@incollection{auerbach_major_2026,
	title = {Major depressive disorder in adolescence.},
	url = {https://psycnet.apa.org/books/record/2026-73727-011},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	booktitle = {{APA} handbook of depression: {Minoritized} populations, lifespan development, assessment, and treatment, {Vol}. 2},
	publisher = {American Psychological Association},
	author = {Auerbach, Randy P. and Pagliaccio, David and Bloom, Paul A. and Cherner, Rachel and Funkhouser, Carter J. and Kirshenbaum, Jaclyn S.},
	year = {2026},
	pages = {183--207},
}

@article{treves_their_2026,
	title = {In their own words: case studies of adolescent smartphone language preceding suicide-related hospitalizations},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2948-1570},
	shorttitle = {In their own words},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44277-026-00057-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s44277-026-00057-0},
	abstract = {Rising adolescent suicide rates underscore an urgent need for better detection of short-term risk in the days and hours leading up to attempts. Passive smartphone sensing of language offers a promising approach, yet its performance during vulnerable periods remains unclear. This case study examined five adolescents (3 male, 2 female) who were hospitalized for suicidal crises while enrolled in a smartphone sensing study. Participants contributed outgoing text entries over six months (M = 21,000/person), which were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP) to assess suicide-related content, sentiment, and topics (e.g., school, treatment). In addition, clinicians conducted qualitative reviews of the text entries to identify potential risk events. Results showed that 4 of 5 adolescents exhibited increased suicide-related language and negative sentiment during the 10 days prior to psychiatric hospitalization. Especially elevated suicide language was found within 5 days of hospitalization, while negative sentiment peaked between 5–10 days prior to hospitalization. These signals, however, also occurred outside of acute risk periods, highlighting the challenge of separating suicide risk from distress more generally. Clinical annotations revealed that suicidal thoughts and behaviors often co-occurred with NLP signals of suicide-related language, and topic models identified clinically relevant language related to substance use and psychiatric treatment. Clinical annotations of interpersonal conflict and school stressors were not identified by topic models. Discrepancies largely originated from the inability of NLP methods to infer context (e.g., text conversation history). Although smartphone language data showed low missingness and some sensitivity to acute crises, enhancing contextual analysis is essential for personalized risk detection.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-03-15},
	journal = {NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	author = {Treves, Isaac N. and Bloom, Paul A. and Salem, Samantha and Durham, Katherine and Zaccaria, Valerio and Spence, Jamaal and Dayan, Peter S. and Chernick, Lauren S. and Blanchard, Ashley and Kirshenbaum, Jaclyn S. and Trivedi, Esha and Brent, David A. and Allen, Nicholas B. and Zelazny, Jamie and Joyce, Karla and Porta, Giovanna and Pagliaccio, David and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {Human behaviour, Risk factors, Paediatric research},
	pages = {5},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/D2P9DEKP/Treves et al. - 2026 - In their own words case studies of adolescent smartphone language preceding suicide-related hospita.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Rising adolescent suicide rates underscore an urgent need for better detection of short-term risk in the days and hours leading up to attempts. Passive smartphone sensing of language offers a promising approach, yet its performance during vulnerable periods remains unclear. This case study examined five adolescents (3 male, 2 female) who were hospitalized for suicidal crises while enrolled in a smartphone sensing study. Participants contributed outgoing text entries over six months (M = 21,000/person), which were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP) to assess suicide-related content, sentiment, and topics (e.g., school, treatment). In addition, clinicians conducted qualitative reviews of the text entries to identify potential risk events. Results showed that 4 of 5 adolescents exhibited increased suicide-related language and negative sentiment during the 10 days prior to psychiatric hospitalization. Especially elevated suicide language was found within 5 days of hospitalization, while negative sentiment peaked between 5–10 days prior to hospitalization. These signals, however, also occurred outside of acute risk periods, highlighting the challenge of separating suicide risk from distress more generally. Clinical annotations revealed that suicidal thoughts and behaviors often co-occurred with NLP signals of suicide-related language, and topic models identified clinically relevant language related to substance use and psychiatric treatment. Clinical annotations of interpersonal conflict and school stressors were not identified by topic models. Discrepancies largely originated from the inability of NLP methods to infer context (e.g., text conversation history). Although smartphone language data showed low missingness and some sensitivity to acute crises, enhancing contextual analysis is essential for personalized risk detection.

@article{edwards_investigating_2026,
	title = {Investigating memory for faces based on emotional contextual information},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1532-5946},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-025-01830-w},
	doi = {10.3758/s13421-025-01830-w},
	abstract = {Contextual affective information can influence recognition memory. However, the influence of the order of this information on memory has rarely been studied. To investigate this, a series of faces were shown along with contextual person-based information. Each face was shown twice, manipulating the order of the affective contextual information: (1) emotional then neutral, (2) neutral then emotional, or (3) neutral and then neutral. The first study included negative contextual information and the second included positive information. One week later a recognition test was given for the faces. In both the negative study and the positive study, recognition memory was uninfluenced by condition, suggesting that the order in which affective information is presented is largely irrelevant. Further, exploratory Bayesian analyses revealed that faces paired with the highest arousal sentences at encoding were the least likely to be recognized at retrieval, which may represent a biasing of attention towards the high-arousal sentence and away from the low-arousal face.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-05-03},
	journal = {Memory \& Cognition},
	author = {Edwards, Brandon H. and Walden, Delaney and Bloom, Paul A. and Steinmetz, Katherine R. Mickley},
	month = mar,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {Emotion, Memory, Faces, Context},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/UAVALCDC/Edwards et al. - 2026 - Investigating memory for faces based on emotional contextual information.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Contextual affective information can influence recognition memory. However, the influence of the order of this information on memory has rarely been studied. To investigate this, a series of faces were shown along with contextual person-based information. Each face was shown twice, manipulating the order of the affective contextual information: (1) emotional then neutral, (2) neutral then emotional, or (3) neutral and then neutral. The first study included negative contextual information and the second included positive information. One week later a recognition test was given for the faces. In both the negative study and the positive study, recognition memory was uninfluenced by condition, suggesting that the order in which affective information is presented is largely irrelevant. Further, exploratory Bayesian analyses revealed that faces paired with the highest arousal sentences at encoding were the least likely to be recognized at retrieval, which may represent a biasing of attention towards the high-arousal sentence and away from the low-arousal face.

@inproceedings{shimgekar_detecting_2026,
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	series = {{WebSci} '26},
	title = {Detecting {Early} and {Implicit} {Suicidal} {Ideation} via {Longitudinal} and {Information} {Environment} {Signals} on {Social} {Media}},
	isbn = {979-8-4007-2504-3},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3795766.3799758},
	doi = {10.1145/3795766.3799758},
	abstract = {On social media, almost 50-60\% of individuals experiencing suicidal ideation (SI) do not disclose their distress explicitly [32]. Instead, signs may surface indirectly through everyday posts or peer interactions. Detecting such implicit signals early is critical but remains challenging. We frame early and implicit SI as a forward-looking prediction task and develop a computational framework that models a user’s information environment, consisting of both their longitudinal posting histories as well as the discourse of their socially proximal peers. We adopted a composite network centrality measure to identify top neighbors of a user, and temporally aligned the user’s and neighbors’ interactions—integrating the multi-layered signals in a fine-tuned DeBERTa-v3 model. In a Reddit study of 1,000 (500 Case and 500 Control) users, our approach improves early and implicit SI detection by an average of 10\% over all other baselines. These findings highlight that peer interactions offer valuable predictive signals and carry broader implications for designing early detection systems that capture indirect as well as masked expressions of risk in online environments.},
	urldate = {2026-06-07},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {ACM} {Web} {Science} {Conference} 2026},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	author = {Shimgekar, Soorya Ram and Zhao, Ruining and Goyal, Agam and Rodriguez, Violeta J. and Bloom, Paul and Kumar, Navin and Sundaram, Hari and Saha, Koustuv},
	month = may,
	year = {2026},
	pages = {176--187},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/KN64UJTY/Shimgekar et al. - 2026 - Detecting Early and Implicit Suicidal Ideation via Longitudinal and Information Environment Signals.pdf:application/pdf},
}

On social media, almost 50-60% of individuals experiencing suicidal ideation (SI) do not disclose their distress explicitly [32]. Instead, signs may surface indirectly through everyday posts or peer interactions. Detecting such implicit signals early is critical but remains challenging. We frame early and implicit SI as a forward-looking prediction task and develop a computational framework that models a user’s information environment, consisting of both their longitudinal posting histories as well as the discourse of their socially proximal peers. We adopted a composite network centrality measure to identify top neighbors of a user, and temporally aligned the user’s and neighbors’ interactions—integrating the multi-layered signals in a fine-tuned DeBERTa-v3 model. In a Reddit study of 1,000 (500 Case and 500 Control) users, our approach improves early and implicit SI detection by an average of 10% over all other baselines. These findings highlight that peer interactions offer valuable predictive signals and carry broader implications for designing early detection systems that capture indirect as well as masked expressions of risk in online environments.

@article{kirshenbaum_smartphone-measured_2026,
	title = {Smartphone-{Measured} {Sleep} {Health} {Risk} {Factors} {Detect} {Suicidal} {Thoughts} and {Behaviors} {Among} {Adolescents}},
	issn = {2949-7329},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949732926000578},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jaacop.2026.06.001},
	abstract = {Objective
Suicide deaths and poor sleep health in adolescents have significantly increased. Smartphone sensors (e.g., accelerometry) provide an unobtrusive and scalable way to monitor sleep health over extended time periods. We hypothesized that poor weekly sleep health (i.e., shorter and variable time-in-bed; late and variable bedtime) assessed through smartphone sensors will associate with weekly suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB).
Method
High-risk adolescents (N=145, 13-18-years-old, 112 female) oversampled for STB (n=114) installed the Effortless Assessment Research System application on their smartphones, allowing access to motion data over 6 months. Simultaneously, the app measured weekly suicidal ideation. Clinical interviews measured suicidal events (i.e., attempts, specifc psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department events related to suicide risk) at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments. Mixed-effects logistic regression models tested whether the weekly average and variability of time-in-bed and bedtime related to next-week STB.
Results
A 1 standard deviation increase in weekly time-in-bed, relative to one’s typical weekly time-in-bed, related to a near 2-folds greater odds of a next-week suicidal event (OR=1.85, 95\% CI [1.01, 3.28], p=.045). This was driven by time-in-bed on weekdays (OR=2.39, 95\% CI [1.19, 4.44], p=.013). Greater variability of bedtimes (i.e., lower bedtime consistency) within a weekend, relative to one’s own typical weekend bedtime variability, predicted next-week suicidal ideation (OR=1.91, 95\% CI [1.28, 2.69], p=0.001).
Conclusion
Results reveal proximal associations between smartphone-derived sleep measures and STB, highlighting the possibility of developing just-in-time interventions, focusing on which sleep behaviors to modify and when to intervene to reduce suicide risk.},
	urldate = {2026-06-08},
	journal = {JAACAP Open},
	author = {Kirshenbaum, Jaclyn S. and Pagliaccio, David and Trivedi, Esha and Galfalvy, Hanga and Joyce, Karla J. and Durham, Katherine and Porta, Giovanna and Bloom, Paul A. and Tse, Trinity C. and Blanchard, Ashley and Chernick, Lauren S. and Crowley, Ryann N. and Dayan, Peter S. and Kahn, Lauren E. and Zelazny, Jamie and Brent, David A. and Allen, Nicholas B. and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {suicidal ideation, youth, experience sampling methodology, mobile sensors, suicidal events},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/L4YUD5T8/S2949732926000578.html:text/html},
}

