@article{
 title = {What is the efficacy of standard face masks compared to respirator masks in preventing COVID-type respiratory illnesses in primary care staff?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {1-8},
 websites = {https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-efficacy-of-standard-face-masks-compared-to-respirator-masks-in-preventing-covid-type-respiratory-illnesses-in-primary-care-staff/},
 id = {173cde85-66c0-321d-9b68-118b9f0510d7},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.719Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.719Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Short review attempting to summarise evidence for increased risk to medical staff if wearing surgical masks rather than respirator masks. Standard surgical masks are as effective as respirator masks (e.g. N95, FFP2, FFP3) for preventing infection of healthcare workers in outbreaks of viral respiratory illnesses such as influenza. No head to head trial of these masks in COVID-19 has yet been published, and neither type of mask prevents all infection. Both types of mask need to be used in combination with other PPE measures. Respirator masks are recommended for protection during aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). Rapid reviews on wider PPE measures, and what counts as an AGP, are ongoing.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Greenhalgh, T. and Chan, Xin Hui and Khunti, Kamlesh and Durand-Moreau, Q. and Straube, Sebastian and Toomey, E. and Devane, D. and Adisesh, A.},
 journal = {Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service},
 keywords = {AGPs,Facemasks,PPE,influenza}
}

Short review attempting to summarise evidence for increased risk to medical staff if wearing surgical masks rather than respirator masks. Standard surgical masks are as effective as respirator masks (e.g. N95, FFP2, FFP3) for preventing infection of healthcare workers in outbreaks of viral respiratory illnesses such as influenza. No head to head trial of these masks in COVID-19 has yet been published, and neither type of mask prevents all infection. Both types of mask need to be used in combination with other PPE measures. Respirator masks are recommended for protection during aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). Rapid reviews on wider PPE measures, and what counts as an AGP, are ongoing.

@article{
 title = {A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {514-523},
 volume = {395},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9},
 publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
 id = {138fb141-f738-3b31-bfbc-b35582fd6448},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.742Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.742Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiological findings of five patients in a family cluster who presented with unexplained pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. One of the earliest studies describing the person to person transmission of COVID-19. The genome of the virus was sequenced and found to be most closely related to a bat coronavirus. There was some similarity to SARS-CoV-1, but the external receptor binding region of the spike protein was found to bear only 39% identity to that of SARS-CoV-1.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Chan, Jasper Fuk Woo and Yuan, Shuofeng and Kok, Kin Hang and To, Kelvin Kai Wang and Chu, Hin and Yang, Jin and Xing, Fanfan and Liu, Jieling and Yip, Cyril Chik Yan and Poon, Rosana Wing Shan and Tsoi, Hoi Wah and Lo, Simon Kam Fai and Chan, Kwok Hung and Poon, Vincent Kwok Man and Chan, Wan Mui and Ip, Jonathan Daniel and Cai, Jian Piao and Cheng, Vincent Chi Chung and Chen, Honglin and Hui, Christopher Kim Ming and Yuen, Kwok Yung},
 doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9},
 journal = {The Lancet},
 number = {10223},
 keywords = {Epidemiological,spike protein,transmission,virus sequence}
}

Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiological findings of five patients in a family cluster who presented with unexplained pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. One of the earliest studies describing the person to person transmission of COVID-19. The genome of the virus was sequenced and found to be most closely related to a bat coronavirus. There was some similarity to SARS-CoV-1, but the external receptor binding region of the spike protein was found to bear only 39% identity to that of SARS-CoV-1.

@article{
 title = {Virological assessment of hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Viral load,replication,respiratory tract,throat},
 pages = {2020.03.05.20030502},
 id = {1a3e1a48-4d1f-38ab-816a-d4415d940527},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.750Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.750Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Woelfel2020a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), current case definitions presume mainly lower respiratory tract infection. This study demonstrates that there is a high viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in the throat as well as proof of active throat replication. The present study shows that COVID-19 can often present as a common cold-like illness. SARS-CoV-2 can actively replicate in the upper respiratory tract, and is shed for a prolonged time after symptoms end, including in stool.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Woelfel, Roman and Corman, Victor Max and Guggemos, Wolfgang and Seilmaier, Michael and Zange, Sabine and Mueller, Marcel A and Niemeyer, Daniela and Vollmar, Patrick and Rothe, Camilla and Hoelscher, Michael and Bleicker, Tobias and Bruenink, Sebastian and Schneider, Julia and Ehmann, Rosina and Zwirglmaier, Katrin and Drosten, Christian and Wendtner, Clemens},
 doi = {10.1101/2020.03.05.20030502},
 journal = {medRxiv}
}

