@misc{mineault_2022_2023,
	title = {2022 in review: {neuroAI} comes of age},
	shorttitle = {2022 in review},
	url = {https://xcorr.net/2023/01/01/2022-in-review-neuroai-comes-of-age/},
	abstract = {2022 has come and gone and we’ve learned a lot about how the brain is – or isn’t – like an artificial neural network. There isn’t a single journal or venue that focuses exclusively on neuroAI so th…},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-03-18},
	journal = {xcorr: AI \& neuro},
	author = {Mineault, Patrick},
	year = {2023},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/VKJYWY57/2022-in-review-neuroai-comes-of-age.html:text/html},
}

2022 has come and gone and we’ve learned a lot about how the brain is – or isn’t – like an artificial neural network. There isn’t a single journal or venue that focuses exclusively on neuroAI so th…

@article{cohen_recent_2022,
	title = {Recent {Advances} at the {Interface} of {Neuroscience} and {Artificial} {Neural} {Networks}},
	volume = {42},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2022 the authors. SfN exclusive license.},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/42/45/8514},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1503-22.2022},
	abstract = {Biological neural networks adapt and learn in diverse behavioral contexts. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have exploited biological properties to solve complex problems. However, despite their effectiveness for specific tasks, ANNs are yet to realize the flexibility and adaptability of biological cognition. This review highlights recent advances in computational and experimental research to advance our understanding of biological and artificial intelligence. In particular, we discuss critical mechanisms from the cellular, systems, and cognitive neuroscience fields that have contributed to refining the architecture and training algorithms of ANNs. Additionally, we discuss how recent work used ANNs to understand complex neuronal correlates of cognition and to process high throughput behavioral data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {45},
	urldate = {2023-03-18},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Cohen, Yarden and Engel, Tatiana A. and Langdon, Christopher and Lindsay, Grace W. and Ott, Torben and Peters, Megan A. K. and Shine, James M. and Breton-Provencher, Vincent and Ramaswamy, Srikanth},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	pmid = {36351830},
	note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Symposia},
	keywords = {cognition, plasticity, artificial neural networks, behavior, neuromodulators, vision},
	pages = {8514--8523},
}

Biological neural networks adapt and learn in diverse behavioral contexts. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have exploited biological properties to solve complex problems. However, despite their effectiveness for specific tasks, ANNs are yet to realize the flexibility and adaptability of biological cognition. This review highlights recent advances in computational and experimental research to advance our understanding of biological and artificial intelligence. In particular, we discuss critical mechanisms from the cellular, systems, and cognitive neuroscience fields that have contributed to refining the architecture and training algorithms of ANNs. Additionally, we discuss how recent work used ANNs to understand complex neuronal correlates of cognition and to process high throughput behavioral data.

@article{wanjia_abrupt_2021,
	title = {Abrupt hippocampal remapping signals resolution of memory interference},
	volume = {12},
	copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25126-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-25126-0},
	abstract = {Remapping refers to a decorrelation of hippocampal representations of similar spatial environments. While it has been speculated that remapping may contribute to the resolution of episodic memory interference in humans, direct evidence is surprisingly limited. We tested this idea using high-resolution, pattern-based fMRI analyses. Here we show that activity patterns in human CA3/dentate gyrus exhibit an abrupt, temporally-specific decorrelation of highly similar memory representations that is precisely coupled with behavioral expressions of successful learning. The magnitude of this learning-related decorrelation was predicted by the amount of pattern overlap during initial stages of learning, with greater initial overlap leading to stronger decorrelation. Finally, we show that remapped activity patterns carry relatively more information about learned episodic associations compared to competing associations, further validating the learning-related significance of remapping. Collectively, these findings establish a critical link between hippocampal remapping and episodic memory interference and provide insight into why remapping occurs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-05},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Wanjia, Guo and Favila, Serra E. and Kim, Ghootae and Molitor, Robert J. and Kuhl, Brice A.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Cognitive neuroscience, Hippocampus, Human behaviour, Long-term memory},
	pages = {4816},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/3I87S2CJ/Wanjia et al. - 2021 - Abrupt hippocampal remapping signals resolution of.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Remapping refers to a decorrelation of hippocampal representations of similar spatial environments. While it has been speculated that remapping may contribute to the resolution of episodic memory interference in humans, direct evidence is surprisingly limited. We tested this idea using high-resolution, pattern-based fMRI analyses. Here we show that activity patterns in human CA3/dentate gyrus exhibit an abrupt, temporally-specific decorrelation of highly similar memory representations that is precisely coupled with behavioral expressions of successful learning. The magnitude of this learning-related decorrelation was predicted by the amount of pattern overlap during initial stages of learning, with greater initial overlap leading to stronger decorrelation. Finally, we show that remapped activity patterns carry relatively more information about learned episodic associations compared to competing associations, further validating the learning-related significance of remapping. Collectively, these findings establish a critical link between hippocampal remapping and episodic memory interference and provide insight into why remapping occurs.

@article{kar_fast_2021,
	title = {Fast {Recurrent} {Processing} via {Ventrolateral} {Prefrontal} {Cortex} {Is} {Needed} by the {Primate} {Ventral} {Stream} for {Robust} {Core} {Visual} {Object} {Recognition}},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {0896-6273},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627320307595},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.035},
	abstract = {Distributed neural population spiking patterns in macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex that support core object recognition require additional time to develop for specific, “late-solved” images. This suggests the necessity of recurrent processing in these computations. Which brain circuits are responsible for computing and transmitting these putative recurrent signals to IT? To test whether the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) is a critical recurrent node in this system, here, we pharmacologically inactivated parts of vlPFC and simultaneously measured IT activity while monkeys performed object discrimination tasks. vlPFC inactivation deteriorated the quality of late-phase ({\textgreater}150 ms from image onset) IT population code and produced commensurate behavioral deficits for late-solved images. Finally, silencing vlPFC caused the monkeys’ IT activity and behavior to become more like those produced by feedforward-only ventral stream models. Together with prior work, these results implicate fast recurrent processing through vlPFC as critical to producing behaviorally sufficient object representations in IT.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-10},
	journal = {Neuron},
	author = {Kar, Kohitij and DiCarlo, James J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {core object recognition, deep neural networks, inferior temporal cortex, muscimol, population codes, ventrolateral PFC},
	pages = {164--176.e5},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/2N5Y48F8/Kar and DiCarlo - 2021 - Fast Recurrent Processing via Ventrolateral Prefro.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/AJDQ5P5E/S0896627320307595.html:text/html},
}

Distributed neural population spiking patterns in macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex that support core object recognition require additional time to develop for specific, “late-solved” images. This suggests the necessity of recurrent processing in these computations. Which brain circuits are responsible for computing and transmitting these putative recurrent signals to IT? To test whether the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) is a critical recurrent node in this system, here, we pharmacologically inactivated parts of vlPFC and simultaneously measured IT activity while monkeys performed object discrimination tasks. vlPFC inactivation deteriorated the quality of late-phase (\textgreater150 ms from image onset) IT population code and produced commensurate behavioral deficits for late-solved images. Finally, silencing vlPFC caused the monkeys’ IT activity and behavior to become more like those produced by feedforward-only ventral stream models. Together with prior work, these results implicate fast recurrent processing through vlPFC as critical to producing behaviorally sufficient object representations in IT.

@article{wiebels_leveraging_2021,
	title = {Leveraging {Containers} for {Reproducible} {Psychological} {Research}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2515-2459},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459211017853},
	doi = {10.1177/25152459211017853},
	abstract = {Containers have become increasingly popular in computing and software engineering and are gaining traction in scientific research. They allow packaging up all code and dependencies to ensure that analyses run reliably across a range of operating systems and software versions. Despite being a crucial component for reproducible science, containerization has yet to become mainstream in psychology. In this tutorial, we describe the logic behind containers, what they are, and the practical problems they can solve. We walk the reader through the implementation of containerization within a research workflow with examples using Docker and R. Specifically, we describe how to use existing containers, build personalized containers, and share containers alongside publications. We provide a worked example that includes all steps required to set up a container for a research project and can easily be adapted and extended. We conclude with a discussion of the possibilities afforded by the large-scale adoption of containerization, especially in the context of cumulative, open science, toward a more efficient and inclusive research ecosystem.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-03-11},
	journal = {Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science},
	author = {Wiebels, Kristina and Moreau, David},
	month = apr,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {25152459211017853},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/Y5GMYAJ9/Wiebels and Moreau - 2021 - Leveraging Containers for Reproducible Psychologic.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Containers have become increasingly popular in computing and software engineering and are gaining traction in scientific research. They allow packaging up all code and dependencies to ensure that analyses run reliably across a range of operating systems and software versions. Despite being a crucial component for reproducible science, containerization has yet to become mainstream in psychology. In this tutorial, we describe the logic behind containers, what they are, and the practical problems they can solve. We walk the reader through the implementation of containerization within a research workflow with examples using Docker and R. Specifically, we describe how to use existing containers, build personalized containers, and share containers alongside publications. We provide a worked example that includes all steps required to set up a container for a research project and can easily be adapted and extended. We conclude with a discussion of the possibilities afforded by the large-scale adoption of containerization, especially in the context of cumulative, open science, toward a more efficient and inclusive research ecosystem.

@article{esteban_analysis_2020,
	title = {Analysis of task-based functional {MRI} data preprocessed with {fMRIPrep}},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1750-2799},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-020-0327-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s41596-020-0327-3},
	abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a standard tool to investigate the neural correlates of cognition. fMRI noninvasively measures brain activity, allowing identification of patterns evoked by tasks performed during scanning. Despite the long history of this technique, the idiosyncrasies of each dataset have led to the use of ad-hoc preprocessing protocols customized for nearly every different study. This approach is time consuming, error prone and unsuitable for combining datasets from many sources. Here we showcase fMRIPrep (http://fmriprep.org), a robust tool to prepare human fMRI data for statistical analysis. This software instrument addresses the reproducibility concerns of the established protocols for fMRI preprocessing. By leveraging the Brain Imaging Data Structure to standardize both the input datasets (MRI data as stored by the scanner) and the outputs (data ready for modeling and analysis), fMRIPrep is capable of preprocessing a diversity of datasets without manual intervention. In support of the growing popularity of fMRIPrep, this protocol describes how to integrate the tool in a task-based fMRI investigation workflow.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2023-03-11},
	journal = {Nature Protocols},
	author = {Esteban, Oscar and Ciric, Rastko and Finc, Karolina and Blair, Ross W. and Markiewicz, Christopher J. and Moodie, Craig A. and Kent, James D. and Goncalves, Mathias and DuPre, Elizabeth and Gomez, Daniel E. P. and Ye, Zhifang and Salo, Taylor and Valabregue, Romain and Amlien, Inge K. and Liem, Franziskus and Jacoby, Nir and Stojić, Hrvoje and Cieslak, Matthew and Urchs, Sebastian and Halchenko, Yaroslav O. and Ghosh, Satrajit S. and De La Vega, Alejandro and Yarkoni, Tal and Wright, Jessey and Thompson, William H. and Poldrack, Russell A. and Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 7
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Computational neuroscience, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neurological models, Software},
	pages = {2186--2202},
	file = {Accepted Version:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/NHJAVWLK/Esteban et al. - 2020 - Analysis of task-based functional MRI data preproc.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a standard tool to investigate the neural correlates of cognition. fMRI noninvasively measures brain activity, allowing identification of patterns evoked by tasks performed during scanning. Despite the long history of this technique, the idiosyncrasies of each dataset have led to the use of ad-hoc preprocessing protocols customized for nearly every different study. This approach is time consuming, error prone and unsuitable for combining datasets from many sources. Here we showcase fMRIPrep (http://fmriprep.org), a robust tool to prepare human fMRI data for statistical analysis. This software instrument addresses the reproducibility concerns of the established protocols for fMRI preprocessing. By leveraging the Brain Imaging Data Structure to standardize both the input datasets (MRI data as stored by the scanner) and the outputs (data ready for modeling and analysis), fMRIPrep is capable of preprocessing a diversity of datasets without manual intervention. In support of the growing popularity of fMRIPrep, this protocol describes how to integrate the tool in a task-based fMRI investigation workflow.

