@article{huang_strengths_nodate,
	title = {The strengths and limits of {China}'s crisis management state},
	url = {https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/The-strengths-and-limits-of-China-s-crisis-management-state},
	abstract = {How to interpret Beijing's new mobilizational approach},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2021-01-11},
	journal = {Nikkei Asia},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Domestic politics, Pandemic Response},
}

How to interpret Beijing's new mobilizational approach

@article{hernandez_25_2020,
	chapter = {World},
	title = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}: {How} {Covid}-19 {Slipped} {China}’s {Grasp}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html},
	abstract = {Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Hernández, Javier and Buckely, Chris and Qin, Amy and Kirkpatrick, David},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.

@techreport{mcgregor_chinas_2020,
	title = {China's {Deep} {State}: {The} {Communist} {Party} and the {Coronavirus}},
	shorttitle = {China's {Deep} {State}},
	url = {https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/china-s-deep-state-communist-party-and-coronavirus},
	abstract = {China's political system\ was instrumental both in plunging the country into the COVID-19 crisis and aiding its recovery,\ but its pandemic management\ has not endeared it abroad.\ },
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	author = {McGregor, Richard},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

China's political system was instrumental both in plunging the country into the COVID-19 crisis and aiding its recovery, but its pandemic management has not endeared it abroad. 

@article{lu_online_2020,
	title = {Online {Criticism} and {Support} for the {Chinese} {Government} in the {Early} {Days} of {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3757135},
	abstract = {Previous research has argued that exogenous shocks such as natural disasters threaten government stability. When the novel coronavirus outbreak first emerged in China, some commentators predicted that public anger would threaten the Chinese regime. By analyzing over five million original posts from Sina Weibo between December 2019 and February 2020, we find that online criticism spiked when the Chinese government announced the Wuhan lockdown, when controversies around medical supplies surfaced, and when Dr. Li Wenliang died of the disease. However, we also observe nearly parallel bursts of support for the regime during the Wuhan lockdown and death of Dr. Li Wenliang. We find no evidence of large-scale censorship of criticism. Although we cannot rule out government efforts to artificially generate approval, the support we observe is likely, at least in part, organic. These results caution against over-simplification of online public opinion in authoritarian countries and highlight a need for more precise and systematic measurement of public opinion on social media.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Lu, Yingdan and Pan, Jennifer and Xu, Yiqing},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

Previous research has argued that exogenous shocks such as natural disasters threaten government stability. When the novel coronavirus outbreak first emerged in China, some commentators predicted that public anger would threaten the Chinese regime. By analyzing over five million original posts from Sina Weibo between December 2019 and February 2020, we find that online criticism spiked when the Chinese government announced the Wuhan lockdown, when controversies around medical supplies surfaced, and when Dr. Li Wenliang died of the disease. However, we also observe nearly parallel bursts of support for the regime during the Wuhan lockdown and death of Dr. Li Wenliang. We find no evidence of large-scale censorship of criticism. Although we cannot rule out government efforts to artificially generate approval, the support we observe is likely, at least in part, organic. These results caution against over-simplification of online public opinion in authoritarian countries and highlight a need for more precise and systematic measurement of public opinion on social media.

@article{qin_chinas_2020,
	chapter = {World},
	title = {China’s {Leader}, {Under} {Fire}, {Says} {He} {Led} {Coronavirus} {Fight} {Early} {On}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/world/asia/xi-china-coronavirus.html},
	abstract = {Xi Jinping was aware of the outbreak nearly two weeks before he first spoke publicly about it. It could draw him directly into questions about whether officials did too little, too late.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Qin, Amy},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

Xi Jinping was aware of the outbreak nearly two weeks before he first spoke publicly about it. It could draw him directly into questions about whether officials did too little, too late.

@article{zhong_no_2020,
	chapter = {Technology},
	title = {No ‘{Negative}’ {News}: {How} {China} {Censored} the {Coronavirus}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {No ‘{Negative}’ {News}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/technology/china-coronavirus-censorship.html},
	abstract = {Thousands of internal directives and reports reveal how Chinese officials stage-managed what appeared online in the early days of the outbreak.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Zhong, Raymond and Mozur, Paul and Kao, Jeff and Krolik, Aaron},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Thousands of internal directives and reports reveal how Chinese officials stage-managed what appeared online in the early days of the outbreak.

@article{dai_government-led_2020,
	title = {Government-led or {Public}-led? {Chinese} {Policy} {Agenda} {Setting} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
	shorttitle = {Government-led or {Public}-led?},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756660},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756660},
	abstract = {This paper explores Chinese agenda setting during the COVID-19 pandemic to investigatewhether or not the pandemic enhances the government’s role in agenda setting, and to clarify therelationship between government-led and public-led agendas. Combining big data analysis and acase study, this paper finds an overall public-led agenda pattern in China, and a mixture ofgovernment-led and public-led agenda setting during the pandemic. In addition, it is also foundthat Chinese government bodies pay attention to, and are responsive to citizens’ emotionsexpressed through social media.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Dai, Yixin and Li, Yuejiang and Cheng, Chao-Yo and Zhao, Hong and Meng, Tianguang},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

This paper explores Chinese agenda setting during the COVID-19 pandemic to investigatewhether or not the pandemic enhances the government’s role in agenda setting, and to clarify therelationship between government-led and public-led agendas. Combining big data analysis and acase study, this paper finds an overall public-led agenda pattern in China, and a mixture ofgovernment-led and public-led agenda setting during the pandemic. In addition, it is also foundthat Chinese government bodies pay attention to, and are responsive to citizens’ emotionsexpressed through social media.

@article{steinert-threlkeld_crisis_2020,
	title = {Crisis is a {Gateway} to {Censored} {Information}: {The} {Case} of {Coronavirus} in {China}},
	shorttitle = {Crisis is a {Gateway} to {Censored} {Information}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756577},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756577},
	abstract = {Crisis and anxiety motivate people to track news closely. We examine the consequences of thisincreased motivation in authoritarian regimes that normally exert significant control over access tomedia. Using the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, we show that crisis spurs censorship circumvention to access international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals have circumvented censorship, they not only receive more information about the crisis itself, but the crisis becomes a gateway to unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Through this mechanism, crisis both increases attention to information relevant to individuals’ current circumstances and incidentally increases access to information that the regime considers sensitive.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary and Hobbs, William R. and Chang, Keng-Chi and Roberts, Margaret},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Crisis and anxiety motivate people to track news closely. We examine the consequences of thisincreased motivation in authoritarian regimes that normally exert significant control over access tomedia. Using the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, we show that crisis spurs censorship circumvention to access international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals have circumvented censorship, they not only receive more information about the crisis itself, but the crisis becomes a gateway to unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Through this mechanism, crisis both increases attention to information relevant to individuals’ current circumstances and incidentally increases access to information that the regime considers sensitive.

