BibBase https://api.zotero.org/users/4976940/collections/FQ7SVRZ3/items?key=HB5ooAZGCiqh7e2wvqkMNOn0&format=bibtex&limit=100

Alim, S. (1)

Sami H. Alim. Hip Hop national language. In Language in the USA: Themes for the twenty-first century, pages 387–409. Cambridge University Press, .
link bibtex

@incollection{alim_hip_nodate,
	title = {Hip {Hop} national language},
	booktitle = {Language in the {USA}: {Themes} for the twenty-first century},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Alim, Sami H.},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {387--409},
}

Bailey, G. (2)

Guy Bailey; and Marvin Bassett. Invariant be in the Lower South. In Michael Montgomery; and Guy Bailey., editor(s), Language variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, pages 158–179. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1986.
link bibtex

@incollection{bailey_invariant_1986,
	address = {Tuscaloosa, AL},
	title = {Invariant be in the {Lower} {South}},
	booktitle = {Language variety in the {South}: {Perspectives} in {Black} and {White}},
	publisher = {The University of Alabama Press},
	author = {Bailey, Guy and Bassett, Marvin},
	editor = {Montgomery, Michael and Bailey, Guy},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {158--179},
}

Guy Bailey; and Natalie Maynor. The present tense of be in White Folk speech in the Southern United States. English World-Wide, 6: 199–216. 1985.
link bibtex

@article{bailey_present_1985,
	title = {The present tense of be in {White} {Folk} speech in the {Southern} {United} {States}},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {English World-Wide},
	author = {Bailey, Guy and Maynor, Natalie},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {199--216},
}

Bassett, M. (1)

Guy Bailey; and Marvin Bassett. Invariant be in the Lower South. In Michael Montgomery; and Guy Bailey., editor(s), Language variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, pages 158–179. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1986.
link bibtex

@incollection{bailey_invariant_1986,
	address = {Tuscaloosa, AL},
	title = {Invariant be in the {Lower} {South}},
	booktitle = {Language variety in the {South}: {Perspectives} in {Black} and {White}},
	publisher = {The University of Alabama Press},
	author = {Bailey, Guy and Bassett, Marvin},
	editor = {Montgomery, Michael and Bailey, Guy},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {158--179},
}

Baugh, J. (1)

John Baugh. Black street speech: Its history, structure, and survival. of Texas Linguistics SeriesUniversity of Texas Press, Austin, 1983.
link bibtex

@book{baugh_black_1983,
	address = {Austin},
	series = {Texas {Linguistics} {Series}},
	title = {Black street speech: {Its} history, structure, and survival},
	isbn = {978-0-292-70745-0 978-0-292-70743-6},
	shorttitle = {Black street speech},
	publisher = {University of Texas Press},
	author = {Baugh, John},
	year = {1983},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
}

Brewer, J. (1)

Jeutonne P Brewer. Nonagreeing am and invariant be in early Black English. SECOL Bulletin, 3: 81–100. 1979.
link bibtex

@article{brewer_nonagreeing_1979,
	title = {Nonagreeing am and invariant be in early {Black} {English}},
	volume = {3},
	journal = {SECOL Bulletin},
	author = {Brewer, Jeutonne P},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {81--100},
}

Clarke, S. (2)

Sandra Clarke. The search for origins: Habitual aspect and Newfoundland Vernacular English. Journal of English Linguistics, 27(4): 328–340. December 1999.

Paper doi link bibtex 5 downloads

@article{clarke_search_1999,
	title = {The search for origins: {Habitual} aspect and {Newfoundland} {Vernacular} {English}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0075-4242, 1552-5457},
	url = {http://eng.sagepub.com/content/27/4/328},
	doi = {10.1177/00754249922004750},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2016-06-07},
	journal = {Journal of English Linguistics},
	author = {Clarke, Sandra},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Copula, Habitual be, Subject contact relative},
	pages = {328--340},
}

Sandra Clarke. Newfoundland English: Morphology and syntax. In Edgar W. Schneider; and Edgar W. Schneider., editor(s), Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean, volume 2, pages 492–509. De Gruyter, Berlin, 2008.

