@inproceedings{oortwijn_mysterious_2021,
	address = {Mystery place},
	title = {Mysterious {Title} [submitted]},
	abstract = {Mysterious Abstract},
	author = {Oortwijn, Yvette and Ossenkoppele, Thijs and Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2021},
}

Mysterious Abstract

@incollection{ginammi_bolzano_2021,
	address = {Pittsburgh},
	title = {Bolzano, {Kant} and the {Traditional} {Theory} of {Concepts} - {A} {Computational}  {Investigation} [final author version after {R}\&{R} submitted 12 {Sep}, 2020]},
	abstract = {Abstract
Recent research shows that valuable contributions are obtained by applying even rather simple, well-known computational techniques to texts relevant to the work of researchers in history and philosophy of science (van Wierst et al. 2016). In this paper we substantiate the point by relying on computational text analysis in addressing an open question regarding Bernard Bolzano’s work on the general methodology of the sciences. We investigate to which extent Bolzano followed Kant in seeing concepts as hierarchically ordered by means of definition via compositional analysis by genus proximum and differentia specifica. We show that Bolzano did follow Kant on this traditional doctrine point to a large extent, although Bolzano's conceptual hierarchy is based on subordination rather than composition relations, and that definitions play for Bolzano a merely subjective role. We include a discussion of the computational methodology, and link appendix describing corpus and step-by-step workings of the algorithm applied.},
	booktitle = {The {Dynamics} of {Science}: {Computational} {Frontiers} in {History} and {Philosophy} of {Science}},
	publisher = {Pittsburgh University Press},
	author = {Ginammi, Annapaola and Bloem, Jelke and Koopman, Rob and Wang, Shenghui and Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {de Block, Andreas and Ramsey, Grant},
	year = {2021},
}

Abstract Recent research shows that valuable contributions are obtained by applying even rather simple, well-known computational techniques to texts relevant to the work of researchers in history and philosophy of science (van Wierst et al. 2016). In this paper we substantiate the point by relying on computational text analysis in addressing an open question regarding Bernard Bolzano’s work on the general methodology of the sciences. We investigate to which extent Bolzano followed Kant in seeing concepts as hierarchically ordered by means of definition via compositional analysis by genus proximum and differentia specifica. We show that Bolzano did follow Kant on this traditional doctrine point to a large extent, although Bolzano's conceptual hierarchy is based on subordination rather than composition relations, and that definitions play for Bolzano a merely subjective role. We include a discussion of the computational methodology, and link appendix describing corpus and step-by-step workings of the algorithm applied.

@misc{oortwijn_ground_2020,
	address = {Salt Lake City},
	type = {Panel talk},
	title = {Ground {Truths} in the {Humanities}},
	url = {https://vis4dh.dbvis.de/provocations/},
	author = {Oortwijn, Yvette and Van den Berg, Hein and Betti, Arianna},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
}

@inproceedings{betti_expert_2020,
	address = {Barcelona, Spain (Online)},
	title = {Expert {Concept}-{Modeling} {Ground} {Truth} {Construction} for {Word} {Embeddings} {Evaluation} in {Concept}-{Focused} {Domains}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.586},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.586},
	abstract = {We present a novel, domain expert-controlled, replicable procedure for the construction of concept-modeling ground truths with the aim of evaluating the application of word embeddings. In particular, our method is designed to evaluate the application of word and paragraph embeddings in concept-focused textual domains, where a generic ontology does not provide enough information. We illustrate the procedure, and validate it by describing the construction of an expert ground truth, QuiNE-GT. QuiNE-GT is built to answer research questions concerning the concept of naturalized epistemology in QUINE, a 2-million-token, single-author, 20th-century English philosophy corpus of outstanding quality, cleaned up and enriched for the purpose. To the best of our ken, expert concept-modeling ground truths are extremely rare in current literature, nor has the theoretical methodology behind their construction ever been explicitly conceptualised and properly systematised. Expert-controlled concept-modeling ground truths are however essential to allow proper evaluation of word embeddings techniques, and increase their trustworthiness in specialised domains in which the detection of concepts through their expression in texts is important. We highlight challenges, requirements, and prospects for future work.},
	urldate = {2021-01-26},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th {International} {Conference} on {Computational} {Linguistics}},
	publisher = {International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Reynaert, Martin and Ossenkoppele, Thijs and Oortwijn, Yvette and Salway, Andrew and Bloem, Jelke},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6690--6702},
}

We present a novel, domain expert-controlled, replicable procedure for the construction of concept-modeling ground truths with the aim of evaluating the application of word embeddings. In particular, our method is designed to evaluate the application of word and paragraph embeddings in concept-focused textual domains, where a generic ontology does not provide enough information. We illustrate the procedure, and validate it by describing the construction of an expert ground truth, QuiNE-GT. QuiNE-GT is built to answer research questions concerning the concept of naturalized epistemology in QUINE, a 2-million-token, single-author, 20th-century English philosophy corpus of outstanding quality, cleaned up and enriched for the purpose. To the best of our ken, expert concept-modeling ground truths are extremely rare in current literature, nor has the theoretical methodology behind their construction ever been explicitly conceptualised and properly systematised. Expert-controlled concept-modeling ground truths are however essential to allow proper evaluation of word embeddings techniques, and increase their trustworthiness in specialised domains in which the detection of concepts through their expression in texts is important. We highlight challenges, requirements, and prospects for future work.

@incollection{ginammi_bolzano_2020,
	address = {Pittsburgh},
	title = {Bolzano, {Kant} and the {Traditional} {Theory} of {Concepts} - {A} {Computational}  {Investigation} [final author version after {R}\&{R} submitted 12 {Sep}, 2020]},
	abstract = {Abstract
Recent research shows that valuable contributions are obtained by applying even rather simple, well-known computational techniques to texts relevant to the work of researchers in history and philosophy of science (van Wierst et al. 2016). In this paper we substantiate the point by relying on computational text analysis in addressing an open question regarding Bernard Bolzano’s work on the general methodology of the sciences. We investigate to which extent Bolzano followed Kant in seeing concepts as hierarchically ordered by means of definition via compositional analysis by genus proximum and differentia specifica. We show that Bolzano did follow Kant on this traditional doctrine point to a large extent, although Bolzano's conceptual hierarchy is based on subordination rather than composition relations, and that definitions play for Bolzano a merely subjective role. We include a discussion of the computational methodology, and link appendix describing corpus and step-by-step workings of the algorithm applied.},
	booktitle = {The {Dynamics} of {Science}: {Computational} {Frontiers} in {History} and {Philosophy} of {Science}},
	publisher = {Pittsburgh University Press},
	author = {Ginammi, Annapaola and Bloem, Jelke and Koopman, Rob and Wang, Shenghui and Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {de Block, Andreas and Ramsey, Grant},
	year = {2020},
}

Abstract Recent research shows that valuable contributions are obtained by applying even rather simple, well-known computational techniques to texts relevant to the work of researchers in history and philosophy of science (van Wierst et al. 2016). In this paper we substantiate the point by relying on computational text analysis in addressing an open question regarding Bernard Bolzano’s work on the general methodology of the sciences. We investigate to which extent Bolzano followed Kant in seeing concepts as hierarchically ordered by means of definition via compositional analysis by genus proximum and differentia specifica. We show that Bolzano did follow Kant on this traditional doctrine point to a large extent, although Bolzano's conceptual hierarchy is based on subordination rather than composition relations, and that definitions play for Bolzano a merely subjective role. We include a discussion of the computational methodology, and link appendix describing corpus and step-by-step workings of the algorithm applied.