Objective Suicide deaths and poor sleep health in adolescents have significantly increased. Smartphone sensors (e.g., accelerometry) provide an unobtrusive and scalable way to monitor sleep health over extended time periods. We hypothesized that poor weekly sleep health (i.e., shorter and variable time-in-bed; late and variable bedtime) assessed through smartphone sensors will associate with weekly suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). Method High-risk adolescents (N=145, 13-18-years-old, 112 female) oversampled for STB (n=114) installed the Effortless Assessment Research System application on their smartphones, allowing access to motion data over 6 months. Simultaneously, the app measured weekly suicidal ideation. Clinical interviews measured suicidal events (i.e., attempts, specifc psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department events related to suicide risk) at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments. Mixed-effects logistic regression models tested whether the weekly average and variability of time-in-bed and bedtime related to next-week STB. Results A 1 standard deviation increase in weekly time-in-bed, relative to one’s typical weekly time-in-bed, related to a near 2-folds greater odds of a next-week suicidal event (OR=1.85, 95% CI [1.01, 3.28], p=.045). This was driven by time-in-bed on weekdays (OR=2.39, 95% CI [1.19, 4.44], p=.013). Greater variability of bedtimes (i.e., lower bedtime consistency) within a weekend, relative to one’s own typical weekend bedtime variability, predicted next-week suicidal ideation (OR=1.91, 95% CI [1.28, 2.69], p=0.001). Conclusion Results reveal proximal associations between smartphone-derived sleep measures and STB, highlighting the possibility of developing just-in-time interventions, focusing on which sleep behaviors to modify and when to intervene to reduce suicide risk.

@article{bloom_momentary_2026,
	title = {Momentary stress and social context among adolescents at risk for suicide: {An} experience sampling study},
	volume = {393},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0165-0327},
	shorttitle = {Momentary stress and social context among adolescents at risk for suicide},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503272501849X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2025.120407},
	abstract = {Adolescent suicide is a public health emergency with interpersonal factors playing a critical role in risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). This study examined whether smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys capturing stress and social context could enhance the identification of youth at risk for STB. Adolescents ages 13–18-years-old (N = 207, 166 female sex) reporting depressive, anxiety, and/or substance use disorders were recruited from psychiatric outpatient programs, emergency departments, medical research registries, and social media. Participants with STB history were oversampled; 66 \% reported current suicidal ideation and 27 \% had a past-year attempt. Assessments of suicidal events (attempts, emergency department visits, hospitalizations for suicide concerns) were completed at baseline, 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments. EMA probed momentary stress severity, affect, and recent social context (time spent with peers, family, or alone) 4–7×/day. Compared to psychiatric controls (N = 64), adolescents with STB history (N = 143) were more likely to report spending time alone (aOR = 1.75, 95 \% CI = [1.15, 2.39]), less time with family (aOR = 0.59, 95 \% CI = [0.31, 0.91]), and higher stress (d = 0.28). Further, EMA of stress (aOR = 1.86, 95 \% CI = [1.11, 3.26]) and negative affect (aOR = 2.32, 95 \% CI = [1.34, 4.36]) were prospectively associated with suicidal events above and beyond prior STB history. Broadly, results were similar between EMA measures of stress and negative affect, indicating such responses may reflect shared underlying processes. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating dynamic family and peer contact among adolescents at risk for STB and highlight EMA as a potential tool for assessing interpersonal exposures related to STB risk. Preprint link: doi:10.31234/osf.io/kepxw.},
	urldate = {2026-06-21},
	journal = {Journal of Affective Disorders},
	author = {Bloom, Paul Alexander and Galfalvy, Hanga and Bitran, Alma and Blanchard, Ashley and Chernick, Lauren S. and Dayan, Peter and Durham, Katherine and Greenblatt, Julia and Joyce, Karla and Kirshenbaum, Jaclyn S. and Lan, Ranqing and Parjane, Natalia and Porta, Giovanna and Trivedi, Esha and Tse, Trinity C. and Wool, Emma and Yu, Jennifer S. and Allen, Nicholas B. and Brent, David and Auerbach, Randy P. and Pagliaccio, David},
	month = jan,
	year = {2026},
	keywords = {Adolescent, EMA, Peer, Smartphone, Social, Stress, Suicide},
	pages = {120407},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/DG37LYFG/S016503272501849X.html:text/html},
}

Adolescent suicide is a public health emergency with interpersonal factors playing a critical role in risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). This study examined whether smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys capturing stress and social context could enhance the identification of youth at risk for STB. Adolescents ages 13–18-years-old (N = 207, 166 female sex) reporting depressive, anxiety, and/or substance use disorders were recruited from psychiatric outpatient programs, emergency departments, medical research registries, and social media. Participants with STB history were oversampled; 66 % reported current suicidal ideation and 27 % had a past-year attempt. Assessments of suicidal events (attempts, emergency department visits, hospitalizations for suicide concerns) were completed at baseline, 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments. EMA probed momentary stress severity, affect, and recent social context (time spent with peers, family, or alone) 4–7×/day. Compared to psychiatric controls (N = 64), adolescents with STB history (N = 143) were more likely to report spending time alone (aOR = 1.75, 95 % CI = [1.15, 2.39]), less time with family (aOR = 0.59, 95 % CI = [0.31, 0.91]), and higher stress (d = 0.28). Further, EMA of stress (aOR = 1.86, 95 % CI = [1.11, 3.26]) and negative affect (aOR = 2.32, 95 % CI = [1.34, 4.36]) were prospectively associated with suicidal events above and beyond prior STB history. Broadly, results were similar between EMA measures of stress and negative affect, indicating such responses may reflect shared underlying processes. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating dynamic family and peer contact among adolescents at risk for STB and highlight EMA as a potential tool for assessing interpersonal exposures related to STB risk. Preprint link: doi:10.31234/osf.io/kepxw.

@article{auerbach_using_2025,
	title = {Using {Smartphone} {GPS} {Data} to {Detect} the {Risk} of {Adolescent} {Suicidal} {Thoughts} and {Behaviors}},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2574-3805},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.56429},
	doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.56429},
	abstract = {Suicide rates among adolescents continue to rise, but there are a lack of clinical tools to predict when youths may be at risk for suicidal behaviors.To identify whether geolocation metrics, assessed through an app installed on adolescents’ personal smartphones, could detect the risk of next-week suicidal events and clinically meaningful suicidal ideation.This case series study included high-risk adolescents aged 13 to 18 years reporting a current affective and/or substance use disorder, oversampled for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). Participants were recruited from the greater New York City and Pittsburgh communities through psychiatric outpatient programs, emergency departments, medical center research registries, and social media. Participants installed the Effortless Assessment Research System (EARS) software application onto their personal smartphones, which obtained passive sensor data, including geolocation metrics (via the global positioning system [GPS]), as well as weekly experience sampling data probing STB for the duration of the 6-month study. Adolescents also completed clinical assessments at baseline as well as during the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments. Statistical analysis was performed from March 2023 to November 2024.Repeated measures mixed-effects logistic models estimated whether weekly aggregates of geolocation features (ie, entropy, homestay, distance traveled) were associated with next-week suicidal events (ie, suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, emergency department visits for suicide concerns) and clinically meaningful ideation (via weekly experience sampling).Overall, 186 participants were included in this study (148 [79.6\%] female; 19 [10.2\%] Asian, 23 [12.4\%] Black, and 106 [57.0\%] White), with a mean (SD) age of 16.4 (1.7) years. Greater homestay (amount of time spent at home) on a given week, relative to one’s own mean, was associated with 2-fold greater odds of suicidal events during the subsequent week (odds ratio, 1.99 [95\% CI, 1.15-3.45]). Results were not significant for entropy and distance traveled metrics. However, using leave-future-out validation, the accuracy of the homestay model was modest (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.64 [95\% CI, 0.50-0.78]).Advancements in smartphone technology afford unique opportunities to capture affective and behavioral dynamics that presage suicide risk. This case series study found that greater homestay obtained through smartphone GPS data over the course of a week, relative to one’s own mean, was associated with greater odds of a suicidal event in the subsequent week. Although accuracy was modest, these findings offer a novel starting point for suicide prevention research, particularly as smartphone sensor data may have the capacity to identify who is at risk while also providing an opportunity to deliver clinical tools when that risk is greatest.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-04-20},
	journal = {JAMA Network Open},
	author = {Auerbach, Randy P. and Bloom, Paul A. and Pagliaccio, David and Lan, Ranqing and Galfalvy, Hanga and Bitran, Alma and Durham, Katherine and Crowley, Ryan and Joyce, Karla and Blanchard, Ashley and Chernick, Lauren S. and Dayan, Peter S. and Greenblatt, Julia and Kahn, Lauren E. and Porta, Giovanna and Tse, Trinity C. and Cohn, Jeffrey F. and Morency, Louis-Philippe and Brent, David A. and Allen, Nicholas B.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {e2456429},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/F7GBZHFF/Auerbach et al. - 2025 - Using Smartphone GPS Data to Detect the Risk of Ad.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/SHWPB4IN/2829550.html:text/html},
}

Suicide rates among adolescents continue to rise, but there are a lack of clinical tools to predict when youths may be at risk for suicidal behaviors.To identify whether geolocation metrics, assessed through an app installed on adolescents’ personal smartphones, could detect the risk of next-week suicidal events and clinically meaningful suicidal ideation.This case series study included high-risk adolescents aged 13 to 18 years reporting a current affective and/or substance use disorder, oversampled for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). Participants were recruited from the greater New York City and Pittsburgh communities through psychiatric outpatient programs, emergency departments, medical center research registries, and social media. Participants installed the Effortless Assessment Research System (EARS) software application onto their personal smartphones, which obtained passive sensor data, including geolocation metrics (via the global positioning system [GPS]), as well as weekly experience sampling data probing STB for the duration of the 6-month study. Adolescents also completed clinical assessments at baseline as well as during the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments. Statistical analysis was performed from March 2023 to November 2024.Repeated measures mixed-effects logistic models estimated whether weekly aggregates of geolocation features (ie, entropy, homestay, distance traveled) were associated with next-week suicidal events (ie, suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, emergency department visits for suicide concerns) and clinically meaningful ideation (via weekly experience sampling).Overall, 186 participants were included in this study (148 [79.6%] female; 19 [10.2%] Asian, 23 [12.4%] Black, and 106 [57.0%] White), with a mean (SD) age of 16.4 (1.7) years. Greater homestay (amount of time spent at home) on a given week, relative to one’s own mean, was associated with 2-fold greater odds of suicidal events during the subsequent week (odds ratio, 1.99 [95% CI, 1.15-3.45]). Results were not significant for entropy and distance traveled metrics. However, using leave-future-out validation, the accuracy of the homestay model was modest (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.50-0.78]).Advancements in smartphone technology afford unique opportunities to capture affective and behavioral dynamics that presage suicide risk. This case series study found that greater homestay obtained through smartphone GPS data over the course of a week, relative to one’s own mean, was associated with greater odds of a suicidal event in the subsequent week. Although accuracy was modest, these findings offer a novel starting point for suicide prevention research, particularly as smartphone sensor data may have the capacity to identify who is at risk while also providing an opportunity to deliver clinical tools when that risk is greatest.

