@article{schott_diversity_2024,
	title = {Diversity and {Evolution} of {Frog} {Visual} {Opsins}: {Spectral} {Tuning} and {Adaptation} to {Distinct} {Light} {Environments}},
	volume = {41},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1537-1719},
	shorttitle = {Diversity and {Evolution} of {Frog} {Visual} {Opsins}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae049},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msae049},
	abstract = {Visual systems adapt to different light environments through several avenues including optical changes to the eye and neurological changes in how light signals are processed and interpreted. Spectral sensitivity can evolve via changes to visual pigments housed in the retinal photoreceptors through gene duplication and loss, differential and coexpression, and sequence evolution. Frogs provide an excellent, yet understudied, system for visual evolution research due to their diversity of ecologies (including biphasic aquatic-terrestrial life cycles) that we hypothesize imposed different selective pressures leading to adaptive evolution of the visual system, notably the opsins that encode the protein component of the visual pigments responsible for the first step in visual perception. Here, we analyze the diversity and evolution of visual opsin genes from 93 new eye transcriptomes plus published data for a combined dataset spanning 122 frog species and 34 families. We find that most species express the four visual opsins previously identified in frogs but show evidence for gene loss in two lineages. Further, we present evidence of positive selection in three opsins and shifts in selective pressures associated with differences in habitat and life history, but not activity pattern. We identify substantial novel variation in the visual opsins and, using microspectrophotometry, find highly variable spectral sensitivities, expanding known ranges for all frog visual pigments. Mutations at spectral-tuning sites only partially account for this variation, suggesting that frogs have used tuning pathways that are unique among vertebrates. These results support the hypothesis of adaptive evolution in photoreceptor physiology across the frog tree of life in response to varying environmental and ecological factors and further our growing understanding of vertebrate visual evolution.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-04-07},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	author = {Schott, Ryan K and Fujita, Matthew K and Streicher, Jeffrey W and Gower, David J and Thomas, Kate N and Loew, Ellis R and Bamba Kaya, Abraham G and Bittencourt-Silva, Gabriela B and Guillherme Becker, C and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego and Clulow, Simon and Davila, Mateo and Firneno, Jr, Thomas J and Haddad, Célio F B and Janssenswillen, Sunita and Labisko, Jim and Maddock, Simon T and Mahony, Michael and Martins, Renato A and Michaels, Christopher J and Mitchell, Nicola J and Portik, Daniel M and Prates, Ivan and Roelants, Kim and Roelke, Corey and Tobi, Elie and Woolfolk, Maya and Bell, Rayna C},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {msae049},
}

Visual systems adapt to different light environments through several avenues including optical changes to the eye and neurological changes in how light signals are processed and interpreted. Spectral sensitivity can evolve via changes to visual pigments housed in the retinal photoreceptors through gene duplication and loss, differential and coexpression, and sequence evolution. Frogs provide an excellent, yet understudied, system for visual evolution research due to their diversity of ecologies (including biphasic aquatic-terrestrial life cycles) that we hypothesize imposed different selective pressures leading to adaptive evolution of the visual system, notably the opsins that encode the protein component of the visual pigments responsible for the first step in visual perception. Here, we analyze the diversity and evolution of visual opsin genes from 93 new eye transcriptomes plus published data for a combined dataset spanning 122 frog species and 34 families. We find that most species express the four visual opsins previously identified in frogs but show evidence for gene loss in two lineages. Further, we present evidence of positive selection in three opsins and shifts in selective pressures associated with differences in habitat and life history, but not activity pattern. We identify substantial novel variation in the visual opsins and, using microspectrophotometry, find highly variable spectral sensitivities, expanding known ranges for all frog visual pigments. Mutations at spectral-tuning sites only partially account for this variation, suggesting that frogs have used tuning pathways that are unique among vertebrates. These results support the hypothesis of adaptive evolution in photoreceptor physiology across the frog tree of life in response to varying environmental and ecological factors and further our growing understanding of vertebrate visual evolution.

@article{diaz_successful_2020,
	title = {Successful xenotransfusion from a domestic dog ({Canis} familiaris) to an {Andean} fox ({Lycalopex} culpaeus)},
	volume = {57},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1678-4456, 1413-9596},
	url = {https://www.revistas.usp.br/bjvras/article/view/161756},
	doi = {10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2020.161756},
	abstract = {An Andean fox was transferred to the Wildlife Hospital of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito for evaluation of injuries caused by a run over. Clinical signs of hypovolemic shock were detected. Radiographies showed multiple pelvic fractures and free fluid in retroperitoneal cavity. The presumptive diagnosis was hemorrhagic shock caused by blood loss secondary to a pelvis fracture. An emergency xenotransfusion using blood from a domestic dog was performed without acute transfusion reactions observed. This is the first report of successful xenotransfusion between a domestic dog and an Andean fox presenting a procedure that could be applied in emergency situations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-05-24},
	journal = {Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science},
	author = {Díaz, Eduardo Alfonso and Sáenz, Carolina and Latorre, Erika and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego Francisco and Dueñas, Ivette},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {e161756},
}

An Andean fox was transferred to the Wildlife Hospital of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito for evaluation of injuries caused by a run over. Clinical signs of hypovolemic shock were detected. Radiographies showed multiple pelvic fractures and free fluid in retroperitoneal cavity. The presumptive diagnosis was hemorrhagic shock caused by blood loss secondary to a pelvis fracture. An emergency xenotransfusion using blood from a domestic dog was performed without acute transfusion reactions observed. This is the first report of successful xenotransfusion between a domestic dog and an Andean fox presenting a procedure that could be applied in emergency situations.

@article{sanchez-nivicela_new_2018,
	title = {A new species of \textit{{Pristimantis}} ({Anura}, {Craugastoridae}) from the {Cajas} {Massif}, southern {Ecuador}},
	volume = {751},
	issn = {1313-2970, 1313-2989},
	url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=20541},
	doi = {10.3897/zookeys.751.20541},
	abstract = {A new species of Pristimantis is described from the highland paramos on the eastern slopes of the Cajas Massif, southern Andes of Ecuador, at 3400 m. This new species is characterized by having a distinctive reddish color, cutaneous macroglands in suprascapular region and surfaces of arm and legs, and by lacking dentigerous processes of vomers. The cutaneous macroglands are similar to those exhibited by several species of the Pristimantis orcesi group, and may suggest a close phylogenetic relationship. The new species could be a latitudinal substitution of Pristimantis orcesi in the southern Andes of Ecuador.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-01-03},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	author = {Sánchez-Nivicela, Juan C. and Celi-Piedra, Elvis and Posse-Sarmiento, Valentina and Urgilés, Verónica L. and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {113--128},
}

A new species of Pristimantis is described from the highland paramos on the eastern slopes of the Cajas Massif, southern Andes of Ecuador, at 3400 m. This new species is characterized by having a distinctive reddish color, cutaneous macroglands in suprascapular region and surfaces of arm and legs, and by lacking dentigerous processes of vomers. The cutaneous macroglands are similar to those exhibited by several species of the Pristimantis orcesi group, and may suggest a close phylogenetic relationship. The new species could be a latitudinal substitution of Pristimantis orcesi in the southern Andes of Ecuador.

@incollection{cisneros-heredia_hitchhiker_2018,
	series = {Social and {Ecological} {Interactions} in the {Galapagos} {Islands}},
	title = {The {Hitchhiker} {Wave}: {Non}-native {Small} {Terrestrial} {Vertebrates} in the {Galapagos}},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	isbn = {978-3-319-67176-5 978-3-319-67177-2},
	shorttitle = {The {Hitchhiker} {Wave}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-67177-2_7},
	abstract = {Humans have translocated thousands of species of flora, fauna and microorganisms to places they would never have reached on their own. Non-native species may have effects on biological communities, ecosystem functions and human populations. In island environments, the effects of spreading non-native species on native biodiversity can be severe and lead to native ecosystem transformation and even endemic species extinction. The Galapagos Islands are a region of particular interest and relevance to the issue of species introduction and invasiveness.In this chapter, I analyse the current status of 25 non-native amphibians, reptiles and birds that have been reported in the Galapagos Islands. Six species have established self-sufficiently in Galapagos and may become invasive: Fowler’s snouted tree frog Scinax quinquefasciatus, common house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus, mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris, dwarf gecko Gonatodes caudiscutatus, Peters’ leaf-toed gecko Phyllodactylus reissii and smooth-billed ani Crotophaga ani. Domestic fowl Gallus gallus holds feral populations, which may have self-sufficient populations, but evidence is unclear. I provide information on the distribution and natural history of non-native species of amphibians, reptiles and birds in Galapagos, including new data about the introduction history of S. quinquefasciatus; evidence on the establishment of H. frenatus on Isabela and San Cristobal islands; the first published record of a non-native snake in Galapagos—Lampropeltis micropholis; the first evidence of predation on squamate reptiles by G. gallus in Galapagos; and evidence of a probable major impact by C. ani due to extensive predation on the endemic Galapagos carpenter bee Xylocopa darwini. I comment on the invasiveness and impact potential of non-native species in Galapagos, identify vulnerable islands for the arrival of non-native species, identify potential hitchhiker that could arrive in the future and propose that it is important to rethink about how we understand, manage and prevent introductions of non-native species. The new wave of introduced species in Galapagos is formed by small hitchhikers, species that are easily overlooked, may travel in high numbers and are highly linked to human-made environments.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-03-05},
	booktitle = {Understanding {Invasive} {Species} in the {Galapagos} {Islands}},
	publisher = {Springer, Cham},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	editor = {Torres, María de Lourdes and Mena, Carlos F.},
	year = {2018},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-67177-2_7},
	pages = {95--139},
}

Humans have translocated thousands of species of flora, fauna and microorganisms to places they would never have reached on their own. Non-native species may have effects on biological communities, ecosystem functions and human populations. In island environments, the effects of spreading non-native species on native biodiversity can be severe and lead to native ecosystem transformation and even endemic species extinction. The Galapagos Islands are a region of particular interest and relevance to the issue of species introduction and invasiveness.In this chapter, I analyse the current status of 25 non-native amphibians, reptiles and birds that have been reported in the Galapagos Islands. Six species have established self-sufficiently in Galapagos and may become invasive: Fowler’s snouted tree frog Scinax quinquefasciatus, common house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus, mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris, dwarf gecko Gonatodes caudiscutatus, Peters’ leaf-toed gecko Phyllodactylus reissii and smooth-billed ani Crotophaga ani. Domestic fowl Gallus gallus holds feral populations, which may have self-sufficient populations, but evidence is unclear. I provide information on the distribution and natural history of non-native species of amphibians, reptiles and birds in Galapagos, including new data about the introduction history of S. quinquefasciatus; evidence on the establishment of H. frenatus on Isabela and San Cristobal islands; the first published record of a non-native snake in Galapagos—Lampropeltis micropholis; the first evidence of predation on squamate reptiles by G. gallus in Galapagos; and evidence of a probable major impact by C. ani due to extensive predation on the endemic Galapagos carpenter bee Xylocopa darwini. I comment on the invasiveness and impact potential of non-native species in Galapagos, identify vulnerable islands for the arrival of non-native species, identify potential hitchhiker that could arrive in the future and propose that it is important to rethink about how we understand, manage and prevent introductions of non-native species. The new wave of introduced species in Galapagos is formed by small hitchhikers, species that are easily overlooked, may travel in high numbers and are highly linked to human-made environments.