Newfoundland English: Morphology and syntax [link]

Paper link bibtex 7 downloads

@incollection{clarke_newfoundland_2008,
	address = {Berlin},
	title = {Newfoundland {English}: {Morphology} and syntax},
	volume = {2},
	isbn = {978-3-11-019718-1},
	shorttitle = {Newfoundland {English}},
	url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110175325/9783110175325.2.303/9783110175325.2.303.xml?format=EBOK},
	urldate = {2016-06-07},
	booktitle = {Varieties of {English}: {The} {Americas} and the {Caribbean}},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	author = {Clarke, Sandra},
	editor = {Schneider, Edgar W. and Schneider, Edgar W.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {2016 Seminar, Double comparatives, Embedded inversion, Invariant be},
	pages = {492--509},
}

Cohen, P. (1)

William Labov; Paul Cohen; Clarence Robins; and John Lewis. A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City. Vol. 1: Phonological and grammatical analysis. Technical Report CRP-3288, Columbia University, New York, 1968.
link bibtex

@techreport{labov_study_1968,
	address = {New York},
	type = {{US} {Department} of {Health}, {Education} \& {Welfare}, {Office} of {Education}},
	title = {A study of the non-standard {English} of {Negro} and {Puerto} {Rican} speakers in {New} {York} {City}. {Vol}. 1: {Phonological} and grammatical analysis},
	number = {CRP-3288},
	institution = {Columbia University},
	author = {Labov, William and Cohen, Paul and Robins, Clarence and Lewis, John},
	year = {1968},
	keywords = {Done, Multiple modals, Negative concord, Negative inversion},
}

Dayton, E. (1)

Elizabeth Dayton. Grammatical categories of the verb in African-American Vernacular English. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, January 1996.

Grammatical categories of the verb in African-American Vernacular English [link]

Paper link bibtex 4 downloads

@phdthesis{dayton_grammatical_1996,
	title = {Grammatical categories of the verb in {African}-{American} {Vernacular} {English}},
	url = {http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9712915},
	school = {University of Pennsylvania},
	author = {Dayton, Elizabeth},
	month = jan,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Perfective done},
}

Dunlap, H. (1)

Howard G Dunlap. Social aspects of a verbal form: native Atlanta fifth-grade speech - the present tense of be. Ph.D. Thesis, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 1973.
link bibtex

@phdthesis{dunlap_social_1973,
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	type = {{PhD} dissertation},
	title = {Social aspects of a verbal form: native {Atlanta} fifth-grade speech - the present tense of be},
	school = {Emory University},
	author = {Dunlap, Howard G},
	year = {1973},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
}

Fasold, R. (2)

Ralph W. Fasold. Tense and the form be in Black English. Language, 45(4): 763–776. 1969.

Tense and the form be in Black English [link]

Paper doi link bibtex abstract 5 downloads

@article{fasold_tense_1969,
	title = {Tense and the form be in {Black} {English}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {0097-8507},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/412334},
	doi = {10.2307/412334},
	abstract = {The Negro dialect, Black English, has a distinctive use of be as a main verb, expressing iteration rather than instantaneous or constant states. Although the Standard English phrases will be and would be can have a meaning similar to Black English be, phonological deletion of these modals cannot account for all occurrences of be in Black English. It is argued that the best analysis is one which recognizes only one verb to be, which can occur without tense.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2016-09-14},
	journal = {Language},
	author = {Fasold, Ralph W.},
	year = {1969},
	keywords = {Habitual be, Invariant be},
	pages = {763--776},
}

Ralph W. Fasold. Tense marking in Black English: A linguistic and social analysis. of Urban language seriesCenter for Applied Linguistics, Arlington, VA, 1972.
link bibtex

@book{fasold_tense_1972,
	address = {Arlington, VA},
	series = {Urban language series},
	title = {Tense marking in {Black} {English}: {A} linguistic and social analysis},
	isbn = {978-0-87281-031-0},
	number = {8},
	publisher = {Center for Applied Linguistics},
	author = {Fasold, Ralph W.},
	year = {1972},
	keywords = {Habitual be, Invariant be},
}

Green, L. (3)

Lisa Green. Aspectual be-type constructions and coercion in African American English. Natural Language Semantics, 8(1): 1–25. 2000.