@misc{bloom_identifying_2025,
	title = {Identifying {Suicide}-{Related} {Language} in {Smartphone} {Keyboard} {Entries} {Among} {High}-{Risk} {Adolescents}},
	url = {https://osf.io/gfa7h_v1},
	doi = {10.31234/osf.io/gfa7h_v1},
	abstract = {Adolescent suicide rates have risen over the past two decades, underscoring the need for improved strategies to detect risk. This study leverages passively collected smartphone data to identify suicide-related language in adolescents’ keyboard usage using natural language processing. We developed a youth suicide lexicon for adolescent language and validated it with labeled data (N=121,515 entries), demonstrating higher sensitivity and precision than lexicons not designed for youth. Across two independent cohorts at elevated suicide risk (Ns=208 and 211; \>6 million text entries), both lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors and current suicidal ideation were associated with increased frequency of smartphone suicide-related language. Human coding indicated varied language—e.g., serious expressions of active suicidal ideation, jokes, hyperbole, and expressing support for others. Most suicide-related entries did not express serious current first-person suicidal ideation, underscoring the need for improved approaches to distinguish intent. Findings highlight both the promise and limitations of NLP approaches for suicide prevention.},
	language = {en-us},
	urldate = {2025-09-18},
	publisher = {OSF},
	author = {Bloom, Paul and Treves, Isaac and Pagliaccio, David and Nadel, Isabella and Wool, Emma and Quinones, Hayley and Greenblatt, Julia and Parjane, Natalia and Durham, Katherine and Salem, Samantha and Trivedi, Esha and Galfalvy, Hanga and Allen, Nicholas and Barch, Deanna and Blanchard, Ashley and Brent, David and Chernick, Lauren and Dayan, Peter and Hoyniak, Caroline and Joyce, Karla and Kirshenbaum, Jaclyn and Li, Lilian Y. and Luby, Joan and Porta, Giovanna and Saha, Koustuv and Shankman, Stewart and Schwartz, Adela and Shimgekar, Soorya and Zelazny, Jamie and Auerbach, Randy},
	month = sep,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {smartphone, adolescent, language, suicide, mobile sensing, passive, lexicon, nlp, STB},
}

Adolescent suicide rates have risen over the past two decades, underscoring the need for improved strategies to detect risk. This study leverages passively collected smartphone data to identify suicide-related language in adolescents’ keyboard usage using natural language processing. We developed a youth suicide lexicon for adolescent language and validated it with labeled data (N=121,515 entries), demonstrating higher sensitivity and precision than lexicons not designed for youth. Across two independent cohorts at elevated suicide risk (Ns=208 and 211; >6 million text entries), both lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors and current suicidal ideation were associated with increased frequency of smartphone suicide-related language. Human coding indicated varied language—e.g., serious expressions of active suicidal ideation, jokes, hyperbole, and expressing support for others. Most suicide-related entries did not express serious current first-person suicidal ideation, underscoring the need for improved approaches to distinguish intent. Findings highlight both the promise and limitations of NLP approaches for suicide prevention.

@article{morfini_brain_2025,
	title = {Brain functional connectivity predicts depression and anxiety during childhood and adolescence: {A} connectome-based predictive modeling approach},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2837-6056},
	shorttitle = {Brain functional connectivity predicts depression and anxiety during childhood and adolescence},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/IMAG.a.145},
	doi = {10.1162/IMAG.a.145},
	abstract = {Identifying brain-based correlates of risk for future depression and anxiety
severity in youth could improve prevention and treatment efforts. We tested
whether connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) based on resting-state
functional connectivity (FC) at baseline: (a) predicts future depression and
anxiety severity during childhood and (b) generalizes to adolescence. We used
two independent, longitudinal datasets including children from the Adolescent
Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and adolescents from the Boston
Adolescent Neuroimaging of Depression and Anxiety (BANDA). ABCD included a
cohort of 11,875 children ages 9–11 years old, and BANDA enrolled 215
adolescents ages 14–17 years, of which {\textasciitilde}70\% reported a depressive or
anxiety disorder. CPM with internal (within ABCD) and external validation (from
ABCD to BANDA) used baseline whole-brain FC to predict depression and anxiety
severity at a 1-year follow-up assessment. ABCD-derived functional connections,
which we term “Symptoms Network”, were validated within BANDA to
test model applicability in adolescence, which is a peak period for the
emergence of internalizing disorders. Participants with complete data were
included from ABCD (n = 3,718, 52.9\% girls, ages 10.0 ± 0.6) and
BANDA (n = 150, 61.3\% girls, ages 15.4 ± 0.9). In ABCD, we found
that FC predicted 1-year follow-up symptoms severity (ρ = 0.058, p = 0.040), measured with the Child
Behavior Checklist Anxious/Depressed subscale. External validation in BANDA
indicated that the Symptoms Network predicted 1-year follow-up symptoms severity
(ρ = 0.222, p =
0.007), measured with the Revised Child Depression and Anxiety Scale t-transformed total score. In both ABCD and BANDA, FC
enhanced the prediction of future symptom severity beyond baseline clinical and
demographic information (baseline severity, sex, and age), including when
correcting for mean head motion. The ABCD-derived connections included
contributions from somatomotor, attentional, and subcortical regions and were
characterized by heterogeneous FC within adolescents, where the same region
pairs were characterized by positive FC for some participants but by negative FC
for others. In conclusion, FC may provide inroads for early identification of
internalizing symptoms, which could inform preventative-intervention approaches
prior to the emergence of affective disorders during a critical period of
neuromaturation. However, the small effect sizes and heterogeneity in results
underscore the challenges of employing brain-based biomarkers for clinical
applications and emphasize the need for individualized approaches for
understanding neurodevelopment and mental health.},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Imaging Neuroscience},
	author = {Morfini, Francesca and Kucyi, Aaron and Zhang, Jiahe and Bauer, Clemens C.C. and Bloom, Paul A. and Pagliaccio, David and Hubbard, Nicholas A. and Rosso, Isabelle M. and Yendiki, Anastasia and Ghosh, Satrajit S. and Pizzagalli, Diego A. and Gabrieli, John D.E. and Whitfield-Gabrieli, Susan and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {IMAG.a.145},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/BJ7DKE28/Morfini et al. - 2025 - Brain functional connectivity predicts depression and anxiety during childhood and adolescence A co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/TIQQMK33/IMAG.a.html:text/html},
}

Identifying brain-based correlates of risk for future depression and anxiety severity in youth could improve prevention and treatment efforts. We tested whether connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) based on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) at baseline: (a) predicts future depression and anxiety severity during childhood and (b) generalizes to adolescence. We used two independent, longitudinal datasets including children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and adolescents from the Boston Adolescent Neuroimaging of Depression and Anxiety (BANDA). ABCD included a cohort of 11,875 children ages 9–11 years old, and BANDA enrolled 215 adolescents ages 14–17 years, of which ~70% reported a depressive or anxiety disorder. CPM with internal (within ABCD) and external validation (from ABCD to BANDA) used baseline whole-brain FC to predict depression and anxiety severity at a 1-year follow-up assessment. ABCD-derived functional connections, which we term “Symptoms Network”, were validated within BANDA to test model applicability in adolescence, which is a peak period for the emergence of internalizing disorders. Participants with complete data were included from ABCD (n = 3,718, 52.9% girls, ages 10.0 ± 0.6) and BANDA (n = 150, 61.3% girls, ages 15.4 ± 0.9). In ABCD, we found that FC predicted 1-year follow-up symptoms severity (ρ = 0.058, p = 0.040), measured with the Child Behavior Checklist Anxious/Depressed subscale. External validation in BANDA indicated that the Symptoms Network predicted 1-year follow-up symptoms severity (ρ = 0.222, p = 0.007), measured with the Revised Child Depression and Anxiety Scale t-transformed total score. In both ABCD and BANDA, FC enhanced the prediction of future symptom severity beyond baseline clinical and demographic information (baseline severity, sex, and age), including when correcting for mean head motion. The ABCD-derived connections included contributions from somatomotor, attentional, and subcortical regions and were characterized by heterogeneous FC within adolescents, where the same region pairs were characterized by positive FC for some participants but by negative FC for others. In conclusion, FC may provide inroads for early identification of internalizing symptoms, which could inform preventative-intervention approaches prior to the emergence of affective disorders during a critical period of neuromaturation. However, the small effect sizes and heterogeneity in results underscore the challenges of employing brain-based biomarkers for clinical applications and emphasize the need for individualized approaches for understanding neurodevelopment and mental health.

@article{treves_consumer-grade_2025,
	title = {Consumer-{Grade} {Neurofeedback} {With} {Mindfulness} {Meditation}: {Meta}-{Analysis}},
	volume = {27},
	shorttitle = {Consumer-{Grade} {Neurofeedback} {With} {Mindfulness} {Meditation}},
	url = {https://www.jmir.org/2025/1/e68204},
	doi = {10.2196/68204},
	abstract = {Background: There is burgeoning interest in the application of neuroscientific technology to facilitate meditation and lead to beneficial psychological outcomes. One popular approach is using consumer-grade neurofeedback devices to deliver feedback on brain targets during meditation (mindfulness-based neurofeedback). It is hypothesized that optimizing brain targets like alpha and theta band activity may allow meditators to experience deeper mindfulness and thus beneficial outcomes.
Objective: This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the impacts of consumer-grade mindfulness-based neurofeedback compared with control conditions. Included studies involved mindfulness practice operationalized as open monitoring or focused attention meditation. This study was preregistered.
Methods: A total of 16 randomized controlled training trials, as well as 5 randomized within-participant designs were included, encompassing 763 and 167 unique participants, respectively. Effects were categorized outcomes (ie, psychological distress, cognitive function, and physiological health) and process variables (ie, state mindfulness and brain measures). Study risk of bias, reporting bias, and publication bias were assessed.
Results: Samples were typically small (n=30-50), and the majority of studies used mindfulness apps as controls. To deliver neurofeedback, most studies used the Muse device (11/16 randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). There was a modest effect for decreases in psychological distress compared with controls (k=11, g=–0.16, P=.03), and heterogeneity was low (I2\< 0.25). However, there was no evidence for improvements in cognition (k=7, g=0.07, P=.48), mindfulness (k=9, g=0.02, P=.83), and physiological health (k=7, g=0.11, P=.57) compared to controls. Mechanistic modulation of brain targets was not found in RCTs or within-participant designs. Sex (male or female), age, clinical status, study quality, active or passive controls, sample size, and neurofeedback duration did not moderate effects. There was some evidence for reporting bias, but no evidence of publication bias. Adverse effects were not assessed in 19 out of 21 studies and not found in the 2 studies that assessed them.
Conclusions: Assertions that consumer-grade devices can allow participants to modulate their brains and deepen their meditations are not currently supported. It is possible that neurofeedback effects may rely on “neurosuggestion” (placebo effects of neurotechnology). Future research should examine more extensive calibration and individualization of devices, larger sample sizes, and gold-standard sham-controlled RCTs.},
	language = {EN},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
	publisher = {JMIR Publications Inc., Toronto, Canada},
	author = {Treves, Isaac and Bajwa, Zia and Greene, Keara D. and Bloom, Paul A. and Kim, Nayoung and Wool, Emma and Goldberg, Simon B. and Whitfield-Gabrieli, Susan and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {e68204},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/J649GWCT/e68204.html:text/html},
}