@article{guedes_patterns_2018,
	title = {Patterns, biases and prospects in the distribution and diversity of {Neotropical} snakes},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1466-8238},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12679/abstract},
	doi = {10.1111/geb.12679},
	abstract = {We generated a novel database of Neotropical snakes (one of the world's richest herpetofauna) combining the most comprehensive, manually compiled distribution dataset with publicly available data. We assess, for the first time, the diversity patterns for all Neotropical snakes as well as sampling density and sampling biases. Main types of variables contained. We compiled three databases of species occurrences: a dataset downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), a verified dataset built through taxonomic work and specialized literature, and a combined dataset comprising a cleaned version of the GBIF dataset merged with the verified dataset. Neotropics, Behrmann projection equivalent to 1° × 1°. Specimens housed in museums during the last 150 years. Squamata: Serpentes. Geographical information system (GIS). The combined dataset provides the most comprehensive distribution database for Neotropical snakes to date. It contains 147,515 records for 886 species across 12 families, representing 74\% of all species of snakes, spanning 27 countries in the Americas. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity show overall similar patterns. Amazonia is the least sampled Neotropical region, whereas most well-sampled sites are located near large universities and scientific collections. We provide a list and updated maps of geographical distribution of all snake species surveyed. The biodiversity metrics of Neotropical snakes reflect patterns previously documented for other vertebrates, suggesting that similar factors may determine the diversity of both ectothermic and endothermic animals. We suggest conservation strategies for high-diversity areas and sampling efforts be directed towards Amazonia and poorly known species.},
	language = {English},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-02-09},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
	author = {Guedes, Thaís B. and Sawaya, Ricardo J. and Zizka, Alexander and Laffan, Shawn and Faurby, Søren and Pyron, R. Alexander and Bérnils, Renato S. and Jansen, Martin and Passos, Paulo and Prudente, Ana L. C. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Braz, Henrique B. and Nogueira, Cristiano de C. and Antonelli, Alexandre},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {GBIF, Serpentes, conservation, data availability, geographical distribution, phylogenetic diversity, sampling gaps, species richness},
	pages = {14--21},
}

We generated a novel database of Neotropical snakes (one of the world's richest herpetofauna) combining the most comprehensive, manually compiled distribution dataset with publicly available data. We assess, for the first time, the diversity patterns for all Neotropical snakes as well as sampling density and sampling biases. Main types of variables contained. We compiled three databases of species occurrences: a dataset downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), a verified dataset built through taxonomic work and specialized literature, and a combined dataset comprising a cleaned version of the GBIF dataset merged with the verified dataset. Neotropics, Behrmann projection equivalent to 1° × 1°. Specimens housed in museums during the last 150 years. Squamata: Serpentes. Geographical information system (GIS). The combined dataset provides the most comprehensive distribution database for Neotropical snakes to date. It contains 147,515 records for 886 species across 12 families, representing 74% of all species of snakes, spanning 27 countries in the Americas. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity show overall similar patterns. Amazonia is the least sampled Neotropical region, whereas most well-sampled sites are located near large universities and scientific collections. We provide a list and updated maps of geographical distribution of all snake species surveyed. The biodiversity metrics of Neotropical snakes reflect patterns previously documented for other vertebrates, suggesting that similar factors may determine the diversity of both ectothermic and endothermic animals. We suggest conservation strategies for high-diversity areas and sampling efforts be directed towards Amazonia and poorly known species.

@article{urgiles_notes_2017,
	title = {Notes on the distribution of \textit{{Gastrotheca} testudinea} ({Jiménez} de la {Espada}, 1870) in {Ecuador}},
	volume = {13(4)},
	copyright = {2017Verónica L Urgilés, Juan Carlos Sanchez-Nivicela, Diego F Cisneros-Heredia},
	issn = {1809-127X},
	url = {https://checklist.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=15084},
	doi = {10.15560/13.4.121},
	abstract = {We present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca testudinea (Jim\énez de la Espada,\ 1870) in Ecuador. We provide the first record from the province of Ca\ñar, and the southernmost locality for Ecuador\ (which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of Zamora-Chinchipe). In addition, we review the\ elevation range of the species, and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of G. testudinea from 1100 to 700 m., We present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca testudinea (Jim\énez de la Espada,\ 1870) in Ecuador. We provide the first record from the province of Ca\ñar, and the southernmost locality for Ecuador\ (which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of Zamora-Chinchipe). In addition, we review the\ elevation range of the species, and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of G. testudinea from 1100 to 700 m.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-10-09},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Urgilés, Verónica L. and Sanchez-Nivicela, Juan Carlos and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {121--125},
}

We present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca testudinea (Jiménez de la Espada, 1870) in Ecuador. We provide the first record from the province of Cañar, and the southernmost locality for Ecuador (which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of Zamora-Chinchipe). In addition, we review the elevation range of the species, and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of G. testudinea from 1100 to 700 m., We present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca testudinea (Jiménez de la Espada, 1870) in Ecuador. We provide the first record from the province of Cañar, and the southernmost locality for Ecuador (which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of Zamora-Chinchipe). In addition, we review the elevation range of the species, and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of G. testudinea from 1100 to 700 m.

@article{guayasamin_marvelous_2017,
	title = {A marvelous new glassfrog ({Centrolenidae}, \textit{{Hyalinobatrachium}}) from {Amazonian} {Ecuador}},
	volume = {673},
	copyright = {2017Juan M. Guayasamin, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Ross J. Maynard, Ryan L. Lynch, Jaime Culebras, Paul S. Hamilton},
	issn = {1313-2970},
	url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=12108},
	doi = {10.3897/zookeys.673.12108},
	abstract = {Hyalinobatrachium is a behaviorally and morphologically conserved genus of Neotropical anurans, with several pending taxonomic problems. Using morphology, vocalizations, and DNA, a new species from the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador is described and illustrated. The new species, Hyalinobatrachium yaku sp. n., is differentiated from all other congenerics by having small, middorsal, dark green spots on the head and dorsum, a transparent pericardium, and a tonal call that lasts 0.27–0.4 s, with a dominant frequency of 5219.3–5329.6 Hz. Also, a mitochondrial phylogeny for the genus is presented that contains the new species, which is inferred as sister to H. pellucidum. Conservation threats to H. yaku sp. n. include habitat destruction and/or pollution mainly because of oil and mining activities., Hyalinobatrachium is a behaviorally and morphologically conserved genus of Neotropical anurans, with several pending taxonomic problems. Using morphology, vocalizations, and DNA, a new species from the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador is described and illustrated. The new species, Hyalinobatrachium yaku sp. n., is differentiated from all other congenerics by having small, middorsal, dark green spots on the head and dorsum, a transparent pericardium, and a tonal call that lasts 0.27–0.4 s, with a dominant frequency of 5219.3–5329.6 Hz. Also, a mitochondrial phylogeny for the genus is presented that contains the new species, which is inferred as sister to H. pellucidum. Conservation threats to H. yaku sp. n. include habitat destruction and/or pollution mainly because of oil and mining activities.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-09-24},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	author = {Guayasamin, Juan M. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Maynard, Ross J. and Lynch, Ryan L. and Culebras, Jaime and Hamilton, Paul S.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1--20},
}

Hyalinobatrachium is a behaviorally and morphologically conserved genus of Neotropical anurans, with several pending taxonomic problems. Using morphology, vocalizations, and DNA, a new species from the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador is described and illustrated. The new species, Hyalinobatrachium yaku sp. n., is differentiated from all other congenerics by having small, middorsal, dark green spots on the head and dorsum, a transparent pericardium, and a tonal call that lasts 0.27–0.4 s, with a dominant frequency of 5219.3–5329.6 Hz. Also, a mitochondrial phylogeny for the genus is presented that contains the new species, which is inferred as sister to H. pellucidum. Conservation threats to H. yaku sp. n. include habitat destruction and/or pollution mainly because of oil and mining activities., Hyalinobatrachium is a behaviorally and morphologically conserved genus of Neotropical anurans, with several pending taxonomic problems. Using morphology, vocalizations, and DNA, a new species from the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador is described and illustrated. The new species, Hyalinobatrachium yaku sp. n., is differentiated from all other congenerics by having small, middorsal, dark green spots on the head and dorsum, a transparent pericardium, and a tonal call that lasts 0.27–0.4 s, with a dominant frequency of 5219.3–5329.6 Hz. Also, a mitochondrial phylogeny for the genus is presented that contains the new species, which is inferred as sister to H. pellucidum. Conservation threats to H. yaku sp. n. include habitat destruction and/or pollution mainly because of oil and mining activities.