@article{olsen_progress_2019,
	title = {Progress update from the hippocampal subfields group},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2352-8729},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.dadm.2019.04.001},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dadm.2019.04.001},
	abstract = {Introduction Heterogeneity of segmentation protocols for medial temporal lobe regions and hippocampal subfields on in vivo magnetic resonance imaging hinders the ability to integrate findings across studies. We aim to develop a harmonized protocol based on expert consensus and histological evidence. Methods Our international working group, funded by the EU Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), is working toward the production of a reliable, validated, harmonized protocol for segmentation of medial temporal lobe regions. The working group uses a novel postmortem data set and online consensus procedures to ensure validity and facilitate adoption. Results This progress report describes the initial results and milestones that we have achieved to date, including the development of a draft protocol and results from the initial reliability tests and consensus procedures. Discussion A harmonized protocol will enable the standardization of segmentation methods across laboratories interested in medial temporal lobe research worldwide.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-07},
	journal = {Alzheimer's \& Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \& Disease Monitoring},
	author = {Olsen, Rosanna K. and Carr, Valerie A. and Daugherty, Ana M. and La Joie, Renaud and Amaral, Robert S.C. and Amunts, Katrin and Augustinack, Jean C. and Bakker, Arnold and Bender, Andrew R. and Berron, David and Boccardi, Marina and Bocchetta, Martina and Burggren, Alison C. and Chakravarty, M. Mallar and Chételat, Gaël and de Flores, Robin and DeKraker, Jordan and Ding, Song-Lin and Geerlings, Mirjam I. and Huang, Yushan and Insausti, Ricardo and Johnson, Elliott G. and Kanel, Prabesh and Kedo, Olga and Kennedy, Kristen M. and Keresztes, Attila and Lee, Joshua K. and Lindenberger, Ulman and Mueller, Susanne G. and Mulligan, Elizabeth M. and Ofen, Noa and Palombo, Daniela J. and Pasquini, Lorenzo and Pluta, John and Raz, Naftali and Rodrigue, Karen M. and Schlichting, Margaret L. and Lee Shing, Yee and Stark, Craig E.L. and Steve, Trevor A. and Suthana, Nanthia A. and Wang, Lei and Werkle-Bergner, Markus and Yushkevich, Paul A. and Yu, Qijing and Wisse, Laura E.M. and Group, Hippocampal Subfields},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.dadm.2019.04.001},
	keywords = {Neuroimaging, Hippocampus, Cytoarchitecture, ex vivo, Histology, Human, Neuroanatomy, Structural imaging, Volumetry},
	pages = {439--449},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/N4LXSGTX/Olsen et al. - 2019 - Progress update from the hippocampal subfields gro.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/QS4RG84D/j.dadm.2019.04.html:text/html},
}

Introduction Heterogeneity of segmentation protocols for medial temporal lobe regions and hippocampal subfields on in vivo magnetic resonance imaging hinders the ability to integrate findings across studies. We aim to develop a harmonized protocol based on expert consensus and histological evidence. Methods Our international working group, funded by the EU Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), is working toward the production of a reliable, validated, harmonized protocol for segmentation of medial temporal lobe regions. The working group uses a novel postmortem data set and online consensus procedures to ensure validity and facilitate adoption. Results This progress report describes the initial results and milestones that we have achieved to date, including the development of a draft protocol and results from the initial reliability tests and consensus procedures. Discussion A harmonized protocol will enable the standardization of segmentation methods across laboratories interested in medial temporal lobe research worldwide.

@article{kar_evidence_2019,
	title = {Evidence that recurrent circuits are critical to the ventral stream’s execution of core object recognition behavior},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1546-1726},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0392-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41593-019-0392-5},
	abstract = {Non-recurrent deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are currently the best at modeling core object recognition, a behavior that is supported by the densely recurrent primate ventral stream, culminating in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. If recurrence is critical to this behavior, then primates should outperform feedforward-only deep CNNs for images that require additional recurrent processing beyond the feedforward IT response. Here we first used behavioral methods to discover hundreds of these ‘challenge’ images. Second, using large-scale electrophysiology, we observed that behaviorally sufficient object identity solutions emerged {\textasciitilde}30 ms later in the IT cortex for challenge images compared with primate performance-matched ‘control’ images. Third, these behaviorally critical late-phase IT response patterns were poorly predicted by feedforward deep CNN activations. Notably, very-deep CNNs and shallower recurrent CNNs better predicted these late IT responses, suggesting that there is a functional equivalence between additional nonlinear transformations and recurrence. Beyond arguing that recurrent circuits are critical for rapid object identification, our results provide strong constraints for future recurrent model development.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
	author = {Kar, Kohitij and Kubilius, Jonas and Schmidt, Kailyn and Issa, Elias B. and DiCarlo, James J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {974--983},
}

Non-recurrent deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are currently the best at modeling core object recognition, a behavior that is supported by the densely recurrent primate ventral stream, culminating in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. If recurrence is critical to this behavior, then primates should outperform feedforward-only deep CNNs for images that require additional recurrent processing beyond the feedforward IT response. Here we first used behavioral methods to discover hundreds of these ‘challenge’ images. Second, using large-scale electrophysiology, we observed that behaviorally sufficient object identity solutions emerged ~30 ms later in the IT cortex for challenge images compared with primate performance-matched ‘control’ images. Third, these behaviorally critical late-phase IT response patterns were poorly predicted by feedforward deep CNN activations. Notably, very-deep CNNs and shallower recurrent CNNs better predicted these late IT responses, suggesting that there is a functional equivalence between additional nonlinear transformations and recurrence. Beyond arguing that recurrent circuits are critical for rapid object identification, our results provide strong constraints for future recurrent model development.

@article{esteban_fmriprep_2019,
	title = {{fMRIPrep}: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional {MRI}},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.},
	issn = {1548-7105},
	shorttitle = {{fMRIPrep}},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-018-0235-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41592-018-0235-4},
	abstract = {Preprocessing of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) involves numerous steps to clean and standardize the data before statistical analysis. Generally, researchers create ad hoc preprocessing workflows for each dataset, building upon a large inventory of available tools. The complexity of these workflows has snowballed with rapid advances in acquisition and processing. We introduce fMRIPrep, an analysis-agnostic tool that addresses the challenge of robust and reproducible preprocessing for fMRI data. fMRIPrep automatically adapts a best-in-breed workflow to the idiosyncrasies of virtually any dataset, ensuring high-quality preprocessing without manual intervention. By introducing visual assessment checkpoints into an iterative integration framework for software testing, we show that fMRIPrep robustly produces high-quality results on a diverse fMRI data collection. Additionally, fMRIPrep introduces less uncontrolled spatial smoothness than observed with commonly used preprocessing tools. fMRIPrep equips neuroscientists with an easy-to-use and transparent preprocessing workflow, which can help ensure the validity of inference and the interpretability of results.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-11},
	journal = {Nature Methods},
	author = {Esteban, Oscar and Markiewicz, Christopher J. and Blair, Ross W. and Moodie, Craig A. and Isik, A. Ilkay and Erramuzpe, Asier and Kent, James D. and Goncalves, Mathias and DuPre, Elizabeth and Snyder, Madeleine and Oya, Hiroyuki and Ghosh, Satrajit S. and Wright, Jessey and Durnez, Joke and Poldrack, Russell A. and Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Computational neuroscience, Magnetic resonance imaging, Software, Image processing, Standards},
	pages = {111--116},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/IR9XZ46Q/Esteban et al. - 2019 - fMRIPrep a robust preprocessing pipeline for func.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Preprocessing of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) involves numerous steps to clean and standardize the data before statistical analysis. Generally, researchers create ad hoc preprocessing workflows for each dataset, building upon a large inventory of available tools. The complexity of these workflows has snowballed with rapid advances in acquisition and processing. We introduce fMRIPrep, an analysis-agnostic tool that addresses the challenge of robust and reproducible preprocessing for fMRI data. fMRIPrep automatically adapts a best-in-breed workflow to the idiosyncrasies of virtually any dataset, ensuring high-quality preprocessing without manual intervention. By introducing visual assessment checkpoints into an iterative integration framework for software testing, we show that fMRIPrep robustly produces high-quality results on a diverse fMRI data collection. Additionally, fMRIPrep introduces less uncontrolled spatial smoothness than observed with commonly used preprocessing tools. fMRIPrep equips neuroscientists with an easy-to-use and transparent preprocessing workflow, which can help ensure the validity of inference and the interpretability of results.