Aspectual be-type constructions and coercion in African American English [link]

Paper link bibtex abstract 11 downloads

@article{green_aspectual_2000,
	title = {Aspectual be-type constructions and coercion in {African} {American} {English}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {0925-854X},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/23748550},
	abstract = {This paper examines aspectual be—type constructions in African American English. These constructions receive a habitual interpretation, but they are distinguished from simple tense generics in that they are not ambiguous between generic/habitual and capacity readings. The analysis proposed to account for these constructions is one in which aspectual be neutralizes the distinction between stage- and individual-level predicates. Following Kratzer (1995), I assume that stage-level predicates have a separate event argument associated with them, but individual-level predicates do not. Aspectual be forces individual-level predicates to take an eventuality argument which coerces them into stage-level predicates. The logical representations of these constructions are given a tripartite structure in which a habitual operator binds variables ranging over eventualities. The analysis can be extended to account for constructions in which permanently stable entities indicated by bare plural subjects occur with be—type predicates. The solution proposed here accounts for some well-known properties of aspectual be that have not been discussed in the literature.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2017-04-06},
	journal = {Natural Language Semantics},
	author = {Green, Lisa},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Stressed BIN},
	pages = {1--25},
}

Lisa J. Green. Language and the African American child. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.
link bibtex

@book{green_language_2011,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {Language and the {African} {American} child},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Green, Lisa J.},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Negative inversion, Split subjects},
}

Lisa J. Green. African American English: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
link bibtex abstract

@book{green_african_2002,
	address = {Cambridge},
	title = {African {American} {English}: {A} linguistic introduction},
	isbn = {978-0-521-81449-2 978-0-521-89138-7},
	shorttitle = {African {American} {English}},
	abstract = {"This authoritative introduction to African American English (AAE) is the first textbook to look at the grammar as a whole. Clearly organized, it describes patterns in the sentence structure, sound system, word formation and word use in AAE. The book uses linguistic description and data from conversation to explain that AAE is not a compilation of random deviations from mainstream English but that it is a rule-governed system. The textbook examines topics such as education, speech events in the secular and religious world, and the use of language in literature and the media to create black images. This much-needed book includes exercises to accompany each chapter and will be essential reading for students in linguistics, education, anthropology, African American studies and literature."--BOOK JACKET},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Green, Lisa J.},
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {African Americans, Bare got, Black English, Dialects, English language, Finna, Languages, Negative concord, Negative inversion, Split subjects, Stressed BIN, United States, Variation},
}

Harris, A. (1)

Alysia Nicole Harris. The non-aspectual meaning of African American English 'aspect' markers: A grammar for emotion and expectation. Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 2016.
link bibtex

@phdthesis{harris_non-aspectual_2016,
	address = {New Haven, CT},
	type = {{PhD} dissertation},
	title = {The non-aspectual meaning of {African} {American} {English} 'aspect' markers: {A} grammar for emotion and expectation},
	school = {Yale University},
	author = {Harris, Alysia Nicole},
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Invariant be, Perfective done},
}

Harris, J. (2)

John Harris. The underlying non-identity of English dialects: A look at the Hiberno-English verb phrase. Belfast working papers in language and linguistics, 6: 1–36. 1982.
link bibtex

@article{harris_underlying_1982,
	title = {The underlying non-identity of {English} dialects: {A} look at the {Hiberno}-{English} verb phrase},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {Belfast working papers in language and linguistics},
	author = {Harris, John},
	year = {1982},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {1--36},
}

John Harris. Expanding the superstrate: habitual aspect markers in Atlantic Englishes. Sheffield Working Papers in Linguistics, 2: 72–97. 1985.
link bibtex

@article{harris_expanding_1985,
	title = {Expanding the superstrate: habitual aspect markers in {Atlantic} {Englishes}},
	volume = {2},
	journal = {Sheffield Working Papers in Linguistics},
	author = {Harris, John},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {72--97},
}

Henry, A. (1)

Alison Henry. Belfast English and standard English: Dialect variation and parameter setting. of Oxford studies in comparative syntaxOxford University Press, New York, 1995.
link bibtex

@book{henry_belfast_1995,
	address = {New York},
	series = {Oxford studies in comparative syntax},
	title = {Belfast {English} and standard {English}: {Dialect} variation and parameter setting},
	isbn = {978-0-19-508291-3 978-0-19-508292-0},
	shorttitle = {Belfast {English} and standard {English}},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Henry, Alison},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {2016 Seminar, Belfast (Northern Ireland), Dialects, Embedded inversion, English language, Northern Ireland Belfast, Social conditions},
}

Hill, A. (1)

Archibald A. Hill. The Habituative Aspect of Verbs in \Black English, Irish English, and Standard English\. American Speech, 50(3/4): 323–324. 1975.
$The Habituative Aspect of Verbs in \Black English, Irish English, and Standard English\ [link]$ Paper doi link bibtex

@article{hill_habituative_1975,
	title = {The {Habituative} {Aspect} of {Verbs} in \{{Black} {English}, {Irish} {English}, and {Standard} {English}\}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0003-1283},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3088018},
	doi = {10.2307/3088018},
	number = {3/4},
	urldate = {2016-09-24},
	journal = {American Speech},
	author = {Hill, Archibald A.},
	year = {1975},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {323--324},
}

Jones, T. (1)

Taylor Jones. Toward a Description of African American Vernacular English Dialect Regions Using “Black Twitter”. American Speech, 90(4): 403–440. November 2015.