@article{arteaga_molecular_2017,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of \textit{{Atractus}} ({Serpentes}, {Dipsadidae}), with emphasis on {Ecuadorian} species and the description of three new taxa},
	volume = {661},
	copyright = {2017Alejandro Arteaga, Konrad Mebert, Jorge H. Valencia, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Nicolás Peñafiel, Carolina Reyes-Puig, José L. Vieira-Fernandes, Juan M. Guayasamin},
	issn = {1313-2970},
	url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=11224},
	doi = {10.3897/zookeys.661.11224},
	abstract = {We present a molecular phylogeny of snake genus Atractus, with an improved taxon sampling that includes 30 of the 140 species currently recognized. The phylogenetic tree supports the existence of at least three new species in the Pacific lowlands and adjacent Andean slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, which we describe here. A unique combination of molecular, meristic and color pattern characters support the validity of the new species. With the newly acquired data, we propose and define the A. iridescens species group, as well as redefine the A. roulei species group. The species A. iridescens is reported for the first time in Ecuador, whereas A. bocourti and A. medusa are removed from the herpetofauna of this country. We provide the first photographic vouchers of live specimens for A. multicinctus, A. paucidens and A. touzeti, along with photographs of 19 other Ecuadorian Atractus species. The current status of A. occidentalis and A. paucidens is maintained based on the discovery of new material referable to these species. With these changes, the species number reported in Ecuador increases to 27, a number that is likely to increase as material not examined in this work becomes available and included in systematic studies., We present a molecular phylogeny of snake genus Atractus, with an improved taxon sampling that includes 30 of the 140 species currently recognized. The phylogenetic tree supports the existence of at least three new species in the Pacific lowlands and adjacent Andean slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, which we describe here. A unique combination of molecular, meristic and color pattern characters support the validity of the new species. With the newly acquired data, we propose and define the A. iridescens species group, as well as redefine the A. roulei species group. The species A. iridescens is reported for the first time in Ecuador, whereas A. bocourti and A. medusa are removed from the herpetofauna of this country. We provide the first photographic vouchers of live specimens for A. multicinctus, A. paucidens and A. touzeti, along with photographs of 19 other Ecuadorian Atractus species. The current status of A. occidentalis and A. paucidens is maintained based on the discovery of new material referable to these species. With these changes, the species number reported in Ecuador increases to 27, a number that is likely to increase as material not examined in this work becomes available and included in systematic studies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2017-09-24},
	journal = {ZooKeys},
	author = {Arteaga, Alejandro and Mebert, Konrad and Valencia, Jorge H. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Peñafiel, Nicolás and Reyes-Puig, Carolina and Vieira-Fernandes, José L. and Guayasamin, Juan M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {91--123},
}

We present a molecular phylogeny of snake genus Atractus, with an improved taxon sampling that includes 30 of the 140 species currently recognized. The phylogenetic tree supports the existence of at least three new species in the Pacific lowlands and adjacent Andean slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, which we describe here. A unique combination of molecular, meristic and color pattern characters support the validity of the new species. With the newly acquired data, we propose and define the A. iridescens species group, as well as redefine the A. roulei species group. The species A. iridescens is reported for the first time in Ecuador, whereas A. bocourti and A. medusa are removed from the herpetofauna of this country. We provide the first photographic vouchers of live specimens for A. multicinctus, A. paucidens and A. touzeti, along with photographs of 19 other Ecuadorian Atractus species. The current status of A. occidentalis and A. paucidens is maintained based on the discovery of new material referable to these species. With these changes, the species number reported in Ecuador increases to 27, a number that is likely to increase as material not examined in this work becomes available and included in systematic studies., We present a molecular phylogeny of snake genus Atractus, with an improved taxon sampling that includes 30 of the 140 species currently recognized. The phylogenetic tree supports the existence of at least three new species in the Pacific lowlands and adjacent Andean slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, which we describe here. A unique combination of molecular, meristic and color pattern characters support the validity of the new species. With the newly acquired data, we propose and define the A. iridescens species group, as well as redefine the A. roulei species group. The species A. iridescens is reported for the first time in Ecuador, whereas A. bocourti and A. medusa are removed from the herpetofauna of this country. We provide the first photographic vouchers of live specimens for A. multicinctus, A. paucidens and A. touzeti, along with photographs of 19 other Ecuadorian Atractus species. The current status of A. occidentalis and A. paucidens is maintained based on the discovery of new material referable to these species. With these changes, the species number reported in Ecuador increases to 27, a number that is likely to increase as material not examined in this work becomes available and included in systematic studies.

@incollection{cisneros-heredia_anfibios_2017,
	address = {Quito},
	title = {Anfibios y reptiles de {Tiputini}: una mirada al lugar con la mayor riqueza de especies del mundo},
	isbn = {978-9978-68-105-3},
	language = {Español},
	booktitle = {Los {Secretos} del {Yasuní}: {Avances} en investigación en la {Estación} de {Biodiversidad} {Tiputini}, {Universidad} {San} {Francisco} de {Quito} {USFQ}.},
	publisher = {Editorial USFQ},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {159--167},
}

@article{jaramillo-martinez_range_2015,
	title = {Range extension of \textit{{Cochranella} mache} {Guayasamin} and {Bonaccorso}, 2004 ({Anura} {Centrolenidae})},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2071-5773},
	url = {https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/range-extension-of-cochranella-mache-guayasamin-and-bonaccorso-2004-anura-centrolenidae(a3bd4246-cc2b-4b55-8edc-1919dae72b4e)/export.html},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2017-09-24},
	journal = {Herpetology Notes},
	author = {Jaramillo-Martinez, Andres F. and Alejandro, Valencia Z. and Cardona, Victoria E. and Castro-Herrera, Fernando and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {161--163},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_reporte_2015,
	title = {Reporte del 1er {Conteo} {Navideño} de {Aves} de {Quito}, {Ecuador}},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2015 Universidad San Francisco de Quito},
	issn = {2528-7788},
	url = {http://revistas.usfq.edu.ec/index.php/avances/article/view/256},
	doi = {10.18272/aci.v7i2.256},
	abstract = {El ler Conteo Navideño de Aves de Quito registró 131 especies de aves, pertenecientes a 34 familias y 15 órdenes, reflejando que Quito tiene una riqueza de aves mayor a la estimada previamente. Las familias más representadas fueron Thraupidae, Trochilidae y Tyrannidae y las especies más abundantes: Zenaida auriculata Tórtola Orejuda, Zonotrichia capensis Gorrión Ruficollarejo, Turdus fuscater Mirlo Grande, Colibrí coruscans Colibrí Orejivioleta Ventriazul y Spatula discors Cerceta Aliazul. Casi un tercio de las especies se registraron solamente en zonas periurbanas o rurales con amplia cobertura vegetal natural, alejadas del núcleo urbano; y más de un tercio de las especies fueron raras, y al parecer mantienen poblaciones pequeñas. Las rutas que recorrieron el Pululahua, el volcán Pichincha, el valle de Guayllabamba entre el Zoo de Quito y el nuevo aeropuerto, y el Parque Arqueológico Rumipamba (incl. la quebrada de Rumiloma) tuvieron la mayor riqueza de especies y la mayor cantidad de especies únicas. Se registró un total de 13 especies migratorias boreales, incluyendo al raro Progne subis Martín Purpúreo y el primer registro de Larus smithsonianus Gaviota Argéntea Americana para Ecuador. Veintiún taxa de aves observados durante el conteo son casi-endémicos de los Andes de Ecuador. El Conteo Navideño de Aves de Quito es una actividad de ciencia ciudadana que puede generar información de largo plazo sobre la diversidad y ecología poblacional de las aves, permitiendo el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación de las aves y la vida silvestre de Quito.},
	language = {es},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-02-04},
	journal = {ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Amigo, Xavier and Arias, Daniel and Arteaga, Josué and Bedoya, Jorge and Espinoza, Sandra and Montenegro, Eliana and Nazati, Gonzalo and Carrión, Juan Manuel},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Aves, Christmas Bird Count, Conteo Navideño de Aves, Ecuador, Quito, birds, birdwatching, ciencia ciudadana, citizen science, diversidad, diversity, ecología urbana, observación de aves, riqueza de especies, species richness, urban ecology},
	pages = {37--51},
}

El ler Conteo Navideño de Aves de Quito registró 131 especies de aves, pertenecientes a 34 familias y 15 órdenes, reflejando que Quito tiene una riqueza de aves mayor a la estimada previamente. Las familias más representadas fueron Thraupidae, Trochilidae y Tyrannidae y las especies más abundantes: Zenaida auriculata Tórtola Orejuda, Zonotrichia capensis Gorrión Ruficollarejo, Turdus fuscater Mirlo Grande, Colibrí coruscans Colibrí Orejivioleta Ventriazul y Spatula discors Cerceta Aliazul. Casi un tercio de las especies se registraron solamente en zonas periurbanas o rurales con amplia cobertura vegetal natural, alejadas del núcleo urbano; y más de un tercio de las especies fueron raras, y al parecer mantienen poblaciones pequeñas. Las rutas que recorrieron el Pululahua, el volcán Pichincha, el valle de Guayllabamba entre el Zoo de Quito y el nuevo aeropuerto, y el Parque Arqueológico Rumipamba (incl. la quebrada de Rumiloma) tuvieron la mayor riqueza de especies y la mayor cantidad de especies únicas. Se registró un total de 13 especies migratorias boreales, incluyendo al raro Progne subis Martín Purpúreo y el primer registro de Larus smithsonianus Gaviota Argéntea Americana para Ecuador. Veintiún taxa de aves observados durante el conteo son casi-endémicos de los Andes de Ecuador. El Conteo Navideño de Aves de Quito es una actividad de ciencia ciudadana que puede generar información de largo plazo sobre la diversidad y ecología poblacional de las aves, permitiendo el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación de las aves y la vida silvestre de Quito.

@article{mueses-cisneros_new_2012,
	title = {A new {Amazonian} species of \textit{{Rhaebo}} ( {Anura}: {Bufonidae}) with comments on \textit{{Rhaebo} glaberrimus} ({Günther}, 1869) and \textit{{Rhaebo} guttatus} ({Schneider}, 1799)},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1175-5326},
	shorttitle = {A new {Amazonian} species of {Rhaebo}},
	url = {http://repository.si.edu//handle/10088/21442},
	language = {English},
	number = {3447},
	urldate = {2017-09-24},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	author = {Mueses-Cisneros, Jonh J. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego and McDiarmid, Roy W.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {22--40},
}

@article{lopez-rojas_synapturanus_2012,
	title = {\textit{{Synapturanus} rabus} {Pyburn}, 1977 in {Peru} ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Microhylidae}): filling gap},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2015 Journal and Author},
	issn = {1809-127X},
	shorttitle = {Synapturanus rabus {Pyburn}, 1977 in {Peru} ({Amphibia}},
	url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/8.2.274},
	doi = {10.15560/8.2.274},
	abstract = {We report herein the second locality of Synapturanus rabus Pyburn, 1977 in Peru, based on specimens collected at Reserva Forestal Santa Cruz, department of Loreto. In addition, a general description of the call is provided.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-09-24},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {López-Rojas, Jhon J. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae, Peru, new records},
	pages = {274--275},
}

We report herein the second locality of Synapturanus rabus Pyburn, 1977 in Peru, based on specimens collected at Reserva Forestal Santa Cruz, department of Loreto. In addition, a general description of the call is provided.

@article{passos_rediscovery_2012,
	title = {Rediscovery of \textit{{Atractus} microrhynchus} and reappraisal of the taxonomic status of \textit{{A}. emersoni} and \textit{{A}. natans} ({Serpentes}: {Dipsadidae})},
	volume = {68},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Rediscovery of {Atractus} microrhynchus and {Reappraisal} of the {Taxonomic} {Status} of {A}. emersoni and {A}. natans ({Serpentes}},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00078.1},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00078.1},
	abstract = {Abstract
The species Rhabdosoma microrhynchum (now Atractus microrhynchus) was originally described based on a single specimen collected by the Orton Expedition at “Guayaquil,” in the Guayas province on the Pacific coast of Ecuador. The holotype is currently lost and all specimens previously referred to this species were misidentified on the basis of material from Peruvian Amazonia. While examining museum collections and conducting fieldwork in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador and Peru, we found specimens assignable to A. microrhynchus. In this study, we report the morphological variation in these new specimens of A. microrhynchus and evaluate the taxonomic status of the Amazonian species previously confused with it. We restrict the concept of A. microrhynchus to the Pacific lowland populations from Ecuador and Peru, and we designate a neotype for the species. Based on the examination of the types of A. emersoni and A. natans from Amazonia, we found that there is wide overlap in the internal and external characters of both taxa. Therefore, A. emersoni is relegated to the synonymy of A. natans. Furthermore, we compared A. microrhynchus with all congeners and discuss its affinities with the A. multicinctus species group based on shared, exclusive hemipenial features.