@article{yarkoni_pybids_2019,
	title = {{PyBIDS}: {Python} tools for {BIDS} datasets},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2475-9066},
	shorttitle = {{PyBIDS}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409983/},
	doi = {10.21105/joss.01294},
	number = {40},
	urldate = {2023-03-13},
	journal = {Journal of open source software},
	author = {Yarkoni, Tal and Markiewicz, Christopher J and de la Vega, Alejandro and Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J and Salo, Taylor and Halchenko, Yaroslav O and McNamara, Quinten and DeStasio, Krista and Poline, Jean-Baptiste and Petrov, Dmitry and Hayot-Sasson, Valérie and Nielson, Dylan M and Carlin, Johan and Kiar, Gregory and Whitaker, Kirstie and DuPre, Elizabeth and Wagner, Adina and Tirrell, Lee S and Jas, Mainak and Hanke, Michael and Poldrack, Russell A and Esteban, Oscar and Appelhoff, Stefan and Holdgraf, Chris and Staden, Isla and Thirion, Bertrand and Kleinschmidt, Dave F and Lee, John A and Visconti di Oleggio Castello, Matteo and Notter, Michael P and Blair, Ross},
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {32775955},
	pmcid = {PMC7409983},
	pages = {1294},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/W83L2DGI/Yarkoni et al. - 2019 - PyBIDS Python tools for BIDS datasets.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mitchell_retrosplenial_2018,
	title = {Retrosplenial cortex and its role in spatial cognition},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2398-2128},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6095108/},
	doi = {10.1177/2398212818757098},
	abstract = {Retrosplenial cortex is a region within the posterior neocortical system, heavily interconnected with an array of brain networks, both cortical and subcortical, that is, engaged by a myriad of cognitive tasks. Although there is no consensus as to its precise function, evidence from both human and animal studies clearly points to a role in spatial cognition. However, the spatial processing impairments that follow retrosplenial cortex damage are not straightforward to characterise, leading to difficulties in defining the exact nature of its role. In this article, we review this literature and classify the types of ideas that have been put forward into three broad, somewhat overlapping classes: (1) learning of landmark location, stability and permanence; (2) integration between spatial reference frames; and (3) consolidation and retrieval of spatial knowledge (schemas). We evaluate these models and suggest ways to test them, before briefly discussing whether the spatial function may be a subset of a more general function in episodic memory.},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Brain and Neuroscience Advances},
	author = {Mitchell, Anna S. and Czajkowski, Rafal and Zhang, Ningyu and Jeffery, Kate and Nelson, Andrew J. D.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {30221204},
	pmcid = {PMC6095108},
	pages = {2398212818757098},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/TFXXWIB8/Mitchell et al. - 2018 - Retrosplenial cortex and its role in spatial cogni.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Retrosplenial cortex is a region within the posterior neocortical system, heavily interconnected with an array of brain networks, both cortical and subcortical, that is, engaged by a myriad of cognitive tasks. Although there is no consensus as to its precise function, evidence from both human and animal studies clearly points to a role in spatial cognition. However, the spatial processing impairments that follow retrosplenial cortex damage are not straightforward to characterise, leading to difficulties in defining the exact nature of its role. In this article, we review this literature and classify the types of ideas that have been put forward into three broad, somewhat overlapping classes: (1) learning of landmark location, stability and permanence; (2) integration between spatial reference frames; and (3) consolidation and retrieval of spatial knowledge (schemas). We evaluate these models and suggest ways to test them, before briefly discussing whether the spatial function may be a subset of a more general function in episodic memory.

@article{esteban_mriqc_2017,
	title = {{MRIQC}: {Advancing} the automatic prediction of image quality in {MRI} from unseen sites},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {{MRIQC}},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612458/},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0184661},
	abstract = {Quality control of MRI is essential for excluding problematic acquisitions and avoiding bias in subsequent image processing and analysis. Visual inspection is subjective and impractical for large scale datasets. Although automated quality assessments have been demonstrated on single-site datasets, it is unclear that solutions can generalize to unseen data acquired at new sites. Here, we introduce the MRI Quality Control tool (MRIQC), a tool for extracting quality measures and fitting a binary (accept/exclude) classifier. Our tool can be run both locally and as a free online service via the OpenNeuro.org portal. The classifier is trained on a publicly available, multi-site dataset (17 sites, N = 1102). We perform model selection evaluating different normalization and feature exclusion approaches aimed at maximizing across-site generalization and estimate an accuracy of 76\%±13\% on new sites, using leave-one-site-out cross-validation. We confirm that result on a held-out dataset (2 sites, N = 265) also obtaining a 76\% accuracy. Even though the performance of the trained classifier is statistically above chance, we show that it is susceptible to site effects and unable to account for artifacts specific to new sites. MRIQC performs with high accuracy in intra-site prediction, but performance on unseen sites leaves space for improvement which might require more labeled data and new approaches to the between-site variability. Overcoming these limitations is crucial for a more objective quality assessment of neuroimaging data, and to enable the analysis of extremely large and multi-site samples.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2023-03-13},
	journal = {PLoS ONE},
	author = {Esteban, Oscar and Birman, Daniel and Schaer, Marie and Koyejo, Oluwasanmi O. and Poldrack, Russell A. and Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28945803},
	pmcid = {PMC5612458},
	pages = {e0184661},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/HBHY9FIU/Esteban et al. - 2017 - MRIQC Advancing the automatic prediction of image.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Quality control of MRI is essential for excluding problematic acquisitions and avoiding bias in subsequent image processing and analysis. Visual inspection is subjective and impractical for large scale datasets. Although automated quality assessments have been demonstrated on single-site datasets, it is unclear that solutions can generalize to unseen data acquired at new sites. Here, we introduce the MRI Quality Control tool (MRIQC), a tool for extracting quality measures and fitting a binary (accept/exclude) classifier. Our tool can be run both locally and as a free online service via the OpenNeuro.org portal. The classifier is trained on a publicly available, multi-site dataset (17 sites, N = 1102). We perform model selection evaluating different normalization and feature exclusion approaches aimed at maximizing across-site generalization and estimate an accuracy of 76%±13% on new sites, using leave-one-site-out cross-validation. We confirm that result on a held-out dataset (2 sites, N = 265) also obtaining a 76% accuracy. Even though the performance of the trained classifier is statistically above chance, we show that it is susceptible to site effects and unable to account for artifacts specific to new sites. MRIQC performs with high accuracy in intra-site prediction, but performance on unseen sites leaves space for improvement which might require more labeled data and new approaches to the between-site variability. Overcoming these limitations is crucial for a more objective quality assessment of neuroimaging data, and to enable the analysis of extremely large and multi-site samples.

@article{chao_medial_2016,
	title = {The medial prefrontal cortex—lateral entorhinal cortex circuit is essential for episodic-like memory and associative object-recognition},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1098-1063},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hipo.22547},
	doi = {10.1002/hipo.22547},
	abstract = {The prefrontal cortex directly projects to the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), an important substrate for engaging item-associated information and relaying the information to the hippocampus. Here we ask to what extent the communication between the prefrontal cortex and LEC is critically involved in the processing of episodic-like memory. We applied a disconnection procedure to test whether the interaction between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and LEC is essential for the expression of recognition memory. It was found that male rats that received unilateral NMDA lesions of the mPFC and LEC in the same hemisphere, exhibited intact episodic-like (what-where-when) and object-recognition memories. When these lesions were placed in the opposite hemispheres (disconnection), episodic-like and associative memories for object identity, location and context were impaired. However, the disconnection did not impair the components of episodic memory, namely memory for novel object (what), object place (where) and temporal order (when), per se. Thus, the present findings suggest that the mPFC and LEC are a critical part of a neural circuit that underlies episodic-like and associative object-recognition memory. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2023-03-10},
	journal = {Hippocampus},
	author = {Chao, Owen Y. and Huston, Joseph P. and Li, Jay-Shake and Wang, An-Li and de Souza Silva, Maria A.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hipo.22547},
	keywords = {prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, associative memory, episodic memory, object recognition},
	pages = {633--645},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/6QVGVHZZ/hipo.html:text/html},
}

The prefrontal cortex directly projects to the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), an important substrate for engaging item-associated information and relaying the information to the hippocampus. Here we ask to what extent the communication between the prefrontal cortex and LEC is critically involved in the processing of episodic-like memory. We applied a disconnection procedure to test whether the interaction between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and LEC is essential for the expression of recognition memory. It was found that male rats that received unilateral NMDA lesions of the mPFC and LEC in the same hemisphere, exhibited intact episodic-like (what-where-when) and object-recognition memories. When these lesions were placed in the opposite hemispheres (disconnection), episodic-like and associative memories for object identity, location and context were impaired. However, the disconnection did not impair the components of episodic memory, namely memory for novel object (what), object place (where) and temporal order (when), per se. Thus, the present findings suggest that the mPFC and LEC are a critical part of a neural circuit that underlies episodic-like and associative object-recognition memory. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

@article{gorgolewski_brain_2016,
	title = {The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {2016 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2052-4463},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201644},
	doi = {10.1038/sdata.2016.44},
	abstract = {The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques has defined modern neuroimaging. Since its inception, tens of thousands of studies using techniques such as functional MRI and diffusion weighted imaging have allowed for the non-invasive study of the brain. Despite the fact that MRI is routinely used to obtain data for neuroscience research, there has been no widely adopted standard for organizing and describing the data collected in an imaging experiment. This renders sharing and reusing data (within or between labs) difficult if not impossible and unnecessarily complicates the application of automatic pipelines and quality assurance protocols. To solve this problem, we have developed the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS), a standard for organizing and describing MRI datasets. The BIDS standard uses file formats compatible with existing software, unifies the majority of practices already common in the field, and captures the metadata necessary for most common data processing operations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-13},
	journal = {Scientific Data},
	author = {Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J. and Auer, Tibor and Calhoun, Vince D. and Craddock, R. Cameron and Das, Samir and Duff, Eugene P. and Flandin, Guillaume and Ghosh, Satrajit S. and Glatard, Tristan and Halchenko, Yaroslav O. and Handwerker, Daniel A. and Hanke, Michael and Keator, David and Li, Xiangrui and Michael, Zachary and Maumet, Camille and Nichols, B. Nolan and Nichols, Thomas E. and Pellman, John and Poline, Jean-Baptiste and Rokem, Ariel and Schaefer, Gunnar and Sochat, Vanessa and Triplett, William and Turner, Jessica A. and Varoquaux, Gaël and Poldrack, Russell A.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Data publication and archiving, Research data},
	pages = {160044},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/4JKKPMIL/Gorgolewski et al. - 2016 - The brain imaging data structure, a format for org.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques has defined modern neuroimaging. Since its inception, tens of thousands of studies using techniques such as functional MRI and diffusion weighted imaging have allowed for the non-invasive study of the brain. Despite the fact that MRI is routinely used to obtain data for neuroscience research, there has been no widely adopted standard for organizing and describing the data collected in an imaging experiment. This renders sharing and reusing data (within or between labs) difficult if not impossible and unnecessarily complicates the application of automatic pipelines and quality assurance protocols. To solve this problem, we have developed the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS), a standard for organizing and describing MRI datasets. The BIDS standard uses file formats compatible with existing software, unifies the majority of practices already common in the field, and captures the metadata necessary for most common data processing operations.