In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), current case definitions presume mainly lower respiratory tract infection. This study demonstrates that there is a high viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in the throat as well as proof of active throat replication. The present study shows that COVID-19 can often present as a common cold-like illness. SARS-CoV-2 can actively replicate in the upper respiratory tract, and is shed for a prolonged time after symptoms end, including in stool.

@article{
 title = {The impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - evidence from China},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Temperature,Virus survival,relative humidity,transmission},
 pages = {2020.03.22.20038919},
 websites = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.20038919v1},
 id = {d140182e-c0f8-3f53-ad73-0e6d46a0070e},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.753Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.753Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Study aimed to investigate the impact of temperature and humidity on infection rates of SARS-CoV-2. Claims to show that infection rate decreases as temperature increases. Paper used data on the daily cases data from China and distributed lag nonlinear modelling to calculate the daily incidence. They plotted this against temperature and absolute humidity to determine their impact on the disease spread.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Shi, Peng and Dong, Yinqiao and Yan, Huanchang and Li, Xiaoyang and Zhao, Chenkai and Liu, Wei and He, Miao and Tang, Shixing and Xi, Shuhua},
 doi = {10.1101/2020.03.22.20038919},
 journal = {medRxiv},
 number = {77}
}

Study aimed to investigate the impact of temperature and humidity on infection rates of SARS-CoV-2. Claims to show that infection rate decreases as temperature increases. Paper used data on the daily cases data from China and distributed lag nonlinear modelling to calculate the daily incidence. They plotted this against temperature and absolute humidity to determine their impact on the disease spread.

@article{
 title = {Potential utilities of mask wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS-CoV-2},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Facemasks,Hand hygiene,Influenza,PCR},
 pages = {0-2},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232986},
 id = {f80e9b44-2020-3e53-8240-2c7586a1247f},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.765Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.765Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Efficacy of three types of masks and instant hand wiping was evaluated using avian influenza virus to mock the coronavirus. Virus quantification was performed using real-time RT-PCR},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ma, Q X and Shan, H and Zhang, H L and Li, G M and Yang, R M and Chen, J M},
 doi = {10.1002/jmv.25805},
 journal = {J Med Virol}
}

Efficacy of three types of masks and instant hand wiping was evaluated using avian influenza virus to mock the coronavirus. Virus quantification was performed using real-time RT-PCR

@article{
 title = {A clinician’s view from the frontline: UV light and other strategies to reduce aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and protect health workers.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {PPE,aerosol transmission},
 pages = {1-3},
 volume = {1},
 id = {77f2ad6b-0c58-3dfb-b16f-d55c4e663d0f},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.770Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.770Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Short review written by an Australian doctor, giving their perspective on whether COVID-19 spreads through aerosols, and possible strategies to limit transmission.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Skorzewska, Natalia},
 doi = {10.31646/GBIO.60},
 journal = {Global Biosecurity},
 number = {3}
}

Short review written by an Australian doctor, giving their perspective on whether COVID-19 spreads through aerosols, and possible strategies to limit transmission.

@article{
 title = {An Imperative Need for Research on the Role of Environmental Factors in Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Virus inactivation,environmental factors,pollution,transmission},
 pages = {3730-3732},
 volume = {54},
 id = {e7893eef-8ec4-398a-b194-81dbd7b0e69b},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.772Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.772Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Short review discussing research needed to improve understanding of COVID-19 transmission. They discuss studies demonstrating environmental survival, including several studies demonstrating coronavirus survival in water for days to weeks. Mention the potential for aerosolised sewage to spread COVID-19. There is a need to understand the adsorption of the virus onto various forms of particulate matter, as these could become a means of long-distance transport of the virus in some places. There is also a higher incidence of pre-existing lung problems in areas with higher levels of air pollution.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Qu, Guangbo and Li, Xiangdong and Hu, Ligang and Jiang, Guibin},
 doi = {10.1021/acs.est.0c01102},
 journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},
 number = {7}
}