Background: There is burgeoning interest in the application of neuroscientific technology to facilitate meditation and lead to beneficial psychological outcomes. One popular approach is using consumer-grade neurofeedback devices to deliver feedback on brain targets during meditation (mindfulness-based neurofeedback). It is hypothesized that optimizing brain targets like alpha and theta band activity may allow meditators to experience deeper mindfulness and thus beneficial outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the impacts of consumer-grade mindfulness-based neurofeedback compared with control conditions. Included studies involved mindfulness practice operationalized as open monitoring or focused attention meditation. This study was preregistered. Methods: A total of 16 randomized controlled training trials, as well as 5 randomized within-participant designs were included, encompassing 763 and 167 unique participants, respectively. Effects were categorized outcomes (ie, psychological distress, cognitive function, and physiological health) and process variables (ie, state mindfulness and brain measures). Study risk of bias, reporting bias, and publication bias were assessed. Results: Samples were typically small (n=30-50), and the majority of studies used mindfulness apps as controls. To deliver neurofeedback, most studies used the Muse device (11/16 randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). There was a modest effect for decreases in psychological distress compared with controls (k=11, g=–0.16, P=.03), and heterogeneity was low (I2< 0.25). However, there was no evidence for improvements in cognition (k=7, g=0.07, P=.48), mindfulness (k=9, g=0.02, P=.83), and physiological health (k=7, g=0.11, P=.57) compared to controls. Mechanistic modulation of brain targets was not found in RCTs or within-participant designs. Sex (male or female), age, clinical status, study quality, active or passive controls, sample size, and neurofeedback duration did not moderate effects. There was some evidence for reporting bias, but no evidence of publication bias. Adverse effects were not assessed in 19 out of 21 studies and not found in the 2 studies that assessed them. Conclusions: Assertions that consumer-grade devices can allow participants to modulate their brains and deepen their meditations are not currently supported. It is possible that neurofeedback effects may rely on “neurosuggestion” (placebo effects of neurotechnology). Future research should examine more extensive calibration and individualization of devices, larger sample sizes, and gold-standard sham-controlled RCTs.

@article{vannucci_machine_2025,
	title = {Machine learning for identifying caregiving adversities associated with greatest risk for mental health problems in children},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {2025 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.},
	issn = {2731-6076},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-024-00355-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s44220-024-00355-6},
	abstract = {Developmental and experiential heterogeneity associated with caregiving-related early adversities (crEAs) poses a major challenge to identifying replicable, generalizable findings. Here conditional random forests evaluated the importance of unique crEA experiences for estimating risks to mental health in 306 children, 6–12 years of age, with heterogeneous crEA experiences (different forms of caregiver-involved abuse and/or neglect or permanent/substantial parent–child separation). The better that crEAs improved the accuracy of symptom estimates in held-out, never-before-seen children, the more important and generalizable they were considered. Here we show that earlier timing and longer duration of crEAs was especially important for elevated general psychopathology (p-factor scores). The mere presence (versus absence) of crEAs was more valuable for estimating symptom risk than were specific adversities in a broad sample. Specific adversities became more important when only looking within the crEA-exposed subsample, with adversities of an interpersonal-affective nature being the most likely to increase transdiagnostic symptom risk. Concurrent consistent caregiving also had high importance, motivating consideration of later-occurring environmental experiences in future studies of early adversity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Nature Mental Health},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	author = {Vannucci, Anna and Fields, Andrea and Heleniak, Charlotte and Bloom, Paul A. and Harmon, Chelsea and Nikolaidis, Aki and Douglas, Ian J. and Gibson, Lisa and Camacho, Nicolas L. and Choy, Tricia and Hadis, Syntia S. and VanTieghem, Michelle and Dozier, Mary and Milham, Michael P. and Tottenham, Nim},
	month = jan,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Risk factors, Psychiatric disorders},
	pages = {71--82},
}

Developmental and experiential heterogeneity associated with caregiving-related early adversities (crEAs) poses a major challenge to identifying replicable, generalizable findings. Here conditional random forests evaluated the importance of unique crEA experiences for estimating risks to mental health in 306 children, 6–12 years of age, with heterogeneous crEA experiences (different forms of caregiver-involved abuse and/or neglect or permanent/substantial parent–child separation). The better that crEAs improved the accuracy of symptom estimates in held-out, never-before-seen children, the more important and generalizable they were considered. Here we show that earlier timing and longer duration of crEAs was especially important for elevated general psychopathology (p-factor scores). The mere presence (versus absence) of crEAs was more valuable for estimating symptom risk than were specific adversities in a broad sample. Specific adversities became more important when only looking within the crEA-exposed subsample, with adversities of an interpersonal-affective nature being the most likely to increase transdiagnostic symptom risk. Concurrent consistent caregiving also had high importance, motivating consideration of later-occurring environmental experiences in future studies of early adversity.

@misc{shimgekar_interpersonal_2025,
	title = {Interpersonal {Theory} of {Suicide} as a {Lens} to {Examine} {Suicidal} {Ideation} in {Online} {Spaces}},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.13277},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2504.13277},
	abstract = {Suicide is a critical global public health issue, with millions experiencing suicidal ideation (SI) each year. Online spaces enable individuals to express SI and seek peer support. While prior research has revealed the potential of detecting SI using machine learning and natural language analysis, a key limitation is the lack of a theoretical framework to understand the underlying factors affecting high-risk suicidal intent. To bridge this gap, we adopted the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS) as an analytic lens to analyze 59,607 posts from Reddit's r/SuicideWatch, categorizing them into SI dimensions (Loneliness, Lack of Reciprocal Love, Self Hate, and Liability) and risk factors (Thwarted Belongingness, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Acquired Capability of Suicide). We found that high-risk SI posts express planning and attempts, methods and tools, and weaknesses and pain. In addition, we also examined the language of supportive responses through psycholinguistic and content analyses to find that individuals respond differently to different stages of Suicidal Ideation (SI) posts. Finally, we explored the role of AI chatbots in providing effective supportive responses to suicidal ideation posts. We found that although AI improved structural coherence, expert evaluations highlight persistent shortcomings in providing dynamic, personalized, and deeply empathetic support. These findings underscore the need for careful reflection and deeper understanding in both the development and consideration of AI-driven interventions for effective mental health support.},
	urldate = {2026-06-21},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Shimgekar, Soorya Ram and Rodriguez, Violeta J. and Bloom, Paul A. and Yoo, Dong Whi and Saha, Koustuv},
	month = apr,
	year = {2025},
	note = {arXiv:2504.13277 [cs.HC]},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
	file = {Preprint PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/3KP9SSHE/Shimgekar et al. - 2025 - Interpersonal Theory of Suicide as a Lens to Examine Suicidal Ideation in Online Spaces.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/WH4RVM3F/2504.html:text/html},
}

Suicide is a critical global public health issue, with millions experiencing suicidal ideation (SI) each year. Online spaces enable individuals to express SI and seek peer support. While prior research has revealed the potential of detecting SI using machine learning and natural language analysis, a key limitation is the lack of a theoretical framework to understand the underlying factors affecting high-risk suicidal intent. To bridge this gap, we adopted the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS) as an analytic lens to analyze 59,607 posts from Reddit's r/SuicideWatch, categorizing them into SI dimensions (Loneliness, Lack of Reciprocal Love, Self Hate, and Liability) and risk factors (Thwarted Belongingness, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Acquired Capability of Suicide). We found that high-risk SI posts express planning and attempts, methods and tools, and weaknesses and pain. In addition, we also examined the language of supportive responses through psycholinguistic and content analyses to find that individuals respond differently to different stages of Suicidal Ideation (SI) posts. Finally, we explored the role of AI chatbots in providing effective supportive responses to suicidal ideation posts. We found that although AI improved structural coherence, expert evaluations highlight persistent shortcomings in providing dynamic, personalized, and deeply empathetic support. These findings underscore the need for careful reflection and deeper understanding in both the development and consideration of AI-driven interventions for effective mental health support.

@article{kathios_role_2024,
	title = {On the role of familiarity and developmental exposure in music-evoked autobiographical memories},
	volume = {0},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0965-8211},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2024.2420973},
	doi = {10.1080/09658211.2024.2420973},
	abstract = {Music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) are typically elicited by music that listeners have heard before. While studies that have directly manipulated music familiarity show that familiar music evokes more MEAMs than music listeners have not heard before, music that is unfamiliar to the listener can also sporadically cue autobiographical memory. Here we examined whether music that sounds familiar even without previous exposure can produce spontaneous MEAMs. Cognitively healthy older adults (N = 75, ages 65–80 years) listened to music clips that were chosen by researchers to be either familiar or unfamiliar (i.e., varying by prior exposure). Participants then disclosed whether the clip elicited a MEAM and later provided self-reported familiarity ratings for each. Self-reported familiarity was positively associated with the occurrence of MEAMs in response to familiar, but not the unfamiliar, music. The likelihood of reporting MEAMs for music released during youth (i.e., the “reminiscence bump”) relative to young adulthood (20–25 years) included both music released during participants’ adolescence (14–18 years) and middle childhood (5–9 years) once self-reported familiarity was accounted for. These developmental effects could not be accounted for by music-evoked affect. Overall, our results suggest that the phenomenon of MEAMs hinges upon both perceptions of familiarity and prior exposure.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2024-11-04},
	journal = {Memory},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Kathios, Nicholas and Bloom, Paul Alexander and Singh, Anshita and Bartlett, Ella and Algharazi, Sameah and Siegelman, Matthew and Shen, Fan and Beresford, Lea and DiMaggio-Potter, Michaelle E. and Bennett, Sarah and Natarajan, Nandhini and Ou, Yongtian and Loui, Psyche and Aly, Mariam and Tottenham, Nim},
	year = {2024},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2024.2420973},
	keywords = {aging, Music, autobiographical memory, reminiscence bump},
	pages = {1--15},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/APSI2A5B/Kathios et al. - On the role of familiarity and developmental expos.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) are typically elicited by music that listeners have heard before. While studies that have directly manipulated music familiarity show that familiar music evokes more MEAMs than music listeners have not heard before, music that is unfamiliar to the listener can also sporadically cue autobiographical memory. Here we examined whether music that sounds familiar even without previous exposure can produce spontaneous MEAMs. Cognitively healthy older adults (N = 75, ages 65–80 years) listened to music clips that were chosen by researchers to be either familiar or unfamiliar (i.e., varying by prior exposure). Participants then disclosed whether the clip elicited a MEAM and later provided self-reported familiarity ratings for each. Self-reported familiarity was positively associated with the occurrence of MEAMs in response to familiar, but not the unfamiliar, music. The likelihood of reporting MEAMs for music released during youth (i.e., the “reminiscence bump”) relative to young adulthood (20–25 years) included both music released during participants’ adolescence (14–18 years) and middle childhood (5–9 years) once self-reported familiarity was accounted for. These developmental effects could not be accounted for by music-evoked affect. Overall, our results suggest that the phenomenon of MEAMs hinges upon both perceptions of familiarity and prior exposure.