@article{wilkinson_fair_2016,
	title = {The {FAIR} {Guiding} {Principles} for scientific data management and stewardship},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {2016 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2052-4463},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618},
	doi = {10.1038/sdata.2016.18},
	abstract = {There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure supporting the reuse of scholarly data. A diverse set of stakeholders—representing academia, industry, funding agencies, and scholarly publishers—have come together to design and jointly endorse a concise and measureable set of principles that we refer to as the FAIR Data Principles. The intent is that these may act as a guideline for those wishing to enhance the reusability of their data holdings. Distinct from peer initiatives that focus on the human scholar, the FAIR Principles put specific emphasis on enhancing the ability of machines to automatically find and use the data, in addition to supporting its reuse by individuals. This Comment is the first formal publication of the FAIR Principles, and includes the rationale behind them, and some exemplar implementations in the community.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-18},
	journal = {Scientific Data},
	author = {Wilkinson, Mark D. and Dumontier, Michel and Aalbersberg, IJsbrand Jan and Appleton, Gabrielle and Axton, Myles and Baak, Arie and Blomberg, Niklas and Boiten, Jan-Willem and da Silva Santos, Luiz Bonino and Bourne, Philip E. and Bouwman, Jildau and Brookes, Anthony J. and Clark, Tim and Crosas, Mercè and Dillo, Ingrid and Dumon, Olivier and Edmunds, Scott and Evelo, Chris T. and Finkers, Richard and Gonzalez-Beltran, Alejandra and Gray, Alasdair J. G. and Groth, Paul and Goble, Carole and Grethe, Jeffrey S. and Heringa, Jaap and ’t Hoen, Peter A. C. and Hooft, Rob and Kuhn, Tobias and Kok, Ruben and Kok, Joost and Lusher, Scott J. and Martone, Maryann E. and Mons, Albert and Packer, Abel L. and Persson, Bengt and Rocca-Serra, Philippe and Roos, Marco and van Schaik, Rene and Sansone, Susanna-Assunta and Schultes, Erik and Sengstag, Thierry and Slater, Ted and Strawn, George and Swertz, Morris A. and Thompson, Mark and van der Lei, Johan and van Mulligen, Erik and Velterop, Jan and Waagmeester, Andra and Wittenburg, Peter and Wolstencroft, Katherine and Zhao, Jun and Mons, Barend},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Research data, Publication characteristics},
	pages = {160018},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/2DAJCQTW/Wilkinson et al. - 2016 - The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data ma.pdf:application/pdf},
}

There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure supporting the reuse of scholarly data. A diverse set of stakeholders—representing academia, industry, funding agencies, and scholarly publishers—have come together to design and jointly endorse a concise and measureable set of principles that we refer to as the FAIR Data Principles. The intent is that these may act as a guideline for those wishing to enhance the reusability of their data holdings. Distinct from peer initiatives that focus on the human scholar, the FAIR Principles put specific emphasis on enhancing the ability of machines to automatically find and use the data, in addition to supporting its reuse by individuals. This Comment is the first formal publication of the FAIR Principles, and includes the rationale behind them, and some exemplar implementations in the community.

@article{klein_what_2015,
	title = {What memory is},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1939-5086},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcs.1333},
	doi = {10.1002/wcs.1333},
	abstract = {I argue that our current practice of ascribing the term ‘memory’ to mental states and processes lacks epistemic warrant. Memory, according to the ‘received view’, is any state or process that results from the sequential stages of encoding, storage, and retrieval. By these criteria, memory, or its footprint, can be seen in virtually every mental state we are capable of having. This, I argue, stretches the term to the breaking point. I draw on phenomenological, historical, and conceptual considerations to make the case that an act of memory entails a direct, non-inferential feeling of reacquaintance with one's past. It does so by linking content retrieved from storage with autonoetic awareness during retrieval. On this view, memory is not the content of experience, but the manner in which that content is experienced. I discuss some theoretical and practical implications and advantages of adopting this more circumscribed view of memory. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:1–38. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1333 This article is categorized under: Psychology {\textgreater} Memory},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-05},
	journal = {WIREs Cognitive Science},
	author = {Klein, Stanley B.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcs.1333},
	pages = {1--38},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/ZBDX9UYI/wcs.html:text/html},
}

I argue that our current practice of ascribing the term ‘memory’ to mental states and processes lacks epistemic warrant. Memory, according to the ‘received view’, is any state or process that results from the sequential stages of encoding, storage, and retrieval. By these criteria, memory, or its footprint, can be seen in virtually every mental state we are capable of having. This, I argue, stretches the term to the breaking point. I draw on phenomenological, historical, and conceptual considerations to make the case that an act of memory entails a direct, non-inferential feeling of reacquaintance with one's past. It does so by linking content retrieved from storage with autonoetic awareness during retrieval. On this view, memory is not the content of experience, but the manner in which that content is experienced. I discuss some theoretical and practical implications and advantages of adopting this more circumscribed view of memory. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:1–38. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1333 This article is categorized under: Psychology \textgreater Memory

@article{bermudez-rattoni_forgotten_2014,
	title = {The forgotten insular cortex: {Its} role on recognition memory formation},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {1074-7427},
	shorttitle = {The forgotten insular cortex},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742714000021},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.001},
	abstract = {For a long time, the insular cortex (IC) has been related with taste physiology and taste memory processes in animal studies. Recently, the role of the IC has been highlighted by findings involving the IC in non-taste memory formation in both human and animal studies. Recognition memory is based on the ability to assess the familiarity of a previously encountered stimulus, and it is considered a form of declarative memory. In this work, I am proposing that the IC and its related circuitry are highly involved in the conversion of novel to familiar stimulus for both object and taste recognition memory. In addition, I will review some of the molecular mechanisms involved in the modification of novelty to familiarity memory processes, including the role of epigenetic mechanisms on the consolidation of recognition memory within the IC. In the second part of the paper, I will review some of the possible mechanisms to transform a novel taste into a familiar aversive taste by a functional interaction between the IC and the amygdala. In summary, the IC is an important area that will open a new avenue for the study of the mechanisms involved in the neurobiology of learning and memory in the near future.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-03-10},
	journal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},
	author = {Bermudez-Rattoni, Federico},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Novelty, Agnosia, Epigenetics, Familiarity, Neocortex, Object recognition memory, Taste recognition memory temporal lobe},
	pages = {207--216},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/PTGIMSHX/Bermudez-Rattoni - 2014 - The forgotten insular cortex Its role on recognit.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/5AWBXJ4R/S1074742714000021.html:text/html},
}

For a long time, the insular cortex (IC) has been related with taste physiology and taste memory processes in animal studies. Recently, the role of the IC has been highlighted by findings involving the IC in non-taste memory formation in both human and animal studies. Recognition memory is based on the ability to assess the familiarity of a previously encountered stimulus, and it is considered a form of declarative memory. In this work, I am proposing that the IC and its related circuitry are highly involved in the conversion of novel to familiar stimulus for both object and taste recognition memory. In addition, I will review some of the molecular mechanisms involved in the modification of novelty to familiarity memory processes, including the role of epigenetic mechanisms on the consolidation of recognition memory within the IC. In the second part of the paper, I will review some of the possible mechanisms to transform a novel taste into a familiar aversive taste by a functional interaction between the IC and the amygdala. In summary, the IC is an important area that will open a new avenue for the study of the mechanisms involved in the neurobiology of learning and memory in the near future.

@article{simons_is_2008,
	title = {Is the parietal lobe necessary for recollection in humans?},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0028-3932},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.024},
	abstract = {An intriguing puzzle in cognitive neuroscience over recent years has been the common observation of parietal lobe activation in functional neuroimaging studies during the performance of human memory tasks. These findings have surprised scientists and clinicians because they challenge decades of established thinking that the parietal lobe does not support memory function. However, direct empirical investigation of whether circumscribed parietal lobe lesions might indeed be associated with human memory impairment has been lacking. Here we confirm using functional magnetic resonance imaging that significant parietal lobe activation is observed in healthy volunteers during a task assessing recollection of the context in which events previously occurred. However, patients with parietal lobe lesions that overlap closely with the regions activated in the healthy volunteers nevertheless exhibit normal performance on the same recollection task. Thus, although the processes subserved by the human parietal lobe appear to be recruited to support memory function, they are not a necessary requirement for accurate remembering to occur.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Neuropsychologia},
	author = {Simons, Jon S. and Peers, Polly V. and Hwang, David Y. and Ally, Brandon A. and Fletcher, Paul C. and Budson, Andrew E.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {17850832},
	keywords = {Adult, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Adolescent, Brain Injuries, Functional Laterality, Mental Recall, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Parietal Lobe, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation},
	pages = {1185--1191},
}

An intriguing puzzle in cognitive neuroscience over recent years has been the common observation of parietal lobe activation in functional neuroimaging studies during the performance of human memory tasks. These findings have surprised scientists and clinicians because they challenge decades of established thinking that the parietal lobe does not support memory function. However, direct empirical investigation of whether circumscribed parietal lobe lesions might indeed be associated with human memory impairment has been lacking. Here we confirm using functional magnetic resonance imaging that significant parietal lobe activation is observed in healthy volunteers during a task assessing recollection of the context in which events previously occurred. However, patients with parietal lobe lesions that overlap closely with the regions activated in the healthy volunteers nevertheless exhibit normal performance on the same recollection task. Thus, although the processes subserved by the human parietal lobe appear to be recruited to support memory function, they are not a necessary requirement for accurate remembering to occur.

@article{akirav_ventromedial_2006,
	title = {Ventromedial {Prefrontal} {Cortex} {Is} {Obligatory} for {Consolidation} and {Reconsolidation} of {Object} {Recognition} {Memory}},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1047-3211},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj114},
	doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhj114},
	abstract = {Once consolidated, a long-term memory item could regain susceptibility to consolidation blockers, that is, reconsolidate, upon its reactivation. Both consolidation and reconsolidation require protein synthesis, but it is not yet known how similar these processes are in terms of molecular, cellular, and neural circuit mechanisms. Whereas most previous studies focused on aversive conditioning in the amygdala and the hippocampus, here we examine the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Object recognition memory is the ability to discriminate the familiarity of previously encountered objects. We found that microinfusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin or the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) into the vmPFC, immediately after training, resulted in impairment of long-term (24 h) but not short-term (3 h) recognition memory. Similarly, microinfusion of anisomycin or APV into the vmPFC immediately after reactivation of the long-term memory impaired recognition memory 24 h, but not 3 h, post-reactivation. These results indicate that both protein synthesis and NMDA receptors are required for consolidation and reconsolidation of recognition memory in the vmPFC.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-03-10},
	journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
	author = {Akirav, Irit and Maroun, Mouna},
	month = dec,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1759--1765},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/8KKVUBIL/Akirav and Maroun - 2006 - Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Is Obligatory for C.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/P79VI724/277363.html:text/html},
}

Once consolidated, a long-term memory item could regain susceptibility to consolidation blockers, that is, reconsolidate, upon its reactivation. Both consolidation and reconsolidation require protein synthesis, but it is not yet known how similar these processes are in terms of molecular, cellular, and neural circuit mechanisms. Whereas most previous studies focused on aversive conditioning in the amygdala and the hippocampus, here we examine the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Object recognition memory is the ability to discriminate the familiarity of previously encountered objects. We found that microinfusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin or the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) into the vmPFC, immediately after training, resulted in impairment of long-term (24 h) but not short-term (3 h) recognition memory. Similarly, microinfusion of anisomycin or APV into the vmPFC immediately after reactivation of the long-term memory impaired recognition memory 24 h, but not 3 h, post-reactivation. These results indicate that both protein synthesis and NMDA receptors are required for consolidation and reconsolidation of recognition memory in the vmPFC.