@inproceedings{betti_expert_2020-1,
	title = {Expert {Concept}-{Modeling} {Ground} {Truth} {Construction} {forWord} {Embeddings} {Evaluation} in {Concept}-{Focused} {Domains} [accepted for {COLING2020}]},
	abstract = {We present a novel, domain expert-controlled, replicable procedure for the constructionof concept-modeling ground truths to the aim of evaluating the application of word em-beddings in concept-focused textual domains. We illustrate the procedure by describingthe construction of a threefold expert ground truth built to answer research questionsconcerning the concept ofsciencein the Quine corpus, a 2-million-token, single-author,20th-century English philosophy corpus of outstanding quality, cleaned up and enriched forthe purpose. To the best of our ken, expert concept-modeling ground truths are extremelyrare  in  current  literature, nor has  the  theoretical  methodology  behind  their construc-tion  ever been  explicitly  conceptualised and  properly  systematised.  Expert-controlledconcept-modeling ground truths are however essential to allow proper evaluation of wordembeddings techniques, and increase their trustworthiness in specialised domains in whichthe detection of concepts through their expression in texts is important. We highlightchallenges, requirements, and prospects for future work.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {COLING} 2020},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Reynaert, Martin and Ossenkoppele, Thijs and Oortwijn, Yvette and Salway, Andrew and Bloem, Jelke},
	year = {2020},
}

We present a novel, domain expert-controlled, replicable procedure for the constructionof concept-modeling ground truths to the aim of evaluating the application of word em-beddings in concept-focused textual domains. We illustrate the procedure by describingthe construction of a threefold expert ground truth built to answer research questionsconcerning the concept ofsciencein the Quine corpus, a 2-million-token, single-author,20th-century English philosophy corpus of outstanding quality, cleaned up and enriched forthe purpose. To the best of our ken, expert concept-modeling ground truths are extremelyrare in current literature, nor has the theoretical methodology behind their construc-tion ever been explicitly conceptualised and properly systematised. Expert-controlledconcept-modeling ground truths are however essential to allow proper evaluation of wordembeddings techniques, and increase their trustworthiness in specialised domains in whichthe detection of concepts through their expression in texts is important. We highlightchallenges, requirements, and prospects for future work.

@inproceedings{bloem_quines_2020,
	title = {Quine’s semantic space: {Count} or predict semantic vectors from small in-domain data? [draft]},
	abstract = {We propose extrinsic evaluation as a solution to the problem of evaluating distributionalsemantic models trained on small, in-domain data sets, where standard datasets of wordsimilarity scores may not capture domain-specific meanings. By relying on a ground truthof text passages relevant to a research question in the history of ideas, we are able to testwhat model best retrieves those passages in an information retrieval task, quantifyingthe  performance  of  different  types  of  distributional  semantic  models  in  a  challengingdomain. Our results show that count-based models outperform prediction-based modelsas the latter do not generalize well to queries they are not tuned on. The finding thatcount-based models generate better word embeddings from small data in the 1-2 milliontoken range also holds for document embeddings.},
	author = {Bloem, Jelke and Betti, Arianna and Oortwijn, Yvette and Reynaert, Martin and Ossenkoppele, Thijs},
	year = {2020},
}

We propose extrinsic evaluation as a solution to the problem of evaluating distributionalsemantic models trained on small, in-domain data sets, where standard datasets of wordsimilarity scores may not capture domain-specific meanings. By relying on a ground truthof text passages relevant to a research question in the history of ideas, we are able to testwhat model best retrieves those passages in an information retrieval task, quantifyingthe performance of different types of distributional semantic models in a challengingdomain. Our results show that count-based models outperform prediction-based modelsas the latter do not generalize well to queries they are not tuned on. The finding thatcount-based models generate better word embeddings from small data in the 1-2 milliontoken range also holds for document embeddings.

@misc{betti_corpus_2020,
	title = {Corpus {Building}: {WorldCat}, {Part} 2},
	shorttitle = {Corpus {Building}},
	url = {https://quine1960.wordpress.com/2020/06/06/corpus-building-worldcat-part-2/},
	abstract = {This is Part 2. Go to Part 1.WorldCat’s record identity and relatedness criteria WorldCat clusters records of the same edition of the same work, and links records of different editions of the…},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-15},
	journal = {quine1960},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
}

This is Part 2. Go to Part 1.WorldCat’s record identity and relatedness criteria WorldCat clusters records of the same edition of the same work, and links records of different editions of the…

@misc{betti_corpus_2020-1,
	title = {Corpus {Building}: {WorldCat}, {Part} 1},
	shorttitle = {Corpus {Building}},
	url = {https://quine1960.wordpress.com/2020/05/28/corpus-building-worldcat-part-1/},
	abstract = {Next: Corpus Building: World Cat, Part 2Suppose you want to put together a corpus of 16th century writings, in particular textbooks, on physics, in Latin. Here’s one method I will call Pseudo…},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-15},
	journal = {quine1960},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
}

Next: Corpus Building: World Cat, Part 2Suppose you want to put together a corpus of 16th century writings, in particular textbooks, on physics, in Latin. Here’s one method I will call Pseudo…

@inproceedings{bloem_distributional_2020,
	address = {Marseille},
	title = {Distributional {Semantics} for {Neo}-{Latin}},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lt4hala-1.13},
	abstract = {We address the problem of creating and evaluating quality Neo-Latin word embeddings for the purpose of philosophical research, adapting the Nonce2Vec tool to learn embeddings from Neo-Latin sentences. This distributional semantic modeling tool can learn from tiny data incrementally, using a larger background corpus for initialization. We conduct two evaluation tasks: definitional learning of Latin Wikipedia terms, and learning consistent embeddings from 18th century Neo-Latin sentences pertaining to the concept of mathematical method. Our results show that consistent Neo-Latin word embeddings can be learned from this type of data. While our evaluation results are promising, they do not reveal to what extent the learned models match domain expert knowledge of our Neo-Latin texts. Therefore, we propose an additional evaluation method, grounded in expert-annotated data, that would assess whether learned representations are conceptually sound in relation to the domain of study.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {LT4HALA} 2020 - 1st {Workshop} on {Language} {Technologies} for {Historical} and {Ancient} {Languages}},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
	author = {Bloem, Jelke and Parisi, Maria Chiara and Reynaert, Martin and Oortwijn, Yvette and Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {84--93},
}

We address the problem of creating and evaluating quality Neo-Latin word embeddings for the purpose of philosophical research, adapting the Nonce2Vec tool to learn embeddings from Neo-Latin sentences. This distributional semantic modeling tool can learn from tiny data incrementally, using a larger background corpus for initialization. We conduct two evaluation tasks: definitional learning of Latin Wikipedia terms, and learning consistent embeddings from 18th century Neo-Latin sentences pertaining to the concept of mathematical method. Our results show that consistent Neo-Latin word embeddings can be learned from this type of data. While our evaluation results are promising, they do not reveal to what extent the learned models match domain expert knowledge of our Neo-Latin texts. Therefore, we propose an additional evaluation method, grounded in expert-annotated data, that would assess whether learned representations are conceptually sound in relation to the domain of study.