Paper doi link bibtex 3 downloads

@article{jones_toward_2015,
	title = {Toward a {Description} of {African} {American} {Vernacular} {English} {Dialect} {Regions} {Using} “{Black} {Twitter}”},
	volume = {90},
	issn = {0003-1283},
	url = {https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article/90/4/403/5470/Toward-a-Description-of-African-American},
	doi = {10.1215/00031283-3442117},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2019-10-19},
	journal = {American Speech},
	author = {Jones, Taylor},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {403--440},
}

Jones-Jackson, P. (1)

Patricia Jones-Jackson. When roots die: Endangered traditions on the Sea Islands. University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, 1987.
link bibtex

@book{jones-jackson_when_1987,
	address = {Athens, GA},
	title = {When roots die: {Endangered} traditions on the {Sea} {Islands}},
	isbn = {978-0-8203-4241-2},
	shorttitle = {When roots die},
	urldate = {2016-10-10},
	publisher = {University of Georgia Press},
	author = {Jones-Jackson, Patricia},
	year = {1987},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
}

Kallen, J. (1)

Jeffrey L. Kallen. The co-occurrence of do and be in Hiberno-English. In John Harris; David Little; and Singleton., editor(s), Perspectives on the English language in Ireland. Center for Language and Communication Studies, Trinity College Dublin, 1986.
link bibtex

@incollection{kallen_co-occurrence_1986,
	address = {Trinity College Dublin},
	title = {The co-occurrence of do and be in {Hiberno}-{English}},
	booktitle = {Perspectives on the {English} language in {Ireland}},
	publisher = {Center for Language and Communication Studies},
	author = {Kallen, Jeffrey L.},
	editor = {Harris, John and Little, David and Singleton},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
}

Labov, W. (2)

William Labov. Coexistent systems in African-American vernacular English. In Salikoko S. Mufwene; John R. Rickford; Guy Bailey; and John Baugh., editor(s), African-American English: Structure, history, and use, pages 110–153. Routledge, London, 1998.
link bibtex

@incollection{labov_coexistent_1998,
	address = {London},
	title = {Coexistent systems in {African}-{American} vernacular {English}},
	isbn = {978-0-415-11732-6 978-0-415-11733-3},
	booktitle = {African-{American} {English}: {Structure}, history, and use},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Labov, William},
	editor = {Mufwene, Salikoko S. and Rickford, John R. and Bailey, Guy and Baugh, John},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {African Americans, Americanisms, Black English, English language, Language, Social aspects, Stressed BIN, United States},
	pages = {110--153},
}

William Labov; Paul Cohen; Clarence Robins; and John Lewis. A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City. Vol. 1: Phonological and grammatical analysis. Technical Report CRP-3288, Columbia University, New York, 1968.
link bibtex

@techreport{labov_study_1968,
	address = {New York},
	type = {{US} {Department} of {Health}, {Education} \& {Welfare}, {Office} of {Education}},
	title = {A study of the non-standard {English} of {Negro} and {Puerto} {Rican} speakers in {New} {York} {City}. {Vol}. 1: {Phonological} and grammatical analysis},
	number = {CRP-3288},
	institution = {Columbia University},
	author = {Labov, William and Cohen, Paul and Robins, Clarence and Lewis, John},
	year = {1968},
	keywords = {Done, Multiple modals, Negative concord, Negative inversion},
}

Lewis, J. (1)

William Labov; Paul Cohen; Clarence Robins; and John Lewis. A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City. Vol. 1: Phonological and grammatical analysis. Technical Report CRP-3288, Columbia University, New York, 1968.
link bibtex