@article{shih_chinas_2020,
	title = {China’s {Leninist} {Response} to {COVID}-19: {From} {Information} {Suppression} to {Total} {Mobilization}},
	shorttitle = {China’s {Leninist} {Response} to {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756580},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756580},
	abstract = {Chinese party-state’s response to coronavirus outbreak has gone through two phases so far: the information suppression phase in the beginning of the crisis and the mobilization phase later aimed at containing the pandemic’s spread.  The CCP achieved key objectives in both phases owing to the party-state’s hierarchical and authoritarian structure, the party’s ability to transcend state institutions, and the state’s ownership over vital economic resources. Beyond the party’s Leninist structure, the containment effort was helped by community parastatal organizations such as the neighborhood committees. This paper describes the institutions and processes that have helped CCP to achieve relative success so far in containing the coronavirus. It also points to its limits of China’s authoritarian response to public health crisis and to the plight of marginalized social groups like the migrants.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Shih, Victor},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response},
}

Chinese party-state’s response to coronavirus outbreak has gone through two phases so far: the information suppression phase in the beginning of the crisis and the mobilization phase later aimed at containing the pandemic’s spread. The CCP achieved key objectives in both phases owing to the party-state’s hierarchical and authoritarian structure, the party’s ability to transcend state institutions, and the state’s ownership over vital economic resources. Beyond the party’s Leninist structure, the containment effort was helped by community parastatal organizations such as the neighborhood committees. This paper describes the institutions and processes that have helped CCP to achieve relative success so far in containing the coronavirus. It also points to its limits of China’s authoritarian response to public health crisis and to the plight of marginalized social groups like the migrants.

@article{fan_how_2020,
	series = {21st {Century} {China} {Center} {Working} {Paper} {Series}},
	title = {How {Discrimination} {Increases} {Chinese} {Overseas} {Students}' {Support} for {Authoritarian} {Rule}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3637710},
	abstract = {The cross-border flow of people for educational exchange in Western democracies is seen as a way to transfer democratic values to non-democratic regions of the world. What happens when students studying in the West encounter discrimination? Based on an experiment among hundreds of Chinese first-year undergraduates in the United States, we show that discrimination interferes with the transfer of democratic values. Chinese students who study in the United States are more predisposed to favor liberal democracy than their peers in China. However, anti-Chinese discrimination significantly reduces their belief that political reform is desirable for China and increases their support for authoritarian rule. These effects of discrimination are most pronounced among students who are more likely to reject Chinese nationalism. Encountering non-racist criticisms of the Chinese government does not increase support for authoritarianism. Our results are not explained by relative evaluations of US and Chinese government handling of COVID-19.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {SSRN},
	author = {Fan, Yingjie and Pan, Jennifer and Shao, Zijie and Xu, Yiqing},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics},
}

The cross-border flow of people for educational exchange in Western democracies is seen as a way to transfer democratic values to non-democratic regions of the world. What happens when students studying in the West encounter discrimination? Based on an experiment among hundreds of Chinese first-year undergraduates in the United States, we show that discrimination interferes with the transfer of democratic values. Chinese students who study in the United States are more predisposed to favor liberal democracy than their peers in China. However, anti-Chinese discrimination significantly reduces their belief that political reform is desirable for China and increases their support for authoritarian rule. These effects of discrimination are most pronounced among students who are more likely to reject Chinese nationalism. Encountering non-racist criticisms of the Chinese government does not increase support for authoritarianism. Our results are not explained by relative evaluations of US and Chinese government handling of COVID-19.

@misc{shirk_covid-19_2020,
	address = {UC San Diego School of Global Policy \& Strategy},
	title = {{COVID}-19 {Global} {Impacts}: {U}.{S}.-{China} {Relations} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uzKzOHnfKo&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-MUlt0HskdH6Arjx1BKcNN0},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Shirk, Susan and Seligsohn, Deborah and Shih, Victor},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, US-China Relations},
}

@misc{rozelle_off_2020,
	type = {Webinar},
	title = {Off the {Epicenter}: {How} {Rural} {China} is {Coping} with {COVID}-19 - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqIQx54LUGQ&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&index=6},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Rozelle, Scott},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Economy, Life During Pandemic},
}

@misc{buckley_covering_2020,
	title = {Covering {China} in the {Age} of {Coronavirus} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNUS7WfuzQQ&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&index=3},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Buckley, Chris and Myers, Steven Lee},
	collaborator = {Shirk, Susan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

@misc{brazelton_china_nodate,
	title = {China {Throughlines}: {Epidemic} {Control} – {Mary} {Brazelton} \& {Micah} {Muscolino} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T13Pko2Uoow&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-MH1BzmtDzWJj0IrvPOVaPc&index=3&t=2s},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Brazelton, Mary},
	collaborator = {Muscolino, Micah},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response},
}

@misc{michael_covid-19s_2020,
	title = {{COVID}-19's {Impact} on {Chinese} {Consumer} {Behavior} and {Business} {Strategy}},
	url = {https://china.ucsd.edu/opinion/post/covid-19s-impact-on-chinese-consumer-behavior-and-business-strategy.html},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Michael, David},
	collaborator = {Ye, Qiao and Tan, Sonia and Lietzow, Rachel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Economy},
}

@article{hessler_how_2020,
	title = {How {China} {Controlled} the {Coronavirus}},
	url = {https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/08/17/how-china-controlled-the-coronavirus},
	abstract = {Teaching and learning in Sichuan during the pandemic.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {The New Yorker},
	author = {Hessler, Peter},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic},
}

Teaching and learning in Sichuan during the pandemic.

@article{huang_chinas_nodate,
	title = {China’s {Public} {Health} {Response} to the {COVID}-19 {Outbreak},},
	volume = {Summer 2020},
	url = {https://www.prcleader.org/huang},
	language = {en},
	number = {64},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {China Leadership Monitor},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

@article{huang_xi_2020,
	title = {Xi {Jinping} {Won} the {Coronavirus} {Crisis}},
	issn = {0015-7120},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-13/xi-jinping-won-coronavirus-crisis},
	abstract = {How China made the most of the pandemic it unleashed.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic},
}

How China made the most of the pandemic it unleashed.