Resumen
La especie Rhabdosoma microrhynchum (ahora Atractus microrhynchus) se basó en un solo espécimen colectado por la Expedición Orton en “Guayaquil,” provincia de Guayas, costa Pacífica del Ecuador. El holotipo está actualmente perdido y todos los especímenes previamente referidos a esta especie fueron identificados erróneamente sobre la base de material de la Amazonía Peruana. Durante la revisión de colecciones de museos y la realización de trabajo de campo en las tierras bajas del Pacífico de Ecuador y Perú, encontramos especímenes que se pueden asignar a A. microrhynchus. En este estudio, reportamos sobre la variación morfológica de estos nuevos especímenes de A. microrhynchus y evaluamos el estado taxonómico de las especies Amazónicas previamente confundidas con esta. Restringimos el concepto de A. microrhynchus para las poblaciones de las tierras bajas del Pacífico de Ecuador y Perú y designamos un neotipo para la especie. Basados en la revisión de los tipos de A. emersoni y A. natans de la Amazonía, encontramos que hay una amplia superposición de las características de ambos taxones. Por lo tanto, A. emersoni se coloca bajo la sinonímia de A. natans. Más aún, comparamos A. microrhynchus con todos sus congeners y sus afinidades con el grupo-de-especies A. multicinctus son discutidos sobre la base de las características hemipenianas exclusivas compartidas.},
	language = {English},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-09-24},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Passos, Paulo and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego and Rivera, Dani Enrique and Schargel, Walter E.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {375--392},
}

Abstract The species Rhabdosoma microrhynchum (now Atractus microrhynchus) was originally described based on a single specimen collected by the Orton Expedition at “Guayaquil,” in the Guayas province on the Pacific coast of Ecuador. The holotype is currently lost and all specimens previously referred to this species were misidentified on the basis of material from Peruvian Amazonia. While examining museum collections and conducting fieldwork in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador and Peru, we found specimens assignable to A. microrhynchus. In this study, we report the morphological variation in these new specimens of A. microrhynchus and evaluate the taxonomic status of the Amazonian species previously confused with it. We restrict the concept of A. microrhynchus to the Pacific lowland populations from Ecuador and Peru, and we designate a neotype for the species. Based on the examination of the types of A. emersoni and A. natans from Amazonia, we found that there is wide overlap in the internal and external characters of both taxa. Therefore, A. emersoni is relegated to the synonymy of A. natans. Furthermore, we compared A. microrhynchus with all congeners and discuss its affinities with the A. multicinctus species group based on shared, exclusive hemipenial features. Resumen La especie Rhabdosoma microrhynchum (ahora Atractus microrhynchus) se basó en un solo espécimen colectado por la Expedición Orton en “Guayaquil,” provincia de Guayas, costa Pacífica del Ecuador. El holotipo está actualmente perdido y todos los especímenes previamente referidos a esta especie fueron identificados erróneamente sobre la base de material de la Amazonía Peruana. Durante la revisión de colecciones de museos y la realización de trabajo de campo en las tierras bajas del Pacífico de Ecuador y Perú, encontramos especímenes que se pueden asignar a A. microrhynchus. En este estudio, reportamos sobre la variación morfológica de estos nuevos especímenes de A. microrhynchus y evaluamos el estado taxonómico de las especies Amazónicas previamente confundidas con esta. Restringimos el concepto de A. microrhynchus para las poblaciones de las tierras bajas del Pacífico de Ecuador y Perú y designamos un neotipo para la especie. Basados en la revisión de los tipos de A. emersoni y A. natans de la Amazonía, encontramos que hay una amplia superposición de las características de ambos taxones. Por lo tanto, A. emersoni se coloca bajo la sinonímia de A. natans. Más aún, comparamos A. microrhynchus con todos sus congeners y sus afinidades con el grupo-de-especies A. multicinctus son discutidos sobre la base de las características hemipenianas exclusivas compartidas.

@article{yanez-munoz_nueva_2010,
	title = {Una nueva especie de rana terrestre \textit{{Pristimantis}} ({Anura}: {Terrarana}: {Strabomantidae}) de la cuenca alta del {Río} {Pastaza}, {Ecuador}},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2010 Universidad San Francisco de Quito},
	issn = {2528-7788},
	shorttitle = {Una nueva especie de rana terrestre {Pristimantis} ({Anura}},
	url = {http://revistas.usfq.edu.ec/index.php/avances/article/view/41},
	doi = {10.18272/aci.v2i3.41},
	abstract = {Describimos a Pristimantis loujosti sp. nov. de la cuenca alta del río Pastaza. La especie se caracteriza por su tamaño corporal grande, piel glandular gruesa, coloración de las superficies ocultas de las patas e ingles de color naranja, un pliegue prominente en la superficie superior de la base de la mano, uno a tres tubérculos aplanados en la superficie anterior del antebrazo e iris fuertemente reticulado. La presencia del pliegue en la mano no ha sido reportado antes en otros Pristimantis aunque no parece ser exclusivo de Pristimantis loujosti, ya que también ha sido observado en P pycnodermis, con la cual la nueva especie parece estar estrechamente relacionada.},
	language = {es},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-12-26},
	journal = {ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías},
	author = {Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Reyes-Puig, Juan Pablo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Ecuador, Pristimantis loujosti sp. nov., Tungurahua},
	pages = {B28--B32},
}

Describimos a Pristimantis loujosti sp. nov. de la cuenca alta del río Pastaza. La especie se caracteriza por su tamaño corporal grande, piel glandular gruesa, coloración de las superficies ocultas de las patas e ingles de color naranja, un pliegue prominente en la superficie superior de la base de la mano, uno a tres tubérculos aplanados en la superficie anterior del antebrazo e iris fuertemente reticulado. La presencia del pliegue en la mano no ha sido reportado antes en otros Pristimantis aunque no parece ser exclusivo de Pristimantis loujosti, ya que también ha sido observado en P pycnodermis, con la cual la nueva especie parece estar estrechamente relacionada.

@article{yanez-munoz_descripcion_2010,
	title = {Descripción de tres nuevas especies de ranas del género \textit{{Pristimantis}} ({Anura}: {Terrarana}: {Strabomantidae}) de los bosques nublados del {Distrito} {Metropolitano} de {Quito}, {Ecuador}},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2010 Universidad San Francisco de Quito},
	issn = {2528-7788},
	shorttitle = {Descripción de tres nuevas especies de ranas del género {Pristimantis} ({Anura}},
	url = {http://revistas.usfq.edu.ec/index.php/avances/article/view/40},
	doi = {10.18272/aci.v2i3.40},
	abstract = {Describimos tres nuevas especies de ranas Pristimantis del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito basados en material colectado durante experidiciones del Museo Ecuatoriano Ciencias Naturales. Las nuevas especies son asignadas a los grupos-de-especies P unistrigatus, P devillei y P myersi, y pueden distinguirse fácilmente de otras especies similares por su morfología externa y patrones de coloración distintivos. Las tres nuevas especies fueron descubiertas en los extensos e inexplorados bosques en las estribaciones norte y suroccidentales del volcán Pichincha, que preservan una fauna endémica y todavía poco conocida.},
	language = {es},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-03-11},
	journal = {ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías},
	author = {Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Meza-Ramos, Paúl A. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Reyes-Puig, Juan Pablo},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Ecuador, Pichincha, Pristimantis romanorum sp. nov., Pristimantis sirnigeli sp. nov., Pristimantis yumbo sp. nov., bosques nublados, cloud forest, taxonomy, taxonomía},
}

Describimos tres nuevas especies de ranas Pristimantis del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito basados en material colectado durante experidiciones del Museo Ecuatoriano Ciencias Naturales. Las nuevas especies son asignadas a los grupos-de-especies P unistrigatus, P devillei y P myersi, y pueden distinguirse fácilmente de otras especies similares por su morfología externa y patrones de coloración distintivos. Las tres nuevas especies fueron descubiertas en los extensos e inexplorados bosques en las estribaciones norte y suroccidentales del volcán Pichincha, que preservan una fauna endémica y todavía poco conocida.

@article{yanez-munoz_nueva_2010-1,
	title = {Nueva especie de {Sapo} {Andino} del género \textit{{Osornophryne}} ({Amphibia}: {Bufonidae}) del norte de {Ecuador}, con notas sobre la diversidad del género en {Colombia}},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2010 Universidad San Francisco de Quito},
	issn = {2528-7788},
	shorttitle = {Nueva especie de {Sapo} {Andino} del género {Osornophryne} ({Amphibia}},
	url = {http://revistas.usfq.edu.ec/index.php/avances/article/view/44},
	doi = {10.18272/aci.v2i3.44},
	abstract = {Describimos una nueva especie de sapo Andino, Osornophryne angel sp. nov., basados en especímenes colectados en el Páramo del Ángel, provincia del Carchi, República del Ecuador. Esta nueva especie es un sapo de tamaño medio que se diferencia de otras especies de Osornophryne por tener la piel granular con tubérculos y pliegues glandulares y por la presencia de una papila proyectada o una probóscide en la punta del hocico. Osornophryne angel sp. nov. exhibe un fuerte dimorfismo sexual, las hembras son más grandes y tienen una papilla proyectada en lugar de la probóscide extendida en la punta del hocico de los machos. Consideraciones sobre el dimorfismo sexual son importantes para evaluar la variación intra e inter-específica en Osornophryne, y la falta de su entendimiento ha resultada en errores de identificación. Revisamos el estado taxonómico de algunas poblaciones Colombianas recientemente reportada en la literatura y encontramos que especímenes reportados como O. bufoniformis de hecho corresponden a cuatro especies, incluyendo una especie putativamente nueva. Especímenes Colombianos reportados como O. antisana y O. guacamayo corresponden a taxones aparentemente indescritos, por lo que los registros de estas especies para Colombia no son válidos.},
	language = {es},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-03-11},
	journal = {ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías},
	author = {Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Altamirano-Benavides, Marco and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Gluesenkamp, Andrew G.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Osornophryne angel sp. nov., dimorfismo sexual, distribución, distribution, sexual dimorphism, taxonomy, taxonomía},
}

Describimos una nueva especie de sapo Andino, Osornophryne angel sp. nov., basados en especímenes colectados en el Páramo del Ángel, provincia del Carchi, República del Ecuador. Esta nueva especie es un sapo de tamaño medio que se diferencia de otras especies de Osornophryne por tener la piel granular con tubérculos y pliegues glandulares y por la presencia de una papila proyectada o una probóscide en la punta del hocico. Osornophryne angel sp. nov. exhibe un fuerte dimorfismo sexual, las hembras son más grandes y tienen una papilla proyectada en lugar de la probóscide extendida en la punta del hocico de los machos. Consideraciones sobre el dimorfismo sexual son importantes para evaluar la variación intra e inter-específica en Osornophryne, y la falta de su entendimiento ha resultada en errores de identificación. Revisamos el estado taxonómico de algunas poblaciones Colombianas recientemente reportada en la literatura y encontramos que especímenes reportados como O. bufoniformis de hecho corresponden a cuatro especies, incluyendo una especie putativamente nueva. Especímenes Colombianos reportados como O. antisana y O. guacamayo corresponden a taxones aparentemente indescritos, por lo que los registros de estas especies para Colombia no son válidos.

