@article{auwera_relative_1985,
	title = {"{Relative} {That}": {A} {Centennial} {Dispute}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {0022-2267},
	shorttitle = {"{Relative} {That}"},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4175767},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
	author = {Auwera, Johan Van Der},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {149--179},
}

@incollection{erades_structure_1955,
	series = {Moderna {Språk}},
	title = {Structure and character of attributive clauses in {English}},
	volume = {IV},
	number = {49},
	booktitle = {Contributions to {Modern} {English} syntax},
	author = {Erades, P.A.},
	year = {1955},
	pages = {50--70},
}

@article{mcdaniel_whats_2002,
	title = {What’s {Thats}?},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0013-838X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	doi = {10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {English Studies},
	author = {McDaniel, Dana and Stickney, Helen E. and Fowler, Sadie and McKee, Cecile},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {53--69},
}

@book{montgomery_dictionary_2004,
	address = {Knoxville},
	title = {Dictionary of {Smoky} {Mountain} {English}},
	isbn = {9781572332225},
	publisher = {University of Tennessee Press},
	author = {Montgomery, Michael and Hall, Joseph S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Americanisms, Dialects Glossaries, vocabularies, etc, Dictionaries, English language, Great Smoky Mountains (N.C. and Tenn.), Languages},
}

@incollection{harris_grammar_1985,
	address = {London},
	title = {The {Grammar} of {English} in {Ireland}},
	booktitle = {Regional {Variation} in {British} {English} {Syntax}},
	publisher = {Economic and Social Research Council},
	author = {Harris, J.},
	editor = {{J. and L. Milroy}},
	year = {1985},
}

@incollection{herrmann_relative_2005,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {Relative clauses in {English} dialects of the {British} {Isles}},
	booktitle = {A {Comparative} {Grammar} of {British} {English} {Dialects}: {Agreement}, {Gender}, {Relative} {Clauses}},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	author = {Herrmann, Tanja},
	editor = {{Bernd Kortmann} and {Tanja Herrmann} and {Lukas Pietsch} and {Susanne Wagner}},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {21-- 123},
}

@book{hudson_english_1990,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {English {Word} {Grammar}},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	author = {Hudson, Richard},
	year = {1990},
}

@book{jespersen_philosophy_1924,
	address = {London},
	title = {The philosophy of grammar},
	publisher = {Allen \& Unwin},
	author = {Jespersen, Otto},
	year = {1924},
}

@article{seppanen_dog_1995,
	title = {The dog that's leg was run over: {On} the genitive of the relative pronoun},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0013-838X},
	shorttitle = {The dog that's leg was run over},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00138389508598981},
	doi = {10.1080/00138389508598981},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {English Studies},
	author = {Seppänen, Aimo and Kjellmer, Göran},
	month = jul,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {389--400},
}

@article{klima_relatedness_1964,
	title = {Relatedness between grammatical systems},
	volume = {40},
	journal = {Language},
	author = {Klima, Edward S.},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {1--20},
}

@article{kruisinga_het_1935,
	title = {Het gebruik van that, when, where, why in bijvoeglijke zinnen},
	volume = {86},
	journal = {LT},
	author = {Kruisinga, Etsko},
	year = {1935},
	pages = {295--299},
}

@book{kruisinga_handbook_1925,
	address = {Utrecht},
	edition = {5th ed},
	title = {A handbook of present-day {English} part 2},
	volume = {vol. 11},
	publisher = {Kemink \& Zoon},
	author = {Kruisinga, Etsko},
	year = {1925},
}

@article{kruisinga_origin_1924,
	title = {On the origin of the anaphoric relative that},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {English studies},
	author = {Kruisinga, Etsko},
	year = {1924},
	pages = {141--144},
}

@book{kurath_linguistic_1941,
	address = {Providence},
	title = {Linguistic {Atlas} of {New} {England}},
	publisher = {Brown University},
	author = {Kurath, Hans},
	year = {1941},
}

@book{lehmann_relativsatz_1984,
	address = {Tubingen},
	title = {Der {Relativsatz}},
	publisher = {Gunter Narr},
	author = {Lehmann, Christian},
	year = {1984},
}

@incollection{linda_grammatical_1982,
	title = {Grammatical {Variation} in {Belfast} {English}},
	volume = {6},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Belfast {Working} {Papers} in {Language} and {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {Ulster Polytechnic},
	author = {Linda, Policansky},
	year = {1982},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: GagpAQAAIAAJ},
}