@article{huang_americas_2020,
	title = {America’s {Political} {Immune} {System} {Is} {Overreacting} to {China}},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/08/america-overreacting-to-china-political-immune-system/},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, US-China Relations},
}

@article{huang_strengths_nodate,
	title = {The strengths and limits of {China}'s crisis management state},
	url = {https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/The-strengths-and-limits-of-China-s-crisis-management-state},
	abstract = {How to interpret Beijing's new mobilizational approach},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2021-01-11},
	journal = {Nikkei Asia},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Domestic politics, Pandemic Response},
}

How to interpret Beijing's new mobilizational approach

@misc{huang_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus and the {World} {Economy}},
	url = {https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/coronavirus-and-world-economy},
	abstract = {A pandemic longer than a year may lead to business failures, mass unemployment, and a world thrown into global recession},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Think Global Health},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy, Global Affairs, US-China Relations},
}

A pandemic longer than a year may lead to business failures, mass unemployment, and a world thrown into global recession

@misc{rozelle_off_2020,
	type = {Webinar},
	title = {Off the {Epicenter}: {How} {Rural} {China} is {Coping} with {COVID}-19 - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqIQx54LUGQ&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&index=6},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Rozelle, Scott},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Economy, Life During Pandemic},
}

@misc{michael_covid-19s_2020,
	title = {{COVID}-19's {Impact} on {Chinese} {Consumer} {Behavior} and {Business} {Strategy}},
	url = {https://china.ucsd.edu/opinion/post/covid-19s-impact-on-chinese-consumer-behavior-and-business-strategy.html},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Michael, David},
	collaborator = {Ye, Qiao and Tan, Sonia and Lietzow, Rachel},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Economy},
}

@misc{huang_multilateral_nodate,
	title = {The {Multilateral} {Health} {System} {Failed} to {Stop} the {Coronavirus}},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/10/the-multilateral-health-system-failed-to-stop-the-coronavirus/},
	abstract = {Reforms in 2005 were meant to stop nation states covering outbreaks up. They didn't work.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong, Thomas J. Bollyky},
	keywords = {Economy, Global Affairs, Pandemic Response},
}

Reforms in 2005 were meant to stop nation states covering outbreaks up. They didn't work.

@misc{huang_truce_2020,
	title = {A {Truce} in the {Trade} {War} {Will} {Save} {American} {Lives} {\textbar} {Think} {Global} {Health}},
	url = {https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/truce-trade-war-will-save-american-lives},
	abstract = {Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Think Global Health},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work

@misc{gan_rebooting_2020,
	address = {21st Century China Center, UC San Diego},
	type = {Webinar},
	title = {Rebooting the {Chinese} {Consumption} {After} {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&v=QHvp4wAO6xs&feature=emb_title},
	author = {Gan, Li},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy},
}

@article{hernandez_25_2020,
	chapter = {World},
	title = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}: {How} {Covid}-19 {Slipped} {China}’s {Grasp}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html},
	abstract = {Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Hernández, Javier and Buckely, Chris and Qin, Amy and Kirkpatrick, David},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.

@misc{huang_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus and the {World} {Economy}},
	url = {https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/coronavirus-and-world-economy},
	abstract = {A pandemic longer than a year may lead to business failures, mass unemployment, and a world thrown into global recession},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Think Global Health},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy, Global Affairs, US-China Relations},
}

A pandemic longer than a year may lead to business failures, mass unemployment, and a world thrown into global recession

@misc{manela_erez_2020,
	title = {Erez {Manela} on the {WHO}, smallpox eradication, and the need for renewed internationalism},
	shorttitle = {Toynbee {Coronavirus} {Series}},
	url = {https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/interview-toynbee-coronavirus-series-erez-manela-on-the-who-smallpox-eradication-and-the-need-for-renewed-internationalism/},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Manela, Erez},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, Science},
}

@misc{brazelton_china_nodate,
	title = {China {Throughlines}: {Epidemic} {Control} – {Mary} {Brazelton} \& {Micah} {Muscolino} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T13Pko2Uoow&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-MH1BzmtDzWJj0IrvPOVaPc&index=3&t=2s},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Brazelton, Mary},
	collaborator = {Muscolino, Micah},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response},
}

@misc{huang_multilateral_nodate,
	title = {The {Multilateral} {Health} {System} {Failed} to {Stop} the {Coronavirus}},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/10/the-multilateral-health-system-failed-to-stop-the-coronavirus/},
	abstract = {Reforms in 2005 were meant to stop nation states covering outbreaks up. They didn't work.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong, Thomas J. Bollyky},
	keywords = {Economy, Global Affairs, Pandemic Response},
}

Reforms in 2005 were meant to stop nation states covering outbreaks up. They didn't work.

@article{huang_us_2020,
	title = {The {U}.{S}. and {China} {Could} {Cooperate} to {Defeat} the {Pandemic}},
	issn = {0015-7120},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-03-24/us-and-china-could-cooperate-defeat-pandemic},
	abstract = {U.S.-Chinese antagonism could make the coronavirus pandemic worse.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Global Affairs, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

U.S.-Chinese antagonism could make the coronavirus pandemic worse.

@article{hessler_how_2020,
	title = {How {China} {Controlled} the {Coronavirus}},
	url = {https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/08/17/how-china-controlled-the-coronavirus},
	abstract = {Teaching and learning in Sichuan during the pandemic.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {The New Yorker},
	author = {Hessler, Peter},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic},
}

Teaching and learning in Sichuan during the pandemic.

@article{shih_chinas_2020,
	title = {China’s {Leninist} {Response} to {COVID}-19: {From} {Information} {Suppression} to {Total} {Mobilization}},
	shorttitle = {China’s {Leninist} {Response} to {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756580},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756580},
	abstract = {Chinese party-state’s response to coronavirus outbreak has gone through two phases so far: the information suppression phase in the beginning of the crisis and the mobilization phase later aimed at containing the pandemic’s spread.  The CCP achieved key objectives in both phases owing to the party-state’s hierarchical and authoritarian structure, the party’s ability to transcend state institutions, and the state’s ownership over vital economic resources. Beyond the party’s Leninist structure, the containment effort was helped by community parastatal organizations such as the neighborhood committees. This paper describes the institutions and processes that have helped CCP to achieve relative success so far in containing the coronavirus. It also points to its limits of China’s authoritarian response to public health crisis and to the plight of marginalized social groups like the migrants.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Shih, Victor},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response},
}

Chinese party-state’s response to coronavirus outbreak has gone through two phases so far: the information suppression phase in the beginning of the crisis and the mobilization phase later aimed at containing the pandemic’s spread. The CCP achieved key objectives in both phases owing to the party-state’s hierarchical and authoritarian structure, the party’s ability to transcend state institutions, and the state’s ownership over vital economic resources. Beyond the party’s Leninist structure, the containment effort was helped by community parastatal organizations such as the neighborhood committees. This paper describes the institutions and processes that have helped CCP to achieve relative success so far in containing the coronavirus. It also points to its limits of China’s authoritarian response to public health crisis and to the plight of marginalized social groups like the migrants.