@techreport{labov_study_1968,
	address = {New York},
	type = {{US} {Department} of {Health}, {Education} \& {Welfare}, {Office} of {Education}},
	title = {A study of the non-standard {English} of {Negro} and {Puerto} {Rican} speakers in {New} {York} {City}. {Vol}. 1: {Phonological} and grammatical analysis},
	number = {CRP-3288},
	institution = {Columbia University},
	author = {Labov, William and Cohen, Paul and Robins, Clarence and Lewis, John},
	year = {1968},
	keywords = {Done, Multiple modals, Negative concord, Negative inversion},
}

Loflin, M. (1)

Marvin D. Loflin. A note on the deep structure of non-standard English in Washington, D.C. Glossa, 1: 26–37. 1967.
link bibtex

@article{loflin_note_1967,
	title = {A note on the deep structure of non-standard {English} in {Washington}, {D}.{C}.},
	volume = {1},
	journal = {Glossa},
	author = {Loflin, Marvin D.},
	year = {1967},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {26--37},
}

Maynor, N. (1)

Guy Bailey; and Natalie Maynor. The present tense of be in White Folk speech in the Southern United States. English World-Wide, 6: 199–216. 1985.
link bibtex

@article{bailey_present_1985,
	title = {The present tense of be in {White} {Folk} speech in the {Southern} {United} {States}},
	volume = {6},
	journal = {English World-Wide},
	author = {Bailey, Guy and Maynor, Natalie},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {199--216},
}

Mishoe, M. (1)

Michael Montgomery; and Margaret Mishoe. "He Bes Took Up with a Yankee Girl and Moved Up There to New York": The Verb bes in the Carolinas and Its History. American Speech, 74(3): 240–281. 1999.

"He Bes Took Up with a Yankee Girl and Moved Up There to New York": The Verb bes in the Carolinas and Its History [link]

Paper link bibtex 1 download

@article{montgomery_he_1999,
	title = {"{He} {Bes} {Took} {Up} with a {Yankee} {Girl} and {Moved} {Up} {There} to {New} {York}": {The} {Verb} bes in the {Carolinas} and {Its} {History}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1527-2133},
	shorttitle = {"{He} {Bes} {Took} {Up} with a {Yankee} {Girl} and {Moved} {Up} {There} to {New} {York}"},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/2700},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-09-21},
	journal = {American Speech},
	author = {Montgomery, Michael and Mishoe, Margaret},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {240--281},
}

Montgomery, M. (1)

Michael Montgomery; and Margaret Mishoe. "He Bes Took Up with a Yankee Girl and Moved Up There to New York": The Verb bes in the Carolinas and Its History. American Speech, 74(3): 240–281. 1999.

Paper link bibtex 1 download

@article{montgomery_he_1999,
	title = {"{He} {Bes} {Took} {Up} with a {Yankee} {Girl} and {Moved} {Up} {There} to {New} {York}": {The} {Verb} bes in the {Carolinas} and {Its} {History}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {1527-2133},
	shorttitle = {"{He} {Bes} {Took} {Up} with a {Yankee} {Girl} and {Moved} {Up} {There} to {New} {York}"},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/2700},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-09-21},
	journal = {American Speech},
	author = {Montgomery, Michael and Mishoe, Margaret},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {240--281},
}

Mufwene, S. (3)

Salikoko Mufwene. Gullah. In Bernd Kortmann; and Kerstin Lunkenheimer., editor(s), The electronic world atlas of varieties of English. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 2013.

Paper link bibtex

@incollection{mufwene_gullah_2013,
	address = {Leipzig},
	title = {Gullah},
	url = {http://ewave-atlas.org/languages/21},
	booktitle = {The electronic world atlas of varieties of {English}},
	publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
	author = {Mufwene, Salikoko},
	editor = {Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
}

Salikoko S. Mufwene. Gullah: morphology and syntax. In Edgar W. Schneider., editor(s), Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean, volume 2, pages 551–571. Mouton de Gruyter, The Hague, 2008.
link bibtex

@incollection{mufwene_gullah:_2008,
	address = {The Hague},
	title = {Gullah: morphology and syntax},
	volume = {2},
	booktitle = {Varieties of {English}: {The} {Americas} and the {Caribbean}},
	publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
	author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
	editor = {Schneider, Edgar W.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {551--571},
}

Salikoko S. Mufwene. Gullah's development: Myth and sociohistorical evidence. In Cynthia Bernstein; Thomas Nunnally; and Sabino., editor(s), Language variety in the South revisited, pages 113–122. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1997.
link bibtex

@incollection{mufwene_gullahs_1997,
	address = {Tuscaloosa, AL},
	title = {Gullah's development: {Myth} and sociohistorical evidence},
	booktitle = {Language variety in the {South} revisited},
	publisher = {The University of Alabama Press},
	author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
	editor = {Bernstein, Cynthia and Nunnally, Thomas and Sabino},
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {113--122},
}

Rickford, J. (3)

John R. Rickford. Social contact and linguistic diffusion: Hiberno-English and New World Black English. Language, 62(2): 245–289. 1986.