@unpublished{martinez_now_2018,
	address = {University of Arizona},
	type = {Conference {Talk}},
	title = {Now that is showing possession: {Microvariation} in possessive relative clauses},
	author = {Martinez, Randi and Wood, Jim},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
}

@article{mcdaniel_whats_2002,
	title = {What’s {Thats}?},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0013-838X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	doi = {10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {English Studies},
	author = {McDaniel, Dana and Stickney, Helen E. and Fowler, Sadie and McKee, Cecile},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {53--69},
}

@article{mcdaniel_whats_2002,
	title = {What’s {Thats}?},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0013-838X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	doi = {10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {English Studies},
	author = {McDaniel, Dana and Stickney, Helen E. and Fowler, Sadie and McKee, Cecile},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {53--69},
}

@book{montgomery_dictionary_2004,
	address = {Knoxville},
	title = {Dictionary of {Smoky} {Mountain} {English}},
	isbn = {9781572332225},
	publisher = {University of Tennessee Press},
	author = {Montgomery, Michael and Hall, Joseph S.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Americanisms, Dialects Glossaries, vocabularies, etc, Dictionaries, English language, Great Smoky Mountains (N.C. and Tenn.), Languages},
}

@article{newbrook_which_1998,
	title = {Which way? {That} way? {Variation} and ongoing changes in the {English} relative clause},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1467-971X},
	shorttitle = {Which way?},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-971X.00081},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-971X.00081},
	abstract = {Among the syntactic features of contemporary English, the relative clause is one of the most interesting, both theoretically and in respect of variation. This paper examines some of the main ways in which modern English varieties around the world (including both standard and near-standard varieties, and ‘new’ varieties as well as traditional native-speaker usage) differ in respect of relative clause formation, and draws attention to the theoretical upshots of some of the phenomena in question, the likely origins of these phenomena and the possible explanations for cases in which features are shared between apparently unassociated varieties. Studies conducted by the present author and by other scholars are taken into consideration and the prospects for further work on each phenomenon are outlined. The features in question are: omission of subject relative pronouns; use of ‘redundant’ subject relative pronouns in non- finite ‘reduced relative’ clauses; omission of prepositions with relative pronouns as prepositional completives; use of ‘whereby’ or ‘where’ for a range of prepositions with relative pronouns as prepositional completives; avoidance of ‘that’ with human antecedents; hypercorrect use of ‘whom’ for ‘who’; use of ‘that’s’ as possessive of relative ‘that’; loss, re-structuring or reversal of the formal contrasts between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {World Englishes},
	author = {Newbrook, Mark},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {43--59},
}

Among the syntactic features of contemporary English, the relative clause is one of the most interesting, both theoretically and in respect of variation. This paper examines some of the main ways in which modern English varieties around the world (including both standard and near-standard varieties, and ‘new’ varieties as well as traditional native-speaker usage) differ in respect of relative clause formation, and draws attention to the theoretical upshots of some of the phenomena in question, the likely origins of these phenomena and the possible explanations for cases in which features are shared between apparently unassociated varieties. Studies conducted by the present author and by other scholars are taken into consideration and the prospects for further work on each phenomenon are outlined. The features in question are: omission of subject relative pronouns; use of ‘redundant’ subject relative pronouns in non- finite ‘reduced relative’ clauses; omission of prepositions with relative pronouns as prepositional completives; use of ‘whereby’ or ‘where’ for a range of prepositions with relative pronouns as prepositional completives; avoidance of ‘that’ with human antecedents; hypercorrect use of ‘whom’ for ‘who’; use of ‘that’s’ as possessive of relative ‘that’; loss, re-structuring or reversal of the formal contrasts between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses.

@article{newbrook_unrecognised_1992,
	title = {Unrecognised {Grammatical} and {Semantic} {Features} {Typical} of {Australian} {English}: {A} {Checklist} with {Commentary}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0172-8865, 1569-9730},
	shorttitle = {Unrecognised {Grammatical} and {Semantic} {Features} {Typical} of {Australian} {English}},
	url = {https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.13.1.02new},
	doi = {10.1075/eww.13.1.02new},
	abstract = {Welcome to e-content platform of John Benjamins Publishing Company. Here you can find all of our electronic books and journals, for purchase and download or subscriber access.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {English World-Wide},
	author = {Newbrook, Mark},
	month = jan,
	year = {1992},
	pages = {1--32},
}

Welcome to e-content platform of John Benjamins Publishing Company. Here you can find all of our electronic books and journals, for purchase and download or subscriber access.