@misc{manela_erez_2020,
	title = {Erez {Manela} on the {WHO}, smallpox eradication, and the need for renewed internationalism},
	shorttitle = {Toynbee {Coronavirus} {Series}},
	url = {https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/interview-toynbee-coronavirus-series-erez-manela-on-the-who-smallpox-eradication-and-the-need-for-renewed-internationalism/},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Manela, Erez},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, Science},
}

@misc{brazelton_china_nodate,
	title = {China {Throughlines}: {Epidemic} {Control} – {Mary} {Brazelton} \& {Micah} {Muscolino} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T13Pko2Uoow&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-MH1BzmtDzWJj0IrvPOVaPc&index=3&t=2s},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Brazelton, Mary},
	collaborator = {Muscolino, Micah},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response},
}

@misc{huang_truce_2020,
	title = {A {Truce} in the {Trade} {War} {Will} {Save} {American} {Lives} {\textbar} {Think} {Global} {Health}},
	url = {https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/truce-trade-war-will-save-american-lives},
	abstract = {Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Think Global Health},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work

@article{hernandez_25_2020,
	chapter = {World},
	title = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}: {How} {Covid}-19 {Slipped} {China}’s {Grasp}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html},
	abstract = {Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Hernández, Javier and Buckely, Chris and Qin, Amy and Kirkpatrick, David},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.

@article{zhong_no_2020,
	chapter = {Technology},
	title = {No ‘{Negative}’ {News}: {How} {China} {Censored} the {Coronavirus}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {No ‘{Negative}’ {News}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/technology/china-coronavirus-censorship.html},
	abstract = {Thousands of internal directives and reports reveal how Chinese officials stage-managed what appeared online in the early days of the outbreak.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Zhong, Raymond and Mozur, Paul and Kao, Jeff and Krolik, Aaron},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Thousands of internal directives and reports reveal how Chinese officials stage-managed what appeared online in the early days of the outbreak.

@article{steinert-threlkeld_crisis_2020,
	title = {Crisis is a {Gateway} to {Censored} {Information}: {The} {Case} of {Coronavirus} in {China}},
	shorttitle = {Crisis is a {Gateway} to {Censored} {Information}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756577},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756577},
	abstract = {Crisis and anxiety motivate people to track news closely. We examine the consequences of thisincreased motivation in authoritarian regimes that normally exert significant control over access tomedia. Using the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, we show that crisis spurs censorship circumvention to access international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals have circumvented censorship, they not only receive more information about the crisis itself, but the crisis becomes a gateway to unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Through this mechanism, crisis both increases attention to information relevant to individuals’ current circumstances and incidentally increases access to information that the regime considers sensitive.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary and Hobbs, William R. and Chang, Keng-Chi and Roberts, Margaret},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Crisis and anxiety motivate people to track news closely. We examine the consequences of thisincreased motivation in authoritarian regimes that normally exert significant control over access tomedia. Using the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, we show that crisis spurs censorship circumvention to access international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals have circumvented censorship, they not only receive more information about the crisis itself, but the crisis becomes a gateway to unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Through this mechanism, crisis both increases attention to information relevant to individuals’ current circumstances and incidentally increases access to information that the regime considers sensitive.

@article{he_short-term_2020,
	title = {The short-term impacts of {COVID}-19 lockdown on urban air pollution in {China}},
	copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {2398-9629},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0581-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41893-020-0581-y},
	abstract = {To prevent the escalation of COVID-19 transmission, China locked down one-third of its cities, which strictly curtailed personal mobility and economic activities. Using comprehensive daily air quality data in China, we evaluated the impacts of these measures in terms of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and the concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). To infer their causal relationships, we employed difference-in-differences models that compare cities with and without lockdown policies. We found that city lockdowns led to a sizeable improvement in air quality. Within weeks, the AQI in the locked-down cities was brought down by 19.84 points (PM2.5 down by 14.07 µg m−3) relative to the control group. In addition, air quality in cities without formal lockdowns also improved because of the enforcement of other types of counter-virus measures. The AQI in those cities was brought down by 6.34 points (PM2.5 down by 7.05 µg m−3) relative to the previous year. The lockdown effects are larger in colder, richer and more industrialized cities. Despite these improvements, PM2.5 concentrations during the lockdown periods remained four times higher than the World Health Organization recommendations, suggesting much further effort is needed. Existing environmental policies could obtain similar air quality improvements at a much lower economic cost, making city lockdowns an unsustainable option to address environmental issues.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-06},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	author = {He, Guojun and Pan, Yuhang and Tanaka, Takanao},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic, Science},
	pages = {1--7},
}

To prevent the escalation of COVID-19 transmission, China locked down one-third of its cities, which strictly curtailed personal mobility and economic activities. Using comprehensive daily air quality data in China, we evaluated the impacts of these measures in terms of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and the concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). To infer their causal relationships, we employed difference-in-differences models that compare cities with and without lockdown policies. We found that city lockdowns led to a sizeable improvement in air quality. Within weeks, the AQI in the locked-down cities was brought down by 19.84 points (PM2.5 down by 14.07 µg m−3) relative to the control group. In addition, air quality in cities without formal lockdowns also improved because of the enforcement of other types of counter-virus measures. The AQI in those cities was brought down by 6.34 points (PM2.5 down by 7.05 µg m−3) relative to the previous year. The lockdown effects are larger in colder, richer and more industrialized cities. Despite these improvements, PM2.5 concentrations during the lockdown periods remained four times higher than the World Health Organization recommendations, suggesting much further effort is needed. Existing environmental policies could obtain similar air quality improvements at a much lower economic cost, making city lockdowns an unsustainable option to address environmental issues.

