@inproceedings{bergmann_project_2017,
	title = {Project {EVER}: {Extraction} and {Processing} of {Procedural} {Experience} {Knowledge} in {Workflows}},
	url = {http://wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/2017_POCBR_BergmannEtAl.pdf},
	booktitle = {{ICCBR} 2017 {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	author = {Bergmann, Ralph and Minor, Mirjam and Müller, Gilbert and Schumacher, Pol},
	year = {2017},
}

@inproceedings{pol_schumacher_towards_2014,
	title = {Towards a {Trace} {Index} {Based} {Workflow} {Similarity} {Function}},
	url = {http://www.wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/2014_KI_SchumacherMinor.pdf},
	booktitle = {Proc. 37th {German} {Conference} on {Artificial} {Intelligence} ({KI} 2014)},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {{Pol Schumacher} and {Mirjam Minor}},
	year = {2014},
	note = {The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com},
}

@incollection{schumacher_use_2014,
	series = {Advances in {Intelligent} {Systems} and {Computing}},
	title = {On the {Use} of {Anaphora} {Resolution} for {Workflow} {Extraction}},
	copyright = {©2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland},
	isbn = {978-3-319-04716-4 978-3-319-04717-1},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04717-1_7},
	abstract = {In this chapter we present three anaphora resolution approaches for workflow extraction. We introduce a lexical approach and two further approaches based on a set of association rules which are created during a statistical analysis of a corpus of workflows. We implement these approaches in our generic workflow extraction framework. The workflow extraction framework allows to derive a formal representation based on workflows from textual descriptions of instructions, for instance, of aircraft repair procedures from a maintenance manual. The framework applies a pipes-and-filters architecture and uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools to perform information extraction steps automatically. We evaluate the anaphora resolution approaches in the cooking domain. Two different evaluation functions are used for the evaluation which compare the extraction result with a golden standard. The syntactic function is strictly limited to syntactical comparison. The semantic evaluation function can use an ontology to infer a semantic distance for the evaluation. The evaluation shows that the most advanced anaphora resolution approach performs best. In addition a comparison of the semantic and syntactic evaluation functions shows that the semantic evaluation function is better suited for the evaluation of the anaphora resolution approaches.},
	language = {en},
	number = {263},
	urldate = {2014-02-27},
	booktitle = {Integration of {Reusable} {Systems}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Schumacher, Pol and Minor, Mirjam and Schulte-Zurhausen, Erik},
	editor = {Bouabana-Tebibel, Thouraya and Rubin, Stuart H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics), Computational Intelligence, information extraction, Anaphora resolution, Process oriented case-based reasoning, Workflow extraction},
	pages = {151--170},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Minor\\Zotero\\storage\\EIGHFZ7D\\978-3-319-04717-1_7.html:text/html},
}

In this chapter we present three anaphora resolution approaches for workflow extraction. We introduce a lexical approach and two further approaches based on a set of association rules which are created during a statistical analysis of a corpus of workflows. We implement these approaches in our generic workflow extraction framework. The workflow extraction framework allows to derive a formal representation based on workflows from textual descriptions of instructions, for instance, of aircraft repair procedures from a maintenance manual. The framework applies a pipes-and-filters architecture and uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools to perform information extraction steps automatically. We evaluate the anaphora resolution approaches in the cooking domain. Two different evaluation functions are used for the evaluation which compare the extraction result with a golden standard. The syntactic function is strictly limited to syntactical comparison. The semantic evaluation function can use an ontology to infer a semantic distance for the evaluation. The evaluation shows that the most advanced anaphora resolution approach performs best. In addition a comparison of the semantic and syntactic evaluation functions shows that the semantic evaluation function is better suited for the evaluation of the anaphora resolution approaches.

@inproceedings{homburg_towards_2014,
	address = {Stuttgart, Germany},
	title = {Towards workflow planning based on semantic eligibility},
	url = {http://wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/puk2014.pdf},
	abstract = {A major problem in the research for new artificial intelligence meth-
ods for workflows is the evaluation. There is a lack of large evaluation corpora.
Existing methods manually model workflows or use workflow extraction to auto-
matically extract workflows from text. Both existing approaches have limitations.
The manual modeling of workflows requires a lot of human effort and it would
be expensive to create a large test corpus. Workflow extraction is limited by the
number of existing textual process descriptions and it is not guaranteed that the
workflows are semantically correct. In this paper we suggest to set up a planning
domain and apply a planner to create a large number of valid plans. Workflows
can be derived from plans. The planner uses a semantic eligibility function to
determine whether an operator can be applied to a resource or not. We present a
first concept and a prototype implementation in the cooking workflow domain.},
	booktitle = {28. {Workshop} "{Planen}, {Scheduling} und {Konfigurieren}, {Entwerfen}"},
	author = {Homburg, Timo and Schumacher, Pol and Minor, Mirjam},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
}