@incollection{betti_history_2019,
	address = {London},
	series = {Advances in {Experimental} {Philosophy}},
	title = {History of {Philosophy} in {Ones} and {Zeros}},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOiP5Q8-ia4_sSI3CyOw},
	abstract = {How can we best reconstruct the origin of a notion, its development, and possible spread to multiple fields? We present a pilot study on the spread of the notion of conceptual scheme. Though the notion is philosophically important, its origin, development, and spread are unclear. Several purely qualitative and competing historical hypotheses have been offered, which rely on disconnected disciplinary traditions, and have never been tested all at once in a single comprehensive investigation fitting the scope of its subject matter. As a step toward such an investigation, we trace the use of the bigram “conceptual scheme” in about 42,000 US journal articles in social sciences from 1888-1959 by using a novel method combining a quantitative procedure aided by basic computational techniques with qualitative elements informed by Betti and van den Berg (2014)’s ‘model approach to the history of ideas’.},
	booktitle = {Methodological {Advances} in {Experimental} {Philosophy}},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein and Oortwijn, Yvette and Treijtel, Caspar},
	editor = {Curtis, Mark and Fischer, Eugen},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Published 21 March 2019},
	pages = {295--332},
}

How can we best reconstruct the origin of a notion, its development, and possible spread to multiple fields? We present a pilot study on the spread of the notion of conceptual scheme. Though the notion is philosophically important, its origin, development, and spread are unclear. Several purely qualitative and competing historical hypotheses have been offered, which rely on disconnected disciplinary traditions, and have never been tested all at once in a single comprehensive investigation fitting the scope of its subject matter. As a step toward such an investigation, we trace the use of the bigram “conceptual scheme” in about 42,000 US journal articles in social sciences from 1888-1959 by using a novel method combining a quantitative procedure aided by basic computational techniques with qualitative elements informed by Betti and van den Berg (2014)’s ‘model approach to the history of ideas’.

@incollection{betti_note_2019,
	address = {Amsterdam/New York, NY},
	series = {Poznań {Studies} in the {Philosophy} of the {Sciences} and the {Humanities}},
	title = {A {Note} on {Early} {Polish} {Semantics}, {Bolzano} and the {Woleński} {Thesis} [in proofs since 2005; revised proofs submitted on {Aug} 12, 2016]},
	url = {https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=8E8B912431DFEA03!13083&authkey=!AGOu6udBMKPtxXs&ithint=file%2cpdf},
	booktitle = {Essays for {Jan} {Woleński}},
	publisher = {Brill/Rodopi},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Werner, Konrad},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Bolzano},
}

@inproceedings{pauline_van_wierst_bolvis:_2018,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {{BolVis}: {Visualization} for {Text}-based {Research} in {Philosophy}},
	url = {http://vis4dh.dbvis.de/papers/2018/BolVis%20Visualization%20for%20Text-based%20Research%20in%20Philosophy.pdf},
	author = {{Pauline van Wierst} and Betti, Arianna and Hofstede, Steven and Castermans, Thom and Westenberg, Michel and Oortwijn, Yvette and Wang, Shenghui and Koopman, Rob},
	year = {2018},
}

@inproceedings{van_den_berg_philosophical_2018,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {A {Philosophical} {Perspective} on {Visualization} for {Digital} {Humanities}},
	url = {http://vis4dh.dbvis.de/papers/2018/A%20Philosophical%20Perspective%20on%20Visualization%20for%20Digital%20Humanities.pdf},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd {Workshop} on {Visualization} for the {Digital} {Humanities} ({VIS4DH})},
	author = {van den Berg, Hein and Betti, Arianna and Castermans, Thom and Koopman, Rob and Speckmann, Bettina and Verbeek, Kevin and Wang, Shenghui and van der Werf, Titia and Westenberg, Michel},
	year = {2018},
}

@techreport{bellomo_bolzanos_2018,
	title = {Bolzano’s semantic space: {Philosophical} investigations using an information retrieval tool [{Unpublished} abstract]},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOiO9KUaYXHj-UDy1idw},
	language = {en},
	author = {Bellomo, Anna and van den Berg, Hein and Betti, Arianna and Bloem, Jelke and Koopman, Rob and Oortwijn, Yvette and Wang, Shenghui and van Wierst, Pauline},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
}

@article{castermans_solarview:_2018,
	title = {{SolarView}: {Low} {Distortion} {Radial} {Embeddings} with a {Focus} [preprint published on {Aug} 13, 2018]},
	issn = {1077-2626},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8434356/},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2018.2865361},
	abstract = {We propose a novel type of low distortion radial embedding which focuses on one specific entity and its closest neighbors. Our embedding preserves near-exact distances to the focus entity and aims to minimize distortion between the other entities. We present an interactive exploration tool SolarView which places the focus entity at the center of a "solar system" and embeds its neighbors guided by concentric circles. SolarView provides an implementation of our novel embedding and several state-of-the-art dimensionality reduction and embedding techniques, which we adapted to our setting in various ways. We experimentally evaluated our embedding and compared it to these state-of-the-art techniques. The results show that our embedding competes with these techniques and achieves low distortion in practice. Our method performs particularly well when the visualization, and hence the embedding, adheres to the solar system design principle of our application. Nonetheless - as with all dimensionality reduction techniques - the distortion may be high. We leverage interaction techniques to give clear visual cues that allow users to accurately judge distortion. We illustrate the use of SolarView by exploring the high-dimensional metric space of bibliographic entity similarities.},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	author = {Castermans, Thom and Verbeek, Kevin and Koopman, Rob and Speckmann, Bettina and Westenberg, Michel A. and Wang, Shenghui and van den Berg, Hein and Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2018},
}

We propose a novel type of low distortion radial embedding which focuses on one specific entity and its closest neighbors. Our embedding preserves near-exact distances to the focus entity and aims to minimize distortion between the other entities. We present an interactive exploration tool SolarView which places the focus entity at the center of a "solar system" and embeds its neighbors guided by concentric circles. SolarView provides an implementation of our novel embedding and several state-of-the-art dimensionality reduction and embedding techniques, which we adapted to our setting in various ways. We experimentally evaluated our embedding and compared it to these state-of-the-art techniques. The results show that our embedding competes with these techniques and achieves low distortion in practice. Our method performs particularly well when the visualization, and hence the embedding, adheres to the solar system design principle of our application. Nonetheless - as with all dimensionality reduction techniques - the distortion may be high. We leverage interaction techniques to give clear visual cues that allow users to accurately judge distortion. We illustrate the use of SolarView by exploring the high-dimensional metric space of bibliographic entity similarities.

@inproceedings{zamborlini_toward_2017,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {Toward a {Core} {Conceptual} {Model} for ({Im})material {Cultural} {Heritage} in the {Golden} {Agents} project - {Storyfying} data},
	isbn = {1613-0073},
	url = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2063/events-paper1.pdf},
	abstract = {This paper reports on the initial idea of a core conceptual model
for the Golden Agents Project, which aims to integrate several heterogeneous
datasets about cultural heritage of the Dutch Golden
Age. We hypothesize that the combination of event and storytelling
modeling would provide us a common infrastructure to represent
and retrieve some core information regardless to its specific nature:
painting, book, notary act or theatre performance. The proposed
model was developed based on (i) several discussions conducted
with humanities experts and (ii) foundational ontology for grounding
the modeling decisions. It is assessed through a case study
about Vermeer, the painting ‘Girl with a Pearl Earring’ and a novel
written about the production of the painting. We conclude that
the model satisfactorily addresses the case study, and we discuss
some next steps to further assess and extend the model, as well as
implementing and testing it in practice.},
	booktitle = {{SEMANTiCS} 2017 workshop proceedings - {Joint} {Proceedings} of {SEMANTiCS} 2017 {Workshops}  co-located with the 13th {International} {Conference} on {Semantic} {Systems} ({SEMANTiCS} 2017)},
	author = {Zamborlini, Veruska and Betti, Arianna and van den Heuvel, Charles},
	editor = {Fensel, Anna and Daniele, Laura and Aroyo, Lora and de Boer, Victor and Inel, Oana and Kuys, Gerard and Petram, Lodewijk},
	year = {2017},
}

This paper reports on the initial idea of a core conceptual model for the Golden Agents Project, which aims to integrate several heterogeneous datasets about cultural heritage of the Dutch Golden Age. We hypothesize that the combination of event and storytelling modeling would provide us a common infrastructure to represent and retrieve some core information regardless to its specific nature: painting, book, notary act or theatre performance. The proposed model was developed based on (i) several discussions conducted with humanities experts and (ii) foundational ontology for grounding the modeling decisions. It is assessed through a case study about Vermeer, the painting ‘Girl with a Pearl Earring’ and a novel written about the production of the painting. We conclude that the model satisfactorily addresses the case study, and we discuss some next steps to further assess and extend the model, as well as implementing and testing it in practice.