@article{kim_probing_2024,
	title = {Probing {Neurophysiological} {Processes} {Related} to {Self}-{Referential} {Processing} to {Predict} {Improvement} in {Adolescents} {With} {Depression} {Receiving} {Cognitive} {Behavioral} {Therapy}},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2451-9022},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451902224003094},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.010},
	abstract = {Background
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a gold-standard approach for treating major depressive disorder in adolescents. However, nearly half of adolescents receiving CBT do not improve. To personalize treatment, it is essential to identify objective markers that predict treatment responsiveness. To address this aim, we investigated neurophysiological processes related to self-referential processing that predicted CBT response among female adolescents with depression.
Methods
At baseline, female adolescents ages 13 to 18 years (N = 80) completed a comprehensive clinical assessment, and a self-referential encoding task was administered while electroencephalographic data were recorded. Baseline electroencephalographic data were utilized to identify oscillatory differences between healthy adolescents (n = 42) and adolescents with depression (n = 38). Following the baseline assessment, adolescents with depression received up to 12 weeks of CBT. Baseline differences in electroencephalographic oscillations between healthy adolescents and those with depression were used to guide CBT prediction analysis. Cluster-based event-related spectral perturbation analysis was used to probe theta and alpha event-related synchronization (ERS)/event-related desynchronization (ERD) response to negative and positive words.
Results
Baseline analyses showed that, relative to the healthy adolescents, adolescents with depression exhibited higher levels of frontal theta ERS and greater posterior alpha ERD. Multilevel modeling identified primary neural pretreatment predictors of treatment response: greater theta ERS in the right prefrontal cortex after the onset of negative words and lower alpha ERD in both the right prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. ERS and ERD associations with treatment response remained significant, with baseline depressive and anxiety symptoms included as covariates in all analyses.
Conclusions
Consistent with prior research, results highlighted that relative to healthy adolescents, adolescents with depression are characterized by prominent theta synchronization and alpha desynchronization over the prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, respectively. Cluster-based event-related spectral perturbation analysis also identified key mechanisms underlying depression-related self-referential processing that predicted improved symptoms during the course of CBT. Ultimately, a better characterization of the neural underpinnings of adolescent depression and its treatment may lead to more personalized interventions.},
	urldate = {2025-01-14},
	journal = {Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging},
	author = {Kim, Nayoung and Bloom, Paul A. and Rosellini, Anthony J. and Webb, Christian A. and Pizzagalli, Diego A. and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2024},
	keywords = {EEG, Self-referential processing, Adolescents with depression, Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Event-related spectral perturbation analysis (ERSP), Treatment responsiveness},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/2WYG8CU2/S2451902224003094.html:text/html},
}

Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a gold-standard approach for treating major depressive disorder in adolescents. However, nearly half of adolescents receiving CBT do not improve. To personalize treatment, it is essential to identify objective markers that predict treatment responsiveness. To address this aim, we investigated neurophysiological processes related to self-referential processing that predicted CBT response among female adolescents with depression. Methods At baseline, female adolescents ages 13 to 18 years (N = 80) completed a comprehensive clinical assessment, and a self-referential encoding task was administered while electroencephalographic data were recorded. Baseline electroencephalographic data were utilized to identify oscillatory differences between healthy adolescents (n = 42) and adolescents with depression (n = 38). Following the baseline assessment, adolescents with depression received up to 12 weeks of CBT. Baseline differences in electroencephalographic oscillations between healthy adolescents and those with depression were used to guide CBT prediction analysis. Cluster-based event-related spectral perturbation analysis was used to probe theta and alpha event-related synchronization (ERS)/event-related desynchronization (ERD) response to negative and positive words. Results Baseline analyses showed that, relative to the healthy adolescents, adolescents with depression exhibited higher levels of frontal theta ERS and greater posterior alpha ERD. Multilevel modeling identified primary neural pretreatment predictors of treatment response: greater theta ERS in the right prefrontal cortex after the onset of negative words and lower alpha ERD in both the right prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. ERS and ERD associations with treatment response remained significant, with baseline depressive and anxiety symptoms included as covariates in all analyses. Conclusions Consistent with prior research, results highlighted that relative to healthy adolescents, adolescents with depression are characterized by prominent theta synchronization and alpha desynchronization over the prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, respectively. Cluster-based event-related spectral perturbation analysis also identified key mechanisms underlying depression-related self-referential processing that predicted improved symptoms during the course of CBT. Ultimately, a better characterization of the neural underpinnings of adolescent depression and its treatment may lead to more personalized interventions.

@article{treves_mindfulness-based_2024,
	title = {Mindfulness-based neurofeedback: {A} systematic review of {EEG} and {fMRI} studies},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2837-6056},
	shorttitle = {Mindfulness-based neurofeedback},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00396},
	doi = {10.1162/imag_a_00396},
	abstract = {Neurofeedback concurrent with mindfulness meditation may reveal meditation effects on the brain and facilitate improved mental health outcomes. Here, we systematically reviewed electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of mindfulness meditation with neurofeedback (mbNF) and followed PRISMA guidelines. We identified 9 fMRI reports, consisting of 177 unique participants, and 9 EEG reports, consisting of 242 participants. Studies of fMRI focused primarily on downregulating the default-mode network (DMN). Although studies found decreases in DMN activations during neurofeedback, there is a lack of evidence for transfer effects, and the majority of studies did not employ adequate controls, for example, sham neurofeedback. Accordingly, DMN decreases may have been confounded by general task-related deactivation. EEG studies typically examined alpha, gamma, and theta frequency bands, with the most robust evidence supporting the modulation of theta band activity. Both EEG and fMRI mbNF have been implemented with high fidelity in clinical populations. However, the mental health benefits of mbNF have not been established. In general, mbNF studies would benefit from sham-controlled RCTs, as well as clear reporting (e.g., CRED-NF).},
	urldate = {2025-01-14},
	journal = {Imaging Neuroscience},
	author = {Treves, Isaac N. and Greene, Keara D. and Bajwa, Zia and Wool, Emma and Kim, Nayoung and Bauer, Clemens C.C. and Bloom, Paul A. and Pagliaccio, David and Zhang, Jiahe and Whitfield-Gabrieli, Susan and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {1--25},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/A82TMN5H/Treves et al. - 2024 - Mindfulness-based neurofeedback A systematic revi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/XNK69PZF/125473.html:text/html},
}

Neurofeedback concurrent with mindfulness meditation may reveal meditation effects on the brain and facilitate improved mental health outcomes. Here, we systematically reviewed electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of mindfulness meditation with neurofeedback (mbNF) and followed PRISMA guidelines. We identified 9 fMRI reports, consisting of 177 unique participants, and 9 EEG reports, consisting of 242 participants. Studies of fMRI focused primarily on downregulating the default-mode network (DMN). Although studies found decreases in DMN activations during neurofeedback, there is a lack of evidence for transfer effects, and the majority of studies did not employ adequate controls, for example, sham neurofeedback. Accordingly, DMN decreases may have been confounded by general task-related deactivation. EEG studies typically examined alpha, gamma, and theta frequency bands, with the most robust evidence supporting the modulation of theta band activity. Both EEG and fMRI mbNF have been implemented with high fidelity in clinical populations. However, the mental health benefits of mbNF have not been established. In general, mbNF studies would benefit from sham-controlled RCTs, as well as clear reporting (e.g., CRED-NF).

@misc{zhang_mindfulness-based_2024,
	title = {Mindfulness-based {Real}-time {fMRI} {Neurofeedback} for {Depressed} {Adolescents}: {A} {Randomized} {Controlled} {Dosing} {Trial}},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	shorttitle = {Mindfulness-based {Real}-time {fMRI} {Neurofeedback} for {Depressed} {Adolescents}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sj236},
	doi = {10.31234/osf.io/sj236},
	abstract = {Depression is highly prevalent and lacks effective treatment for {\textasciitilde}50\% of adolescents. Rumination increases the severity and duration of depressive symptoms and is characterized by increased activation within the default mode network (DMN), which includes core midline hubs of medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. We developed a mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) protocol to facilitate mindfulness acquisition through downregulating DMN activation. A proof-of-concept study demonstrated that one 15-minute session of mbNF was feasible in this population, reduced within-DMN functional connectivity, and increased state mindfulness. The current randomized controlled dosing trial has two main aims. First, we aim to test target engagement and hypothesize decreases in within-DMN functional connectivity following mbNF among depressed adolescents. Second, we aim to test dosage and hypothesize that a 30- versus 15-minute dose will lead to greater target engagement. We will further explore whether there are reductions in depressive symptoms and rumination following mbNF.},
	urldate = {2025-02-27},
	author = {Zhang, Jiahe and Bloom, Paul Alexander and Pagliaccio, David and Bauer, Clemens C.C. and Greene, Keara and Morfini, Francesca and Treves, Isaac and Durham, Katherine and Cherner, Rachel and Bajwa, Zia and Wool, Emma and Kyler, Mia and Kim, Nayoung and Galfalvy, Hanga and Simpson, Blair and Auerbach, Randy Patrick and Whitfield-Gabrieli, Susan},
	year = {2024},
	file = {Full Text PDF (Free):/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/QQUNWMXM/Zhang et al. - 2024 - Mindfulness-based Real-time fMRI Neurofeedback for.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Depression is highly prevalent and lacks effective treatment for ~50% of adolescents. Rumination increases the severity and duration of depressive symptoms and is characterized by increased activation within the default mode network (DMN), which includes core midline hubs of medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. We developed a mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) protocol to facilitate mindfulness acquisition through downregulating DMN activation. A proof-of-concept study demonstrated that one 15-minute session of mbNF was feasible in this population, reduced within-DMN functional connectivity, and increased state mindfulness. The current randomized controlled dosing trial has two main aims. First, we aim to test target engagement and hypothesize decreases in within-DMN functional connectivity following mbNF among depressed adolescents. Second, we aim to test dosage and hypothesize that a 30- versus 15-minute dose will lead to greater target engagement. We will further explore whether there are reductions in depressive symptoms and rumination following mbNF.