A major problem in the research for new artificial intelligence meth- ods for workflows is the evaluation. There is a lack of large evaluation corpora. Existing methods manually model workflows or use workflow extraction to auto- matically extract workflows from text. Both existing approaches have limitations. The manual modeling of workflows requires a lot of human effort and it would be expensive to create a large test corpus. Workflow extraction is limited by the number of existing textual process descriptions and it is not guaranteed that the workflows are semantically correct. In this paper we suggest to set up a planning domain and apply a planner to create a large number of valid plans. Workflows can be derived from plans. The planner uses a semantic eligibility function to determine whether an operator can be applied to a resource or not. We present a first concept and a prototype implementation in the cooking workflow domain.

@inproceedings{schumacher_extracting_2014,
	address = {San Francisco, California, USA},
	title = {Extracting control-flow from text},
	booktitle = {Proc. of the 2014 {IEEE} 15th {International} {Conference} on {Information} {Reuse} and {Integration}},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Schumacher, Pol and Minor, Mirjam},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {203 -- 210},
}

@inproceedings{schumacher_towards_2014,
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	title = {Towards a {Trace} {Index} {Based} {Workflow} {Similarity} {Function}},
	volume = {8736},
	isbn = {978-3-319-11205-3},
	url = {http://wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/2014_KI_SchumacherMinor.pdf},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-11206-0_22},
	abstract = {In this paper we present first steps towards an index based
workflow similarity function. Classical approaches on workflow similarity
perform a pairwise comparison of workflows, thus the workflow similar-
ity function presented in this paper can speedup the calculation as the
comparison is performed on the index.},
	booktitle = {{KI} 2014: {Advances} in {Artificial} {Intelligence} - 37th {Annual} {German} {Conference} on {AI}, {Stuttgart}, {Germany}, {September} 22-26, 2014. {Proceedings}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Schumacher, Pol and Minor, Mirjam},
	editor = {Lutz, Carsten and Thielscher, Michael},
	year = {2014},
	note = {The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com},
	pages = {225--230},
}

In this paper we present first steps towards an index based workflow similarity function. Classical approaches on workflow similarity perform a pairwise comparison of workflows, thus the workflow similar- ity function presented in this paper can speedup the calculation as the comparison is performed on the index.

@inproceedings{keppler_goetheshaker_2014,
	title = {{GoetheShaker} - {Developing} a rating score for automated evaluation of cocktail recipes},
	url = {http://wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/2014_CCC_SpaetEtal.pdf},
	booktitle = {{ICCBR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	author = {Keppler, Marius and Kohlhase, Moritz and Lauritzen, Niels and Schmidt, Matthias and Schumacher, Pol and Spät, Alexander},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {101--108},
}

@inproceedings{schumacher_hybrid_2013,
	address = {Passau, Germany},
	title = {Hybrid extraction of personal workflows},
	isbn = {978-3-95545-016-8},
	abstract = {In this paper we present an approach to formalize process-oriented knowl-
edge from user generated content by extracting workflows from text. We aim at textual
descriptions of procedures. By modeling formal workflows for such descriptions it is
possible to provide end users with step-by-step guidance, for instance during config-
uring a new appliance or during cooking. Currently, workflow modeling in the food
and kitchen sector is gaining increasing attention in the industry since home cook-
ery is an expanding market. Recipe platform providers, health support services and
producers of kitchen appliances have recently started developments in this field. Our
approach automatically extracts workflows from cooking recipes to support the pro-
cess of workflow modeling for cooking guidance. We implemented a prototypical
workflow extraction system and evaluated it in a laboratory experiment. We executed
the experiment with 7 probands and gathered 202 data-points. The experimental re-
sults confirm the benefits of our approach.},
	booktitle = {Konferenzbeiträge der 7. {Konferenz} {Professionelles} {Wissenmanagement}},
	publisher = {Berlin : Gito-Verl.},
	author = {Schumacher, Pol and Minor, Mirjam},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {113--127},
}

In this paper we present an approach to formalize process-oriented knowl- edge from user generated content by extracting workflows from text. We aim at textual descriptions of procedures. By modeling formal workflows for such descriptions it is possible to provide end users with step-by-step guidance, for instance during config- uring a new appliance or during cooking. Currently, workflow modeling in the food and kitchen sector is gaining increasing attention in the industry since home cook- ery is an expanding market. Recipe platform providers, health support services and producers of kitchen appliances have recently started developments in this field. Our approach automatically extracts workflows from cooking recipes to support the pro- cess of workflow modeling for cooking guidance. We implemented a prototypical workflow extraction system and evaluated it in a laboratory experiment. We executed the experiment with 7 probands and gathered 202 data-points. The experimental re- sults confirm the benefits of our approach.