@book{radford_transformational_1988,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Transformational {Grammar}: {A} {First} {Course}},
	author = {Radford, Andrew},
	year = {1988},
}

@article{romaine_relative_1980,
	title = {The relative clause marker in {Scots} {English}: {Diffusion}, complexity, and style as dimensions of syntactic change},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1469-8013, 0047-4045},
	shorttitle = {The relative clause marker in {Scots} {English}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/relative-clause-marker-in-scots-english-diffusion-complexity-and-style-as-dimensions-of-syntactic-change/DAE4BE6A764336FB6CEE29E8963A2B56},
	doi = {10.1017/S004740450000806X},
	abstract = {A historical study of variation in the relative clause marker in Scottish English indicates that sociolinguistic methodology has some important contributions to make to historical linguistics. The use of the frequency with which NPs in certain syntactic positions are relativized as a measure of syntactic complexity reveals that the WH relativization strategy appears to have entered the language in the most complex styles and least frequently relativized syntactic positions, until it eventually spread or diffused throughout the system. The addition of the WH relativization strategy seems to have resulted in a ‘squish’ of two strategies which are opposed in stylistic meaning rather than in actual qualitative change in the relative system. The process of diffusion can be seen as completed as far as the more formal styles of the modern written language are concerned, but it has not really affected the spoken language, where the native TH strategy prevails. (Sociolinguistic methodology, historical linguistics, language change, relativization, history of tle English language)},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {Language in Society},
	author = {Romaine, Suzanne},
	month = aug,
	year = {1980},
	pages = {221--247},
}

A historical study of variation in the relative clause marker in Scottish English indicates that sociolinguistic methodology has some important contributions to make to historical linguistics. The use of the frequency with which NPs in certain syntactic positions are relativized as a measure of syntactic complexity reveals that the WH relativization strategy appears to have entered the language in the most complex styles and least frequently relativized syntactic positions, until it eventually spread or diffused throughout the system. The addition of the WH relativization strategy seems to have resulted in a ‘squish’ of two strategies which are opposed in stylistic meaning rather than in actual qualitative change in the relative system. The process of diffusion can be seen as completed as far as the more formal styles of the modern written language are concerned, but it has not really affected the spoken language, where the native TH strategy prevails. (Sociolinguistic methodology, historical linguistics, language change, relativization, history of tle English language)

@article{seppanen_dog_1995,
	title = {The dog that's leg was run over: {On} the genitive of the relative pronoun},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0013-838X},
	shorttitle = {The dog that's leg was run over},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00138389508598981},
	doi = {10.1080/00138389508598981},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {English Studies},
	author = {Seppänen, Aimo and Kjellmer, Göran},
	month = jul,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {389--400},
}

@article{stahkle_which_1976,
	title = {Which {That}?},
	volume = {52},
	journal = {Language},
	author = {Stahkle, H.F.W.},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {584--610},
}

@article{mcdaniel_whats_2002,
	title = {What’s {Thats}?},
	volume = {83},
	issn = {0013-838X},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	doi = {10.1076/enst.83.1.53.9564},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-07-16},
	journal = {English Studies},
	author = {McDaniel, Dana and Stickney, Helen E. and Fowler, Sadie and McKee, Cecile},
	month = feb,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {53--69},
}

@unpublished{martinez_now_2018,
	address = {University of Arizona},
	type = {Conference {Talk}},
	title = {Now that is showing possession: {Microvariation} in possessive relative clauses},
	author = {Martinez, Randi and Wood, Jim},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
}

@book{grant_scottish_1934,
	address = {Edinburgh},
	title = {The {Scottish} {National} {Dictionary} ({SND})},
	editor = {Grant, V.},
	year = {1934},
}

@book{orton_survey_1962,
	address = {Leeds},
	title = {Survey of {English} {Dialects} ({SED})},
	publisher = {E. J. Arnold \& Son},
	editor = {Orton, H. and {E. Dieth}},
	year = {1962},
}

@book{pederson_linguistic_1986,
	address = {Athens},
	title = {Linguistic {Atlas} of the {Gulf} {States} ({LAGS})},
	publisher = {University of Georgia Press},
	editor = {Pederson, Lee and {Susan Leas McDaniel} and {Guy Bailey} and {Marvin Bassett}},
	year = {1986},
}