@article{delia_observations_2010,
	title = {Observations on the {Reproductive} {Behavior} of a {Neotropical} {Glassfrog}, \textit{{Hyalinobatrachium} fleischmanni} ({Anura}: {Centrolenidae})},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1808-9798},
	shorttitle = {Observations on the {Reproductive} {Behavior} of a {Neotropical} {Glassfrog}, {Hyalinobatrachium} fleischmanni ({Anura}},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2994/057.005.0101},
	doi = {10.2994/057.005.0101},
	abstract = {.   This study investigated geographic variation in a suite of reproductive behavioral traits in Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni across several sites in Mexico and Ecuador. We made observations on the frequency of egg-mass brooding behavior and compared brooding encounter rates between wet and dry forest types. Brooding encounter rates were significantly higher in the drier region, suggesting a potential relationship between paternal care and climatic conditions. We also compared calling and oviposition sites between geographic regions and tested for associations with the distributional range of the frog-eating bat, Trachops cirrhosus. In regions where H. fleischmanni and T. cirrhosus co-occur, both calling males and egg masses were more frequently found on ‘less exposed’ lower surfaces of leaves, where risk of attack from aerial predators may be reduced. We also provide novel information on brooding behavior and clutch guarding, and discuss the implications of our results in the framework of existing information on the reproductive biology of this species.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-11},
	journal = {South American Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Delia, Jesse and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Whitney, Jonathan and Murrieta-Galindo, Rene},
	month = apr,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1--12},
}

. This study investigated geographic variation in a suite of reproductive behavioral traits in Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni across several sites in Mexico and Ecuador. We made observations on the frequency of egg-mass brooding behavior and compared brooding encounter rates between wet and dry forest types. Brooding encounter rates were significantly higher in the drier region, suggesting a potential relationship between paternal care and climatic conditions. We also compared calling and oviposition sites between geographic regions and tested for associations with the distributional range of the frog-eating bat, Trachops cirrhosus. In regions where H. fleischmanni and T. cirrhosus co-occur, both calling males and egg masses were more frequently found on ‘less exposed’ lower surfaces of leaves, where risk of attack from aerial predators may be reduced. We also provide novel information on brooding behavior and clutch guarding, and discuss the implications of our results in the framework of existing information on the reproductive biology of this species.

@article{cisneros-heredia_primer_2010,
	title = {Primer registro de un cánido (\textit{{Atelocynus} microtis}) depredando a un caecilian amphibian},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2010 Universidad San Francisco de Quito},
	issn = {2528-7788},
	url = {http://revistas.usfq.edu.ec/index.php/avances/article/view/38},
	doi = {10.18272/aci.v2i3.38},
	abstract = {La historia natural y ecología de los cánidos de bosques Neotropicales y de los anfibios apodos han sido poco documentados, en ambos casos debido a su rareza natural y hábitos reservados. Aquí reportamos un evento de predación por parte del Perro de Orejas Cortas Atelocynus microtissobre una Cecilia o Ilulo Caecilia tentaculata. Basados en una amplia revisión bibliográfica, este parece ser el primer evento de predación reportado de un cánido sobre una cecilia.},
	language = {es},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-03-11},
	journal = {ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Mosquera, Diego},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Amazonia, Amazonía, Caeciilidae, Canidae, Ecuador, predación, predation},
}

La historia natural y ecología de los cánidos de bosques Neotropicales y de los anfibios apodos han sido poco documentados, en ambos casos debido a su rareza natural y hábitos reservados. Aquí reportamos un evento de predación por parte del Perro de Orejas Cortas Atelocynus microtissobre una Cecilia o Ilulo Caecilia tentaculata. Basados en una amplia revisión bibliográfica, este parece ser el primer evento de predación reportado de un cánido sobre una cecilia.

@article{cisneros-heredia_new_2010,
	title = {A new {Andean} {Toad} of the genus \textit{{Osornophryne}} ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Bufonidae}) from northwestern {Ecuador}, with taxonomic remarks on the genus},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2010 Universidad San Francisco de Quito},
	issn = {2528-7788},
	shorttitle = {Un nuevo {Sapo} {Andino} del género {Osornophryne} ({Amphibia}},
	url = {http://revistas.usfq.edu.ec/index.php/avances/article/view/46},
	doi = {10.18272/aci.v2i3.46},
	abstract = {Describimos una nueva especie de sapo Andino del género Osornophryne de los bosques montano nublados del noroccidente de Ecuador entre 2500-2700 m sobre el nivel del mar. La nueva especie se caracteriza por su tamaño moderadamente largo (longitud hocico-cloaca 32.5-36.0 mm en hembras adultas, 21.1-23.2 mm en machos adultos), piel del dorso muy rugosa con verrugas irregularmente distribuidas, pliegues dorsolaterales compuestos de verrugas glandulares redondas u oblongas, vientre con agrupaciones de verrugas pustulares aplanadas, hocico angular con forma de una pirámide tetragonal proyectado en vistas dorsal y lateral pero sin formar una probóscide; bordes del proceso transverso lisos, dorso de color café oscuro en vida con pliegues dorsolaterales y verrugas café marrón y abundantes puntos salmón pálido en el vientre. Esta nueva especie es el único Osornophryne conocido que vive en las laderas occidentales de los Andes y recomendamos que sea clasificado como En Peligro bajo los criterios de la UICN debido a su reducido rango de distribución que está bajo fuerte presión debido a la pérdida de hábitat y fragmentación. También discutimos sobre diferentes aspectos de la taxonomía, historia natural y distribución de las diferentes especies de Osornophryne. En particular, comentamos sobre la importancia de detallados análisis morfológicos, cromáticos y moleculares que tomen en consideración la variación ontogénica y dimórfica para clarificar el complejo estado de la identidad de algunas especies de Osornophryne.},
	language = {es},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-03-11},
	journal = {ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Gluesenkamp, Andrew G.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Anura, Conservación, Conservation, Distribución, Distribution, Ecuador, Osornophryne antisana, Osornophryne bufoniformis, Osornophryne guacamayo, Osornophryne occidentalis new species, Osornophryne occidentalis nueva especie, Osornophryne sumacoensis, Osornophryne talipes, Taxonomy, Taxonomía, Variación, Variation},
}

Describimos una nueva especie de sapo Andino del género Osornophryne de los bosques montano nublados del noroccidente de Ecuador entre 2500-2700 m sobre el nivel del mar. La nueva especie se caracteriza por su tamaño moderadamente largo (longitud hocico-cloaca 32.5-36.0 mm en hembras adultas, 21.1-23.2 mm en machos adultos), piel del dorso muy rugosa con verrugas irregularmente distribuidas, pliegues dorsolaterales compuestos de verrugas glandulares redondas u oblongas, vientre con agrupaciones de verrugas pustulares aplanadas, hocico angular con forma de una pirámide tetragonal proyectado en vistas dorsal y lateral pero sin formar una probóscide; bordes del proceso transverso lisos, dorso de color café oscuro en vida con pliegues dorsolaterales y verrugas café marrón y abundantes puntos salmón pálido en el vientre. Esta nueva especie es el único Osornophryne conocido que vive en las laderas occidentales de los Andes y recomendamos que sea clasificado como En Peligro bajo los criterios de la UICN debido a su reducido rango de distribución que está bajo fuerte presión debido a la pérdida de hábitat y fragmentación. También discutimos sobre diferentes aspectos de la taxonomía, historia natural y distribución de las diferentes especies de Osornophryne. En particular, comentamos sobre la importancia de detallados análisis morfológicos, cromáticos y moleculares que tomen en consideración la variación ontogénica y dimórfica para clarificar el complejo estado de la identidad de algunas especies de Osornophryne.

@article{cisneros-heredia_endemic_2010,
	title = {Endemic {Ecuadorian} glassfrog \textit{{Cochranella} mache} is {Critically} {Endangered} because of habitat loss},
	volume = {44},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/endemic-ecuadorian-glassfrog-cochranella-mache-is-critically-endangered-because-of-habitat-loss/18FA3167E6190FEA3FB0F24F77B64645},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605309990640},
	abstract = {AbstractAmphibians are one of the most threatened animal groups. In the Family Centrolenidae c. 50\% of the species are declining and threatened with extinction. One of these is the glassfrog Cochranella mache, endemic to seasonal evergreen forests of the West Ecuadorian region and restricted to highly fragmented forest of {\textless} 100 km2 in the Cordillera Mache-Chindul, north-western coastal Ecuador, at 100–640 m. We surveyed this region to elucidate the distribution and conservation status of C. mache. We located it in three new localities and also found a museum specimen from a further new locality. We recommend that the species should be categorized as Critically Endangered because of the continuous and progressive destruction of its increasingly fragmented habitat. Recent surveys of glassfrog species sympatric with C. mache showed low relative abundances compared to surveys in the 1970s and 1980s. Because of the relationship between forest and local climate we suggest that gradual declines of lowland glassfrog populations may be caused by local climate changes produced by forest destruction. In situ conservation is required to halt and mitigate these impacts. Further research on the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, and associated climate changes on Neotropical amphibians is required.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-11},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Delia, Jesse and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Amphibian decline, Centrolenidae, Cochranella mache, Critically Endangered, Ecuador, climate change, habitat degradation},
	pages = {114--117},
}

AbstractAmphibians are one of the most threatened animal groups. In the Family Centrolenidae c. 50% of the species are declining and threatened with extinction. One of these is the glassfrog Cochranella mache, endemic to seasonal evergreen forests of the West Ecuadorian region and restricted to highly fragmented forest of \textless 100 km2 in the Cordillera Mache-Chindul, north-western coastal Ecuador, at 100–640 m. We surveyed this region to elucidate the distribution and conservation status of C. mache. We located it in three new localities and also found a museum specimen from a further new locality. We recommend that the species should be categorized as Critically Endangered because of the continuous and progressive destruction of its increasingly fragmented habitat. Recent surveys of glassfrog species sympatric with C. mache showed low relative abundances compared to surveys in the 1970s and 1980s. Because of the relationship between forest and local climate we suggest that gradual declines of lowland glassfrog populations may be caused by local climate changes produced by forest destruction. In situ conservation is required to halt and mitigate these impacts. Further research on the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, and associated climate changes on Neotropical amphibians is required.