@article{bloom_identifying_2024,
	title = {Identifying factors impacting missingness within smartphone-based research: {Implications} for intensive longitudinal studies of adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors},
	volume = {133},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {2769-755X},
	shorttitle = {Identifying factors impacting missingness within smartphone-based research},
	doi = {10.1037/abn0000930},
	abstract = {Intensive longitudinal research—including experience sampling and smartphone sensor monitoring—has potential for identifying proximal risk factors for psychopathology, including suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). Yet, missing data can complicate analysis and interpretation. This study aimed to address whether clinical and study design factors are associated with missing data and whether missingness predicts changes in symptom severity or STB. Adolescents ages 13- to 18 years old (N = 179) reporting depressive, anxiety, and/or substance use disorders were enrolled; 65\% reported current suicidal ideation and 29\% indicated a past-year attempt. Passively acquired smartphone sensor data (e.g., global positioning system, accelerometer, and keyboard inputs), daily mood surveys, and weekly suicidal ideation surveys were collected during the 6-month study period using the effortless assessment research system smartphone app. First, acquisition of passive smartphone sensor data (with data on ∼80\% of days across the whole sample) was strongly associated with survey data acquisition on the same day (∼44\% of days). Second, STB and psychiatric symptoms were largely not associated with missing data. Rather, temporal features (e.g., length of time in study, weekends, and summer) explained more missingness of survey and passive smartphone sensor data. Last, within-participant changes in missing data over time neither followed nor predicted subsequent change in suicidal ideation and psychiatric symptoms. Findings indicate that considering technical and study design factors impacting missingness is critical and highlight several factors that should be addressed to maximize the validity of clinical interpretations in intensive longitudinal research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science},
	publisher = {American Psychological Association},
	author = {Bloom, Paul A. and Lan, Ranqing and Galfalvy, Hanga and Liu, Ying and Bitran, Alma and Joyce, Karla and Durham, Katherine and Porta, Giovanna and Kirshenbaum, Jaclyn S. and Kamath, Rahil and Tse, Trinity C. and Chernick, Lauren and Kahn, Lauren E. and Crowley, Ryann and Trivedi, Esha and Brent, David and Allen, Nicholas B. and Pagliaccio, David and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Place: US},
	keywords = {Smartphones, Suicidal Ideation, Statistical Data, Adolescent Psychopathology, Adolescent Behavior, Psychiatric Symptoms},
	pages = {577--597},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/S3E53972/Bloom et al. - 2024 - Identifying factors impacting missingness within smartphone-based research Implications for intensi.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Intensive longitudinal research—including experience sampling and smartphone sensor monitoring—has potential for identifying proximal risk factors for psychopathology, including suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). Yet, missing data can complicate analysis and interpretation. This study aimed to address whether clinical and study design factors are associated with missing data and whether missingness predicts changes in symptom severity or STB. Adolescents ages 13- to 18 years old (N = 179) reporting depressive, anxiety, and/or substance use disorders were enrolled; 65% reported current suicidal ideation and 29% indicated a past-year attempt. Passively acquired smartphone sensor data (e.g., global positioning system, accelerometer, and keyboard inputs), daily mood surveys, and weekly suicidal ideation surveys were collected during the 6-month study period using the effortless assessment research system smartphone app. First, acquisition of passive smartphone sensor data (with data on ∼80% of days across the whole sample) was strongly associated with survey data acquisition on the same day (∼44% of days). Second, STB and psychiatric symptoms were largely not associated with missing data. Rather, temporal features (e.g., length of time in study, weekends, and summer) explained more missingness of survey and passive smartphone sensor data. Last, within-participant changes in missing data over time neither followed nor predicted subsequent change in suicidal ideation and psychiatric symptoms. Findings indicate that considering technical and study design factors impacting missingness is critical and highlight several factors that should be addressed to maximize the validity of clinical interpretations in intensive longitudinal research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{vannucci_probing_2024,
	title = {Probing the content of affective semantic memory following caregiving-related early adversity},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {© 2024 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
	issn = {1467-7687},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/desc.13518},
	doi = {10.1111/desc.13518},
	abstract = {Cognitive science has demonstrated that we construct knowledge about the world by abstracting patterns from routinely encountered experiences and storing them as semantic memories. This preregistered study tested the hypothesis that caregiving-related early adversities (crEAs) shape affective semantic memories to reflect the content of those adverse interpersonal-affective experiences. We also tested the hypothesis that because affective semantic memories may continue to evolve in response to later-occurring positive experiences, child-perceived attachment security will inform their content. The sample comprised 160 children (ages 6–12 at Visit 1; 87F/73 M), 66\% of whom experienced crEAs (n = 105). At Visit 1, crEA exposure prior to study enrollment was operationalized as parental-reports endorsing a history of crEAs (abuse/neglect, permanent/significant parent-child separation); while child-reports assessed concurrent attachment security. A false memory task was administered online ∼2.5 years later (Visit 2) to probe the content of affective semantic memories–specifically attachment schemas. Results showed that crEA exposure (vs. no exposure) was associated with a higher likelihood of falsely endorsing insecure (vs. secure) schema scenes. Attachment security moderated the association between crEA exposure and insecure schema-based false recognition. Findings suggest that interpersonal-affective semantic schemas include representations of parent-child interactions that may capture the quality of one's own attachment experiences and that these representations shape how children remember attachment-relevant narrative events. Findings are also consistent with the hypothesis that these affective semantic memories can be modified by later experiences. Moving forward, the approach taken in this study provides a means of operationalizing Bowlby's notion of internal working models within a cognitive neuroscience framework. Research Highlights Affective semantic memories representing insecure schema knowledge (child needs + needs-not-met) may be more salient, elaborated, and persistent among youths exposed to early caregiving adversity. All youths, irrespective of early caregiving adversity exposure, may possess affective semantic memories that represent knowledge of secure schemas (child needs + needs-met). Establishing secure relationships with parents following early-occurring caregiving adversity may attenuate the expression of insecure semantic memories, suggesting potential malleability. Affective semantic memories include schema representations of parent-child interactions that may capture the quality of one's own attachment experiences and shape how youths remember attachment-relevant events.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Developmental Science},
	author = {Vannucci, Anna and Fields, Andrea and Bloom, Paul A. and Camacho, Nicolas L. and Choy, Tricia and Durazi, Amaesha and Hadis, Syntia and Harmon, Chelsea and Heleniak, Charlotte and VanTieghem, Michelle and Dozier, Mary and Milham, Michael P. and Ghetti, Simona and Tottenham, Nim},
	year = {2024},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/desc.13518},
	keywords = {development, stress, attachment, maltreatment, emotional memory, parent-child relationship},
	pages = {e13518},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/W8SB8ASH/desc.html:text/html},
}

Cognitive science has demonstrated that we construct knowledge about the world by abstracting patterns from routinely encountered experiences and storing them as semantic memories. This preregistered study tested the hypothesis that caregiving-related early adversities (crEAs) shape affective semantic memories to reflect the content of those adverse interpersonal-affective experiences. We also tested the hypothesis that because affective semantic memories may continue to evolve in response to later-occurring positive experiences, child-perceived attachment security will inform their content. The sample comprised 160 children (ages 6–12 at Visit 1; 87F/73 M), 66% of whom experienced crEAs (n = 105). At Visit 1, crEA exposure prior to study enrollment was operationalized as parental-reports endorsing a history of crEAs (abuse/neglect, permanent/significant parent-child separation); while child-reports assessed concurrent attachment security. A false memory task was administered online ∼2.5 years later (Visit 2) to probe the content of affective semantic memories–specifically attachment schemas. Results showed that crEA exposure (vs. no exposure) was associated with a higher likelihood of falsely endorsing insecure (vs. secure) schema scenes. Attachment security moderated the association between crEA exposure and insecure schema-based false recognition. Findings suggest that interpersonal-affective semantic schemas include representations of parent-child interactions that may capture the quality of one's own attachment experiences and that these representations shape how children remember attachment-relevant narrative events. Findings are also consistent with the hypothesis that these affective semantic memories can be modified by later experiences. Moving forward, the approach taken in this study provides a means of operationalizing Bowlby's notion of internal working models within a cognitive neuroscience framework. Research Highlights Affective semantic memories representing insecure schema knowledge (child needs + needs-not-met) may be more salient, elaborated, and persistent among youths exposed to early caregiving adversity. All youths, irrespective of early caregiving adversity exposure, may possess affective semantic memories that represent knowledge of secure schemas (child needs + needs-met). Establishing secure relationships with parents following early-occurring caregiving adversity may attenuate the expression of insecure semantic memories, suggesting potential malleability. Affective semantic memories include schema representations of parent-child interactions that may capture the quality of one's own attachment experiences and shape how youths remember attachment-relevant events.

@article{bloom_effects_2023,
	title = {Effects of familiar music exposure on deliberate retrieval of remote episodic and semantic memories in healthy aging adults},
	volume = {0},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0965-8211},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2166078},
	doi = {10.1080/09658211.2023.2166078},
	abstract = {Familiar music facilitates memory retrieval in adults with dementia. However, mechanisms behind this effect, and its generality, are unclear because of a lack of parallel work in healthy aging. Exposure to familiar music enhances spontaneous recall of memories directly cued by the music, but it is unknown whether such effects extend to deliberate recall more generally – e.g., to memories not directly linked to the music being played. It is also unclear whether familiar music boosts recall of specific episodes versus more generalised semantic memories, or whether effects are driven by domain-general mechanisms (e.g., improved mood). In a registered report study, we examined effects of familiar music on deliberate recall in healthy adults ages 65–80 years (N = 75) by presenting familiar music from earlier in life, unfamiliar music, and non-musical audio clips across three sessions. After each clip, we assessed free recall of remote memories for pre-selected events. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found no effects of music exposure on recall of prompted events, though familiar music evoked spontaneous memories most often. These results suggest that effects of familiar music on recall may be limited to memories specifically evoked in response to the music (Preprint and registered report protocol at https://osf.io/kjnwd/).},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2023-01-18},
	journal = {Memory},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Bloom, Paul Alexander and Bartlett, Ella and Kathios, Nicholas and Algharazi, Sameah and Siegelman, Matthew and Shen, Fan and Beresford, Lea and DiMaggio-Potter, Michaelle Evangeline and Singh, Anshita and Bennett, Sarah and Natarajan, Nandhini and Lee, Hannah and Sajid, Sumra and Joyce, Erin and Fischman, Rachel and Hutchinson, Samuel and Pan, Sophie and Tottenham, Nim and Aly, Mariam},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2166078},
	keywords = {recall, autobiographical, episodic, Familiar music, semantic},
	pages = {1--29},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/XVJKICJA/Bloom et al. - 2023 - Effects of familiar music exposure on deliberate r.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Familiar music facilitates memory retrieval in adults with dementia. However, mechanisms behind this effect, and its generality, are unclear because of a lack of parallel work in healthy aging. Exposure to familiar music enhances spontaneous recall of memories directly cued by the music, but it is unknown whether such effects extend to deliberate recall more generally – e.g., to memories not directly linked to the music being played. It is also unclear whether familiar music boosts recall of specific episodes versus more generalised semantic memories, or whether effects are driven by domain-general mechanisms (e.g., improved mood). In a registered report study, we examined effects of familiar music on deliberate recall in healthy adults ages 65–80 years (N = 75) by presenting familiar music from earlier in life, unfamiliar music, and non-musical audio clips across three sessions. After each clip, we assessed free recall of remote memories for pre-selected events. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found no effects of music exposure on recall of prompted events, though familiar music evoked spontaneous memories most often. These results suggest that effects of familiar music on recall may be limited to memories specifically evoked in response to the music (Preprint and registered report protocol at https://osf.io/kjnwd/).