Short review discussing research needed to improve understanding of COVID-19 transmission. They discuss studies demonstrating environmental survival, including several studies demonstrating coronavirus survival in water for days to weeks. Mention the potential for aerosolised sewage to spread COVID-19. There is a need to understand the adsorption of the virus onto various forms of particulate matter, as these could become a means of long-distance transport of the virus in some places. There is also a higher incidence of pre-existing lung problems in areas with higher levels of air pollution.

@article{
 title = {A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental / Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Relative Humidity,Temperature,Virus survival},
 pages = {1-12},
 volume = {2019},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0325.v1},
 id = {9c29bf76-4f28-3009-84bc-c3bd15a6bf6b},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.776Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.776Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Study of the relationship between humidity and temperature on COVID-19 transmission around the world. Introduction cites studies on the impact of environmental parameters on virus survival.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Rahman, Arifur and Hossain, Golzar and Singha, Atul Chandra and Islam, Sayeedul},
 doi = {10.20944/preprints202003.0325.v1},
 journal = {Preprints 2020},
 number = {March}
}

Study of the relationship between humidity and temperature on COVID-19 transmission around the world. Introduction cites studies on the impact of environmental parameters on virus survival.

@article{
 title = {Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2).},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {asymptomatic infections,disease spread,transmission},
 pages = {1-9},
 volume = {3221},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32179701},
 id = {14f83976-8fe7-3bc9-b72c-95953edbc6c9},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.889Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.889Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Estimating the amount of undocumented Coronavirus infections and how this contributed to the spread},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Li, Ruiyun and Pei, Sen and Chen, Bin and Song, Yimeng and Zhang, Tao and Yang, Wan and Shaman, Jeffrey},
 doi = {10.1126/science.abb3221},
 journal = {Science},
 number = {March}
}

Estimating the amount of undocumented Coronavirus infections and how this contributed to the spread

@article{
 title = {Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {RNA,aerodynamic,airborne,disinfection,size distribution,ventilation},
 pages = {557–560},
 volume = {582},
 id = {2eba4e67-df8e-3a6e-b15c-afee844206eb},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.904Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.904Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {RNA concentration determined from thirty five aerosol samples collected from patient areas and public areas and the size distribution of aerosol was determined. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols detected in isolation wards and ventilated patient rooms was very low, but it was elevated in the patients’ toilet areas. Levels of airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the majority of public areas was undetectable except in two areas prone to crowding, possibly due to infected carriers in the crowd. Results indicate that room ventilation, open space, sanitization of protective apparel, and proper use and disinfection of toilet areas can effectively limit the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Liu, Yuan and Ning, Zhi and Chen, Yu and Guo, Ming and Liu, Yingle and Gali, Nirmal Kumar and Sun, Li and Duan, Yusen and Cai, Jing and Westerdahl, Dane and Liu, Xinjin and Ho, Kin-fai and Kan, Haidong and Fu, Qingyan and Lan, Ke},
 doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3},
 journal = {Nature}
}

RNA concentration determined from thirty five aerosol samples collected from patient areas and public areas and the size distribution of aerosol was determined. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols detected in isolation wards and ventilated patient rooms was very low, but it was elevated in the patients’ toilet areas. Levels of airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the majority of public areas was undetectable except in two areas prone to crowding, possibly due to infected carriers in the crowd. Results indicate that room ventilation, open space, sanitization of protective apparel, and proper use and disinfection of toilet areas can effectively limit the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols.