@article{qian_how_2020,
	title = {How did {Wuhan} residents cope with a 76-day lockdown?},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {2162-0555},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1820319},
	doi = {10.1080/21620555.2020.1820319},
	abstract = {Wuhan, the original epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak, was under strict lockdown for 76 days. We conducted 30 in-depth interviews to understand Wuhan residents’ lived experiences of lockdown life. We found that despite strong emotions initially, Wuhan residents quickly adapted to life under unprecedented lockdown. We identified three pre-existing structures that facilitated the effective implementation of the massive lockdown: ready-made containment units offered by urban “gated” housing, a comprehensive grassroots governance network coordinated by shequ (community residence committees), and the ubiquitous WeChat app in Chinese daily life. We also showed that the pre-existing structures provided space for uncontentious self-organizing, grassroots mobilization, and civic engagement that often dove-tailed with state-mandated measures. This study details the resources Wuhan residents drew upon to get by during the lockdown, and it illustrates that the feasibility of lockdown measures relies heavily on a society’s structural and institutional conditions.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Chinese Sociological Review},
	author = {Qian, Yue and Hanser, Amy},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic},
	pages = {1--32},
}

Wuhan, the original epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak, was under strict lockdown for 76 days. We conducted 30 in-depth interviews to understand Wuhan residents’ lived experiences of lockdown life. We found that despite strong emotions initially, Wuhan residents quickly adapted to life under unprecedented lockdown. We identified three pre-existing structures that facilitated the effective implementation of the massive lockdown: ready-made containment units offered by urban “gated” housing, a comprehensive grassroots governance network coordinated by shequ (community residence committees), and the ubiquitous WeChat app in Chinese daily life. We also showed that the pre-existing structures provided space for uncontentious self-organizing, grassroots mobilization, and civic engagement that often dove-tailed with state-mandated measures. This study details the resources Wuhan residents drew upon to get by during the lockdown, and it illustrates that the feasibility of lockdown measures relies heavily on a society’s structural and institutional conditions.

@misc{rozelle_off_2020,
	type = {Webinar},
	title = {Off the {Epicenter}: {How} {Rural} {China} is {Coping} with {COVID}-19 - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqIQx54LUGQ&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&index=6},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Rozelle, Scott},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Economy, Life During Pandemic},
}

@misc{buckley_covering_2020,
	title = {Covering {China} in the {Age} of {Coronavirus} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNUS7WfuzQQ&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&index=3},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Buckley, Chris and Myers, Steven Lee},
	collaborator = {Shirk, Susan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

@article{hessler_how_2020,
	title = {How {China} {Controlled} the {Coronavirus}},
	url = {https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/08/17/how-china-controlled-the-coronavirus},
	abstract = {Teaching and learning in Sichuan during the pandemic.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {The New Yorker},
	author = {Hessler, Peter},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic},
}

Teaching and learning in Sichuan during the pandemic.

@misc{yang_china_2020,
	title = {In {China}, {Pandemic} {Diaries} {Unite}, and {Divide}, a {Nation}},
	url = {https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/mediated-crisis/in-china-pandemic-diaries-unite-and-divide-a-nation/},
	abstract = {Although Fang Fang’s Wuhan Diary is now available in English translation, the extraordinary story of pandemic diary production in China remains little known outside of the Chinese-reading world. On March...},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Items},
	author = {Yang, Guobin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic},
}

Although Fang Fang’s Wuhan Diary is now available in English translation, the extraordinary story of pandemic diary production in China remains little known outside of the Chinese-reading world. On March...

@article{hessler_life_2020,
	title = {Life on {Lockdown} in {China}},
	url = {https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/30/life-on-lockdown-in-china},
	abstract = {Forty-five days of avoiding the coronavirus.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {The New Yorker},
	author = {Hessler, Peter},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic},
}

Forty-five days of avoiding the coronavirus.

@article{zhong_tame_2020,
	chapter = {Business},
	title = {To {Tame} {Coronavirus}, {Mao}-{Style} {Social} {Control} {Blankets} {China}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/business/china-coronavirus-lockdown.html},
	abstract = {Despite their high-tech tools, the authorities are mainly relying on a flood of workers to keep hundreds of millions of people from coming in contact with outsiders.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Zhong, Raymond and Mozur, Paul},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Despite their high-tech tools, the authorities are mainly relying on a flood of workers to keep hundreds of millions of people from coming in contact with outsiders.

@article{huang_xi_2020,
	title = {Xi {Jinping} {Won} the {Coronavirus} {Crisis}},
	issn = {0015-7120},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-04-13/xi-jinping-won-coronavirus-crisis},
	abstract = {How China made the most of the pandemic it unleashed.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic},
}

How China made the most of the pandemic it unleashed.

@article{johnson_how_2020,
	title = {How {Did} {China} {Beat} {Its} {Covid} {Crisis}?},
	url = {https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2020/11/05/how-did-china-beat-its-covid-crisis/},
	journal = {New York Review of Books},
	author = {Johnson, Ian},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

@article{huang_strengths_nodate,
	title = {The strengths and limits of {China}'s crisis management state},
	url = {https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/The-strengths-and-limits-of-China-s-crisis-management-state},
	abstract = {How to interpret Beijing's new mobilizational approach},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2021-01-11},
	journal = {Nikkei Asia},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Domestic politics, Pandemic Response},
}

How to interpret Beijing's new mobilizational approach

@article{hernandez_25_2020,
	chapter = {World},
	title = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}: {How} {Covid}-19 {Slipped} {China}’s {Grasp}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html},
	abstract = {Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Hernández, Javier and Buckely, Chris and Qin, Amy and Kirkpatrick, David},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.

@techreport{mcgregor_chinas_2020,
	title = {China's {Deep} {State}: {The} {Communist} {Party} and the {Coronavirus}},
	shorttitle = {China's {Deep} {State}},
	url = {https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/china-s-deep-state-communist-party-and-coronavirus},
	abstract = {China's political system\ was instrumental both in plunging the country into the COVID-19 crisis and aiding its recovery,\ but its pandemic management\ has not endeared it abroad.\ },
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	author = {McGregor, Richard},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

China's political system was instrumental both in plunging the country into the COVID-19 crisis and aiding its recovery, but its pandemic management has not endeared it abroad. 

@article{lu_online_2020,
	title = {Online {Criticism} and {Support} for the {Chinese} {Government} in the {Early} {Days} of {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3757135},
	abstract = {Previous research has argued that exogenous shocks such as natural disasters threaten government stability. When the novel coronavirus outbreak first emerged in China, some commentators predicted that public anger would threaten the Chinese regime. By analyzing over five million original posts from Sina Weibo between December 2019 and February 2020, we find that online criticism spiked when the Chinese government announced the Wuhan lockdown, when controversies around medical supplies surfaced, and when Dr. Li Wenliang died of the disease. However, we also observe nearly parallel bursts of support for the regime during the Wuhan lockdown and death of Dr. Li Wenliang. We find no evidence of large-scale censorship of criticism. Although we cannot rule out government efforts to artificially generate approval, the support we observe is likely, at least in part, organic. These results caution against over-simplification of online public opinion in authoritarian countries and highlight a need for more precise and systematic measurement of public opinion on social media.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Lu, Yingdan and Pan, Jennifer and Xu, Yiqing},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

Previous research has argued that exogenous shocks such as natural disasters threaten government stability. When the novel coronavirus outbreak first emerged in China, some commentators predicted that public anger would threaten the Chinese regime. By analyzing over five million original posts from Sina Weibo between December 2019 and February 2020, we find that online criticism spiked when the Chinese government announced the Wuhan lockdown, when controversies around medical supplies surfaced, and when Dr. Li Wenliang died of the disease. However, we also observe nearly parallel bursts of support for the regime during the Wuhan lockdown and death of Dr. Li Wenliang. We find no evidence of large-scale censorship of criticism. Although we cannot rule out government efforts to artificially generate approval, the support we observe is likely, at least in part, organic. These results caution against over-simplification of online public opinion in authoritarian countries and highlight a need for more precise and systematic measurement of public opinion on social media.