@article{bloom_mindfulness-based_2023,
	title = {Mindfulness-based real-time {fMRI} neurofeedback: a randomized controlled trial to optimize dosing for depressed adolescents},
	volume = {23},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1471-244X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05223-8},
	doi = {10.1186/s12888-023-05223-8},
	abstract = {Adolescence is characterized by a heightened vulnerability for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) onset, and currently, treatments are only effective for roughly half of adolescents with MDD. Accordingly, novel interventions are urgently needed. This study aims to establish mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) as a non-invasive approach to downregulate the default mode network (DMN) in order to decrease ruminatory processes and depressive symptoms.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
	author = {Bloom, Paul A. and Pagliaccio, David and Zhang, Jiahe and Bauer, Clemens C. C. and Kyler, Mia and Greene, Keara D. and Treves, Isaac and Morfini, Francesca and Durham, Katherine and Cherner, Rachel and Bajwa, Zia and Wool, Emma and Olafsson, Valur and Lee, Ray F. and Bidmead, Fred and Cardona, Jonathan and Kirshenbaum, Jaclyn S. and Ghosh, Satrajit and Hinds, Oliver and Wighton, Paul and Galfalvy, Hanga and Simpson, H. Blair and Whitfield-Gabrieli, Susan and Auerbach, Randy P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {757},
}

Adolescence is characterized by a heightened vulnerability for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) onset, and currently, treatments are only effective for roughly half of adolescents with MDD. Accordingly, novel interventions are urgently needed. This study aims to establish mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) as a non-invasive approach to downregulate the default mode network (DMN) in order to decrease ruminatory processes and depressive symptoms.

@article{meyer_added_2023,
	title = {The {Added} {Value} of {Crosstalk} {Between} {Developmental} {Circuit} {Neuroscience} and {Clinical} {Practice} to {Inform} the {Treatment} of {Adolescent} {Anxiety}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2667-1743},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667174322000167},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.02.002},
	abstract = {Significant advances have been made in recent years regarding the developmental trajectories of brain circuits and networks, revealing links between brain structure and function. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of developmental trajectories in determining early psychiatric outcomes. However, efforts to encourage crosstalk between basic developmental neuroscience and clinical practice are limited. Here, we focus on the potential advantage of considering features of neural circuit development when optimizing treatments for adolescent patient populations. Drawing on characteristics of adolescent neurodevelopment, we highlight two examples, safety cues and incentives, that leverage insights from neural circuit development and may have great promise for augmenting existing behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders during adolescence. This commentary seeks to serve as a framework to maximize the translational potential of basic research in developmental populations for strengthening psychiatric treatments. In turn, input from clinical practice including the identification of age-specific clinically relevant phenotypes will continue to guide future basic research in the same neural circuits to better reflect clinical practices. Encouraging reciprocal communication to bridge the gap between basic developmental neuroscience research and clinical implementation is an important step toward advancing both research and practice in this domain.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science},
	author = {Meyer, Heidi C. and Fields, Andrea and Vannucci, Anna and Gerhard, Danielle M. and Bloom, Paul A. and Heleniak, Charlotte and Opendak, Maya and Sullivan, Regina and Tottenham, Nim and Callaghan, Bridget L. and Lee, Francis S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	keywords = {Adolescence, Reward, Anxiety, Precision medicine, Safety, Circuit neuroscience, Translational},
	pages = {169--178},
}

Significant advances have been made in recent years regarding the developmental trajectories of brain circuits and networks, revealing links between brain structure and function. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of developmental trajectories in determining early psychiatric outcomes. However, efforts to encourage crosstalk between basic developmental neuroscience and clinical practice are limited. Here, we focus on the potential advantage of considering features of neural circuit development when optimizing treatments for adolescent patient populations. Drawing on characteristics of adolescent neurodevelopment, we highlight two examples, safety cues and incentives, that leverage insights from neural circuit development and may have great promise for augmenting existing behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders during adolescence. This commentary seeks to serve as a framework to maximize the translational potential of basic research in developmental populations for strengthening psychiatric treatments. In turn, input from clinical practice including the identification of age-specific clinically relevant phenotypes will continue to guide future basic research in the same neural circuits to better reflect clinical practices. Encouraging reciprocal communication to bridge the gap between basic developmental neuroscience research and clinical implementation is an important step toward advancing both research and practice in this domain.

@article{nikolaidis_heterogeneity_2022,
	title = {Heterogeneity in caregiving-related early adversity: {Creating} stable dimensions and subtypes},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {0954-5794, 1469-2198},
	shorttitle = {Heterogeneity in caregiving-related early adversity},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/heterogeneity-in-caregivingrelated-early-adversity-creating-stable-dimensions-and-subtypes/6FA52EDE09E1BD9F6C9C537005AFB40F},
	doi = {10.1017/S0954579421001668},
	abstract = {Early psychosocial adversities exist at many levels, including caregiving-related, extrafamilial, and sociodemographic, which despite their high interrelatedness may have unique impacts on development. In this paper, we focus on caregiving-related early adversities (crEAs) and parse the heterogeneity of crEAs via data reduction techniques that identify experiential cooccurrences. Using network science, we characterized crEA cooccurrences to represent the comorbidity of crEA experiences across a sample of school-age children (n = 258; 6–12 years old) with a history of crEAs. crEA dimensions (variable level) and crEA subtypes (subject level) were identified using parallel factor analysis/principal component analysis and graph-based Louvain community detection. Bagging enhancement with cross-validation provided estimates of robustness. These data-driven dimensions/subtypes showed evidence of stability, transcended traditional sociolegally defined groups, were more homogenous than sociolegally defined groups, and reduced statistical correlations with sociodemographic factors. Finally, random forests showed both unique and common predictive importance of the crEA dimensions/subtypes for childhood mental health symptoms and academic skills. These data-driven outcomes provide additional tools and recommendations for crEA data reduction to inform precision medicine efforts in this area.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-04-17},
	journal = {Development and Psychopathology},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Nikolaidis, Aki and Heleniak, Charlotte and Fields, Andrea and Bloom, Paul A. and VanTieghem, Michelle and Vannucci, Anna and Camacho, Nicolas L. and Choy, Tricia and Gibson, Lisa and Harmon, Chelsea and Hadis, Syntia S. and Douglas, Ian J. and Milham, Michael P. and Tottenham, Nim},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {caregiving related early adversities, heterogeneity, prediction, subtyping},
	pages = {1--14},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/3GCLWVT3/Nikolaidis et al. - 2022 - Heterogeneity in caregiving-related early adversit.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/V6VV8DNL/6FA52EDE09E1BD9F6C9C537005AFB40F.html:text/html},
}

Early psychosocial adversities exist at many levels, including caregiving-related, extrafamilial, and sociodemographic, which despite their high interrelatedness may have unique impacts on development. In this paper, we focus on caregiving-related early adversities (crEAs) and parse the heterogeneity of crEAs via data reduction techniques that identify experiential cooccurrences. Using network science, we characterized crEA cooccurrences to represent the comorbidity of crEA experiences across a sample of school-age children (n = 258; 6–12 years old) with a history of crEAs. crEA dimensions (variable level) and crEA subtypes (subject level) were identified using parallel factor analysis/principal component analysis and graph-based Louvain community detection. Bagging enhancement with cross-validation provided estimates of robustness. These data-driven dimensions/subtypes showed evidence of stability, transcended traditional sociolegally defined groups, were more homogenous than sociolegally defined groups, and reduced statistical correlations with sociodemographic factors. Finally, random forests showed both unique and common predictive importance of the crEA dimensions/subtypes for childhood mental health symptoms and academic skills. These data-driven outcomes provide additional tools and recommendations for crEA data reduction to inform precision medicine efforts in this area.

@article{bloom_age-related_2022,
	title = {Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala—prefrontal circuitry: {A} multiverse approach with an accelerated longitudinal cohort aged 4–22 years},
	volume = {n/a},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1097-0193},
	shorttitle = {Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala—prefrontal circuitry},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hbm.25847},
	doi = {10.1002/hbm.25847},
	abstract = {The amygdala and its connections with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play central roles in the development of emotional processes. While several studies have suggested that this circuitry exhibits functional changes across the first two decades of life, findings have been mixed - perhaps resulting from differences in analytic choices across studies. Here we used multiverse analyses to examine the robustness of task-based amygdala—mPFC function findings to analytic choices within the context of an accelerated longitudinal design (4–22 years-old; N = 98; 183 scans; 1–3 scans/participant). Participants recruited from the greater Los Angeles area completed an event-related emotional face (fear, neutral) task. Parallel analyses varying in preprocessing and modeling choices found that age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were more robust than task-evoked amygdala—mPFC functional connectivity to varied analytical choices. Specification curves indicated evidence for age-related decreases in amygdala reactivity to faces, though within-participant changes in amygdala reactivity could not be differentiated from between-participant differences. In contrast, amygdala—mPFC functional connectivity results varied across methods much more, and evidence for age-related change in amygdala—mPFC connectivity was not consistent. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) measurements of connectivity were especially sensitive to whether a deconvolution step was applied. Our findings demonstrate the importance of assessing the robustness of findings to analysis choices, although the age-related changes in our current work cannot be overinterpreted given low test–retest reliability. Together, these findings highlight both the challenges in estimating developmental change in longitudinal cohorts and the value of multiverse approaches in developmental neuroimaging for assessing robustness of results.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2022-04-17},
	journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
	author = {Bloom, Paul Alexander and VanTieghem, Michelle and Gabard-Durnam, Laurel and Gee, Dylan G. and Flannery, Jessica and Caldera, Christina and Goff, Bonnie and Telzer, Eva H. and Humphreys, Kathryn L. and Fareri, Dominic S. and Shapiro, Mor and Algharazi, Sameah and Bolger, Niall and Aly, Mariam and Tottenham, Nim},
	year = {2022},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hbm.25847},
	keywords = {development, amygdala, longitudinal, multiverse, prefrontal cortex, robustness},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/AXRIHHXK/Bloom et al. - Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala—prefron.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/FKLPMD7Y/hbm.html:text/html},
}

The amygdala and its connections with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play central roles in the development of emotional processes. While several studies have suggested that this circuitry exhibits functional changes across the first two decades of life, findings have been mixed - perhaps resulting from differences in analytic choices across studies. Here we used multiverse analyses to examine the robustness of task-based amygdala—mPFC function findings to analytic choices within the context of an accelerated longitudinal design (4–22 years-old; N = 98; 183 scans; 1–3 scans/participant). Participants recruited from the greater Los Angeles area completed an event-related emotional face (fear, neutral) task. Parallel analyses varying in preprocessing and modeling choices found that age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were more robust than task-evoked amygdala—mPFC functional connectivity to varied analytical choices. Specification curves indicated evidence for age-related decreases in amygdala reactivity to faces, though within-participant changes in amygdala reactivity could not be differentiated from between-participant differences. In contrast, amygdala—mPFC functional connectivity results varied across methods much more, and evidence for age-related change in amygdala—mPFC connectivity was not consistent. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) measurements of connectivity were especially sensitive to whether a deconvolution step was applied. Our findings demonstrate the importance of assessing the robustness of findings to analysis choices, although the age-related changes in our current work cannot be overinterpreted given low test–retest reliability. Together, these findings highlight both the challenges in estimating developmental change in longitudinal cohorts and the value of multiverse approaches in developmental neuroimaging for assessing robustness of results.