@article{ranganath_functional_2005,
	title = {Functional connectivity with the hippocampus during successful memory formation},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1050-9631},
	doi = {10.1002/hipo.20141},
	abstract = {Although it is well established that the hippocampus is critical for episodic memory, little is known about how the hippocampus interacts with cortical regions during successful memory formation. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify areas that exhibited differential functional connectivity with the hippocampus during processing of novel objects that were subsequently remembered or forgotten on a postscan test. Functional connectivity with the hippocampus was enhanced during successful, as compared with unsuccessful, memory formation, in a distributed network of limbic cortical areas-including perirhinal, orbitofrontal, and retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex-that are anatomically connected with the hippocampal formation. Increased connectivity was also observed in lateral temporal, medial parietal, and medial occipital cortex. These findings demonstrate that successful memory formation is associated with transient increases in cortico-hippocampal interaction.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Hippocampus},
	author = {Ranganath, Charan and Heller, Aaron and Cohen, Michael X. and Brozinsky, Craig J. and Rissman, Jesse},
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16281291},
	keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Hippocampus, Cues, Memory, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Statistics as Topic, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors},
	pages = {997--1005},
}

Although it is well established that the hippocampus is critical for episodic memory, little is known about how the hippocampus interacts with cortical regions during successful memory formation. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify areas that exhibited differential functional connectivity with the hippocampus during processing of novel objects that were subsequently remembered or forgotten on a postscan test. Functional connectivity with the hippocampus was enhanced during successful, as compared with unsuccessful, memory formation, in a distributed network of limbic cortical areas-including perirhinal, orbitofrontal, and retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex-that are anatomically connected with the hippocampal formation. Increased connectivity was also observed in lateral temporal, medial parietal, and medial occipital cortex. These findings demonstrate that successful memory formation is associated with transient increases in cortico-hippocampal interaction.

@article{eldridge_dissociation_2005,
	title = {A {Dissociation} of {Encoding} and {Retrieval} {Processes} in the {Human} {Hippocampus}},
	volume = {25},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2005 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/05/253280-07.00/0},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/25/13/3280},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3420-04.2005},
	abstract = {The hippocampal formation performs two related but distinct memory functions: encoding of novel information and retrieval of episodes. Little evidence, however, resolves how these two processes are implemented within the same anatomical structure. Here we use high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that distinct subregions of the hippocampus are differentially involved in encoding and retrieval. We found that regions early in the hippocampal circuit (dentate gyrus and CA fields 2 and 3) were selectively active during episodic memory formation, whereas a region later in the circuit (the subiculum) was active during the recollection of the learning episode. Different components of the hippocampal circuit likely contribute to different degrees to the two basic memory functions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Eldridge, Laura L. and Engel, Stephen A. and Zeineh, Michael M. and Bookheimer, Susan Y. and Knowlton, Barbara J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15800182},
	note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive},
	keywords = {fMRI, memory, CA3, learning, recollection, subiculum},
	pages = {3280--3286},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/WJEXB6MM/Eldridge et al. - 2005 - A Dissociation of Encoding and Retrieval Processes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The hippocampal formation performs two related but distinct memory functions: encoding of novel information and retrieval of episodes. Little evidence, however, resolves how these two processes are implemented within the same anatomical structure. Here we use high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that distinct subregions of the hippocampus are differentially involved in encoding and retrieval. We found that regions early in the hippocampal circuit (dentate gyrus and CA fields 2 and 3) were selectively active during episodic memory formation, whereas a region later in the circuit (the subiculum) was active during the recollection of the learning episode. Different components of the hippocampal circuit likely contribute to different degrees to the two basic memory functions.

@article{simons_distinct_2005,
	title = {Distinct {Roles} for {Lateral} and {Medial} {Anterior} {Prefrontal} {Cortex} in {Contextual} {Recollection}},
	volume = {94},
	issn = {0022-3077},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838933/},
	doi = {10.1152/jn.01200.2004},
	abstract = {A key feature of human recollection is the ability to remember details of the context in which events were experienced, as well as details of the events themselves. Previous studies have implicated a number of regions of prefrontal cortex in contextual recollection, but the role of anterior prefrontal cortex has so far resisted detailed characterization. We used event-related functional MRI (fMRI) to contrast recollection of two forms of contextual information: 1) decisions one had previously made about stimuli (task memory) and 2) which of two temporally distinct lists those stimuli had been presented in (list memory). In addition, a retrieval cue manipulation permitted evaluation of the stage of the retrieval process in which the activated regions might be involved. The results indicated that anterior prefrontal cortex responded significantly more during recollection of task than list context details. Furthermore, activation profiles for lateral and medial aspects of anterior prefrontal cortex suggested differing roles in recollection. Lateral regions seem to be more involved in the early retrieval specification stages of recollection, with medial regions contributing to later stages (e.g., monitoring and verification).},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-13},
	journal = {Journal of neurophysiology},
	author = {Simons, Jon S. and Gilbert, Sam J. and Owen, Adrian M. and Fletcher, Paul C. and Burgess, Paul W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {15728761},
	pmcid = {PMC3838933},
	pages = {10.1152/jn.01200.2004},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/ENUAXJ7A/Simons et al. - 2005 - Distinct Roles for Lateral and Medial Anterior Pre.pdf:application/pdf},
}

A key feature of human recollection is the ability to remember details of the context in which events were experienced, as well as details of the events themselves. Previous studies have implicated a number of regions of prefrontal cortex in contextual recollection, but the role of anterior prefrontal cortex has so far resisted detailed characterization. We used event-related functional MRI (fMRI) to contrast recollection of two forms of contextual information: 1) decisions one had previously made about stimuli (task memory) and 2) which of two temporally distinct lists those stimuli had been presented in (list memory). In addition, a retrieval cue manipulation permitted evaluation of the stage of the retrieval process in which the activated regions might be involved. The results indicated that anterior prefrontal cortex responded significantly more during recollection of task than list context details. Furthermore, activation profiles for lateral and medial aspects of anterior prefrontal cortex suggested differing roles in recollection. Lateral regions seem to be more involved in the early retrieval specification stages of recollection, with medial regions contributing to later stages (e.g., monitoring and verification).

@article{davachi_multiple_2003,
	title = {Multiple routes to memory: {Distinct} medial temporal lobe processes build item and source memories},
	volume = {100},
	shorttitle = {Multiple routes to memory},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0337195100},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0337195100},
	abstract = {A central function of memory is to permit an organism to distinguish between stimuli that have been previously encountered and those that are novel. Although the medial temporal lobe (which includes the hippocampus and surrounding perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices) is known to be crucial for recognition memory, controversy remains regarding how the specific subregions within the medial temporal lobe contribute to recognition. We used event-related functional MRI to examine the relation between activation in distinct medial temporal lobe subregions during memory formation and the ability (i) to later recognize an item as previously encountered (item recognition) and (ii) to later recollect specific contextual details about the prior encounter (source recollection). Encoding activation in hippocampus and in posterior parahippocampal cortex predicted later source recollection, but was uncorrelated with item recognition. In contrast, encoding activation in perirhinal cortex predicted later item recognition, but not subsequent source recollection. These outcomes suggest that the subregions within the medial temporal lobe subserve distinct, but complementary, learning mechanisms.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Davachi, Lila and Mitchell, Jason P. and Wagner, Anthony D.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	pages = {2157--2162},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/6YQZR9SD/Davachi et al. - 2003 - Multiple routes to memory Distinct medial tempora.pdf:application/pdf},
}

A central function of memory is to permit an organism to distinguish between stimuli that have been previously encountered and those that are novel. Although the medial temporal lobe (which includes the hippocampus and surrounding perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices) is known to be crucial for recognition memory, controversy remains regarding how the specific subregions within the medial temporal lobe contribute to recognition. We used event-related functional MRI to examine the relation between activation in distinct medial temporal lobe subregions during memory formation and the ability (i) to later recognize an item as previously encountered (item recognition) and (ii) to later recollect specific contextual details about the prior encounter (source recollection). Encoding activation in hippocampus and in posterior parahippocampal cortex predicted later source recollection, but was uncorrelated with item recognition. In contrast, encoding activation in perirhinal cortex predicted later item recognition, but not subsequent source recollection. These outcomes suggest that the subregions within the medial temporal lobe subserve distinct, but complementary, learning mechanisms.

@article{manns_recognition_2003,
	title = {Recognition {Memory} and the {Human} {Hippocampus}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {0896-6273},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627302011479},
	doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01147-9},
	abstract = {The capacity for declarative memory depends on the hippocampal region and adjacent cortex within the medial temporal lobe. One of the most widely studied examples of declarative memory is the capacity to recognize recently encountered material as familiar, but uncertainty remains about whether intact recognition memory depends on the hippocampal region itself and, if so, what the nature of the hippocampal contribution might be. Seven patients with bilateral damage thought to be limited primarily to the hippocampal region were impaired on three standard tests of recognition memory. In addition, the patients were impaired to a similar extent at Remembering and Knowing, measures of the two processes thought to support recognition performance: the ability to remember the learning episode (episodic recollection) and the capacity for judging items as familiar (familiarity).},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Neuron},
	author = {Manns, Joseph R. and Hopkins, Ramona O. and Reed, Jonathan M. and Kitchener, Erin G. and Squire, Larry R.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	pages = {171--180},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/JG42Z3AJ/Manns et al. - 2003 - Recognition Memory and the Human Hippocampus.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/2FXVVSE7/S0896627302011479.html:text/html},
}

The capacity for declarative memory depends on the hippocampal region and adjacent cortex within the medial temporal lobe. One of the most widely studied examples of declarative memory is the capacity to recognize recently encountered material as familiar, but uncertainty remains about whether intact recognition memory depends on the hippocampal region itself and, if so, what the nature of the hippocampal contribution might be. Seven patients with bilateral damage thought to be limited primarily to the hippocampal region were impaired on three standard tests of recognition memory. In addition, the patients were impaired to a similar extent at Remembering and Knowing, measures of the two processes thought to support recognition performance: the ability to remember the learning episode (episodic recollection) and the capacity for judging items as familiar (familiarity).

