Diversity and Evolution of Frog Visual Opsins: Spectral Tuning and Adaptation to Distinct Light Environments. Schott, R. K, Fujita, M. K, Streicher, J. W, Gower, D. J, Thomas, K. N, Loew, E. R, Bamba Kaya, A. G, Bittencourt-Silva, G. B, Guillherme Becker, C, Cisneros-Heredia, D., Clulow, S., Davila, M., Firneno, J., Haddad, C. F B, Janssenswillen, S., Labisko, J., Maddock, S. T, Mahony, M., Martins, R. A, Michaels, C. J, Mitchell, N. J, Portik, D. M, Prates, I., Roelants, K., Roelke, C., Tobi, E., Woolfolk, M., & Bell, R. C Molecular Biology and Evolution, 41(4):msae049, April, 2024.
Diversity and Evolution of Frog Visual Opsins: Spectral Tuning and Adaptation to Distinct Light Environments [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Visual systems adapt to different light environments through several avenues including optical changes to the eye and neurological changes in how light signals are processed and interpreted. Spectral sensitivity can evolve via changes to visual pigments housed in the retinal photoreceptors through gene duplication and loss, differential and coexpression, and sequence evolution. Frogs provide an excellent, yet understudied, system for visual evolution research due to their diversity of ecologies (including biphasic aquatic-terrestrial life cycles) that we hypothesize imposed different selective pressures leading to adaptive evolution of the visual system, notably the opsins that encode the protein component of the visual pigments responsible for the first step in visual perception. Here, we analyze the diversity and evolution of visual opsin genes from 93 new eye transcriptomes plus published data for a combined dataset spanning 122 frog species and 34 families. We find that most species express the four visual opsins previously identified in frogs but show evidence for gene loss in two lineages. Further, we present evidence of positive selection in three opsins and shifts in selective pressures associated with differences in habitat and life history, but not activity pattern. We identify substantial novel variation in the visual opsins and, using microspectrophotometry, find highly variable spectral sensitivities, expanding known ranges for all frog visual pigments. Mutations at spectral-tuning sites only partially account for this variation, suggesting that frogs have used tuning pathways that are unique among vertebrates. These results support the hypothesis of adaptive evolution in photoreceptor physiology across the frog tree of life in response to varying environmental and ecological factors and further our growing understanding of vertebrate visual evolution.
@article{schott_diversity_2024,
	title = {Diversity and {Evolution} of {Frog} {Visual} {Opsins}: {Spectral} {Tuning} and {Adaptation} to {Distinct} {Light} {Environments}},
	volume = {41},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1537-1719},
	shorttitle = {Diversity and {Evolution} of {Frog} {Visual} {Opsins}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae049},
	doi = {10.1093/molbev/msae049},
	abstract = {Visual systems adapt to different light environments through several avenues including optical changes to the eye and neurological changes in how light signals are processed and interpreted. Spectral sensitivity can evolve via changes to visual pigments housed in the retinal photoreceptors through gene duplication and loss, differential and coexpression, and sequence evolution. Frogs provide an excellent, yet understudied, system for visual evolution research due to their diversity of ecologies (including biphasic aquatic-terrestrial life cycles) that we hypothesize imposed different selective pressures leading to adaptive evolution of the visual system, notably the opsins that encode the protein component of the visual pigments responsible for the first step in visual perception. Here, we analyze the diversity and evolution of visual opsin genes from 93 new eye transcriptomes plus published data for a combined dataset spanning 122 frog species and 34 families. We find that most species express the four visual opsins previously identified in frogs but show evidence for gene loss in two lineages. Further, we present evidence of positive selection in three opsins and shifts in selective pressures associated with differences in habitat and life history, but not activity pattern. We identify substantial novel variation in the visual opsins and, using microspectrophotometry, find highly variable spectral sensitivities, expanding known ranges for all frog visual pigments. Mutations at spectral-tuning sites only partially account for this variation, suggesting that frogs have used tuning pathways that are unique among vertebrates. These results support the hypothesis of adaptive evolution in photoreceptor physiology across the frog tree of life in response to varying environmental and ecological factors and further our growing understanding of vertebrate visual evolution.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-04-07},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	author = {Schott, Ryan K and Fujita, Matthew K and Streicher, Jeffrey W and Gower, David J and Thomas, Kate N and Loew, Ellis R and Bamba Kaya, Abraham G and Bittencourt-Silva, Gabriela B and Guillherme Becker, C and Cisneros-Heredia, Diego and Clulow, Simon and Davila, Mateo and Firneno, Jr, Thomas J and Haddad, Célio F B and Janssenswillen, Sunita and Labisko, Jim and Maddock, Simon T and Mahony, Michael and Martins, Renato A and Michaels, Christopher J and Mitchell, Nicola J and Portik, Daniel M and Prates, Ivan and Roelants, Kim and Roelke, Corey and Tobi, Elie and Woolfolk, Maya and Bell, Rayna C},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {msae049},
}
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