@article{qin_chinas_2020,
	chapter = {World},
	title = {China’s {Leader}, {Under} {Fire}, {Says} {He} {Led} {Coronavirus} {Fight} {Early} {On}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/world/asia/xi-china-coronavirus.html},
	abstract = {Xi Jinping was aware of the outbreak nearly two weeks before he first spoke publicly about it. It could draw him directly into questions about whether officials did too little, too late.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Qin, Amy},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

Xi Jinping was aware of the outbreak nearly two weeks before he first spoke publicly about it. It could draw him directly into questions about whether officials did too little, too late.

@article{zhong_no_2020,
	chapter = {Technology},
	title = {No ‘{Negative}’ {News}: {How} {China} {Censored} the {Coronavirus}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {No ‘{Negative}’ {News}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/technology/china-coronavirus-censorship.html},
	abstract = {Thousands of internal directives and reports reveal how Chinese officials stage-managed what appeared online in the early days of the outbreak.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Zhong, Raymond and Mozur, Paul and Kao, Jeff and Krolik, Aaron},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Thousands of internal directives and reports reveal how Chinese officials stage-managed what appeared online in the early days of the outbreak.

@article{dai_government-led_2020,
	title = {Government-led or {Public}-led? {Chinese} {Policy} {Agenda} {Setting} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
	shorttitle = {Government-led or {Public}-led?},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756660},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756660},
	abstract = {This paper explores Chinese agenda setting during the COVID-19 pandemic to investigatewhether or not the pandemic enhances the government’s role in agenda setting, and to clarify therelationship between government-led and public-led agendas. Combining big data analysis and acase study, this paper finds an overall public-led agenda pattern in China, and a mixture ofgovernment-led and public-led agenda setting during the pandemic. In addition, it is also foundthat Chinese government bodies pay attention to, and are responsive to citizens’ emotionsexpressed through social media.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Dai, Yixin and Li, Yuejiang and Cheng, Chao-Yo and Zhao, Hong and Meng, Tianguang},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

This paper explores Chinese agenda setting during the COVID-19 pandemic to investigatewhether or not the pandemic enhances the government’s role in agenda setting, and to clarify therelationship between government-led and public-led agendas. Combining big data analysis and acase study, this paper finds an overall public-led agenda pattern in China, and a mixture ofgovernment-led and public-led agenda setting during the pandemic. In addition, it is also foundthat Chinese government bodies pay attention to, and are responsive to citizens’ emotionsexpressed through social media.

@article{steinert-threlkeld_crisis_2020,
	title = {Crisis is a {Gateway} to {Censored} {Information}: {The} {Case} of {Coronavirus} in {China}},
	shorttitle = {Crisis is a {Gateway} to {Censored} {Information}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756577},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756577},
	abstract = {Crisis and anxiety motivate people to track news closely. We examine the consequences of thisincreased motivation in authoritarian regimes that normally exert significant control over access tomedia. Using the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, we show that crisis spurs censorship circumvention to access international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals have circumvented censorship, they not only receive more information about the crisis itself, but the crisis becomes a gateway to unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Through this mechanism, crisis both increases attention to information relevant to individuals’ current circumstances and incidentally increases access to information that the regime considers sensitive.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary and Hobbs, William R. and Chang, Keng-Chi and Roberts, Margaret},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Crisis and anxiety motivate people to track news closely. We examine the consequences of thisincreased motivation in authoritarian regimes that normally exert significant control over access tomedia. Using the case of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, we show that crisis spurs censorship circumvention to access international news and political content on websites blocked in China. Once individuals have circumvented censorship, they not only receive more information about the crisis itself, but the crisis becomes a gateway to unrelated information that the regime has long censored. Through this mechanism, crisis both increases attention to information relevant to individuals’ current circumstances and incidentally increases access to information that the regime considers sensitive.

@article{shih_chinas_2020,
	title = {China’s {Leninist} {Response} to {COVID}-19: {From} {Information} {Suppression} to {Total} {Mobilization}},
	shorttitle = {China’s {Leninist} {Response} to {COVID}-19},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3756580},
	doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756580},
	abstract = {Chinese party-state’s response to coronavirus outbreak has gone through two phases so far: the information suppression phase in the beginning of the crisis and the mobilization phase later aimed at containing the pandemic’s spread.  The CCP achieved key objectives in both phases owing to the party-state’s hierarchical and authoritarian structure, the party’s ability to transcend state institutions, and the state’s ownership over vital economic resources. Beyond the party’s Leninist structure, the containment effort was helped by community parastatal organizations such as the neighborhood committees. This paper describes the institutions and processes that have helped CCP to achieve relative success so far in containing the coronavirus. It also points to its limits of China’s authoritarian response to public health crisis and to the plight of marginalized social groups like the migrants.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-12-30},
	journal = {21st Century China Center Research Paper Series},
	author = {Shih, Victor},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response},
}

Chinese party-state’s response to coronavirus outbreak has gone through two phases so far: the information suppression phase in the beginning of the crisis and the mobilization phase later aimed at containing the pandemic’s spread. The CCP achieved key objectives in both phases owing to the party-state’s hierarchical and authoritarian structure, the party’s ability to transcend state institutions, and the state’s ownership over vital economic resources. Beyond the party’s Leninist structure, the containment effort was helped by community parastatal organizations such as the neighborhood committees. This paper describes the institutions and processes that have helped CCP to achieve relative success so far in containing the coronavirus. It also points to its limits of China’s authoritarian response to public health crisis and to the plight of marginalized social groups like the migrants.