@article{shen_alpha_2022,
	title = {Alpha {Suppression} {Is} {Associated} with the {Tip}-of-the-{Tongue} ({TOT}) {State} {Whereas} {Alpha} {Expression} {Is} {Associated} with {Knowing} {That} {One} {Does} {Not} {Know}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2079-3200},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/10/4/121},
	doi = {10.3390/jintelligence10040121},
	abstract = {The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state is a spontaneously occurring metacognitive state that indicates that the answer to a query is almost, but not quite, at hand, i.e., that resolution is imminent. Since the time of William James, a distinctive feeling of nagging frustration has been observed to be associated with TOT states. On a more positive note, TOT states are also associated with intense goal-directed curiosity and with a strong desire to know that translates into successful mental action. The present study showed that prior to the presentation of resolving feedback to verbal queries—if the individual was in a TOT state—alpha suppression was in evidence in the EEG. This alpha suppression appears to be a marker of a spontaneously occurring, conscious, and highly motivating goal-directed internal metacognitive state. At the same time, alpha expression in the same time period was associated with the feeling of not knowing, indicating a more discursive state. Both alpha and alpha suppression were observed broadly across centro-parietal scalp electrodes and disappeared immediately upon presentation of the resolving feedback. Analyses indicated that the occurrence of alpha suppression was associated with participants’ verbal affirmations of being in a TOT state, which is also related to subsequent expression of a late positivity when feedback is provided, and to enhanced memory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-01-19},
	journal = {Journal of Intelligence},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	author = {Shen, Edmund Qian-Long and Friedman, David and Bloom, Paul Alexander and Metcalfe, Janet},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Number: 4},
	keywords = {ERP, curiosity, consciousness, alpha, alpha suppression, metacognition, spectral analysis, tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)},
	pages = {121},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/8B4425RW/Shen et al. - 2022 - Alpha Suppression Is Associated with the Tip-of-th.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state is a spontaneously occurring metacognitive state that indicates that the answer to a query is almost, but not quite, at hand, i.e., that resolution is imminent. Since the time of William James, a distinctive feeling of nagging frustration has been observed to be associated with TOT states. On a more positive note, TOT states are also associated with intense goal-directed curiosity and with a strong desire to know that translates into successful mental action. The present study showed that prior to the presentation of resolving feedback to verbal queries—if the individual was in a TOT state—alpha suppression was in evidence in the EEG. This alpha suppression appears to be a marker of a spontaneously occurring, conscious, and highly motivating goal-directed internal metacognitive state. At the same time, alpha expression in the same time period was associated with the feeling of not knowing, indicating a more discursive state. Both alpha and alpha suppression were observed broadly across centro-parietal scalp electrodes and disappeared immediately upon presentation of the resolving feedback. Analyses indicated that the occurrence of alpha suppression was associated with participants’ verbal affirmations of being in a TOT state, which is also related to subsequent expression of a late positivity when feedback is provided, and to enhanced memory.

@article{bloom_commentary_2022,
	title = {Commentary on {Unnecessary} reliance on multilevel modelling to analyse nested data in neuroscience: {When} a traditional summary-statistics approach suffices},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2665-945X},
	shorttitle = {Commentary on {Unnecessary} reliance on multilevel modelling to analyse nested data in neuroscience},
	url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9846465/},
	doi = {10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100041},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	journal = {Current Research in Neurobiology},
	author = {Bloom, Paul Alexander and Thieu, Monica Kim Ngan and Bolger, Niall},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {100041},
}

@article{fields_adaptation_2021,
	title = {Adaptation in the face of adversity: {Decrements} and enhancements in children's cognitive control behavior following early caregiving instability},
	volume = {n/a},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1467-7687},
	shorttitle = {Adaptation in the face of adversity},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/desc.13133},
	doi = {10.1111/desc.13133},
	abstract = {Cognitive control is typically described as disrupted following exposure to early caregiving instability. While much of the work within this field has approached cognitive control broadly, evidence from adults retrospectively reporting early-life instability has shown more nuanced effects on cognitive control, even demonstrating enhancements in certain subdomains. That is, exposure to unstable caregiving may disrupt some areas of cognitive control, yet promote adaptation in others. Here, we investigated three domains of cognitive control in a sample of school-age children (N = 275, Age = 6-12 years) as a function of early caregiving instability, defined as the total number of caregiving switches. Results demonstrated that caregiving instability was associated with reduced response inhibition (Go/No-Go) and attentional control (Flanker), but enhanced cognitive flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort Task Switching). Conversely, there were no statistically significant associations with group (i.e., institutional care versus foster care) or maltreatment exposure and these patterns. These findings build on the specialization framework, suggesting that caregiving instability results in both decrements and enhancements in children's cognitive control, consistent with the hypothesis that cognitive control development is scaffolded by early environmental pressures.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2021-08-12},
	journal = {Developmental Science},
	author = {Fields, Andrea and Bloom, Paul A. and VanTieghem, Michelle and Harmon, Chelsea and Choy, Tricia and Camacho, Nicolas L. and Gibson, Lisa and Umbach, Rebecca and Heleniak, Charlotte and Tottenham, Nim},
	year = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/desc.13133},
	keywords = {development, executive function, parenting, specialization, stress},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/U6H7V5HR/Fields et al. - Adaptation in the face of adversity Decrements an.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/ZG9ELWZ9/desc.html:text/html},
}

Cognitive control is typically described as disrupted following exposure to early caregiving instability. While much of the work within this field has approached cognitive control broadly, evidence from adults retrospectively reporting early-life instability has shown more nuanced effects on cognitive control, even demonstrating enhancements in certain subdomains. That is, exposure to unstable caregiving may disrupt some areas of cognitive control, yet promote adaptation in others. Here, we investigated three domains of cognitive control in a sample of school-age children (N = 275, Age = 6-12 years) as a function of early caregiving instability, defined as the total number of caregiving switches. Results demonstrated that caregiving instability was associated with reduced response inhibition (Go/No-Go) and attentional control (Flanker), but enhanced cognitive flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort Task Switching). Conversely, there were no statistically significant associations with group (i.e., institutional care versus foster care) or maltreatment exposure and these patterns. These findings build on the specialization framework, suggesting that caregiving instability results in both decrements and enhancements in children's cognitive control, consistent with the hypothesis that cognitive control development is scaffolded by early environmental pressures.

@article{bloom_using_2021,
	title = {Using gastrointestinal distress reports to predict youth anxiety risk: {Implications} for mental health literacy and community care},
	copyright = {© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC},
	issn = {1098-2302},
	shorttitle = {Using gastrointestinal distress reports to predict youth anxiety risk},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dev.22126},
	doi = {10.1002/dev.22126},
	abstract = {This study investigates the generalizability and predictive validity of associations between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and youth anxiety to establish their utility in community mental health decision-making. We analyzed data from youth ages 3 to 21 years in volunteer cohorts collected in Los Angeles (N = 327) and New York City (N = 102), as well as the Healthy Brain Network cohort (N = 1957). Youth GI distress was measured through items taken from the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We examined generalizability of GI–anxiety associations across cohorts and anxiety reporters, then evaluated the performance of these models in predicting youth anxiety in holdout data. Consistent with previous work, higher levels of gastrointestinal distress were associated with more parent-reported youth anxiety behaviors in all three cohorts. Models trained on data from the Healthy Brain Network cohort predicted parent-reported and child-reported anxiety behaviors, as well as clinician-evaluated anxiety diagnoses, at above chance levels in holdout data. Models which included GI symptoms often, but not always, outperformed models based on age and sex alone in predicting youth anxiety. Based on the generalizability and predictive validity of GI–anxiety associations investigated here, GI symptoms may be an effective tool for child-facing professionals for identifying children at risk for anxiety (Preprint: https://psyarxiv.com/zgavu/).},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-06-11},
	journal = {Developmental Psychobiology},
	author = {Bloom, Paul Alexander and Douglas, Ian and VanTieghem, Michelle and Tottenham, Nim and Callaghan, Bridget},
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {prediction, replication, youth, anxiety, gastrointestinal},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/N63W6GC9/dev.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/Y9ZKZ5DG/Bloom et al. - Using gastrointestinal distress reports to predict.pdf:application/pdf},
}

This study investigates the generalizability and predictive validity of associations between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and youth anxiety to establish their utility in community mental health decision-making. We analyzed data from youth ages 3 to 21 years in volunteer cohorts collected in Los Angeles (N = 327) and New York City (N = 102), as well as the Healthy Brain Network cohort (N = 1957). Youth GI distress was measured through items taken from the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We examined generalizability of GI–anxiety associations across cohorts and anxiety reporters, then evaluated the performance of these models in predicting youth anxiety in holdout data. Consistent with previous work, higher levels of gastrointestinal distress were associated with more parent-reported youth anxiety behaviors in all three cohorts. Models trained on data from the Healthy Brain Network cohort predicted parent-reported and child-reported anxiety behaviors, as well as clinician-evaluated anxiety diagnoses, at above chance levels in holdout data. Models which included GI symptoms often, but not always, outperformed models based on age and sex alone in predicting youth anxiety. Based on the generalizability and predictive validity of GI–anxiety associations investigated here, GI symptoms may be an effective tool for child-facing professionals for identifying children at risk for anxiety (Preprint: https://psyarxiv.com/zgavu/).

@article{bloom_tip---tongue_2018,
	title = {Tip-of-the-tongue states predict enhanced feedback processing and subsequent memory},
	volume = {63},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	issn = {1053-8100},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810018300254},
	doi = {10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.010},
	abstract = {This article investigates the relations among the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state, event related potentials (ERPs) to correct feedback to questions, and subsequent memory. ERPs were used to investigate neurocognitive responses to feedback to general information questions for which participants had expressed either being or not being in a TOT state. For questions in which participants were unable to answer within 3 s, they indicated whether they were experiencing a TOT state and then were immediately provided with the correct answer. Feedback during a TOT state, as opposed to not knowing the answer, was associated with enhanced positivity over centro-parietal electrodes 250–700 ms post-feedback, and this enhanced positivity mediated a positive relationship between TOTs and later recall. Although effects of increased semantic access during TOT states cannot be ruled out, these results suggest that information received during TOT states elicits enhanced processing—suggestive of curiosity—leading to enhanced learning of studied material.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},
	author = {Bloom, Paul A. and Friedman, David and Xu, Judy and Vuorre, Matti and Metcalfe, Janet},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Learning, EEG, Memory, ERP, Tip-of-the-tongue},
	pages = {206--217},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/2BNK35U4/S1053810018300254.html:text/html},
}

This article investigates the relations among the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state, event related potentials (ERPs) to correct feedback to questions, and subsequent memory. ERPs were used to investigate neurocognitive responses to feedback to general information questions for which participants had expressed either being or not being in a TOT state. For questions in which participants were unable to answer within 3 s, they indicated whether they were experiencing a TOT state and then were immediately provided with the correct answer. Feedback during a TOT state, as opposed to not knowing the answer, was associated with enhanced positivity over centro-parietal electrodes 250–700 ms post-feedback, and this enhanced positivity mediated a positive relationship between TOTs and later recall. Although effects of increased semantic access during TOT states cannot be ruled out, these results suggest that information received during TOT states elicits enhanced processing—suggestive of curiosity—leading to enhanced learning of studied material.

@article{metcalfe_tip---tongue_2017,
	title = {The tip-of-the-tongue state and curiosity},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications},
	author = {Metcalfe, Janet and Schwartz, Bennett L. and Bloom, Paul A.},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {31},
	file = {Fulltext:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/M9VG3MKF/s41235-017-0065-4.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/mexico/Zotero/storage/P27SL7JX/s41235-017-0065-4.html:text/html},
}