@article{reyes-puig_nueva_2010,
	title = {Una nueva especie de rana {Pristimantis} ({Terrarana}: {Strabomantidae}) de los bosques nublados de la cuenca alta del río {Pastaza}, {Ecuador}},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2010 Universidad San Francisco de Quito},
	issn = {2528-7788},
	shorttitle = {Una nueva especie de rana {Pristimantis} ({Terrarana}},
	url = {http://revistas.usfq.edu.ec/index.php/avances/article/view/48},
	doi = {10.18272/aci.v2i3.48},
	abstract = {Una nueva especie de rana del género Pristimantis es descrita de los bosques nublados de la cuenca alta del río Pastaza, en la vertiente oriental de los Andes centrales de Ecuador. Pristimantis tungurahua sp. nov. se caracteriza por la ausencia de crestas craneales y sacos vocales, presencia de tímpano y anillo timpánico, tubérculos cónicos en el párpado y talón, y en particular porque las hembras presentan una coloración rojiza muy llamativa en las ingles, axilas y superficies ventrales (en machos el color rojizo se restringe a ingles y axilas).},
	language = {es},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2017-12-26},
	journal = {ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías},
	author = {Reyes-Puig, Juan Pablo and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Ramírez-Jaramillo, Salomón R.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Andes, Pristimantis tungurahua},
	pages = {B78--B82},
}

Una nueva especie de rana del género Pristimantis es descrita de los bosques nublados de la cuenca alta del río Pastaza, en la vertiente oriental de los Andes centrales de Ecuador. Pristimantis tungurahua sp. nov. se caracteriza por la ausencia de crestas craneales y sacos vocales, presencia de tímpano y anillo timpánico, tubérculos cónicos en el párpado y talón, y en particular porque las hembras presentan una coloración rojiza muy llamativa en las ingles, axilas y superficies ventrales (en machos el color rojizo se restringe a ingles y axilas).

@article{yanez-munoz_new_2009,
	title = {New country records of \textit{{Hyalinobatrachium} iaspidiense} ({Amphibia}, {Anura}, {Centrolenidae}) from the {Amazonian} lowlands of {Ecuador} and {Peru}},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	journal = {Herpetology Notes},
	author = {Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Pérez-Peña, Pedro and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {49--52},
}

@article{toledo_amphibia_2009,
	title = {Amphibia, {Anura}, {Centrolenidae}, \textit{{Cochranella} adenocheira}: distribution and range extension, {Brazil}},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2016 Journal and Author},
	issn = {1809-127X},
	shorttitle = {Amphibia, {Anura}, {Centrolenidae}, {Cochranella} adenocheira},
	url = {https://biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/5.3.380},
	doi = {10.15560/5.3.380},
	abstract = {None},
	language = {en-US},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Toledo, Luís Felipe and Araújo, Olívia G. S. and Ávila, Robson W. and Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ricardo A. and Morais, Drausio H. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {380--382},
}

None

@article{cisneros-heredia_amphibia_2009,
	title = {Amphibia, {Anura}, {Centrolenidae}, \textit{{Chimerella} mariaelenae} ({Cisneros}-{Heredia} and {McDiarmid}, 2006), \textit{{Rulyrana} flavopunctata} ({Lynch} and {Duellman}, 1973), \textit{{Teratohyla} pulverata} ({Peters}, 1873), and \textit{{Teratohyla} spinosa} ({Taylor}, 1949): historical records, distribution extension and new provincial record in {Ecuador}},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2016 Journal and Author},
	issn = {1809-127X},
	shorttitle = {Amphibia, {Anura}, {Centrolenidae}, {Chimerella} mariaelenae ({Cisneros}-{Heredia} and {McDiarmid}, 2006), {Rulyrana} flavopunctata ({Lynch} and {Duellman}, 1973), {Teratohyla} pulverata ({Peters}, 1873), and {Teratohyla} spinosa ({Taylor}, 1949)},
	url = {https://biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/5.4.912},
	doi = {10.15560/5.4.912},
	abstract = {None},
	language = {en-US},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {912--916},
}

None

@article{cisneros-heredia_description_2009,
	title = {Description of a new species of {Teratohyla} {Taylor} ({Amphibia}: {Athesphatanura}: {Centrolenidae}) from north-western {Ecuador}},
	volume = {2227},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Description of a new species of {Teratohyla} {Taylor} ({Amphibia}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Ortega-Andrade, Mauricio},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {53--62},
}

@article{guayasamin_taxonomic_2008,
	title = {Taxonomic identity of \textit{{Cochranella} petersi} {Goin}, 1961 and \textit{{Centrolenella} ametarsia} {Flores}, 1987},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	url = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-100919},
	abstract = {DiVA portal is a finding tool for research publications and student theses written at the following 47 universities and research institutions.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {1815},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	author = {Guayasamin, Juan M. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {25--34},
}

DiVA portal is a finding tool for research publications and student theses written at the following 47 universities and research institutions.

@article{cisneros-heredia_natural_2008,
	title = {Natural history and intraspecific variation of the {Ecuadorian} {Blue} {Glassfrog} {Cochranella} mache {Guayasamin} \& {Bonaccorso}, 2004},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	number = {1/2},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Delia, J. and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Ortega-Andrade, H. M.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {57--66},
}

@phdthesis{cisneros-heredia_habitat_2008,
	address = {London},
	type = {{MS} {Dissertation}},
	title = {Habitat loss and climate change impacts on {Neotropical} anurans: {Implications} for in-situ conservation. {A} case study with {Glassfrogs} from eastern {Ecuador} ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Centrolenidae})},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	abstract = {This dissertation intended to improve knowledge on the impacts by climate change and habitat loss and how protected areas help to mitigate them. I predicted the current and future distribution ranges under temperature-increase scenarios for centrolenid frogs from eastern Ecuador using ecological niche modelling. Results indicate that despite uncertainties, deforestation represents an important factor that threats the long-term conservation of amphibian populations while climate change is likely their greatest threat, and effects derived from the interactions between both aspects diminishes the capacity of species to adapt to future changes. Governmental protected areas play an important role in mitigating effects by current deforestation and future climate change. Private protected reserves are also important especially to mitigate deforestation in areas left outside of official protection though highly biodiverse.},
	language = {English},
	school = {King's College London},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2008},
}

This dissertation intended to improve knowledge on the impacts by climate change and habitat loss and how protected areas help to mitigate them. I predicted the current and future distribution ranges under temperature-increase scenarios for centrolenid frogs from eastern Ecuador using ecological niche modelling. Results indicate that despite uncertainties, deforestation represents an important factor that threats the long-term conservation of amphibian populations while climate change is likely their greatest threat, and effects derived from the interactions between both aspects diminishes the capacity of species to adapt to future changes. Governmental protected areas play an important role in mitigating effects by current deforestation and future climate change. Private protected reserves are also important especially to mitigate deforestation in areas left outside of official protection though highly biodiverse.

@article{cisneros-heredia_new_2008,
	title = {A new species of glassfrog from elfin forests of the {Cordillera} del {Cóndor}, southeastern {Ecuador}},
	volume = {21},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Morales-Mite, M.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {49--56},
}

@article{torres-gastello_cochranella_2007,
	title = {\textit{{Cochranella} erminea}, a new species of {Centrolenidae} ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Athesphatanura}) from {Amazonian} {Peru}},
	volume = {176},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Cochranella erminea, a new species of {Centrolenidae} ({Amphibia}},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series},
	author = {Torres-Gastello, Claudia P. and Suárez-Segovia, Juana and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1--12},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_new_2007,
	title = {New records of \textit{{Phyllonastes}} {Heyer} 1977 ({Anura}, {Brachycephalidae}) from {Ecuador} and {Peru}},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	number = {3/4},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Reynolds, R. P.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {184--186},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_notes_2007,
	title = {Notes on the natural history of the casque-headed treefrog \textit{{Trachycephalus} jordani} ({Stejneger} \& {Test}, 1891)},
	volume = {20},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1013-4425},
	number = {1/2},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {92--94},
}

@article{bustamante_amphibia_2007,
	title = {Amphibia, {Centrolenidae}, \textit{{Cochranella} pulverata}, \textit{{Hyalinobatrachium} aureoguttatum}: distribution extension, {Ecuador}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Amphibia, {Centrolenidae}, {Cochranella} pulverata, {Hyalinobatrachium} aureoguttatum},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Bustamante, Martín R. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio and Guayasamin, Juan M.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {271--276},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_amphibia_2007,
	title = {Amphibia, {Anura}, {Centrolenidae}, \textit{{Centrolene} balionotum}, \textit{{Centrolene} geckoideum}, and \textit{{Cochranella} cariticommata}: distribution extension, new provincial records, {Ecuador}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2014 Journal and Author},
	issn = {1809-127X},
	shorttitle = {Amphibia, {Anura}, {Centrolenidae}, {Centrolene} balionotum, {Centrolene} geckoideum , and {Cochranella} cariticommata},
	url = {https://biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/3.1.39},
	doi = {10.15560/3.1.39},
	abstract = {None},
	language = {en-US},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {39--42},
}

None

@article{cisneros-heredia_new_2007-1,
	title = {A new species of glassfrog ({Centrolenidae}) from the southern {Andean} foothills on the {West} {Ecuadorian} region},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1808-9798},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2994/1808-9798%282007%292%5B1%3AANSOGC%5D2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {10.2994/1808-9798(2007)2[1:ANSOGC]2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {Cochranella buenaventura sp. nov. is described from the southern foothills of the Cordillera Occidental, Andes of Ecuador. The new species inhabits the Seasonal Foothill Evergreen forests of the province of El Oro, in the West Ecuadorian biogeographic region. This species is distinguished from other species of glassfrogs by having a truncate snout in dorsal and lateral views, reduced webbing between fingers, absence of guanophores on the digestive visceral peritonea, but present on the renal capsule, absence of humeral spine, green dorsum in life with scattered pale yellow spots, bright yellow hands and feet discs, and moderate body size (20.9-22.4 mm snout-vent length in adult males).},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {South American Journal of Herpetology},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1--10},
}

Cochranella buenaventura sp. nov. is described from the southern foothills of the Cordillera Occidental, Andes of Ecuador. The new species inhabits the Seasonal Foothill Evergreen forests of the province of El Oro, in the West Ecuadorian biogeographic region. This species is distinguished from other species of glassfrogs by having a truncate snout in dorsal and lateral views, reduced webbing between fingers, absence of guanophores on the digestive visceral peritonea, but present on the renal capsule, absence of humeral spine, green dorsum in life with scattered pale yellow spots, bright yellow hands and feet discs, and moderate body size (20.9-22.4 mm snout-vent length in adult males).