@misc{manela_erez_2020,
	title = {Erez {Manela} on the {WHO}, smallpox eradication, and the need for renewed internationalism},
	shorttitle = {Toynbee {Coronavirus} {Series}},
	url = {https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/interview-toynbee-coronavirus-series-erez-manela-on-the-who-smallpox-eradication-and-the-need-for-renewed-internationalism/},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Manela, Erez},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, Science},
}

@misc{buckley_covering_2020,
	title = {Covering {China} in the {Age} of {Coronavirus} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNUS7WfuzQQ&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&index=3},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Buckley, Chris and Myers, Steven Lee},
	collaborator = {Shirk, Susan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

@misc{brazelton_china_nodate,
	title = {China {Throughlines}: {Epidemic} {Control} – {Mary} {Brazelton} \& {Micah} {Muscolino} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T13Pko2Uoow&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-MH1BzmtDzWJj0IrvPOVaPc&index=3&t=2s},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Brazelton, Mary},
	collaborator = {Muscolino, Micah},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response},
}

@misc{huang_multilateral_nodate,
	title = {The {Multilateral} {Health} {System} {Failed} to {Stop} the {Coronavirus}},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/10/the-multilateral-health-system-failed-to-stop-the-coronavirus/},
	abstract = {Reforms in 2005 were meant to stop nation states covering outbreaks up. They didn't work.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong, Thomas J. Bollyky},
	keywords = {Economy, Global Affairs, Pandemic Response},
}

Reforms in 2005 were meant to stop nation states covering outbreaks up. They didn't work.

@article{seligsohn_rise_2020,
	title = {The {Rise} and {Fall} of the {US}-{China} {Health} {Relationship}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {2288-2871},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/771320},
	doi = {10.1353/apr.0.0013},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Asian Perspective},
	author = {Seligsohn, Deborah},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

@article{huang_us-chinese_2020,
	title = {U.{S}.-{Chinese} {Distrust} {Is} {Inviting} {Dangerous} {Coronavirus} {Conspiracy} {Theories}},
	issn = {0015-7120},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-03-05/us-chinese-distrust-inviting-dangerous-coronavirus-conspiracy},
	abstract = {Rumors that coronavirus was an American or Chinese biological weapon, although not credible, are difficult to dispel, because military officials on both sides still view with suspicion each other’s motives in building biosecurity programs.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Rumors that coronavirus was an American or Chinese biological weapon, although not credible, are difficult to dispel, because military officials on both sides still view with suspicion each other’s motives in building biosecurity programs.

@misc{huang_truce_2020,
	title = {A {Truce} in the {Trade} {War} {Will} {Save} {American} {Lives} {\textbar} {Think} {Global} {Health}},
	url = {https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/truce-trade-war-will-save-american-lives},
	abstract = {Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Think Global Health},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work

@article{huang_us_2020,
	title = {The {U}.{S}. and {China} {Could} {Cooperate} to {Defeat} the {Pandemic}},
	issn = {0015-7120},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-03-24/us-and-china-could-cooperate-defeat-pandemic},
	abstract = {U.S.-Chinese antagonism could make the coronavirus pandemic worse.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Global Affairs, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

U.S.-Chinese antagonism could make the coronavirus pandemic worse.

@article{zhong_tame_2020,
	chapter = {Business},
	title = {To {Tame} {Coronavirus}, {Mao}-{Style} {Social} {Control} {Blankets} {China}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/business/china-coronavirus-lockdown.html},
	abstract = {Despite their high-tech tools, the authorities are mainly relying on a flood of workers to keep hundreds of millions of people from coming in contact with outsiders.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Zhong, Raymond and Mozur, Paul},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

Despite their high-tech tools, the authorities are mainly relying on a flood of workers to keep hundreds of millions of people from coming in contact with outsiders.

@article{adhikari_epidemiology_2020,
	title = {Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease ({COVID}-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2049-9957},
	shorttitle = {Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease ({COVID}-19) during the early outbreak period},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x},
	doi = {10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x},
	abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. As of 31 January 2020, this epidemic had spread to 19 countries with 11 791 confirmed cases, including 213 deaths. The World Health Organization has declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Infectious Diseases of Poverty},
	author = {Adhikari, Sasmita Poudel and Meng, Sha and Wu, Yu-Ju and Mao, Yu-Ping and Ye, Rui-Xue and Wang, Qing-Zhi and Sun, Chang and Sylvia, Sean and Rozelle, Scott and Raat, Hein and Zhou, Huan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Pandemic Response, Science},
	pages = {29},
}

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. As of 31 January 2020, this epidemic had spread to 19 countries with 11 791 confirmed cases, including 213 deaths. The World Health Organization has declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

@article{huang_chinas_nodate,
	title = {China’s {Public} {Health} {Response} to the {COVID}-19 {Outbreak},},
	volume = {Summer 2020},
	url = {https://www.prcleader.org/huang},
	language = {en},
	number = {64},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {China Leadership Monitor},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Pandemic Response},
}

@article{johnson_how_2020,
	title = {How {Did} {China} {Beat} {Its} {Covid} {Crisis}?},
	url = {https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2020/11/05/how-did-china-beat-its-covid-crisis/},
	journal = {New York Review of Books},
	author = {Johnson, Ian},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response},
}

@article{he_short-term_2020,
	title = {The short-term impacts of {COVID}-19 lockdown on urban air pollution in {China}},
	copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {2398-9629},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0581-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41893-020-0581-y},
	abstract = {To prevent the escalation of COVID-19 transmission, China locked down one-third of its cities, which strictly curtailed personal mobility and economic activities. Using comprehensive daily air quality data in China, we evaluated the impacts of these measures in terms of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and the concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). To infer their causal relationships, we employed difference-in-differences models that compare cities with and without lockdown policies. We found that city lockdowns led to a sizeable improvement in air quality. Within weeks, the AQI in the locked-down cities was brought down by 19.84 points (PM2.5 down by 14.07 µg m−3) relative to the control group. In addition, air quality in cities without formal lockdowns also improved because of the enforcement of other types of counter-virus measures. The AQI in those cities was brought down by 6.34 points (PM2.5 down by 7.05 µg m−3) relative to the previous year. The lockdown effects are larger in colder, richer and more industrialized cities. Despite these improvements, PM2.5 concentrations during the lockdown periods remained four times higher than the World Health Organization recommendations, suggesting much further effort is needed. Existing environmental policies could obtain similar air quality improvements at a much lower economic cost, making city lockdowns an unsustainable option to address environmental issues.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-06},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	author = {He, Guojun and Pan, Yuhang and Tanaka, Takanao},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Life During Pandemic, Science},
	pages = {1--7},
}

To prevent the escalation of COVID-19 transmission, China locked down one-third of its cities, which strictly curtailed personal mobility and economic activities. Using comprehensive daily air quality data in China, we evaluated the impacts of these measures in terms of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and the concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). To infer their causal relationships, we employed difference-in-differences models that compare cities with and without lockdown policies. We found that city lockdowns led to a sizeable improvement in air quality. Within weeks, the AQI in the locked-down cities was brought down by 19.84 points (PM2.5 down by 14.07 µg m−3) relative to the control group. In addition, air quality in cities without formal lockdowns also improved because of the enforcement of other types of counter-virus measures. The AQI in those cities was brought down by 6.34 points (PM2.5 down by 7.05 µg m−3) relative to the previous year. The lockdown effects are larger in colder, richer and more industrialized cities. Despite these improvements, PM2.5 concentrations during the lockdown periods remained four times higher than the World Health Organization recommendations, suggesting much further effort is needed. Existing environmental policies could obtain similar air quality improvements at a much lower economic cost, making city lockdowns an unsustainable option to address environmental issues.