@incollection{betti_philostei:_2017,
	address = {London},
	title = {@{PhilosTEI}: {Building} {Corpora} for {Philosophers}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bbi.32},
	abstract = {The step to e-research in philosophy depends on the availability of high quality, easily and freely accessible corpora in a sustainable format composed from multi-language, multi-script books from different historical periods. Corpora matching these needs are at the moment virtually non-existing. Within @PhilosTei, we have addressed this corpus building problem by developing an open source, web-based, user-friendly workflow from textual images to TEI, based on state-of-the-art open source OCR software, to wit Tesseract, and a multi-language version of TICCL, a powerful OCR post-correction tool. We have demonstrated the utility of the tool by applying it to a multilingual, multi-script corpus of important eighteenth to twentieth-century European philosophical texts.},
	booktitle = {{CLARIN} in the {Low} {Countries}},
	publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Reynaert, Martin and van den Berg, Hein},
	editor = {Odijk, Jan and van Hessen, Arjan},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {371--384},
}

The step to e-research in philosophy depends on the availability of high quality, easily and freely accessible corpora in a sustainable format composed from multi-language, multi-script books from different historical periods. Corpora matching these needs are at the moment virtually non-existing. Within @PhilosTei, we have addressed this corpus building problem by developing an open source, web-based, user-friendly workflow from textual images to TEI, based on state-of-the-art open source OCR software, to wit Tesseract, and a multi-language version of TICCL, a powerful OCR post-correction tool. We have demonstrated the utility of the tool by applying it to a multilingual, multi-script corpus of important eighteenth to twentieth-century European philosophical texts.

@incollection{betti_brentano_2017,
	address = {London},
	title = {Brentano and the {Lvov}-{Warsaw} {School}},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOgZJyRogFR4bkdEm9qw},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Franz} {Brentano} and the {Brentano} {School}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Kriegel, Uriah},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {334--340},
}

@incollection{betti_brentano_2017-1,
	address = {London},
	title = {Brentano and {Twardowski}},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOgZJ0T7aOhOoo0qCFuw},
	booktitle = {The {Routledge} {Handbook} of {Franz} {Brentano} and the {Brentano} {School}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Kriegel, Uriah},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {305--311},
}

@inproceedings{castermans_glammap:_2016,
	address = {Baltimore},
	title = {{GlamMap}: {Geovisualization} for e-humanities},
	url = {http://vis4dh.com/papers/GlamMap%20Geovisualization%20for%20e-Humanities.pdf},
	abstract = {Abstract—This paper presents GlamMap, a visualization tool for large, multi-variate georeferenced humanities data sets. Our approach visualizes the data as glyphs on a zoomable geographic map, and performs clustering and data aggregation at each zoom level to avoid clutter and to prevent overlap of symbols. GlamMap was developed for the Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums (GLAM) domain in cooperation with researchers in philosophy. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by a case study on history of logic, which involves navigation and exploration of 7100 bibliographic records, and scalability on a data set of sixty million book records.},
	booktitle = {2016 {Workshop} on {Visualization} for the {Digital} {Humanities}},
	author = {Castermans, Thom and Speckmann, Bettina and Verbeek, Kevin and Westenberg, Michel and Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein},
	year = {2016},
}

Abstract—This paper presents GlamMap, a visualization tool for large, multi-variate georeferenced humanities data sets. Our approach visualizes the data as glyphs on a zoomable geographic map, and performs clustering and data aggregation at each zoom level to avoid clutter and to prevent overlap of symbols. GlamMap was developed for the Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums (GLAM) domain in cooperation with researchers in philosophy. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by a case study on history of logic, which involves navigation and exploration of 7100 bibliographic records, and scalability on a data set of sixty million book records.

@inproceedings{betti_towards_2016,
	address = {Aachen},
	title = {Towards a {Computational} {History} of {Ideas}},
	volume = {1681},
	url = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1681/Betti_van_den_Berg_computational_history_of_ideas.pdf},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Third} {Conference} on {Digital} {Humanities} in {Luxembourg} with a {Special} {Focus} on {Reading} {Historical} {Sources} in the {Digital} {Age}. {CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}, {CEUR}-{WS}.org},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein},
	editor = {Wieneke, Lars and Jones, Catherine and Düring, Marten and Armaselu, Florentina and Leboutte, René},
	year = {2016},
}

@inproceedings{betti_glammapping_2016,
	address = {Melbourne},
	title = {{GlamMapping} {Trove}},
	url = {http://www.vala.org.au/direct-download/vala2016-proceedings/vala2016-papers/590-vala2016-session-8-betti-paper/file},
	abstract = {This paper presents the current state of development of GlamMap, a visualisation tool that displays library metadata on an interactive, computer-generated geographic map. The focus in the paper is on the most crucial improvement achieved in the development of the tool: GlamMapping Trove. The visualisation of Trove’s sixty-million book records is possible thanks to an improved database structure, more efficient data retrieval, and more scalable visualisation algorithms. The paper analyses problems encountered in visualising massive datasets, describes remaining challenges for the tool, and presents a use case demonstrating GlamMap’s ability to serve researchers in the history of ideas.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {VALA} 2016},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Castermans, Thom and Speckmann, Bettina and van den Berg, Hein and Verbeek, Kevin},
	year = {2016},
}

This paper presents the current state of development of GlamMap, a visualisation tool that displays library metadata on an interactive, computer-generated geographic map. The focus in the paper is on the most crucial improvement achieved in the development of the tool: GlamMapping Trove. The visualisation of Trove’s sixty-million book records is possible thanks to an improved database structure, more efficient data retrieval, and more scalable visualisation algorithms. The paper analyses problems encountered in visualising massive datasets, describes remaining challenges for the tool, and presents a use case demonstrating GlamMap’s ability to serve researchers in the history of ideas.

@inproceedings{van_wierst_philscale:_2016,
	address = {Aachen},
	title = {Phil@{Scale}: {Computational} {Methods} within {Philosophy}},
	volume = {1681},
	url = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1681/Wierst_et_al_Philo_at_scale.pdf},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Third} {Conference} on {Digital} {Humanities} in {Luxembourg} with a {Special} {Focus} on {Reading} {Historical} {Sources} in the {Digital} {Age}. {CEUR} {Workshop} {Proceedings}, {CEUR}-{WS}.org},
	author = {van Wierst, Pauline and Vrijenhoek, Sanne and Schlobach, Stefan and Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Wieneke, Lars and Jones, Catherine and Düring, Marten and Armaselu, Florentina and Leboutte, René},
	year = {2016},
}

@incollection{betti_einleitung_2016,
	address = {Berlin/New York},
	title = {Einleitung zur {Logik} 1894/5},
	booktitle = {Kazimierz {Twardowski} - {Logik}: {Wiener} {Logikkolleg}},
	publisher = {de Gruyter},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Raspa, Venanzio},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {vii--xxxviii},
}

@article{betti_kazimierz_2016,
	title = {Kazimierz {Twardowski} (substantial revision, {May} 17, 2016)},
	url = {http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twardowski/},
	number = {Winter},
	journal = {Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{betti_kazimierz_2016-1,
	address = {Berlin, New York},
	title = {Kazimierz {Twardowski} - {Logik}: {Wiener} {Logikkolleg}},
	publisher = {de Gruyter},
	editor = {Betti, Arianna and Raspa, Venanzio},
	year = {2016},
}