@article{
 title = {Comparative dynamic aerosol efficiencies of three emergent coronaviruses and the unusual persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol suspensions},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Virus survival,aerosol survival,viability},
 pages = {doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.20063784},
 id = {c098e989-39d3-388b-8e46-b211a576a176},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.920Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.920Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Fears2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Pre-print studying the dynamic (short-term) aerosol efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 and compared the efficiencies with two other emerging coronaviruses, SARS-CoV (emerged in 2002) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV; emerged in 2012). SARS-CoV-2 has high aerosol efficiency and can maintain infectivity when suspended in aerosols for up to 16 hours.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Fears, A.C. and Klimstra, W.B. and Duprex, P. and Hartman, A. and Weaver, S.C. and Plante, K.C. and Mirchandani, D. and Plante, J.A. and Aguilar, P.V. and Fernández, D. and Nalca, A. and Totura, A. and Dyer, D. and Kearney, B. and Lackemeyer, M. and Bohannon, J.K. and Johnson, R. and Garry, R.F. and Reed, D.S. and Roy, C.J.},
 journal = {medRxiv}
}

Pre-print studying the dynamic (short-term) aerosol efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 and compared the efficiencies with two other emerging coronaviruses, SARS-CoV (emerged in 2002) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV; emerged in 2012). SARS-CoV-2 has high aerosol efficiency and can maintain infectivity when suspended in aerosols for up to 16 hours.

@article{
 title = {Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {NO2,Pollution,Risk factors},
 pages = {138605},
 volume = {726},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605},
 publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
 id = {5471a39e-0b5e-3f61-92ba-cc9f5285fc7a},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.939Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.939Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ogen2020a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Early studies show that risk factors associated with development of Covid-19 are (older age, history of smoking), hypertension and heart disease, diabetes, atrial fibrilliation and chronic renal failure. Many Covid-19 deaths were related to cytokine storm syndrome. The incidence of these disease can also be caused by long term exposure to NO2 air pollution. Exposure to NO2 causes inflammatory response in airways, which can induce synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines from airway epithelial cells which play a role in the cause of airway disease. They plot a bar graph of NO2 concentration and show correlation with deaths, but there are only 3 bins plotted. This work shows there is scope for future work in this area.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ogen, Yaron},
 doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605},
 journal = {Science of the Total Environment}
}

Early studies show that risk factors associated with development of Covid-19 are (older age, history of smoking), hypertension and heart disease, diabetes, atrial fibrilliation and chronic renal failure. Many Covid-19 deaths were related to cytokine storm syndrome. The incidence of these disease can also be caused by long term exposure to NO2 air pollution. Exposure to NO2 causes inflammatory response in airways, which can induce synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines from airway epithelial cells which play a role in the cause of airway disease. They plot a bar graph of NO2 concentration and show correlation with deaths, but there are only 3 bins plotted. This work shows there is scope for future work in this area.

@misc{
 title = {Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2020},
 source = {New England Journal of Medicine},
 keywords = {Fomite,Goldberg drum,TCID50,Virus survival,surface survival,viability},
 pages = {1564-1567},
 volume = {382},
 issue = {16},
 websites = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2004973},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {Massachussetts Medical Society},
 day = {16},
 id = {c61509ca-6959-3658-b9ef-f2ef8b3d1e01},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.950Z},
 accessed = {2020-07-27},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.950Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {VanDoremalen2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Study measures the survival of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 on several different materials and in nebulised aerosols in a Goldberg drum using TCID50 to measure viable virus concentration. The duration of the aerosol experiment (nebulised aerosol in a Goldberg drum, RH 65%, 21-23 °C) was 3 hours over which a TCID50 drop of around 85% was observed for SARS-CoV-2. It appeared to follow an exponential decay with a half life of 2.7 hours. This was similar in both SARS-CoV-1 and 2. Surface survival was best on plastic and stainless steel. Viable virus could still be detected after 72 hours but TCID50 had dropped by 2 orders of magnitude. Surface survival also followed an exponential decay.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Van Doremalen, Neeltje and Bushmaker, Trenton and Morris, Dylan H. and Holbrook, Myndi G. and Gamble, Amandine and Williamson, Brandi N. and Tamin, Azaibi and Harcourt, Jennifer L. and Thornburg, Natalie J. and Gerber, Susan I. and Lloyd-Smith, James O. and De Wit, Emmie and Munster, Vincent J.},
 doi = {10.1056/NEJMc2004973}
}

Study measures the survival of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 on several different materials and in nebulised aerosols in a Goldberg drum using TCID50 to measure viable virus concentration. The duration of the aerosol experiment (nebulised aerosol in a Goldberg drum, RH 65%, 21-23 °C) was 3 hours over which a TCID50 drop of around 85% was observed for SARS-CoV-2. It appeared to follow an exponential decay with a half life of 2.7 hours. This was similar in both SARS-CoV-1 and 2. Surface survival was best on plastic and stainless steel. Viable virus could still be detected after 72 hours but TCID50 had dropped by 2 orders of magnitude. Surface survival also followed an exponential decay.