@article{genovese_thresholding_2002,
	title = {Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1053-8119},
	doi = {10.1006/nimg.2001.1037},
	abstract = {Finding objective and effective thresholds for voxelwise statistics derived from neuroimaging data has been a long-standing problem. With at least one test performed for every voxel in an image, some correction of the thresholds is needed to control the error rates, but standard procedures for multiple hypothesis testing (e.g., Bonferroni) tend to not be sensitive enough to be useful in this context. This paper introduces to the neuroscience literature statistical procedures for controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). Recent theoretical work in statistics suggests that FDR-controlling procedures will be effective for the analysis of neuroimaging data. These procedures operate simultaneously on all voxelwise test statistics to determine which tests should be considered statistically significant. The innovation of the procedures is that they control the expected proportion of the rejected hypotheses that are falsely rejected. We demonstrate this approach using both simulations and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from two simple experiments.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {4},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Genovese, Christopher R. and Lazar, Nicole A. and Nichols, Thomas},
	month = apr,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11906227},
	keywords = {Adult, Artifacts, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mathematical Computing, Motor Activity, Reference Values},
	pages = {870--878},
	file = {Submitted Version:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/QW9WESQE/Genovese et al. - 2002 - Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neu.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Finding objective and effective thresholds for voxelwise statistics derived from neuroimaging data has been a long-standing problem. With at least one test performed for every voxel in an image, some correction of the thresholds is needed to control the error rates, but standard procedures for multiple hypothesis testing (e.g., Bonferroni) tend to not be sensitive enough to be useful in this context. This paper introduces to the neuroscience literature statistical procedures for controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). Recent theoretical work in statistics suggests that FDR-controlling procedures will be effective for the analysis of neuroimaging data. These procedures operate simultaneously on all voxelwise test statistics to determine which tests should be considered statistically significant. The innovation of the procedures is that they control the expected proportion of the rejected hypotheses that are falsely rejected. We demonstrate this approach using both simulations and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from two simple experiments.

@article{tulving_episodic_2002,
	title = {Episodic {Memory}: {From} {Mind} to {Brain}},
	volume = {53},
	shorttitle = {Episodic {Memory}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114},
	abstract = {Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-07},
	journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
	author = {Tulving, Endel},
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {11752477},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114},
	keywords = {amnesia, functional neuroimaging, history of memory, memory systems, patient K.C., semantic memory},
	pages = {1--25},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/DTTGNBZ2/Tulving - 2002 - Episodic Memory From Mind to Brain.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.

@article{fernandez_human_2002,
	title = {Human declarative memory formation: {Segregating} rhinal and hippocampal contributions},
	volume = {12},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hipo.10050?casa_token=JP2vSg9pIVwAAAAA%3A4iSLOUw0uAxVY--osDdc6I1oXjvbc06wju8N_rWMkqcrpFnmJqJcgYIFWzpni-vilmt-hz9C1-T2Uh7X},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.10050},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Hippocampus},
	author = {Fernández, G and Klaver, P and Fell, J and Grunwald, T and Elger, C.E.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {514--519},
	file = {Human declarative memory formation\: Segregating rhinal and hippocampal contributions - Fernández - 2002 - Hippocampus - Wiley Online Library:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/AHVWKFTF/hipo.html:text/html},
}

@article{holdstock_under_2002,
	title = {Under what conditions is recognition spared relative to recall after selective hippocampal damage in humans?},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1098-1063},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hipo.10011},
	doi = {10.1002/hipo.10011},
	abstract = {The claim that recognition memory is spared relative to recall after focal hippocampal damage has been disputed in the literature. We examined this claim by investigating object and object–location recall and recognition memory in a patient, YR, who has adult-onset selective hippocampal damage. Our aim was to identify the conditions under which recognition was spared relative to recall in this patient. She showed unimpaired forced-choice object recognition but clearly impaired recall, even when her control subjects found the object recognition task to be numerically harder than the object recall task. However, on two other recognition tests, YR's performance was not relatively spared. First, she was clearly impaired at an equivalently difficult yes/no object recognition task, but only when targets and foils were very similar. Second, YR was clearly impaired at forced-choice recognition of object–location associations. This impairment was also unrelated to difficulty because this task was no more difficult than the forced-choice object recognition task for control subjects. The clear impairment of yes/no, but not of forced-choice, object recognition after focal hippocampal damage, when targets and foils are very similar, is predicted by the neural network-based Complementary Learning Systems model of recognition. This model postulates that recognition is mediated by hippocampally dependent recollection and cortically dependent familiarity; thus hippocampal damage should not impair item familiarity. The model postulates that familiarity is ineffective when very similar targets and foils are shown one at a time and subjects have to identify which items are old (yes/no recognition). In contrast, familiarity is effective in discriminating which of similar targets and foils, seen together, is old (forced-choice recognition). Independent evidence from the remember/know procedure also indicates that YR's familiarity is normal. The Complementary Learning Systems model can also accommodate the clear impairment of forced-choice object–location recognition memory if it incorporates the view that the most complete convergence of spatial and object information, represented in different cortical regions, occurs in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:341–351. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Hippocampus},
	author = {Holdstock, J.s. and Mayes, A.r. and Roberts, N. and Cezayirli, E. and Isaac, C.l. and O'Reilly, R.c. and Norman, K.a.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hipo.10011},
	pages = {341--351},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/QSVZVBAA/hipo.html:text/html},
}

The claim that recognition memory is spared relative to recall after focal hippocampal damage has been disputed in the literature. We examined this claim by investigating object and object–location recall and recognition memory in a patient, YR, who has adult-onset selective hippocampal damage. Our aim was to identify the conditions under which recognition was spared relative to recall in this patient. She showed unimpaired forced-choice object recognition but clearly impaired recall, even when her control subjects found the object recognition task to be numerically harder than the object recall task. However, on two other recognition tests, YR's performance was not relatively spared. First, she was clearly impaired at an equivalently difficult yes/no object recognition task, but only when targets and foils were very similar. Second, YR was clearly impaired at forced-choice recognition of object–location associations. This impairment was also unrelated to difficulty because this task was no more difficult than the forced-choice object recognition task for control subjects. The clear impairment of yes/no, but not of forced-choice, object recognition after focal hippocampal damage, when targets and foils are very similar, is predicted by the neural network-based Complementary Learning Systems model of recognition. This model postulates that recognition is mediated by hippocampally dependent recollection and cortically dependent familiarity; thus hippocampal damage should not impair item familiarity. The model postulates that familiarity is ineffective when very similar targets and foils are shown one at a time and subjects have to identify which items are old (yes/no recognition). In contrast, familiarity is effective in discriminating which of similar targets and foils, seen together, is old (forced-choice recognition). Independent evidence from the remember/know procedure also indicates that YR's familiarity is normal. The Complementary Learning Systems model can also accommodate the clear impairment of forced-choice object–location recognition memory if it incorporates the view that the most complete convergence of spatial and object information, represented in different cortical regions, occurs in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:341–351. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

@article{mayes_relative_2002,
	title = {Relative sparing of item recognition memory in a patient with adult-onset damage limited to the hippocampus},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1098-1063},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hipo.1111},
	doi = {10.1002/hipo.1111},
	abstract = {There is disagreement about whether selective hippocampal lesions in humans cause clear item recognition as well as recall deficits. Whereas Reed and Squire (Behav Neurosci 1997;111:667–775) found that patients with adult-onset relatively selective hippocampal lesions showed clear item recognition deficits, Vargha-Khadem et al. (Science 1997;277:376–380, Soc Neurosci Abstr 1998;24:1523) found that 3 patients who suffered selective hippocampal damage in early childhood showed clear recall deficits, but had relatively normal item recognition. Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495–499) argued, however, that item recognition may have been spared in these patients because the early onset of their pathology allowed compensatory mechanisms to develop. Therefore, to determine whether early lesion onset is critical for the relative sparing of item recognition and to determine whether its occurrence is influenced by task factors, we extensively examined item recognition in patient Y.R., who has pathology of adult-onset restricted to the hippocampus. Like the developmental cases, she showed clear free recall deficits on 34 tests, but her item recognition on 43 tests was relatively spared, and markedly less disrupted than her recall. Her item recognition performance relative to that of her controls was not significantly influenced by whether tests tapped visual or verbal materials, had a yes/no or forced-choice format, contained few or many items, had one or several foils per target item, used short or very long delays, or were difficult or easy for normal subjects. Interestingly, YR's bilateral hippocampal destruction was greater than at least 2 of the 3 patients of Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495–499). The possible reasons why item recognition differs across patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage of adult-onset and how the reasons that are truly critical can be best identified are discussed. Hippocampus 2002;12:325–340. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Hippocampus},
	author = {Mayes, A.r. and Holdstock, J.s. and Isaac, C.l. and Hunkin, N.m. and Roberts, N.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hipo.1111},
	pages = {325--340},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/U7LUZX6J/hipo.html:text/html},
}

There is disagreement about whether selective hippocampal lesions in humans cause clear item recognition as well as recall deficits. Whereas Reed and Squire (Behav Neurosci 1997;111:667–775) found that patients with adult-onset relatively selective hippocampal lesions showed clear item recognition deficits, Vargha-Khadem et al. (Science 1997;277:376–380, Soc Neurosci Abstr 1998;24:1523) found that 3 patients who suffered selective hippocampal damage in early childhood showed clear recall deficits, but had relatively normal item recognition. Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495–499) argued, however, that item recognition may have been spared in these patients because the early onset of their pathology allowed compensatory mechanisms to develop. Therefore, to determine whether early lesion onset is critical for the relative sparing of item recognition and to determine whether its occurrence is influenced by task factors, we extensively examined item recognition in patient Y.R., who has pathology of adult-onset restricted to the hippocampus. Like the developmental cases, she showed clear free recall deficits on 34 tests, but her item recognition on 43 tests was relatively spared, and markedly less disrupted than her recall. Her item recognition performance relative to that of her controls was not significantly influenced by whether tests tapped visual or verbal materials, had a yes/no or forced-choice format, contained few or many items, had one or several foils per target item, used short or very long delays, or were difficult or easy for normal subjects. Interestingly, YR's bilateral hippocampal destruction was greater than at least 2 of the 3 patients of Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495–499). The possible reasons why item recognition differs across patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage of adult-onset and how the reasons that are truly critical can be best identified are discussed. Hippocampus 2002;12:325–340. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