@book{betti_against_2015,
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	title = {Against facts},
	isbn = {978-0-262-02921-6},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{betti_modelling_2014,
	title = {Modelling the {History} of {Ideas}},
	volume = {22},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOgYNIZz-93F2nMbXLCw},
	abstract = {We propose a new method for the history of ideas that has none of the shortcomings so often ascribed to this approach. We call this method the model approach to the history of ideas. We argue that any adequately developed and implementable method to trace (dis)continuities in the history of human thought, or concept drift, will require that historians use explicit interpretive conceptual frameworks. We call these frameworks models. We argue that models enhance the comprehensibility of historical texts, and provide historians of ideas with a method that, unlike existing approaches, is susceptible neither to common holistic criticisms nor to Skinner’s objections that the history of ideas yields arbitrary and biased reconstructions. To illustrate our proposal, we discuss the so-called Classical Model of Science and draw upon work in computer science and cognitive psychology.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {British Journal for the History of Philosophy},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {812--835},
}

We propose a new method for the history of ideas that has none of the shortcomings so often ascribed to this approach. We call this method the model approach to the history of ideas. We argue that any adequately developed and implementable method to trace (dis)continuities in the history of human thought, or concept drift, will require that historians use explicit interpretive conceptual frameworks. We call these frameworks models. We argue that models enhance the comprehensibility of historical texts, and provide historians of ideas with a method that, unlike existing approaches, is susceptible neither to common holistic criticisms nor to Skinner’s objections that the history of ideas yields arbitrary and biased reconstructions. To illustrate our proposal, we discuss the so-called Classical Model of Science and draw upon work in computer science and cognitive psychology.

@article{betti_haslangers_2014,
	title = {On {Haslanger}’s {Focal} {Analysis} of {Race} and {Gender} in {Resisting} {Reality} as an {Interpretive} {Model}},
	volume = {1},
	url = {http://krisis.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/krisis-2014-1-03-betti.pdf?},
	journal = {Krisis},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {13--18},
}

@techreport{betti_philostei:_2014,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {@{PhilosTEI}: {Final} user evaluation report},
	url = {http://1drv.ms/20NhO3n},
	abstract = {This deliverable reports on the evaluation of the workflow developed in TiCCLing Philosophy: a TEI corpus building workflow towards a new computational methodology for philosophy (@PhilosTEI). Within @PhilosTEI, a demonstrator tool providing a web-based workflow from textual images to TEI has been created and evaluated. In this document, we present the evaluation of this workflow based on the user testing conducted within the project.},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {15},
}

This deliverable reports on the evaluation of the workflow developed in TiCCLing Philosophy: a TEI corpus building workflow towards a new computational methodology for philosophy (@PhilosTEI). Within @PhilosTEI, a demonstrator tool providing a web-based workflow from textual images to TEI has been created and evaluated. In this document, we present the evaluation of this workflow based on the user testing conducted within the project.

@techreport{betti_philostei:_2014-1,
	address = {Amsterdam},
	title = {@{PhilosTEI}: user scenario},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1},
}

@incollection{betti_naming_2014,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {The {Naming} of {Facts} and the {Methodology} of {Language}-{Based} {Metaphysics}},
	url = {http://www.philosophie.ch/kevin/festschrift/Betti-paper},
	abstract = {According to Mulligan \& Correia 2008, "any philosophy of facts owes us an account of the form of such expressions as "the fact that Sam is sad". They also suggest that expressions of the form "the fact that p" have the form of definite descriptions, and that one possible account of such expressions as definite descriptions is the one given by Hochberg 2001. According to Hochberg, 'the fact that p' is analysed as 'the fact that contains a as a term and F as an attribute and that is of the form ϕx exists'. Why should we ask that any philosophy of facts be equipped with names for facts (or, more neutrally, with ways to refer to facts)? A descriptive metaphysician accepting facts might care about the naming of facts; but I do not see why a revisionary metaphysician should: I do not see whether a revisionary metaphysician accepting facts should care even as to whether it is at all possible to name them. A fortiori, for a revisionary metaphysician there does not seem to be any need for the expression 'the fact that p' to come out as a definite description. So it seems that the only philosophers for whom Hochberg's analysis is relevant are those who think that linguistic analyses of that kind can be used in support of a philosophy of facts independently of theoretical considerations. But this, I argue, is misguided: since it presupposes a specific philosophy of facts from the start, Hochberg's analysis can't be used in support of that very philosophy or of any other philosophy of facts. Hochberg, H. 2001. The Positivist and the Ontologist. Bergmann, Carnap and Logical Realism, Amsterdam: Rodopi. Mulligan, Kevin and Correia, Fabrice, "Facts", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = {\textless}http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/facts/{\textgreater}.},
	booktitle = {{MIND}, {VALUES} {AND} {METAPHYSICS}: {PHILOSOPHICAL} {PAPERS} {DEDICATED} {TO} {KEVIN} {MULLIGAN}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Reboul, Anne},
	year = {2014},
}

According to Mulligan & Correia 2008, "any philosophy of facts owes us an account of the form of such expressions as "the fact that Sam is sad". They also suggest that expressions of the form "the fact that p" have the form of definite descriptions, and that one possible account of such expressions as definite descriptions is the one given by Hochberg 2001. According to Hochberg, 'the fact that p' is analysed as 'the fact that contains a as a term and F as an attribute and that is of the form ϕx exists'. Why should we ask that any philosophy of facts be equipped with names for facts (or, more neutrally, with ways to refer to facts)? A descriptive metaphysician accepting facts might care about the naming of facts; but I do not see why a revisionary metaphysician should: I do not see whether a revisionary metaphysician accepting facts should care even as to whether it is at all possible to name them. A fortiori, for a revisionary metaphysician there does not seem to be any need for the expression 'the fact that p' to come out as a definite description. So it seems that the only philosophers for whom Hochberg's analysis is relevant are those who think that linguistic analyses of that kind can be used in support of a philosophy of facts independently of theoretical considerations. But this, I argue, is misguided: since it presupposes a specific philosophy of facts from the start, Hochberg's analysis can't be used in support of that very philosophy or of any other philosophy of facts. Hochberg, H. 2001. The Positivist and the Ontologist. Bergmann, Carnap and Logical Realism, Amsterdam: Rodopi. Mulligan, Kevin and Correia, Fabrice, "Facts", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = \textlesshttp://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/facts/\textgreater.

@inproceedings{betti_glammap:_2014,
	address = {Melbourne},
	title = {{GlamMap}: visualizing library metadata},
	url = {http://bit.ly/1oWsPcj},
	abstract = {Libraries provide access to large amounts of library metadata. Unfortunately, many libraries only offer textual interfaces for searching and browsing their holdings. Visualizations provide simpler, faster, and more efficient ways to navigate, search and study large quantities of metadata. This paper presents GlamMap, a visualization tool that displays library metadata on an interactive, computer-generated geographic map. We provide detailed discussion of how GlamMap benefits the work of librarians and researchers. We show how geographic representations help librarians to perform tasks such as collection assessment and how geographic information helps researchers to identify important scientific resources.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {VALA} 2014 – {Libraries}, {Technologies}, and the {Future}},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Gerrits, Dirk H. P. and Speckmann, Bettina and van den Berg, Hein},
	year = {2014},
}

Libraries provide access to large amounts of library metadata. Unfortunately, many libraries only offer textual interfaces for searching and browsing their holdings. Visualizations provide simpler, faster, and more efficient ways to navigate, search and study large quantities of metadata. This paper presents GlamMap, a visualization tool that displays library metadata on an interactive, computer-generated geographic map. We provide detailed discussion of how GlamMap benefits the work of librarians and researchers. We show how geographic representations help librarians to perform tasks such as collection assessment and how geographic information helps researchers to identify important scientific resources.