@article{
 title = {Transmission of coronavirus by nebulizer: a serious, underappreciated risk},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {AGPs,nebuliser,transmission},
 pages = {E346},
 volume = {192},
 websites = {http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/short/192/13/E346?rss=1&utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound},
 id = {71419ffc-a5e4-399e-b504-86e8550d6d30},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.016Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.016Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Brief letter discussing the risks of corona virus transmission is increased through the use of nebulisers (aerosol generating procedures)},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Amirav, Israel and Newhouse, Michael T.},
 doi = {10.1503/cmaj.75066},
 journal = {CMAJ},
 number = {2}
}

Brief letter discussing the risks of corona virus transmission is increased through the use of nebulisers (aerosol generating procedures)

@article{
 title = {Transmission Potential of SARS-CoV-2 in Viral Shedding Observed at the University of Nebraska Medical Center},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {Viral shedding,airborne,exposure,fomite,transmission},
 pages = {2020.03.23.20039446},
 websites = {http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/03/26/2020.03.23.20039446.1.abstract},
 id = {8ec90b2e-d67d-312e-a081-2d9cbdea7990},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.049Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.049Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Santarpia2020a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {During the initial isolation of 13 individuals confirmed positive with COVID-19 infection, air and surface samples were collected in eleven isolation rooms to examine viral shedding from isolated individuals. These data indicate significant environmental contamination in rooms where patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are housed and cared for, regardless of the degree of symptoms or acuity of illness. The data is suggestive that viral aerosol particles are produced by individuals that have the COVID-19 disease, even in the absence of cough.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Santarpia, Joshua L and Rivera, Danielle N and Herrera, Vicki and Morwitzer, M Jane and Creager, Hannah and Santarpia, George W and Crown, Kevin K and Brett-Major, David and Schnaubelt, Elizabeth and Broadhurst, M Jana and Lawler, James V and Reid, St. Patrick and Lowe, John J},
 doi = {10.1101/2020.03.23.20039446},
 journal = {medRxiv}
}

During the initial isolation of 13 individuals confirmed positive with COVID-19 infection, air and surface samples were collected in eleven isolation rooms to examine viral shedding from isolated individuals. These data indicate significant environmental contamination in rooms where patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are housed and cared for, regardless of the degree of symptoms or acuity of illness. The data is suggestive that viral aerosol particles are produced by individuals that have the COVID-19 disease, even in the absence of cough.

@article{
 title = {Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {E1-E2},
 id = {2861ebf6-5d41-3eac-8ecb-be2405f7cdcb},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.052Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.052Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bourouiba2020a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {An editorial discussing the importance of studying cough droplets as 'clouds' rather than single droplets. Lifetimes of droplets could be extended due to the local mist raising the humidity. The advised 2m separation distance is based on estimates of range that have not considered the possible presence of a high-momentum cloud carrying the droplets long distances.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bourouiba, Lydia},
 doi = {10.1001/jama.2020.4756},
 journal = {JAMA},
 keywords = {cough,expiration,exposure,jets,transmission}
}

An editorial discussing the importance of studying cough droplets as 'clouds' rather than single droplets. Lifetimes of droplets could be extended due to the local mist raising the humidity. The advised 2m separation distance is based on estimates of range that have not considered the possible presence of a high-momentum cloud carrying the droplets long distances.

