@article{benson_need_2012,
	title = {Need + prepositional adverb in the {Midland}: {Another} feature needs in},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0075-4242, 1552-5457},
	url = {http://eng.sagepub.com/content/40/3/224},
	doi = {10.1177/0075424211418977},
	abstract = {The status of the U.S. Midland as a separate dialect area has been a topic of discussion for quite some time, and Murray and Simon (2006b) strive for resolution by defining the Midland as a dialect area characterized by a core set of seventeen morpho-syntactic features that co-occur in the region but are not necessarily used by all or only Midlanders. In this article, the author argues that need + prepositional adverb (e.g., The dog needs out) belongs among the features of the Midland and presents data to show that this construction parallels the regional, social, and stylistic distributions of other Midland constructions. In addition, the author proposes that need + prepositional adverb has indirect links to Scotch-Irish English and is likely a U.S. or, at the very least, a recent innovation that arose by analogy to other Scotch-Irish features. Finally, need + prepositional adverb is a modern Midland feature that provides evidence against the Midland as simply a transition zone.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-05-06},
	journal = {Journal of English Linguistics},
	author = {Benson, Erica J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Dialectology, Needs washed, U.S. Midland, morpho-syntactic features, need + prepositional adverb},
	pages = {224--255},
}

The status of the U.S. Midland as a separate dialect area has been a topic of discussion for quite some time, and Murray and Simon (2006b) strive for resolution by defining the Midland as a dialect area characterized by a core set of seventeen morpho-syntactic features that co-occur in the region but are not necessarily used by all or only Midlanders. In this article, the author argues that need + prepositional adverb (e.g., The dog needs out) belongs among the features of the Midland and presents data to show that this construction parallels the regional, social, and stylistic distributions of other Midland constructions. In addition, the author proposes that need + prepositional adverb has indirect links to Scotch-Irish English and is likely a U.S. or, at the very least, a recent innovation that arose by analogy to other Scotch-Irish features. Finally, need + prepositional adverb is a modern Midland feature that provides evidence against the Midland as simply a transition zone.

@article{robinson_holistic_2019,
	title = {Holistic {Approaches} to {Syntactic} {Variation}: {Wh}-all {Questions} in {English}},
	volume = {Volume 25},
	url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol25/iss1/23},
	number = {Issue 1: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Penn Linguistics Conference},
	journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics},
	author = {Robinson, Mary and Duncan, Daniel},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {209--218},
}

@book{hall_dictionary_2012,
	title = {Dictionary of {American} regional {English} ({DARE})},
	url = {http://www.daredictionary.com},
	abstract = {DARE does not include words that are commonly used throughout the United States, but rather focuses on the regional aspects of our language, documenting words, phrases, and pronunciations that vary from one place to another.  It includes audio clips and quotations from the DARE Survey conducted 1965-1970, and an interactive map in addition to the maps that were included in the print version.  DARE survey data compiled and edited at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2016-07-12},
	author = {Hall, Joan Houston},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Americanisms, Dialects, English language, United States, What all},
}

DARE does not include words that are commonly used throughout the United States, but rather focuses on the regional aspects of our language, documenting words, phrases, and pronunciations that vary from one place to another. It includes audio clips and quotations from the DARE Survey conducted 1965-1970, and an interactive map in addition to the maps that were included in the print version. DARE survey data compiled and edited at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

@article{henry_phase_2012,
	title = {Phase edges, quantifier float and the nature of (micro-) variation},
	volume = {4},
	url = {https://ojs.publius.us.es/ojs/index.php/iberia/article/view/234},
	number = {2},
	journal = {IBERIA: An International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics},
	author = {Henry, Alison},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {What all},
	pages = {23--39},
}

@book{kayne_movement_2005,
	address = {New York},
	series = {Oxford studies in comparative syntax},
	title = {Movement and silence},
	isbn = {978-0-19-517916-3 978-0-19-517917-0},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Kayne, Richard S.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Grammar, Comparative and general, Syntax, What all},
}

@article{koopman_dutch_2010,
	title = {On {Dutch} allemaal and {West} {Ulster} {English} all},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HbUzAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT291&dq=on+dutch+allemaal&ots=O9eCKpZVlq&sig=9z1u8Z4HymDPps5Gmchop9E3JJk},
	journal = {Structure preserved: Studies in syntax for Jan Koster},
	author = {Koopman, Hilda},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {What all},
	pages = {267--276},
}

@article{mccloskey_quantifier_2000,
	title = {Quantifier float and wh-movement in an {Irish} {English}},
	volume = {31},
	url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/002438900554299},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Linguistic inquiry},
	author = {McCloskey, James},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {What all},
	pages = {57--84},
}

@incollection{murray_what_2006,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	series = {Varieties of {English} {Around} the {World}},
	title = {What is dialect? {Revisiting} the {Midland}},
	isbn = {978-90-272-4896-1},
	number = {G36},
	booktitle = {Language variation and change in the {American} {Midland}: {A} new look at '{Heartland}' {English}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Murray, Thomas E. and Simon, Beth Lee},
	editor = {Murray, Thomas E. and Simon, Beth Lee},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {2016 Seminar, All the further, Dialects, English language, Middle West, Variation},
	pages = {1--30},
}

@article{robinson_holistic_2019,
	title = {Holistic {Approaches} to {Syntactic} {Variation}: {Wh}-all {Questions} in {English}},
	volume = {Volume 25},
	url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol25/iss1/23},
	number = {Issue 1: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Penn Linguistics Conference},
	journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics},
	author = {Robinson, Mary and Duncan, Daniel},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {209--218},
}

@incollection{murray_what_2006,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	series = {Varieties of {English} {Around} the {World}},
	title = {What is dialect? {Revisiting} the {Midland}},
	isbn = {978-90-272-4896-1},
	number = {G36},
	booktitle = {Language variation and change in the {American} {Midland}: {A} new look at '{Heartland}' {English}},
	publisher = {John Benjamins},
	author = {Murray, Thomas E. and Simon, Beth Lee},
	editor = {Murray, Thomas E. and Simon, Beth Lee},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {2016 Seminar, All the further, Dialects, English language, Middle West, Variation},
	pages = {1--30},
}

@article{torrence_promotion_2013,
	title = {A promotion analysis of {Wolof} clefts},
	volume = {16},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/synt.12000/full},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Syntax},
	author = {Torrence, Harold},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {What all},
	pages = {176--215},
}