@incollection{betti_sniewski_2013,
	address = {Basingstoke},
	title = {Leśniewski, {Tarski} and the {Axioms} of {Mereology}},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOgaIw6WWbbwffw1VYxQ},
	booktitle = {Studies in the {History} and {Philosophy} of {Polish} {Logic}. {Essays} in {Honour} of {Jan} {Woleński}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Kijania-Placek, Katarzyna and Mulligan, Kevin and Placek, Tomasz},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {242--258},
}

@incollection{betti_we_2013,
	address = {Basingstoke},
	title = {We owe it to {Sigwart}! {A} new look at the content/object distinction in early phenomenological theories of judgment from {Brentano} to {Twardowski}},
	url = {https://www.dropbox.com/s/cie2ocxapsbqx7r/BettiTextorJudgementVolume.pdf?dl=0},
	booktitle = {Judgement and {Truth} in {Early} {Analytic} {Philosophy} and {Phenomenology}},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Textor, Mark},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {74--96},
}

@incollection{betti_bolzanos_2012,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Bolzano’s {Universe}: {Truth}, {Logic} and {Metaphysics}},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOsFrbsytkO6dh2jGO},
	booktitle = {Categories of {Being}: {Essays} on {Metaphysics} and {Logic}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Haaparanta, Leila and Koskinen, Heikki J.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {167--190},
}

@article{betti_tarskis_2012,
	title = {On {Tarski}’s {Foundations} of the {Geometry} of {Solids}},
	volume = {18},
	url = {https://www.dropbox.com/s/lk9oj5bd6eo482f/Betti%2C%20Loeb%20-%202012%20-%20On%20Tarski%E2%80%99s%20Foundations%20of%20the%20Geometry%20of%20Solids%282%29.pdf?dl=0},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Bulletin of Symbolic Logic},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Loeb, Iris},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {230--260},
}

@article{betti_contro_2012,
	title = {Contro i fatti},
	volume = {49},
	abstract = {This paper argues that the hypothesis that there are facts is ungrounded. I first introduce a series of important theoretical distinctions to say what facts are not – and avoid misunderstandings as to what I take to be facts, states of affairs and relations. Then I present the so-called problem of the glue, which is linked to Bradley's regress. Finally, I propose a stronger version of the problem of the glue, which I call the problem of directional glue, to the aim of giving additional evidence that the problem of the glue is not solvable by the theories of facts which fall prey of it.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Rivista di estetica},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {55--72},
}

This paper argues that the hypothesis that there are facts is ungrounded. I first introduce a series of important theoretical distinctions to say what facts are not – and avoid misunderstandings as to what I take to be facts, states of affairs and relations. Then I present the so-called problem of the glue, which is linked to Bradley's regress. Finally, I propose a stronger version of the problem of the glue, which I call the problem of directional glue, to the aim of giving additional evidence that the problem of the glue is not solvable by the theories of facts which fall prey of it.

@article{betti_classical_2011,
	title = {The {Classical} {Model} of {Science} {II} – {The} {Axiomatic} {Method}, the {Order} of {Concepts} and the {Hierarchy} of {Science}: {An} {Introduction}},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/m40715u7752q7512/ http://axiom.vu.nl/cmsone/index2.htm},
	doi = {10.1007/s11229-009-9671-0},
	journal = {Synthese},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and de Jong, Willem R and Martijn, Marije},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Bolzano},
}

@article{betti_sniewskis_2010,
	title = {Leśniewski’s characteristica universalis},
	volume = {174},
	issn = {00397857},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11229-008-9423-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s11229-008-9423-6},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Synthese},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Classical Model of Science, axiomatics, characteristica universalis, classical model science, logic, s systems, sniewski},
	pages = {295--314},
}

@article{de_jong_classical_2010,
	title = {The {Classical} {Model} of {Science} {I} – {A} {Millennia}-{Old} {Model} of {Scientific} {Rationality}},
	volume = {174},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/0039-7857/174/2/},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Synthese},
	author = {de Jong, Willem R and Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Classical, Model, Science, of},
}

@article{betti_explanation_2010,
	title = {Explanation in metaphysics and {Bolzano}’s theory of ground and consequence},
	volume = {211},
	url = {http://virthost.vub.ac.be/lnaweb/ojs/index.php/LogiqueEtAnalyse/article/view/1755},
	journal = {Logique et analyse},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Bolzano, Classical Model of Science},
	pages = {281--316},
}

@article{betti_introduction_2010,
	title = {Introduction},
	volume = {174},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/04821q71p1306231 http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl//handle/1871/19644},
	doi = {10.1007/s11229-008-9416-5},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Synthese},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and de Jong, Willem R},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Classical, Model, Science, of},
	pages = {181--3},
}

@article{betti_kazimierz_2010,
	title = {Kazimierz {Twardowski}},
	url = {http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twardowski/},
	number = {Fall},
	journal = {Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2010},
}

@incollection{betti_sniewskis_2009,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {Leśniewski’s {Systems} and the {Aristotelian} {Model} of {Science}},
	url = {https://1drv.ms/b/s!AgPq3zEkkYuOgtxqb2ci6qXPb7YHDA},
	booktitle = {The {Golden} {Age} of {Polish} {Philosophy} - {Kazimierz} {Twardowski}’s philosophical legacy},
	publisher = {Springer Verlag},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Lapointe, Sandra and Marion, Mathieu and Miśkiewicz, Wioletta and Woleński, Jan},
	year = {2009},
	note = {10.1007/978-90-481-2401-5\_7},
	pages = {93--111},
}

@article{betti_review_2009,
	title = {Review of {Nadine} {Gessler}, {Leśniewski}, lecteur de {Frege}. {Neuchâtel}: 2007.},
	volume = {30},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1871/19643},
	number = {2},
	journal = {History and Philosophy of Logic},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {200--201},
}

@incollection{betti_polish_2008,
	title = {Polish {Axiomatics} and its {Truth} : {On} {Tarski}'s {Lesniewskian} {Background} and the {Ajdukiewicz} {Connection}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241538036_Polish_Axiomatics_and_its_Truth_On_Tarski's_Lesniewskian_Background_and_the_Ajdukiewicz_Connection},
	booktitle = {New {Essays} on {Tarski} and {Philosophy}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Patterson, Douglas},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Classical, Model, Science, of},
	pages = {44--72},
}

@article{DLTC:DLTC1167,
	title = {Relata-{Specific} {Relations}: {A} {Response} to {Vallicella}},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1746-8361},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.2008.01167.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1746-8361.2008.01167.x},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Dialectica},
	author = {Wieland, Jan Willem and Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {509--524},
}

@incollection{betti_against_2006,
	address = {Warsaw},
	title = {Against facts [{Przeciwko} faktom]},
	booktitle = {Myśli o jȩzyku, nauce i wartościach. {Ksiȩga} ofiarowana {Profesorowi} {Jackowi} {Juliuszowi} {Jadackiemu} w sześćdziesiata rocznicȩ urodzin},
	publisher = {Semper},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Strawiński, Witold and Brożek, Anna and Grygianiec, Mariusz},
	year = {2006},
	note = {published in Polish as ‘Przeciwko Faktom’. English original to be found here URL = {\textless} http://www.surfgroepen.nl/personal/ariannabetti/shared\%20documents/betti2006.pdf {\textgreater}},
	pages = {235--249},
}