@inproceedings{schumacher_extracting_2013,
	title = {Extracting and enriching workflows from text},
	doi = {10.1109/IRI.2013.6642484},
	abstract = {This paper is on a workflow extraction framework which allows to derive a formal representation based on workflows from textual descriptions of instructions, for instance, of aircraft repair procedures from a maintenance manual. The framework applies a pipes-and-filters architecture and uses NLP (Natural Language Processing) tools to perform information extraction steps automatically. In detail, the paper presents on the step of anaphora resolution to enrich the workflow extracted so far. We introduce a lexical approach and two further approaches based on a set of association rules which are created during a statistical analysis of a corpus of workflows. The results of the approaches are compared to each other. For the evaluation, we use 37 workflows which have been created by a human expert.},
	booktitle = {2013 {IEEE} 14th {International} {Conference} on {Information} {Reuse} and {Integration} ({IRI})},
	author = {Schumacher, P. and Minor, M. and Schulte-Zurhausen, E.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Natural language processing, business data processing, business process, Cognition, Aircraft, aircraft repair procedures, Anaphora resolution, association rules, data mining, formal representation, information extraction steps, information retrieval, lexical approach, Maintenance engineering, natural language processing tools, NLP tools, Pipelines, pipes-and-filters architecture, Pragmatics, Rockets, statistical analysis, text analysis, textual process descriptions, workflow extraction framework},
	pages = {285--292},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:C\:\\Users\\Minor\\Zotero\\storage\\AXQPXX77\\freeabs_all.html:text/html},
}

This paper is on a workflow extraction framework which allows to derive a formal representation based on workflows from textual descriptions of instructions, for instance, of aircraft repair procedures from a maintenance manual. The framework applies a pipes-and-filters architecture and uses NLP (Natural Language Processing) tools to perform information extraction steps automatically. In detail, the paper presents on the step of anaphora resolution to enrich the workflow extracted so far. We introduce a lexical approach and two further approaches based on a set of association rules which are created during a statistical analysis of a corpus of workflows. The results of the approaches are compared to each other. For the evaluation, we use 37 workflows which have been created by a human expert.

@inproceedings{schumacher_anaphora_2013,
	address = {Saratoga Springs, New York, USA},
	title = {Anaphora resolution in a pipes-and-filters framework for workflow extraction},
	url = {http://www.wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/2013_POCBR_SchumacherEtal.pdf},
	booktitle = {{ICCBR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}},
	author = {Schumacher, Pol and Minor, Mirjam and Schulte-Zurhausen, Eric},
	year = {2013},
}

@inproceedings{bergmann_ralph_scaling_2012,
	address = {Lyon},
	title = {Scaling similarity-based retrieval of semantic workflows},
	url = {http://www.wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/2012_ICCBR_POCBR_Bergmann_etal.pdf},
	booktitle = {{ICCBR}-{Workshop} on {Process}-oriented {Case}-{Based} {Reasoning}},
	author = {{Bergmann, Ralph} and {Minor, Mirjam} and {Islam, Siblee} and {Schumacher, Pol} and {Stromer, Alexander}},
	editor = {{Lamontagne, Luc} and {Recio-Garcia, Juan A.}},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {15--24},
}

@inproceedings{schumacher_extraction_2012,
	address = {Lyon, France},
	title = {Extraction of {Procedural} {Knowledge} from the {Web}},
	booktitle = {Workshop {Proceedings}: {WWW}'12},
	author = {Schumacher, Pol and Minor, Mirjam and Walter, Kirstin and Bergmann, Ralph},
	year = {2012},
}

@inproceedings{minor_confidence_2012,
	series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}},
	title = {Confidence in {Workflow} {Adaptation}},
	url = {http://www.wi.cs.uni-frankfurt.de/webdav/publications/2012_ICCBR_Minor_springer.pdf},
	booktitle = {Case-{Based} {Reasoning}. {Research} and {Development}, 20th {International} {Conference} on {Case}-{Based} {Reasoning}, {ICCBR} 2012},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Minor, Mirjam and Islam, Siblee and Schumacher, Pol},
	year = {2012},
	note = {The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com},
	keywords = {Adaptation, CBR},
	pages = {255--268},
}