@article{cisneros-heredia_revision_2007,
	title = {Revision of the characters of {Centrolenidae} ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Athesphatanura}), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs},
	volume = {1572},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Revision of the characters of {Centrolenidae} ({Amphibia}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and McDiarmid, Roy W.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {1--82},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_distribution_2007,
	title = {On the distribution and conservation of {Lampropeltis} triangulum ({Lacépède}, 1789) in {Ecuador}},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	number = {3-4},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {182--183},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_notes_2007-1,
	title = {Notes on some {Osteocephalus} treefrogs from {Amazonian} {Ecuador}},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {183},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_ecuadorian_2007,
	title = {Ecuadorian distribution of snakes of the genera {Oxybelis} ({Wagler}, 1830) and {Xenoxybelis} ({Machado}, 1993)},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Touzet, J. M.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {188--189},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_distribution_2007-1,
	title = {Distribution and natural history of the {Ecuadorian} snake {Dipsas} andiana ({BOULENGER}, 1896) ({Colubridae}: {Dipsadinae}) with considerations on its conservation status},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Distribution and natural history of the {Ecuadorian} snake {Dipsas} andiana ({BOULENGER}, 1896) ({Colubridae}},
	abstract = {The distribution and natural history of Dipsas andiana (Boulenger, 1986), a little-known snake endemic to Ecuador, are revised, and new records are presented that extend its geographical and altitudinal range. A conservation status assessment indicates that D. andiana would classify for the IUCN category “Near Threatened (NT). ” The ecological distribution of the species is apparently related with seasonal forests of the West Ecuadorian zone, a recently recognized biogeographic area between the very humid Choco and the dry Tumbesian zone.},
	journal = {Russian Journal of Herpetology, St. Petersburg},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {199--202},
}

The distribution and natural history of Dipsas andiana (Boulenger, 1986), a little-known snake endemic to Ecuador, are revised, and new records are presented that extend its geographical and altitudinal range. A conservation status assessment indicates that D. andiana would classify for the IUCN category “Near Threatened (NT). ” The ecological distribution of the species is apparently related with seasonal forests of the West Ecuadorian zone, a recently recognized biogeographic area between the very humid Choco and the dry Tumbesian zone.

@article{cisneros-heredia_reptilia_2007,
	title = {Reptilia, {Squamata}, {Colubridae}, {Clelia} clelia: {Range} extensions and new provincial records from {Ecuador}},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Reptilia, {Squamata}, {Colubridae}, {Clelia} clelia},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Kuch, Ulrich and Lascano, Antonio Freire and Wüster, Wolfgang},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {280--281},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_enigmatic_2007,
	title = {An enigmatic new species of glassfrog ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Centrolenidae}) from the {Amazonian} {Andean} slopes of {Ecuador}},
	volume = {1485},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {An enigmatic new species of glassfrog ({Amphibia}},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Meza-Ramos, Paul},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {33--41},
}

@article{passos_rediscovery_2007,
	title = {Rediscovery and redescription of the rare {Andean} snake {Atractus} modestus},
	volume = {17},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	abstract = {Atractus modestus was described based on a single specimen from western Ecuador, and since its original description there have been no further records for this species. During the examination of Ecuadorian collections, we found additional specimens of this poorly known snake. In this paper, we redescribe the holotype of A. modestus, describe the hemipenis and report new specimens, localities, and data on meristic and morphometric variation in the species. We also compare and diagnose this species from all others members of this highly diverse genus.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {The Herpetological Journal},
	author = {Passos, Paulo and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Salazar-V, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {COLUBRIDAE, DIPSADINAE, HEMIPENIS, TAXONOMY},
	pages = {1--6},
}

Atractus modestus was described based on a single specimen from western Ecuador, and since its original description there have been no further records for this species. During the examination of Ecuadorian collections, we found additional specimens of this poorly known snake. In this paper, we redescribe the holotype of A. modestus, describe the hemipenis and report new specimens, localities, and data on meristic and morphometric variation in the species. We also compare and diagnose this species from all others members of this highly diverse genus.

@article{cisneros-heredia_new_2007-2,
	title = {A new species of glassfrog of the genus {Centrolene} from the foothills of {Cordillera} {Oriental} of {Ecuador}},
	volume = {20},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	number = {1/2},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {27--34},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_distribution_2006,
	title = {Distribution and ecology of the {Western} {Ecuador} frog \textit{{Leptodactylus} labrosus} ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Leptodactylidae})},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Distribution and ecology of the western ecuador frog {Leptodactylus} labrosus ({Amphibia}},
	url = {http://europepmc.org/abstract/cba/619384},
	abstract = {Abstract: Leptodactylus labrosus is a terrestrial sit-and-wait predator; its diet includes ground-level, fossorial, and flying insects, and ants...},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-02-19},
	journal = {Zoological research},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {225--234},
}

Abstract: Leptodactylus labrosus is a terrestrial sit-and-wait predator; its diet includes ground-level, fossorial, and flying insects, and ants...

@article{guayasamin_new_2006,
	title = {A new species of frog of the \textit{{Eleutherodactylus} lacrimosus} assemblage ({Leptodactylidae}) from the western {Amazon} basin, with comments on the utility of canopy surveys in lowland rainforest},
	volume = {62},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0018-0831},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1655/05-40.1},
	doi = {10.1655/05-40.1},
	abstract = {We describe a new species of Eleutherodactylus from the lowlands of the western Amazon Basin. The new species is referred to the Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus group, lacrimosus assemblage. It differs from other members of the group by having a dorsal olive-green coloration with an interorbital creamy yellow stripe that extends posterolaterally and reaches the level of the sacrum, and low ulnar and tarsal tubercles. The new species inhabits western Amazon tropical rainforests and has been found in arboreal bromeliads by day and on vegetation by night. We discuss the effect of lack of sampling in the forest canopy in our understanding of tropical amphibian communities. Based on work conducted at two localities in Ecuadorian Amazonia, we find that even limited sampling effort in the canopy can greatly improve efficiency of biological inventories.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Guayasamin, Juan M. and Ron, Santiago R. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Lamar, William and McCracken, Shawn F.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {191--202},
}

We describe a new species of Eleutherodactylus from the lowlands of the western Amazon Basin. The new species is referred to the Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus group, lacrimosus assemblage. It differs from other members of the group by having a dorsal olive-green coloration with an interorbital creamy yellow stripe that extends posterolaterally and reaches the level of the sacrum, and low ulnar and tarsal tubercles. The new species inhabits western Amazon tropical rainforests and has been found in arboreal bromeliads by day and on vegetation by night. We discuss the effect of lack of sampling in the forest canopy in our understanding of tropical amphibian communities. Based on work conducted at two localities in Ecuadorian Amazonia, we find that even limited sampling effort in the canopy can greatly improve efficiency of biological inventories.

@article{guayasamin_amphibia_2006,
	title = {Amphibia, {Centrolenidae}, \textit{{Centrolene} ilex}, \textit{{Centrolene} litorale}, \textit{{Centrolene} medemi}, \textit{{Cochranella} albomaculata}, \textit{{Cochranella} ametarsia}: range extensions and new country records},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {1809-127X},
	shorttitle = {Amphibia, {Centrolenidae}, {Centrolene} ilex, {Centrolene} litorale, {Centrolene} medemi, {Cochranella} albomaculata, {Cochranella} ametarsia},
	url = {https://checklist.pensoft.net/article/17558/},
	doi = {10.15560/2.1.70},
	abstract = {None},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-05-17},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Guayasamin, Juan M. and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. and Bustamante, Martín R.},
	month = may,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {70},
}

None

@article{faivovich_new_2006,
	title = {A new species of the \textit{{Hypsiboas} benitezi} group from the western {Amazon} basin ({Amphibia}: {Anura}: {Hylidae})},
	volume = {62},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0018-0831},
	shorttitle = {A new species of the hypsiboas benitezi group from the western amazon basin (amphibia},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1655/05-12.1},
	doi = {10.1655/05-12.1},
	abstract = {A new species of the Hypsiboas benitezi group is described from the western Amazon Basin. The new species is characterized by its medium size (SVL 24.4–31.2 mm in adult males, 26.0–36.0 mm in adult females), absence of nuptial excrescences, palpebral membrane lacking golden reticulation, and a mental gland in males. The dorsal surfaces of living frogs are bright yellowish green to tan, and frequently bear an X-shaped mark; the parietal peritoneum, pericardium and sclera are covered by guanophores. The new species differs from other members of the Hypsiboas benitezi group (H. benitezi, H. lemai, H. microderma, H. pulidoi, H. rhythmicus, and H. roraima), by the combination of a dorsal X-shaped marking, absence of golden reticulation on palpebral membrane, and central portion of abdominal parietal peritoneum, pericardium, and sclera covered by guanophores. The new species has been confused with Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus (as Hyla albopunctulata) in the past, but the study of the type series of the latter indicates that they represent different species. Hypsiboas hutchinsi is excluded from the H. benitezi group and transferred to the H. semilineatus group, as it shares with H. geographicus and H. semilineatus the absence of a projecting spine in the prepollex (the only known species of Hypsiboas with this character state), presence of pigmented nuptial excresences, reticulated palpebral membrane, and finely tuberculated skin.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	author = {Faivovich, Julián and Moravec, Jiří and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Köhler, Jörn},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {96--108},
}

A new species of the Hypsiboas benitezi group is described from the western Amazon Basin. The new species is characterized by its medium size (SVL 24.4–31.2 mm in adult males, 26.0–36.0 mm in adult females), absence of nuptial excrescences, palpebral membrane lacking golden reticulation, and a mental gland in males. The dorsal surfaces of living frogs are bright yellowish green to tan, and frequently bear an X-shaped mark; the parietal peritoneum, pericardium and sclera are covered by guanophores. The new species differs from other members of the Hypsiboas benitezi group (H. benitezi, H. lemai, H. microderma, H. pulidoi, H. rhythmicus, and H. roraima), by the combination of a dorsal X-shaped marking, absence of golden reticulation on palpebral membrane, and central portion of abdominal parietal peritoneum, pericardium, and sclera covered by guanophores. The new species has been confused with Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus (as Hyla albopunctulata) in the past, but the study of the type series of the latter indicates that they represent different species. Hypsiboas hutchinsi is excluded from the H. benitezi group and transferred to the H. semilineatus group, as it shares with H. geographicus and H. semilineatus the absence of a projecting spine in the prepollex (the only known species of Hypsiboas with this character state), presence of pigmented nuptial excresences, reticulated palpebral membrane, and finely tuberculated skin.