@article{stark_recognition_2002,
	title = {Recognition {Memory} for {Single} {Items} and for {Associations} {Is} {Similarly} {Impaired} {Following} {Damage} to the {Hippocampal} {Region}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1072-0502, 1549-5485},
	url = {http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/9/5/238},
	doi = {10.1101/lm.51802},
	abstract = {The formation of new associations between items is critical for establishing episodic memories. It has been suggested that the hippocampus is essential for creating such associations but is not involved, or is much less involved, in memory for single items. In Experiment 1, we tested controls and amnesic patients with bilateral lesions thought to be limited primarily to the hippocampal region in both single-item and associative recognition memory tasks. In the single-item task, a conventional recognition memory task was administered in which participants studied either houses or faces and were tested for their ability to recognize the individual items. In the associative task, participants studied paired pictures of houses and faces with instructions that encouraged associating the two stimuli, and were tested for their ability to recognize the specific pairings that were presented at study. Like the controls, the amnesic patients performed more poorly on the associative task. Relative to the controls, the amnesic patients were impaired to a similar extent on the single-item and associative tasks. In Experiment 2, the performance of the amnesic patients was improved by increasing the number of presentations of the study lists (eight presentations instead of one). On both the single-item and associative tests, the performance of the amnesic patients after eight presentations was now identical to the performance of the controls who had been given only one presentation of the study list. Thus, the associative condition was not disproportionally difficult for the amnesic patients. These results are consistent with the idea that the hippocampus is similarly involved in single-item and associative memory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Learning \& Memory},
	author = {Stark, Craig E. L. and Bayley, Peter J. and Squire, Larry R.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2002},
	pmid = {12359833},
	note = {Company: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Distributor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Institution: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Label: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Lab},
	pages = {238--242},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/927X445K/Stark et al. - 2002 - Recognition Memory for Single Items and for Associ.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The formation of new associations between items is critical for establishing episodic memories. It has been suggested that the hippocampus is essential for creating such associations but is not involved, or is much less involved, in memory for single items. In Experiment 1, we tested controls and amnesic patients with bilateral lesions thought to be limited primarily to the hippocampal region in both single-item and associative recognition memory tasks. In the single-item task, a conventional recognition memory task was administered in which participants studied either houses or faces and were tested for their ability to recognize the individual items. In the associative task, participants studied paired pictures of houses and faces with instructions that encouraged associating the two stimuli, and were tested for their ability to recognize the specific pairings that were presented at study. Like the controls, the amnesic patients performed more poorly on the associative task. Relative to the controls, the amnesic patients were impaired to a similar extent on the single-item and associative tasks. In Experiment 2, the performance of the amnesic patients was improved by increasing the number of presentations of the study lists (eight presentations instead of one). On both the single-item and associative tests, the performance of the amnesic patients after eight presentations was now identical to the performance of the controls who had been given only one presentation of the study list. Thus, the associative condition was not disproportionally difficult for the amnesic patients. These results are consistent with the idea that the hippocampus is similarly involved in single-item and associative memory.

@article{frey_orbitofrontal_2002,
	title = {Orbitofrontal {Cortex} and {Memory} {Formation}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0896-6273},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627302009017},
	doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00901-7},
	abstract = {Which one of the many regions of the anatomically heterogeneous prefrontal cortex is part of the critical core of the neural circuit for encoding? This positron emission tomography (PET) experiment measured changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in normal human participants during the presentation of abstract visual information in four conditions that varied in their encoding demands. As encoding increased across the different conditions, there was an increase in activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex and the right parahippocampal region. No significant activation peaks were present in any other region of the frontal or temporal lobe. These findings indicate that the orbitofrontal cortex, which is massively connected to the medial temporal cortex, is a critical frontal region for memory formation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-10},
	journal = {Neuron},
	author = {Frey, Stephen and Petrides, Michael},
	month = sep,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {171--176},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/H2R5P3Z2/Frey and Petrides - 2002 - Orbitofrontal Cortex and Memory Formation.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/WPT6FVMB/S0896627302009017.html:text/html},
}

Which one of the many regions of the anatomically heterogeneous prefrontal cortex is part of the critical core of the neural circuit for encoding? This positron emission tomography (PET) experiment measured changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in normal human participants during the presentation of abstract visual information in four conditions that varied in their encoding demands. As encoding increased across the different conditions, there was an increase in activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex and the right parahippocampal region. No significant activation peaks were present in any other region of the frontal or temporal lobe. These findings indicate that the orbitofrontal cortex, which is massively connected to the medial temporal cortex, is a critical frontal region for memory formation.

@article{baxter_opposite_2001,
	title = {Opposite relationship of hippocampal and rhinal cortex damage to delayed nonmatching-to-sample deficits in monkeys†},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1098-1063},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1098-1063%282001%2911%3A1%3C61%3A%3AAID-HIPO1021%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z},
	doi = {10.1002/1098-1063(2001)11:1<61::AID-HIPO1021>3.0.CO;2-Z},
	abstract = {Three recent studies in macaque monkeys that examined the effects on memory of restricted hippocampal lesions (Murray and Mishkin, J Neurosci 1998;18:6568–6582; Beason-Held et al., Hippocampus 1999;9:562–574; Zola et al., J Neurosci 2000;20:451–463) differed in their conclusions about the involvement of the hippocampus in recognition memory. Because these experiments used a common behavioral procedure, trial-unique visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS), a quantitative synthesis (“meta-analysis”) was performed to determine whether hippocampal lesions produced a reliable net impairment in DNMS performance, and whether this impairment was related to the magnitude of hippocampal damage. A similar analysis was performed on data from monkeys with perirhinal or rhinal cortex damage (Meunier et al., J Neurosci 1993;13:5418–5432; Buffalo et al., Learn Mem 1999;6:572–599). DNMS performance scores were transformed to d′ values to permit comparisons across studies, and a loss in d′ score, a measure of the magnitude of the recognition deficit relative to the control group, was calculated for each operated monkey. Two main findings emerged. First, the loss in d′ following hippocampal damage was reliably larger than zero, but was smaller than that found after lesions limited to the perirhinal cortex. Second, the correlation of loss in d′ with extent of hippocampal damage was large and negative, indicating that greater impairments were associated with smaller hippocampal lesions. This relationship was opposite to that between loss in d′ and rhinal cortex damage, for which larger lesions were associated with greater impairment. These findings indicate that damage to the hippocampus and to the rhinal cortex affects recognition memory in different ways. Furthermore, they provide a framework for understanding the seemingly disparate effects of hippocampal damage on recognition memory in monkeys, and by extension, for interpreting the conflicting reports on the effects of such damage on recognition memory abilities in amnesic humans. Hippocampus 2001;11:61–71. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {fr},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Hippocampus},
	author = {Baxter, Mark G. and Murray, Elisabeth A.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1098-1063\%282001\%2911\%3A1\%3C61\%3A\%3AAID-HIPO1021\%3E3.0.CO\%3B2-Z},
	keywords = {hippocampus, macaque monkey, meta-analysis, perirhinal cortex, recognition memory, visual paired-comparison task},
	pages = {61--71},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/5QHTFVRQ/1098-1063(2001)11161AID-HIPO10213.0.html:text/html},
}

Three recent studies in macaque monkeys that examined the effects on memory of restricted hippocampal lesions (Murray and Mishkin, J Neurosci 1998;18:6568–6582; Beason-Held et al., Hippocampus 1999;9:562–574; Zola et al., J Neurosci 2000;20:451–463) differed in their conclusions about the involvement of the hippocampus in recognition memory. Because these experiments used a common behavioral procedure, trial-unique visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS), a quantitative synthesis (“meta-analysis”) was performed to determine whether hippocampal lesions produced a reliable net impairment in DNMS performance, and whether this impairment was related to the magnitude of hippocampal damage. A similar analysis was performed on data from monkeys with perirhinal or rhinal cortex damage (Meunier et al., J Neurosci 1993;13:5418–5432; Buffalo et al., Learn Mem 1999;6:572–599). DNMS performance scores were transformed to d′ values to permit comparisons across studies, and a loss in d′ score, a measure of the magnitude of the recognition deficit relative to the control group, was calculated for each operated monkey. Two main findings emerged. First, the loss in d′ following hippocampal damage was reliably larger than zero, but was smaller than that found after lesions limited to the perirhinal cortex. Second, the correlation of loss in d′ with extent of hippocampal damage was large and negative, indicating that greater impairments were associated with smaller hippocampal lesions. This relationship was opposite to that between loss in d′ and rhinal cortex damage, for which larger lesions were associated with greater impairment. These findings indicate that damage to the hippocampus and to the rhinal cortex affects recognition memory in different ways. Furthermore, they provide a framework for understanding the seemingly disparate effects of hippocampal damage on recognition memory in monkeys, and by extension, for interpreting the conflicting reports on the effects of such damage on recognition memory abilities in amnesic humans. Hippocampus 2001;11:61–71. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

@article{brown_recognition_2001,
	title = {Recognition memory: {What} are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus?},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {2001 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.},
	issn = {1471-0048},
	shorttitle = {Recognition memory},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/35049064},
	doi = {10.1038/35049064},
	abstract = {The hallmark of medial temporal lobe amnesia is a loss of episodic memory such that patients fail to remember new events that are set in an autobiographical context (an episode). A further symptom is a loss of recognition memory. The relationship between these two features has recently become contentious. Here, we focus on the central issue in this dispute — the relative contributions of the hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex to recognition memory. A resolution is vital not only for uncovering the neural substrates of these key aspects of memory, but also for understanding the processes disrupted in medial temporal lobe amnesia and the validity of animal models of this syndrome.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
	author = {Brown, Malcolm W. and Aggleton, John P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2001},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Behavioral Sciences, general, Neurosciences, Animal Genetics and Genomics, Biological Techniques, Biomedicine, Neurobiology},
	pages = {51--61},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/DJYQSP4R/Brown and Aggleton - 2001 - Recognition memory What are the roles of the peri.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The hallmark of medial temporal lobe amnesia is a loss of episodic memory such that patients fail to remember new events that are set in an autobiographical context (an episode). A further symptom is a loss of recognition memory. The relationship between these two features has recently become contentious. Here, we focus on the central issue in this dispute — the relative contributions of the hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex to recognition memory. A resolution is vital not only for uncovering the neural substrates of these key aspects of memory, but also for understanding the processes disrupted in medial temporal lobe amnesia and the validity of animal models of this syndrome.

@article{murray_parahippocampal_2000,
	title = {The {Parahippocampal} {Region} and {Object} {Identification}},
	volume = {911},
	issn = {1749-6632},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06725.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06725.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: The hippocampus has long been thought to be critical for memory, including memory for objects. However, recent neuropsychological studies in nonhuman primates have indicated that other regions within the medial temporal lobe, specifically, structures in the parahippocampal region, are primarily responsible for object recognition and object identification. This article reviews the behavioral effects of removal of structures within the parahippocampal region in monkeys, and cites relevant work in rodents as well. It is argued that the perirhinal cortex, in particular, contributes to object identification in at least two ways: (i) by serving as the final stage in the ventral visual cortical pathway that represents stimulus features, and (ii) by operating as part of a network for associating together sensory inputs within and across sensory modalities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Murray, E. A. and Bussey, T. J. and Hampton, R. R. and Saksida, L. M.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06725.x},
	pages = {166--174},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/HXI3D3G5/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06725.html:text/html},
}

Abstract: The hippocampus has long been thought to be critical for memory, including memory for objects. However, recent neuropsychological studies in nonhuman primates have indicated that other regions within the medial temporal lobe, specifically, structures in the parahippocampal region, are primarily responsible for object recognition and object identification. This article reviews the behavioral effects of removal of structures within the parahippocampal region in monkeys, and cites relevant work in rodents as well. It is argued that the perirhinal cortex, in particular, contributes to object identification in at least two ways: (i) by serving as the final stage in the ventral visual cortical pathway that represents stimulus features, and (ii) by operating as part of a network for associating together sensory inputs within and across sensory modalities.