@incollection{betti_sempiternal_2006,
	address = {Amsterdam and New York},
	series = {Poznan {Studies} in the {Philosophy} of the {Sciences} and the {Humanities}},
	title = {Sempiternal {Truth}. {The} {Bolzano}-{Leśniewski}-{Twardowski} {Axis}},
	url = {http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/10868/3_SempiternalTruth.pdf?sequence=1},
	number = {89},
	booktitle = {Lvov-{Warsaw} {School}: {The} {New} {Generation}},
	publisher = {Rodopi},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Jadacki, Jacek Juliusz and Pasniczek, J.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {371--399},
}

@incollection{betti_strange_2006,
	address = {Frankfurt am Main},
	title = {The {Strange} {Case} of {Savonarola} and the {Painted} {Fish}. {On} the {Bolzanization} of {Polish} {Thought}},
	url = {http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/handle/1871/13144},
	booktitle = {Actions, {Products} and {Things}. {Brentano} and {Polish} {Philosophy}},
	publisher = {Ontos Verlag},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Chrudzimski, A. and Łukasiewicz, D.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {55--81},
}

@incollection{betti_contre_2006,
	address = {Paris},
	title = {Contre les faits},
	booktitle = {Propositions et états de choses – {Entre} être et sens},
	publisher = {Vrin},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Benoist, Jocelyn},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {231--50},
}

@article{betti_propositions_2005,
	title = {Propositions et états de choses chez {Twardowski}},
	volume = {XLIV},
	url = {http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/handle/1871/10870},
	journal = {Dialogue},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {469--492},
}

@article{betti_argomenti_2005,
	title = {Argomenti ontologici genuini e oggetti intenzionali. {Commento} a {Alberto} {Voltolini}},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Rivista di estetica},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {86--90},
}

@article{betti_road_2004,
	title = {The {Road} from {Vienna} to {Lvov} {Twardowski}'s {Theory} of {Judgement} between 1894 and 1897},
	volume = {67},
	url = {http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/10869/4_RoadViennaLvov.pdf?sequence=1},
	abstract = {In several manuscripts, written between 1894 and 1897, Twardowski developed a new theory of judgment with two types of judgment: existential and relational judgments. In Zur Lehre he tried to stay within a Brentanian framework, although he introduced the distinction between content and object in the theory of judgment. The introduction of this distinction forced Twardowski to revise further Brentano's theory. His changes concerned judgments about relations and about nonpresent objects. The latter are considered special cases of relational judgments. The existential judgments are analyzed in a Brentanian way. (edited)},
	journal = {Grazer Philosophische Studien},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van der Schaar, Maria},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {brentano, epistemology, judgment, k, relation, twardowski},
	pages = {1--20},
}

In several manuscripts, written between 1894 and 1897, Twardowski developed a new theory of judgment with two types of judgment: existential and relational judgments. In Zur Lehre he tried to stay within a Brentanian framework, although he introduced the distinction between content and object in the theory of judgment. The introduction of this distinction forced Twardowski to revise further Brentano's theory. His changes concerned judgments about relations and about nonpresent objects. The latter are considered special cases of relational judgments. The existential judgments are analyzed in a Brentanian way. (edited)

@article{betti_lukasiewicz_2004,
	title = {Lukasiewicz and {Leśniewski} on {Contradiction}},
	volume = {22},
	journal = {Reports in Philosophy},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {247--271},
}

@article{betti_lesniewskis_2004,
	title = {Lesniewski's {Early} {Liar}, {Tarski} and {Natural} {Language}},
	volume = {127},
	url = {http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/handle/1871/10871},
	abstract = {This paper shows that it was not Tarski, but Lesniewski who first avowed the impossibility of giving a satisfactory theory of truth for ordinary language, and the necessity of sanitation of the latter for scientific purposes. In an early article (1913) Lesniewski gave an interesting solution to the liar paradox, which, although different from Tarski's in detail, is nevertheless important to Tarski's semantic background. To illustrate this I give an analysis of Lesniewski's solution and of some related aspects of Lesniewski's later thought. (edited)},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {Annals of Pure and Applied Logic},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {lesniewski, liar s paradox, logic, metalanguage, s, semantics, tarski, truth},
	pages = {267--287},
}

This paper shows that it was not Tarski, but Lesniewski who first avowed the impossibility of giving a satisfactory theory of truth for ordinary language, and the necessity of sanitation of the latter for scientific purposes. In an early article (1913) Lesniewski gave an interesting solution to the liar paradox, which, although different from Tarski's in detail, is nevertheless important to Tarski's semantic background. To illustrate this I give an analysis of Lesniewski's solution and of some related aspects of Lesniewski's later thought. (edited)

@article{betti_egel_2004,
	title = {De egel en de vos: {Over} logica, taal en waarheid bij {Lesniewski} en {Tarski}},
	volume = {96},
	abstract = {In this programmatic paper, I propose to examine Tarski's work on truth in its historical context, in particular by comparing Tarski's ideas with those of his teacher, Stanislaw Lesniewski. Building on recent findings, I argue that Tarski's ideas on semantics are significantly different from Lesniewski's, and that this difference squares with the opposition sketched in the dichotomies logic as language vs. logic as calculus and language as universal medium vs. language as calculus. I also suggest that a comparison of Lesniewski's and Tarski's position based on this opposition can help us understand and critically assess present-day practices in logic, as well as contribute to the (rather dormant) debate on issues like: can a purely syntactic construction be made meaningful by means of a model-theoretical mapping? If not, what should a logic with a proper semantics look like? (edited)},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {language, lesniewski, logic, s, tarski, truth},
	pages = {208--216},
}

In this programmatic paper, I propose to examine Tarski's work on truth in its historical context, in particular by comparing Tarski's ideas with those of his teacher, Stanislaw Lesniewski. Building on recent findings, I argue that Tarski's ideas on semantics are significantly different from Lesniewski's, and that this difference squares with the opposition sketched in the dichotomies logic as language vs. logic as calculus and language as universal medium vs. language as calculus. I also suggest that a comparison of Lesniewski's and Tarski's position based on this opposition can help us understand and critically assess present-day practices in logic, as well as contribute to the (rather dormant) debate on issues like: can a purely syntactic construction be made meaningful by means of a model-theoretical mapping? If not, what should a logic with a proper semantics look like? (edited)

@incollection{betti_incomplete_2002,
	title = {The {Incomplete} {Story} of {Lukasiewicz} and {Bivalence}},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.554.1591&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
	booktitle = {The {Logica} {Yearbook} 1999},
	publisher = {Filosofia},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Probability, bivalence, jan, lukasiewicz, many valued logics},
	pages = {21--36},
}

@article{betti_o_1998,
	title = {O prawdzie odwiecznej. {Bolzano}-{Twardowski}-{Leśniewski} ({On} {Sempiternal} {Truth}. {Bolzano}-{Twardowski}-{Leśniewski} - in {Polish})},
	volume = {22},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Filozofia Nauki VI},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {51--75},
}

@incollection{betti_veritate:_1998,
	address = {Dordrecht},
	title = {De {Veritate}: {Another} {Chapter}. {The} {Bolzano}-{Leśniewski} {Connection}},
	abstract = {115-137},
	booktitle = {The {Lvov}-{Warsaw} {School} and {Contemporary} {Philosophy}},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers (Synthese series)},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Woleński, K. Kijania-Placek \& J.},
	year = {1998},
}