@misc{manela_erez_2020,
	title = {Erez {Manela} on the {WHO}, smallpox eradication, and the need for renewed internationalism},
	shorttitle = {Toynbee {Coronavirus} {Series}},
	url = {https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/interview-toynbee-coronavirus-series-erez-manela-on-the-who-smallpox-eradication-and-the-need-for-renewed-internationalism/},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Manela, Erez},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Global Affairs, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, Science},
}

@article{adhikari_epidemiology_2020,
	title = {Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease ({COVID}-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2049-9957},
	shorttitle = {Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease ({COVID}-19) during the early outbreak period},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x},
	doi = {10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x},
	abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. As of 31 January 2020, this epidemic had spread to 19 countries with 11 791 confirmed cases, including 213 deaths. The World Health Organization has declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Infectious Diseases of Poverty},
	author = {Adhikari, Sasmita Poudel and Meng, Sha and Wu, Yu-Ju and Mao, Yu-Ping and Ye, Rui-Xue and Wang, Qing-Zhi and Sun, Chang and Sylvia, Sean and Rozelle, Scott and Raat, Hein and Zhou, Huan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Pandemic Response, Science},
	pages = {29},
}

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. As of 31 January 2020, this epidemic had spread to 19 countries with 11 791 confirmed cases, including 213 deaths. The World Health Organization has declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

@article{hernandez_25_2020,
	chapter = {World},
	title = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}: {How} {Covid}-19 {Slipped} {China}’s {Grasp}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	shorttitle = {25 {Days} {That} {Changed} the {World}},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html},
	abstract = {Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-12-31},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	author = {Hernández, Javier and Buckely, Chris and Qin, Amy and Kirkpatrick, David},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Global Affairs, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Beijing acted against the coronavirus with stunning force, as its official narratives recount. But not before a political logjam had allowed a local outbreak to kindle a global pandemic.

@misc{huang_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus and the {World} {Economy}},
	url = {https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/coronavirus-and-world-economy},
	abstract = {A pandemic longer than a year may lead to business failures, mass unemployment, and a world thrown into global recession},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Think Global Health},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy, Global Affairs, US-China Relations},
}

A pandemic longer than a year may lead to business failures, mass unemployment, and a world thrown into global recession

@misc{shirk_covid-19_2020,
	address = {UC San Diego School of Global Policy \& Strategy},
	title = {{COVID}-19 {Global} {Impacts}: {U}.{S}.-{China} {Relations} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uzKzOHnfKo&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-MUlt0HskdH6Arjx1BKcNN0},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Shirk, Susan and Seligsohn, Deborah and Shih, Victor},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, US-China Relations},
}

@misc{buckley_covering_2020,
	title = {Covering {China} in the {Age} of {Coronavirus} - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNUS7WfuzQQ&list=PLYlx1JnW9W-Ngl-qM-b3qYZGAR5cfFbHR&index=3},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	author = {Buckley, Chris and Myers, Steven Lee},
	collaborator = {Shirk, Susan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, Life During Pandemic, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

@article{seligsohn_rise_2020,
	title = {The {Rise} and {Fall} of the {US}-{China} {Health} {Relationship}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {2288-2871},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/771320},
	doi = {10.1353/apr.0.0013},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Asian Perspective},
	author = {Seligsohn, Deborah},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

@article{huang_us-chinese_2020,
	title = {U.{S}.-{Chinese} {Distrust} {Is} {Inviting} {Dangerous} {Coronavirus} {Conspiracy} {Theories}},
	issn = {0015-7120},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-03-05/us-chinese-distrust-inviting-dangerous-coronavirus-conspiracy},
	abstract = {Rumors that coronavirus was an American or Chinese biological weapon, although not credible, are difficult to dispel, because military officials on both sides still view with suspicion each other’s motives in building biosecurity programs.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Rumors that coronavirus was an American or Chinese biological weapon, although not credible, are difficult to dispel, because military officials on both sides still view with suspicion each other’s motives in building biosecurity programs.

@misc{huang_truce_2020,
	title = {A {Truce} in the {Trade} {War} {Will} {Save} {American} {Lives} {\textbar} {Think} {Global} {Health}},
	url = {https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/truce-trade-war-will-save-american-lives},
	abstract = {Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Think Global Health},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Economy, Historical Comparisons, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

Immediately lifting all tariffs on personal protection equipment will enable doctors and nurses to safely do their work

@article{huang_us_2020,
	title = {The {U}.{S}. and {China} {Could} {Cooperate} to {Defeat} the {Pandemic}},
	issn = {0015-7120},
	url = {https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-03-24/us-and-china-could-cooperate-defeat-pandemic},
	abstract = {U.S.-Chinese antagonism could make the coronavirus pandemic worse.},
	language = {en-US},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {Foreign Affairs},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = aug,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Global Affairs, Pandemic Response, US-China Relations},
}

U.S.-Chinese antagonism could make the coronavirus pandemic worse.

@article{huang_americas_2020,
	title = {America’s {Political} {Immune} {System} {Is} {Overreacting} to {China}},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/08/america-overreacting-to-china-political-immune-system/},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	author = {Huang, Yanzhong},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Domestic Politics, US-China Relations},
}

@article{fan_how_nodate,
	title = {How {My} {Mother} and {I} {Became} {Chinese} {Propaganda}},
	url = {https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/14/how-my-mother-and-i-became-chinese-propaganda},
	abstract = {Immigrant struggles in America forged a bond that became even tighter after my mother’s A.L.S. diagnosis. Then, as COVID-19 threatened, Chinese nationalists began calling us traitors to our country.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2020-11-05},
	journal = {The New Yorker},
	author = {Fan, Jiayang},
}

Immigrant struggles in America forged a bond that became even tighter after my mother’s A.L.S. diagnosis. Then, as COVID-19 threatened, Chinese nationalists began calling us traitors to our country.