@article{
 title = {The coronavirus pandemic and aerosols : Does COVID-19 transmit via expiratory particles ?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {635–638},
 volume = {54},
 websites = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.1749229},
 publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
 id = {792e1cd7-0700-341d-9e42-5d0b8e8f0047},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.081Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.081Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Asadi2020},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Editorial summarises key points about COVID-19 transmission, and calling on the aerosol science community to better understand the transport processes of virus-containing aerosols.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Asadi, Sima and Bouvier, Nicole and Wexler, Anthony S and Ristenpart, William D},
 doi = {10.1080/02786826.2020.1749229},
 journal = {Aerosol Science and Technology},
 number = {6},
 keywords = {Transmission,aerosol,airborne,droplet}
}

Editorial summarises key points about COVID-19 transmission, and calling on the aerosol science community to better understand the transport processes of virus-containing aerosols.

@article{
 title = {The impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - evidence from China},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 pages = {2020.03.22.20038919},
 websites = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.20038919v1},
 id = {9f765003-e369-3869-86d2-28be9c39e727},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.165Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.165Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Shi2020a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. DESIGN Ecological study. SETTING 31 provincial-level regions in mainland China. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data on COVID-19 incidence and climate between Jan 20 and Feb 29, 2020. RESULTS The number of new confirm COVID-19 cases in mainland China peaked on Feb 1, 2020. COVID-19 daily incidence were lowest at -10 ℃ and highest at 10 ℃,while the maximum incidence was observed at the absolute humidity of approximately 7 g/m3. COVID-19 incidence changed with temperature as daily incidence decreased when the temperature rose. No significant association between COVID-19 incidence and absolute humidity was observed in distributed lag nonlinear models. Additionally, A modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (M-SEIR) model confirmed that transmission rate decreased with the increase of temperature, leading to further decrease of infection rate and outbreak scale. CONCLUSION Temperature is an environmental driver of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Lower and higher temperatures might be positive to decrease the COVID-19 incidence. M-SEIR models help to better evaluate environmental and social impacts on COVID-19.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

### Funding Statement

The work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China to Prof Shuhua Xi (2018YFC1801204). The funders had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

### Author Declarations

All relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.

Yes

All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.

Yes

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

Yes

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.

Yes

Data on climate conditions and population were retrieved from official reports previously released in mainland China. Therefore, the ethical review was not required.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Shi, Peng and Dong, Yinqiao and Yan, Huanchang and Li, Xiaoyang and Zhao, Chenkai and Liu, Wei and He, Miao and Tang, Shixing and Xi, Shuhua},
 doi = {10.1101/2020.03.22.20038919},
 journal = {medRxiv},
 number = {77}
}

OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. DESIGN Ecological study. SETTING 31 provincial-level regions in mainland China. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data on COVID-19 incidence and climate between Jan 20 and Feb 29, 2020. RESULTS The number of new confirm COVID-19 cases in mainland China peaked on Feb 1, 2020. COVID-19 daily incidence were lowest at -10 ℃ and highest at 10 ℃,while the maximum incidence was observed at the absolute humidity of approximately 7 g/m3. COVID-19 incidence changed with temperature as daily incidence decreased when the temperature rose. No significant association between COVID-19 incidence and absolute humidity was observed in distributed lag nonlinear models. Additionally, A modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (M-SEIR) model confirmed that transmission rate decreased with the increase of temperature, leading to further decrease of infection rate and outbreak scale. CONCLUSION Temperature is an environmental driver of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Lower and higher temperatures might be positive to decrease the COVID-19 incidence. M-SEIR models help to better evaluate environmental and social impacts on COVID-19. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement The work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China to Prof Shuhua Xi (2018YFC1801204). The funders had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ### Author Declarations All relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript. Yes All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data on climate conditions and population were retrieved from official reports previously released in mainland China. Therefore, the ethical review was not required.

@article{
 title = {Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020},
 type = {article},
 year = {2020},
 keywords = {epidemiological study,retrospective,transmission},
 pages = {June},
 volume = {26},
 websites = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/20-0412?utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound},
 id = {ae708a0f-d71f-363d-83ed-1ffc8804f41d},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.182Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.182Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Cai2020a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Study investigates a cluster of COVID-19 cases to determine how transmission occurred in each case; there appears to be an unknown route of transmission for many of the cases. One group (patients A -G) all shared an office on the top floor of the mall and had links to the woman thought to have been the index case (patient A). However, the other infected mall workers and customers claimed to not have been in contact with this group. The elevators were a suspected route of transmission, but tests of the buttons and walls of the elevators came back negative. All of the patients outside of the shared office group were female, perhaps indicating restrooms as a source of infection.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Cai, Jing and Sun, Wenjie and Huang, Jianping and Gamber, Michelle and Wu, Jing and He, Guiqing},
 doi = {10.3201/eid2606.200412},
 journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},
 number = {6}
}

