c16447e},
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 abstract = {In the Mediterranean region, careful management of water and nitrogen utilization is required to achieve high crop yields in a sustainable and economic way. Prediction models are useful tools for deriving site/region–specific optimum management strategies for irrigation and nitrogen use. Yield-SAFE, a simple and robust model for growth and resource use in agroforestry systems, simulates crop yields under rainfed and irrigated conditions. This paper represents a refined calibration with respect to the fluxes of water, based on, data from an irrigation/fertilisation experiment with maize in the South-East of Turkey. The model performs satisfactorily and further development will includede nitrogen leaching calibration and validation.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Mayus, M and Palma, J and Topçu, S and Kirda, C and Herzog, F and Van Keulen, H and Keesman, K and Van der Werf, W},
 journal = {Lecture Notes in Informatics},
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}

In the Mediterranean region, careful management of water and nitrogen utilization is required to achieve high crop yields in a sustainable and economic way. Prediction models are useful tools for deriving site/region–specific optimum management strategies for irrigation and nitrogen use. Yield-SAFE, a simple and robust model for growth and resource use in agroforestry systems, simulates crop yields under rainfed and irrigated conditions. This paper represents a refined calibration with respect to the fluxes of water, based on, data from an irrigation/fertilisation experiment with maize in the South-East of Turkey. The model performs satisfactorily and further development will includede nitrogen leaching calibration and validation.

@article{
 title = {Target regions for silvoarable agroforestry in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 pages = {401-418},
 volume = {29},
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}

@article{
 title = {Development and application of bio-economic modelling to compare silvoarable, arable, and forestry systems in three European countries},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {agroforestry,arable,biophysical,economics,farm-safe,forestry,land,modelling,poplar,silvoarable,soils,temperate,walnut,yield-safe},
 pages = {434-449},
 volume = {29},
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 abstract = {Silvoarable agroforestry could promote use of trees on farms in Europe, but its likely effect on production, farm profitability, and environmental services is poorly understood. Hence, from 2001 to 2005, the Silvoarable Agroforestry for Europe project developed a systematic process to evaluate the biophysical and economic performance of arable, forestry, and silvoarable systems in Spain, France, and The Netherlands. A biophysical model called "Yield-SAFE" was developed to predict long-term yields for the different systems and local statistics and expert opinion were used to derive their revenue, costs, and pre- and post-2005 grant regimes. These data were then used in an economic model called "Farm-SAFE" to predict plot- and farm-scale profitability Land equivalent ratios were greater than one, showing Yield-SAFE predicted that growing trees and crops in silvoarable systems was more productive than growing them separately. Pre-2005 grants in Spain and The Netherlands penalised silvoarable systems, but post-2005 grants were more equitable. In France, walnut and poplar silvoarable systems were consistently the most profitable system under both grant regimes. In Spain, holm oak and stone pine silvoarable systems were the least profitable system under pre-2005 grants, but only marginally less profitable than arable systems under post-2005 grants. In The Netherlands, low timber values and the opportunity cost of losing arable land for slurry manure application made 'Silvoarable and forestry systems uncompetitive with arable systems under both grant regimes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Graves, A R and Burgess, P J and Palma, J H N and Herzog, F and Moreno, G and Bertomeu, M and Dupraz, C and Liagre, F and Keesman, K and van der Werf, W and de Nooy, A K and van den Briel, J P},
 doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.09.018},
 journal = {Ecological Engineering},
 number = {4}
}

Silvoarable agroforestry could promote use of trees on farms in Europe, but its likely effect on production, farm profitability, and environmental services is poorly understood. Hence, from 2001 to 2005, the Silvoarable Agroforestry for Europe project developed a systematic process to evaluate the biophysical and economic performance of arable, forestry, and silvoarable systems in Spain, France, and The Netherlands. A biophysical model called "Yield-SAFE" was developed to predict long-term yields for the different systems and local statistics and expert opinion were used to derive their revenue, costs, and pre- and post-2005 grant regimes. These data were then used in an economic model called "Farm-SAFE" to predict plot- and farm-scale profitability Land equivalent ratios were greater than one, showing Yield-SAFE predicted that growing trees and crops in silvoarable systems was more productive than growing them separately. Pre-2005 grants in Spain and The Netherlands penalised silvoarable systems, but post-2005 grants were more equitable. In France, walnut and poplar silvoarable systems were consistently the most profitable system under both grant regimes. In Spain, holm oak and stone pine silvoarable systems were the least profitable system under pre-2005 grants, but only marginally less profitable than arable systems under post-2005 grants. In The Netherlands, low timber values and the opportunity cost of losing arable land for slurry manure application made 'Silvoarable and forestry systems uncompetitive with arable systems under both grant regimes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