@article{cisneros-heredia_primer_2006,
	title = {Primer {Registro} de \textit{{Hyalinobatrachium} ruedai} ({Amphibia}: {Centrolenidae}) en {Ecuador}, con notas sobre otras especies congéricas},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright (c)},
	issn = {1856-9285},
	shorttitle = {Primer {Registro} de {Hyalinobatrachium} {Ruedai}({AMPHIBIA}},
	url = {http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/herpetotropicos/article/view/642},
	abstract = {Primer registro de Hyalinobatrachium Ruedai(AMPHIBIA: CENTROLENIDAE) en Ecuador, con notas sobre otras especies congéricasReportamos el primer registro de Hyalinobatrachium ruedai para Ecuador, extendiendo su distribución desde Colombia hasta los flancos centrales de la Cordillera Oriental de Ecuador. El análisis del material adicional y de la serie tipo de H. ruedai nos permite discutir su variación morfológica y de coloración. Algunas características previamente conocidas solo para taxones del Macizo Guayanés (ej. iris bicolor) son reportadas en H. ruedai. Se recomienda no subdividir al grupo H. fleischmanni en subgrupos. Comentamos el estado taxonómico de algunas especies de la región Pacífica de Ecuador, caracterizamos a H. petersi y reconocemos que actualmente bajo los nombres Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni y H. valerioi hay al menos tres especies aún no descritas.  Palabras clave: Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium ruedai, distribución, variación, taxonomía. Abstract: First record of Hyalinobatrachium ruedai (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) in Ecuador, with notes on other congeneric species  We report the first record of Hyalinobatrachium ruedai for Ecuador, extending its distribution range from Colombia to the central slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. Analysis of additional material and the type series of H. ruedai let us to comment on its morphological and coloration variation. Some characters previously known just from taxa of the Guiana Shield (eg. bicolored iris) are reported from H. ruedai. We suggest to maintain undivided the H. fleischmanni group, without recognition of subgroups. We comment on the taxonomic status of some species from the Pacific region of Ecuador, characterizing H. petersi, and recognizing that currently under the names Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni and H. valerioi there are at least three undescribed species.Key words: Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium ruedai, distribution, variation, taxonomy.},
	language = {es},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Herpetotropicos},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and McDiarmid, Roy W.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae, Distribución, Hyalinobatrachium ruedai, Taxonomía, Variación},
	pages = {21--28},
}

Primer registro de Hyalinobatrachium Ruedai(AMPHIBIA: CENTROLENIDAE) en Ecuador, con notas sobre otras especies congéricasReportamos el primer registro de Hyalinobatrachium ruedai para Ecuador, extendiendo su distribución desde Colombia hasta los flancos centrales de la Cordillera Oriental de Ecuador. El análisis del material adicional y de la serie tipo de H. ruedai nos permite discutir su variación morfológica y de coloración. Algunas características previamente conocidas solo para taxones del Macizo Guayanés (ej. iris bicolor) son reportadas en H. ruedai. Se recomienda no subdividir al grupo H. fleischmanni en subgrupos. Comentamos el estado taxonómico de algunas especies de la región Pacífica de Ecuador, caracterizamos a H. petersi y reconocemos que actualmente bajo los nombres Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni y H. valerioi hay al menos tres especies aún no descritas. Palabras clave: Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium ruedai, distribución, variación, taxonomía. Abstract: First record of Hyalinobatrachium ruedai (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) in Ecuador, with notes on other congeneric species We report the first record of Hyalinobatrachium ruedai for Ecuador, extending its distribution range from Colombia to the central slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. Analysis of additional material and the type series of H. ruedai let us to comment on its morphological and coloration variation. Some characters previously known just from taxa of the Guiana Shield (eg. bicolored iris) are reported from H. ruedai. We suggest to maintain undivided the H. fleischmanni group, without recognition of subgroups. We comment on the taxonomic status of some species from the Pacific region of Ecuador, characterizing H. petersi, and recognizing that currently under the names Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni and H. valerioi there are at least three undescribed species.Key words: Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium ruedai, distribution, variation, taxonomy.

@article{cisneros-heredia_new_2006,
	title = {A new species of the genus \textit{{Centrolene}} ({Amphibia} : {Anura} : {Centrolenidae}) from {Ecuador} with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of {Glassfrogs}},
	volume = {1244},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1175-5334},
	shorttitle = {A new species of the genus {Centrolene} ({Amphibia}},
	url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5224667},
	abstract = {We describe a new species of Glassfrog, Centrolene mariaelenae n. sp., from the Contrafuerte de Tzunantza, southeastern Ecuador. The new species is assigned to the Centrolene gorzulai species group, a clade previously known only from the Guayana Shield region, because the parietal peritoneum is transparent and the hepatic peritoneum is covered by guanophores. We analyze the diversity patterns of Glassfrogs from eastern Ecuador. The distribution of the new species herein described supports previous hypothesis of a biogeographical connection between the Andes and the Guayana Shield for various groups of plants and animals; particularly a relationship between the Guayana Shield and the sandstone outcrops mountain ranges of southeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. We also comment on the infrageneric and generic classification of Glassfrogs, and propose the new combinations Centrolene balionotum n. comb., Cochranella antisthenesi n. comb., and Cochranella pulverata n. comb.},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Zootaxa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and McDiarmid, Roy W.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {132},
}

We describe a new species of Glassfrog, Centrolene mariaelenae n. sp., from the Contrafuerte de Tzunantza, southeastern Ecuador. The new species is assigned to the Centrolene gorzulai species group, a clade previously known only from the Guayana Shield region, because the parietal peritoneum is transparent and the hepatic peritoneum is covered by guanophores. We analyze the diversity patterns of Glassfrogs from eastern Ecuador. The distribution of the new species herein described supports previous hypothesis of a biogeographical connection between the Andes and the Guayana Shield for various groups of plants and animals; particularly a relationship between the Guayana Shield and the sandstone outcrops mountain ranges of southeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. We also comment on the infrageneric and generic classification of Glassfrogs, and propose the new combinations Centrolene balionotum n. comb., Cochranella antisthenesi n. comb., and Cochranella pulverata n. comb.

@article{cisneros-heredia_aves_2006,
	title = {Aves, {Podilymbus} podiceps, {Ardea} alba, {Egretta} thula, {Nycticorax} nycticorax, {Ixobrychus} exilis, {Porzana} carolina, {Porphyrula} martinica, {Gallinula} chloropus, {Phalaropus} tricolor, {Vanellus} resplendens: {Distribution} extensions, filling gaps, historical occurrence},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {2021Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia},
	issn = {1809-127X},
	shorttitle = {Aves, {Podilymbus} podiceps, {Ardea} alba, {Egretta} thula, {Nycticorax} nycticorax, {Ixobrychus} exilis, {Porzana} carolina, {Porphyrula} martinica, {Gallinula} chloropus, {Phalaropus} tricolor, {Vanellus} resplendens},
	url = {https://checklist.pensoft.net/article/17547/},
	doi = {10.15560/2.1.27},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-01-07},
	journal = {Check List},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: Pensoft Publishers},
	pages = {27--31},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_turtles_2006,
	title = {Turtles of the {Tiputini} {Biodiversity} {Station} with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the {Testudines} from {Ecuador}},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1676-0603},
	url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1676-06032006000100011&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
	doi = {10.1590/S1676-06032006000100011},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-03-12},
	journal = {Biota Neotropica},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2006},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_notes_2006,
	title = {Notes on the distribution and natural history of the {Bluntheaded} vine snake, {Imantodes} cenchoa, in {Ecuador}},
	volume = {97},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1473-0928},
	journal = {The Herpetological Journal},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {4--6},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_ampliacion_2006,
	title = {Ampliacion del rango migratorio de {Wilsonia} canadensis en {Ecuador}},
	volume = {XVI},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0123-9082},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Boletin SAO},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {21--31},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_distribution_2006-1,
	title = {Distribution and natural history of the {Ecuadorian} {Toad}-headed {Pitvipers} of the genus {Bothrocophias}},
	volume = {19},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	number = {1/2},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. and Borja, M. A. and Proano, Daniel and Touzet, Jean-Marc},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {17--26},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_geographic_2004,
	title = {Geographic distribution: {Bothrops} brazili},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0018084X},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Herpetological Review},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {Ecuador, Viperidae},
	pages = {189},
}

@article{cisneros-heredia_geographic_2004-1,
	title = {Geographic distribution: {Rana} catesbeiana},
	volume = {35},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Geographic distribution},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Herpetological Review},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {406},
}

@inproceedings{cisneros-heredia_herpetofauna_2003,
	address = {Quito},
	title = {Herpetofauna de la {Estación} de {Biodiversidad} {Tiputini}, {Amazonía} {Ecuatoriana}},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-ND)},
	abstract = {Over a period of four-years, I studied the herpetofauna of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station (TBS), Ecuadorian Amazonia. I applied six survey methods in conjunction (Inventory Multiple Methods) to determine the composition of species of amphibians and reptiles. With the anurans, I examined morphological and ecological data, and found patterns of strong relationships among the use of resources such as diet, microhabitat and activity, and the families of anurans. These patterns suggest an important role of phylogeny through the development of structures of the modern communities of amphibians. The use of the Inventory Multiple Methods led to a bigger efficiency; I register 90\% of the total herpetofauna in the first forty-days of sampling. The herpetofauna of TBS is one of the most diverse on Earth, and it is the site with the highest alpha diversity of amphibians in the world.},
	language = {es},
	booktitle = {Memorias del {I} {Congreso} de {Ecología} y {Ambiente}, {Ecuador} país megadiverso},
	publisher = {Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ},
	author = {Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {21},
}

Over a period of four-years, I studied the herpetofauna of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station (TBS), Ecuadorian Amazonia. I applied six survey methods in conjunction (Inventory Multiple Methods) to determine the composition of species of amphibians and reptiles. With the anurans, I examined morphological and ecological data, and found patterns of strong relationships among the use of resources such as diet, microhabitat and activity, and the families of anurans. These patterns suggest an important role of phylogeny through the development of structures of the modern communities of amphibians. The use of the Inventory Multiple Methods led to a bigger efficiency; I register 90% of the total herpetofauna in the first forty-days of sampling. The herpetofauna of TBS is one of the most diverse on Earth, and it is the site with the highest alpha diversity of amphibians in the world.