Paper doi link bibtex abstract 2 downloads

@article{rickford_social_1986,
	title = {Social contact and linguistic diffusion: {Hiberno}-{English} and {New} {World} {Black} {English}},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0097-8507},
	shorttitle = {Social {Contact} and {Linguistic} {Diffusion}},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/414674},
	doi = {10.2307/414674},
	abstract = {The historical relation between Hiberno-English and New World Black English is a fruitful research site for exploring the interplay of internal and external factors in linguistic diffusion. A recent hypothesis that NWBE habitual be derives from HE is first assessed through attention to the history of Irish/African contact in colonial America and the Caribbean, and then critically evaluated against six alternatives. On the basis of internal and external considerations, a hypothesis which involves decreolization from creole does (be), but incorporates possible influences from Hibernian and British varieties of English, is regarded as the single most viable hypothesis. Directions for further research on this issue are indicated, and relevance to larger theoretical concerns is identified.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2016-09-21},
	journal = {Language},
	author = {Rickford, John R.},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {245--289},
}

John R. Rickford. Number delimitation in Gullah: A response to Mufwene. American Speech, 65: 148–163. 1990.
link bibtex

@article{rickford_number_1990,
	title = {Number delimitation in {Gullah}: {A} response to {Mufwene}},
	volume = {65},
	journal = {American Speech},
	author = {Rickford, John R.},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {148--163},
}

John R. Rickford. Invariant be in the Lower South. In Michael Montgomery; and Guy Bailey., editor(s), Language variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, pages 38–62. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1986.
link bibtex

@incollection{montgomery_invariant_1986,
	address = {Tuscaloosa, AL},
	title = {Invariant be in the {Lower} {South}},
	booktitle = {Language variety in the {South}: {Perspectives} in {Black} and {White}},
	publisher = {The University of Alabama Press},
	author = {Rickford, John R.},
	editor = {Montgomery, Michael and Bailey, Guy},
	year = {1986},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {38--62},
}

Robins, C. (1)

William Labov; Paul Cohen; Clarence Robins; and John Lewis. A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City. Vol. 1: Phonological and grammatical analysis. Technical Report CRP-3288, Columbia University, New York, 1968.
link bibtex

@techreport{labov_study_1968,
	address = {New York},
	type = {{US} {Department} of {Health}, {Education} \& {Welfare}, {Office} of {Education}},
	title = {A study of the non-standard {English} of {Negro} and {Puerto} {Rican} speakers in {New} {York} {City}. {Vol}. 1: {Phonological} and grammatical analysis},
	number = {CRP-3288},
	institution = {Columbia University},
	author = {Labov, William and Cohen, Paul and Robins, Clarence and Lewis, John},
	year = {1968},
	keywords = {Done, Multiple modals, Negative concord, Negative inversion},
}

Weldon, T. (1)

Tracy L. Weldon. Gullah Gullah islands (Sea Island, SC, GA). In Walt Wolfram; and Ben Ward., editor(s), American voices: How dialects differ from coast to coast, pages 178–182. Blackwell, Malden, MA, 2006.
link bibtex

@incollection{weldon_gullah_2006,
	address = {Malden, MA},
	title = {Gullah {Gullah} islands ({Sea} {Island}, {SC}, {GA})},
	isbn = {978-1-4051-2108-8 978-1-4051-2109-5},
	booktitle = {American voices: {How} dialects differ from coast to coast},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	author = {Weldon, Tracy L.},
	editor = {Wolfram, Walt and Ward, Ben},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
	pages = {178--182},
}

Wolfram, W. (1)

Walt Wolfram. A sociolinguistic description of Detroit Negro speech. Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., 1969.
link bibtex

@book{wolfram_sociolinguistic_1969,
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	title = {A sociolinguistic description of {Detroit} {Negro} speech},
	publisher = {Center for Applied Linguistics},
	author = {Wolfram, Walt},
	year = {1969},
	keywords = {Invariant be},
}