Study investigates a cluster of COVID-19 cases to determine how transmission occurred in each case; there appears to be an unknown route of transmission for many of the cases. One group (patients A -G) all shared an office on the top floor of the mall and had links to the woman thought to have been the index case (patient A). However, the other infected mall workers and customers claimed to not have been in contact with this group. The elevators were a suspected route of transmission, but tests of the buttons and walls of the elevators came back negative. All of the patients outside of the shared office group were female, perhaps indicating restrooms as a source of infection.

@article{
 title = {Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: A commentary},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Aerosol,Airborne,Droplet,Infection,Transmission},
 pages = {1-9},
 volume = {19},
 publisher = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
 id = {1b3eb85c-d655-3c05-8c51-8b64970a3747},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.206Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T13:11:42.161Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Tellier2019a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This study is not about SARS-CoV-2 specifically, but it discusses the classifications of aerosol transmission as being 'aerosol borne' or 'droplet borne'. These authors think that it is important to maintain a distinction between particles of < 10 μm and larger particles, because of their significant qualitative differences including suspension time, penetration of different regions of the airways and requirements for different PPE.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Tellier, Raymond and Li, Yuguo and Cowling, Benjamin J. and Tang, Julian W.},
 doi = {10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y},
 journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
 number = {1}
}

This study is not about SARS-CoV-2 specifically, but it discusses the classifications of aerosol transmission as being 'aerosol borne' or 'droplet borne'. These authors think that it is important to maintain a distinction between particles of < 10 μm and larger particles, because of their significant qualitative differences including suspension time, penetration of different regions of the airways and requirements for different PPE.

@article{
 title = {How far droplets can move in indoor environments – revisiting the Wells evaporation–falling curve},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {Dispersion,Droplet Transformation,Evaporation,Expiration},
 pages = {211-225},
 volume = {17},
 id = {2d3aa669-fc95-3e24-a1fb-fc26b050d6ca},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.183Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:10.275Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Xie2007a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Studying the evaporation and dispersion of droplets when exhaled at different rates and in different RHs. The “critical size” of droplet (dictating whether it falls and settles, or whether it evaporates) decreases as the evaporation rate decreases (e.g. higher RH). For coughing respiratory rates (10 m s-1), all droplet sizes studied deposited or evaporated within 2 m.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Xie, X. and Li, Y. and Chwang, A.T.Y. and Ho, P.L. and Seto, W.H.},
 doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00469.x},
 journal = {Indoor Air}
}

Studying the evaporation and dispersion of droplets when exhaled at different rates and in different RHs. The “critical size” of droplet (dictating whether it falls and settles, or whether it evaporates) decreases as the evaporation rate decreases (e.g. higher RH). For coughing respiratory rates (10 m s-1), all droplet sizes studied deposited or evaporated within 2 m.

@article{
 title = {Is the coronavirus airborne? Experts can't agree},
 type = {article},
 keywords = {Aerosol,Airborne,Droplet,Transmission},
 websites = {http://feeds.nature.com/~r/nature/rss/current/~3/aEFR0GkgmJo/d41586-020-00974-w?utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound},
 id = {664211e8-ec3e-3316-b509-2ab6b74a7e42},
 created = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.966Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {317fdcd2-b041-3222-bca0-702f39879f87},
 group_id = {b3d61752-de2a-32fd-8576-9b4f9cb05f29},
 last_modified = {2020-08-24T12:02:09.966Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Lewisa},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Summary of the definitions between ‘droplet’ and ‘aerosol’ transmission modes. Evidence for and against virus airborne transmission},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Lewis, Dyani},
 doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-00974-w},
 journal = {Nature}
}

Summary of the definitions between ‘droplet’ and ‘aerosol’ transmission modes. Evidence for and against virus airborne transmission