@article{
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 journal = {Ecological Engineering},
 keywords = {416 - anil's paper for ecological engineering}
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@article{
 title = {Modelling environmental benefits of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe},
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@article{
 title = {Modeling environmental benefits of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {agri-environmental policy,alley cropping,carbon sequestration,erosion,experience,grasslands,hydraulic-properties,land use,land-use,landscape diversity,nitrogen leaching,nutrient loss,plantations,soils,systems,variability},
 pages = {320-334},
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 abstract = {Increased adoption of silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) systems in Europe, by integrating trees and arable crops on the same land, could offer a range of environmental benefits compared with conventional agricultural systems. Soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration and landscape biodiversity were chosen as indicators to assess a stratified random sample of 19 landscape test sites in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of Europe. At each site, the effect of introducing agroforestry was examined at plot-scale by simulating the growth of one of five tree species (hybrid walnut Juglans spp., wild cherry Prunus avium L., poplar Populus spp., holm oak Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex and stone pine Pinus pinea L.) at two tree densities (50 and 113 trees ha(-1)) in combination with up to five crops (wheat Triticum spp., sunflower Helianthus annuus L., oilseed rape Brassica napus L., grain maize and silage maize Zea mays L.). At landscape-scale, the effect of introducing agroforestry on 10 or 50% of the agricultural area, on either the best or worst quality land, was examined. Across the 19 landscape test sites, SAF had a positive impact on the four indicators with the strongest effects when introduced on the best quality land. The computer simulations showed that SAF could significantly reduce erosion by up to 65% when combined with contouring practices at medium (> 0.5 and < 3 t ha(-1) a(-1)) and high (> 3 t ha(-1) a(-1)) erosion sites. Nitrogen leaching could be reduced by up to 28% in areas where leaching is currently estimated high (> 100 kg N h(-1) a(-1)), but this was dependent on tree density. With agroforestry, predicted mean carbon sequestration through immobilization in trees, over a 60-year period, ranged from 0.1 to 3.0 t C h(-1) a(-1) (5-179 t C h(-1)) depending on tree species and location. Landscape biodiversity was increased by introducing SAF by an average factor of 2.6. The implications of this potential for environmental benefits at European-scale are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Palma, J H N and Graves, A R and Bunce, R G H and Burgess, P J and de Filippi, R and Keesman, K J and van Keulen, H and Liagre, F and Mayus, M and Moreno, G and Reisner, Y and Herzog, F},
 doi = {DOI 10.1016/j.agee.2006.07.021},
 journal = {Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment},
 number = {3-4}
}

Increased adoption of silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) systems in Europe, by integrating trees and arable crops on the same land, could offer a range of environmental benefits compared with conventional agricultural systems. Soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon sequestration and landscape biodiversity were chosen as indicators to assess a stratified random sample of 19 landscape test sites in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of Europe. At each site, the effect of introducing agroforestry was examined at plot-scale by simulating the growth of one of five tree species (hybrid walnut Juglans spp., wild cherry Prunus avium L., poplar Populus spp., holm oak Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex and stone pine Pinus pinea L.) at two tree densities (50 and 113 trees ha(-1)) in combination with up to five crops (wheat Triticum spp., sunflower Helianthus annuus L., oilseed rape Brassica napus L., grain maize and silage maize Zea mays L.). At landscape-scale, the effect of introducing agroforestry on 10 or 50% of the agricultural area, on either the best or worst quality land, was examined. Across the 19 landscape test sites, SAF had a positive impact on the four indicators with the strongest effects when introduced on the best quality land. The computer simulations showed that SAF could significantly reduce erosion by up to 65% when combined with contouring practices at medium (> 0.5 and < 3 t ha(-1) a(-1)) and high (> 3 t ha(-1) a(-1)) erosion sites. Nitrogen leaching could be reduced by up to 28% in areas where leaching is currently estimated high (> 100 kg N h(-1) a(-1)), but this was dependent on tree density. With agroforestry, predicted mean carbon sequestration through immobilization in trees, over a 60-year period, ranged from 0.1 to 3.0 t C h(-1) a(-1) (5-179 t C h(-1)) depending on tree species and location. Landscape biodiversity was increased by introducing SAF by an average factor of 2.6. The implications of this potential for environmental benefits at European-scale are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

@phdthesis{
 title = {Integrated Assessment of Silvoarable Agroforestry at Landscape Scale },
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 author = {Palma, J H N and Graves, A R and Bunce, R G H and Burgess, P J and de Filippi, R and Keesman, K J and van Keulen, H and Liagre, F and Mayus, M and Moreno, G and Reisner, Y and Herzog, F},
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Increased adoption of silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) systems in Europe, by integrating trees and arable crops on the same land, could offer environmental benefits compared with conventional agricultural systems. Soil erosion, nitrogen Leaching, carbon sequestration and Landscape biodiversity were assessed for a stratified random sample of 19 Landscape test sites in Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of Europe using computer models developed in the Silvoarable Agroforestry for Europe (SAFE) project. At each site, the effect of introducing agroforestry was examined by simulating the growth of one of five tree species (hybrid walnut Juglans spp., wild cherry Prunus avium L., poplar Populus spp., holm oak Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex and stone pine Pinus pinea L.) at two tree densities (50 and 113 trees ha-1) in combination with up to five crops (wheat, sunflower, oilseed, grain maize and silage maize). Across the 19 landscape test sites, SAF had a positive impact on the four indicators with the strongest effects when introduced on the best quality land. The computer simulations showed that SAF could significantly reduce erosion by up to 65% when combined with contouring practices. Nitrogen Leaching could be reduced by 21%. With agroforestry, predicted mean carbon sequestration, over a 60-year period, ranged from 5 to 179 t C ha(-1) depending on tree species and location. Landscape biodiversity was increased by introducing SAF by an average factor of 2.

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@article{
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