115-137

@article{van_den_berg_spread_0,
	title = {The {Spread} of the {Mathematical} {Method} in {Eighteenth}-{Century} {Germany}: {A} {Quantitative} {Investigation} [first draft completed]},
	abstract = {In the eighteenth century, the German mathematician and philosopher Christian Wolff famously claimed that all sciences should apply the so-called mathematical method. Interpreters (e.g. Frängsmyr 1975; Friedman 1992; Zammito 2002) typically identify Wolff's mathematical method with the traditional axiomatic ideal of science, i.e. the tenet that a proper science should have an axiomatic structure. In this paper we argue against this identification. We show that several eighteenth-century authors who did reject the mathematical method in science did so while retaining the axiomatic ideal of science - which suggests that the two should not be identified. We argue that in the eighteenth century the expression 'the mathematical method' designated a specific take on the traditional axiomatic ideal of science, and that it is this specific take that was targeted by critics, not the axiomatic ideal of science tout court. In order to substantiate our claims, we rely on information from a corpus of approximately 700 eighteenth-century books on logic and philosophy in German and Latin, processed using a novel method building upon the mixed one (qualitative, quantitative and computational) introduced by Betti et al (2019). In keeping with the latter, we claim that historical-interpretive claims should rely on a corpus which is as large as possible, and employ precisely defined annotation schemes to capture differences and similarities between various conceptions in a way which is as accountable as possible. We supplement the method with a new explicitly defined procedure of book-centered corpus building for historians of philosophy which is as objective and accountable as possible. Our results should be understood as part of a longer-term ambition of making historico-interpretive investigations more scientific, i.e., controlled, explicit, and as objective as possible},
	author = {van den Berg, Hein and Parisi, Maria Chiara and Oortwijn, Yvette and Betti, Arianna and Wang, Shenghui and Koopman, Rob},
	year = {0},
}

In the eighteenth century, the German mathematician and philosopher Christian Wolff famously claimed that all sciences should apply the so-called mathematical method. Interpreters (e.g. Frängsmyr 1975; Friedman 1992; Zammito 2002) typically identify Wolff's mathematical method with the traditional axiomatic ideal of science, i.e. the tenet that a proper science should have an axiomatic structure. In this paper we argue against this identification. We show that several eighteenth-century authors who did reject the mathematical method in science did so while retaining the axiomatic ideal of science - which suggests that the two should not be identified. We argue that in the eighteenth century the expression 'the mathematical method' designated a specific take on the traditional axiomatic ideal of science, and that it is this specific take that was targeted by critics, not the axiomatic ideal of science tout court. In order to substantiate our claims, we rely on information from a corpus of approximately 700 eighteenth-century books on logic and philosophy in German and Latin, processed using a novel method building upon the mixed one (qualitative, quantitative and computational) introduced by Betti et al (2019). In keeping with the latter, we claim that historical-interpretive claims should rely on a corpus which is as large as possible, and employ precisely defined annotation schemes to capture differences and similarities between various conceptions in a way which is as accountable as possible. We supplement the method with a new explicitly defined procedure of book-centered corpus building for historians of philosophy which is as objective and accountable as possible. Our results should be understood as part of a longer-term ambition of making historico-interpretive investigations more scientific, i.e., controlled, explicit, and as objective as possible

@article{betti_historians_0,
	title = {Historians and the ‘{Great} {Unread}’ {A} {New} {Method} for {Objective} {Corpus} {Building} in the {History} of {Philosophy} [{Ongoing} draft]},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ne3B8QGCfLVvBPPH3yW_gAb0mIc3TrSWFl-Z-FNMAYI/edit?usp=sharing},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Van den Berg, Hein and Oortwijn, Yvette and Parisi, Maria Chiara and Wang, Shenghui and Koopman, Rob},
	year = {0},
}

@article{bellomo_bolzano_0,
	title = {Bolzano on the {Reals} [ongoing]},
	abstract = {Bolzano's `measurable numbers' are the first attempt ever at an arithmetical definition of the reals. Despite its intrinsic interest as a key step in the history of the so-called arithmetization of analysis, Bolzano's construction has gone largely unnoticed in the literature on the foundations of mathematics. A major reason for this is that Bolzano's construction still awaits proper account - one that can do justice to the remarkable intellectual significance of Bolzano's efforts. In this paper we provide such an account. 

Interpreting Bolzano's construction of the reals is challenging because the proofs are contained in an unfinished manuscript from the 1830s/1840s, and dotted with inconsistencies and mistakes. Existing interpretations of Bolzano's work on the reals typically concentrate on fixing the construction, and doing so by resorting on present-day set theory; in particular, they identify Bolzano's reals with sequences. We contrast the *sequence*-account just mentioned with what we call a *face-value* account, and side with the latter  in providing a careful textual examination of Bolzano's proofs and the theoretical resources he actually employs. We show that it is doubtful that Bolzano's construction requires any set theoretical resources, that Bolzano's theory of measurable numbers is still ascribable to the science-of-quantity conception of mathematics, and that studying Bolzano's proposal only through the lenses of a set-theoretic reconstruction is what has hindered previous commentators in their philosophical appraisal of Bolzano's measurable numbers.

Our analysis backs up a characterization of Bolzano's construction as between what Epple (2003) calls the traditional conception of mathematics exhibited by Frege and the more modern approach of Cantor and Dedekind.},
	author = {Bellomo, Anna and Betti, Arianna},
	year = {0},
}

Bolzano's `measurable numbers' are the first attempt ever at an arithmetical definition of the reals. Despite its intrinsic interest as a key step in the history of the so-called arithmetization of analysis, Bolzano's construction has gone largely unnoticed in the literature on the foundations of mathematics. A major reason for this is that Bolzano's construction still awaits proper account - one that can do justice to the remarkable intellectual significance of Bolzano's efforts. In this paper we provide such an account. Interpreting Bolzano's construction of the reals is challenging because the proofs are contained in an unfinished manuscript from the 1830s/1840s, and dotted with inconsistencies and mistakes. Existing interpretations of Bolzano's work on the reals typically concentrate on fixing the construction, and doing so by resorting on present-day set theory; in particular, they identify Bolzano's reals with sequences. We contrast the *sequence*-account just mentioned with what we call a *face-value* account, and side with the latter in providing a careful textual examination of Bolzano's proofs and the theoretical resources he actually employs. We show that it is doubtful that Bolzano's construction requires any set theoretical resources, that Bolzano's theory of measurable numbers is still ascribable to the science-of-quantity conception of mathematics, and that studying Bolzano's proposal only through the lenses of a set-theoretic reconstruction is what has hindered previous commentators in their philosophical appraisal of Bolzano's measurable numbers. Our analysis backs up a characterization of Bolzano's construction as between what Epple (2003) calls the traditional conception of mathematics exhibited by Frege and the more modern approach of Cantor and Dedekind.

@incollection{betti_conceptual_0,
	title = {On {Conceptual} {Science} in {Early} {US} {Linguistics} [ongoing]},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and van den Berg, Hein and Oortwijn, Yvette and Treijtel, Caspar},
	year = {0},
}

@article{betti_bolzanos_0,
	title = {Bolzano's {Hylemorphism} [idea]},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Parisi, Maria Chiara and Bellomo, Anna},
	year = {0},
}

@unpublished{betti_wissenschaftslehre_nodate,
	title = {Wissenschaftslehre {Wiki} {Project} [deprecated]},
	author = {Betti, Arianna and Blok, Johan and Huijgen, Paul and Loeb, Iris and Roski, Stefan and Sikkel, Constantijn and Koleva, Mariya and van den Berg, Hein},
	keywords = {Bolzano},
}

@incollection{betti_semantics_nodate,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {Semantics and {Axiomatics} from {Bolzano} to {Tarski} [commissioned for the online version]},
	booktitle = {The {Oxford} {Handbook} of {The} {History} of {Analytic} {Philosophy} [online version only, not for the printed version]},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	editor = {Beaney, Michael},
}

@book{betti_making_nodate,
	title = {Making {True} - {On} the {History} of {Facts} and the {Correspondence} {Theory} of {Truth} from {Aristotle} to {Armstrong} [draft, ms.] [in preparation]},
	author = {Betti, Arianna},
	keywords = {Bolzano},
}