@article{eldridge_remembering_2000,
	title = {Remembering episodes: {A} selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1097-6256},
	shorttitle = {Remembering episodes},
	doi = {10.1038/80671},
	abstract = {Some memories are linked to a specific time and place, allowing one to re-experience the original event, whereas others are accompanied only by a feeling of familiarity. To uncover the distinct neural bases for these two types of memory, we measured brain activity during memory retrieval using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. We show that activity in the hippocampus increased only when retrieval was accompanied by conscious recollection of the learning episode. Hippocampal activity did not increase for items recognized based on familiarity or for unrecognized items. These results indicate that the hippocampus selectively supports the retrieval of episodic memories.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
	author = {Eldridge, L. L. and Knowlton, B. J. and Furmanski, C. S. and Bookheimer, S. Y. and Engel, S. A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2000},
	pmid = {11036273},
	keywords = {Adult, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hippocampus, Memory, Mental Recall, Recognition, Psychology},
	pages = {1149--1152},
}

Some memories are linked to a specific time and place, allowing one to re-experience the original event, whereas others are accompanied only by a feeling of familiarity. To uncover the distinct neural bases for these two types of memory, we measured brain activity during memory retrieval using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. We show that activity in the hippocampus increased only when retrieval was accompanied by conscious recollection of the learning episode. Hippocampal activity did not increase for items recognized based on familiarity or for unrecognized items. These results indicate that the hippocampus selectively supports the retrieval of episodic memories.

@article{suzuki_neuroanatomy_1996,
	title = {Neuroanatomy of the monkey entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices: {Organization} of cortical inputs and interconnections with amygdala and striatum},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1044-5765},
	shorttitle = {Neuroanatomy of the monkey entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044576596900020},
	doi = {10.1006/smns.1996.0002},
	abstract = {Experimental lesion studies in monkeys have demonstrated that the cortical areas surrounding the hippocampus, including the entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices play an important role in declarative memory (i.e. memory for facts and events). A series of neuroanatomical studies, motivated in part by the lesion studies, have shown that the macaque monkey entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices are polymodal association areas that each receive distinctive complements of cortical inputs. These areas also have extensive interconnections with other brain areas implicated in non-declarative forms of memory including the amygdala and striatum. This pattern of connections is consistent with the idea that the entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices may participate in a larger network of structures that integrates information across memory systems.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Seminars in Neuroscience},
	author = {Suzuki, Wendy A.},
	month = feb,
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {hippocampal formation, medial temporal lobe, memory, connections},
	pages = {3--12},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/QHZPIYDT/Suzuki - 1996 - Neuroanatomy of the monkey entorhinal, perirhinal .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/6KYX3IQ9/S1044576596900020.html:text/html},
}

Experimental lesion studies in monkeys have demonstrated that the cortical areas surrounding the hippocampus, including the entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices play an important role in declarative memory (i.e. memory for facts and events). A series of neuroanatomical studies, motivated in part by the lesion studies, have shown that the macaque monkey entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices are polymodal association areas that each receive distinctive complements of cortical inputs. These areas also have extensive interconnections with other brain areas implicated in non-declarative forms of memory including the amygdala and striatum. This pattern of connections is consistent with the idea that the entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices may participate in a larger network of structures that integrates information across memory systems.

@article{meunier_effects_1996,
	title = {Effects of rhinal cortex lesions combined with hippocampectomy on visual recognition memory in rhesus monkeys},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0022-3077},
	url = {https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1190},
	doi = {10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1190},
	abstract = {1. We assessed the visual recognition abilities, as measured by delayed nonmatching-to-sample with trial-unique objects, of rhesus monkeys with hippocampectomy (i.e., removal of the hippocampal formation plus parahippocampal gyrus) combined with ablations of the rhinal cortex (i.e., entorhinal cortex plus perirhinal cortex). 2. Relative to unoperated controls, monkeys with combined hippocampectomy and rhinal cortex ablation (H+Rh) were significantly impaired in visual recognition. 3. Comparison of the scores of the monkeys in the present H+Rh group, which sustained near-complete rhinal cortex damage, with the scores of monkeys in an earlier H+Rh group in which the rostral part of the rhinal cortex had been spared indicates that the magnitude of the impairment is greater in the group with the more complete rhinal cortex damage. This finding is consistent with the idea that the rhinal cortex is critical for visual recognition. 4. Comparison of the present results with those from an earlier study on visual recognition that employed lesions limited to the rhinal cortex (Rh group) shows, paradoxically, that adding removal of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus to a rhinal cortex lesion significantly reduces the recognition impairment produced by rhinal cortex lesions alone. 5. Our findings do not fit the view that the hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, and rhinal cortex constitute parts of a single functional system, such that the greater the damage to the entire system, the more severe the impairment. Instead, the results are consistent with the view that there are multiple functional subdivisions within the medial temporal lobe.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology},
	author = {Meunier, M. and Hadfield, W. and Bachevalier, J. and Murray, E. A.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1996},
	note = {Publisher: American Physiological Society},
	pages = {1190--1205},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/FKPNWHAT/Meunier et al. - 1996 - Effects of rhinal cortex lesions combined with hip.pdf:application/pdf},
}

1. We assessed the visual recognition abilities, as measured by delayed nonmatching-to-sample with trial-unique objects, of rhesus monkeys with hippocampectomy (i.e., removal of the hippocampal formation plus parahippocampal gyrus) combined with ablations of the rhinal cortex (i.e., entorhinal cortex plus perirhinal cortex). 2. Relative to unoperated controls, monkeys with combined hippocampectomy and rhinal cortex ablation (H+Rh) were significantly impaired in visual recognition. 3. Comparison of the scores of the monkeys in the present H+Rh group, which sustained near-complete rhinal cortex damage, with the scores of monkeys in an earlier H+Rh group in which the rostral part of the rhinal cortex had been spared indicates that the magnitude of the impairment is greater in the group with the more complete rhinal cortex damage. This finding is consistent with the idea that the rhinal cortex is critical for visual recognition. 4. Comparison of the present results with those from an earlier study on visual recognition that employed lesions limited to the rhinal cortex (Rh group) shows, paradoxically, that adding removal of the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus to a rhinal cortex lesion significantly reduces the recognition impairment produced by rhinal cortex lesions alone. 5. Our findings do not fit the view that the hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, and rhinal cortex constitute parts of a single functional system, such that the greater the damage to the entire system, the more severe the impairment. Instead, the results are consistent with the view that there are multiple functional subdivisions within the medial temporal lobe.

@article{alvarez_damage_1995,
	title = {Damage limited to the hippocampal region produces long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {© 1995 by Society for Neuroscience},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/15/5/3796},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03796.1995},
	abstract = {Research in humans and monkeys has demonstrated a system of anatomically related structures in the medial temporal lobe that is important for memory function. This system is comprised of the hippocampal region (i.e., the dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper and subicular complex) and the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. While the hippocampal region has long been thought to be important in memory, there are few systematic studies in primates of the effects on memory of damage limited to the hippocampal region. We have used magnetic resonance imaging techniques, together with a stereotaxic approach, to produce bilateral lesions limited to the hippocampal region (the H lesion). Damage to the adjacent perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortex was minimal. Monkeys with the H lesion exhibited significant and long-lasting impairment on the delayed non-matching to sample task. At the same time, on this and other amnesia-sensitive tasks, monkeys with the H lesion performed better overall than monkeys with lesions of the hippocampal region that also included damage to the adjacent entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices (the H+ lesion). These findings show that, first, the hippocampal region itself is essential for normal memory function; and second, the adjacent entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, either alone or in combination, are also an essential component of the medial temporal lobe memory system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Alvarez, P. and Zola-Morgan, S. and Squire, L. R.},
	month = may,
	year = {1995},
	pmid = {7751947},
	note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Articles},
	pages = {3796--3807},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/F5CCBK2A/Alvarez et al. - 1995 - Damage limited to the hippocampal region produces .pdf:application/pdf},
}

Research in humans and monkeys has demonstrated a system of anatomically related structures in the medial temporal lobe that is important for memory function. This system is comprised of the hippocampal region (i.e., the dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper and subicular complex) and the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. While the hippocampal region has long been thought to be important in memory, there are few systematic studies in primates of the effects on memory of damage limited to the hippocampal region. We have used magnetic resonance imaging techniques, together with a stereotaxic approach, to produce bilateral lesions limited to the hippocampal region (the H lesion). Damage to the adjacent perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortex was minimal. Monkeys with the H lesion exhibited significant and long-lasting impairment on the delayed non-matching to sample task. At the same time, on this and other amnesia-sensitive tasks, monkeys with the H lesion performed better overall than monkeys with lesions of the hippocampal region that also included damage to the adjacent entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices (the H+ lesion). These findings show that, first, the hippocampal region itself is essential for normal memory function; and second, the adjacent entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, either alone or in combination, are also an essential component of the medial temporal lobe memory system.

@article{hopkins_item_1995,
	title = {Item and {Order} {Recognition} {Memory} in {Subjects} with {Hypoxic} {Brain} {Injury}},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0278-2626},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278262685710160},
	doi = {10.1006/brcg.1995.1016},
	abstract = {Subjects with hypoxic brain injury resulting in significant cell loss in the hippocampus but not the parahippocampal gyrus or temporal lobes and normal control subjects were tested for memory impairments. The Denman Memory Scale was given to all subjects as a baseline memory assessment. All subjects were then tested for item and order recognition memory for lists of six words, pictures, abstract pictures, spatial locations, and motor responses. Results indicated that hypoxic subjects are impaired compared to control subjects on the Denman memory scale for verbal, non-verbal, and full-scale memory quotients. In addition, results indicated that compared to control subjects, hypoxic subjects displayed item and order recognition deficits for words, pictures, abstract pictures, and spatial locations. A recency effect for item recognition of abstract pictures, spatial locations, and hand positions was found. For motor response order recognition, both primacy and recency effects were found, with deficits in performance for the middle items of the list. It appears that subjects with hypoxic brain injury in the face of severe memory deficits for words, pictures, abstract pictures, and spatial locations display residual capacity for remembering the last items for spatial locations, abstract designs, and hand positions. Hypoxic subjects also display residual capacity for remembering motor responses using episodic or data-based memory.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Brain and Cognition},
	author = {Hopkins, R. O. and Kesner, R. P. and Goldstein, M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1995},
	pages = {180--201},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/VWBL8INU/Hopkins et al. - 1995 - Item and Order Recognition Memory in Subjects with.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Subjects with hypoxic brain injury resulting in significant cell loss in the hippocampus but not the parahippocampal gyrus or temporal lobes and normal control subjects were tested for memory impairments. The Denman Memory Scale was given to all subjects as a baseline memory assessment. All subjects were then tested for item and order recognition memory for lists of six words, pictures, abstract pictures, spatial locations, and motor responses. Results indicated that hypoxic subjects are impaired compared to control subjects on the Denman memory scale for verbal, non-verbal, and full-scale memory quotients. In addition, results indicated that compared to control subjects, hypoxic subjects displayed item and order recognition deficits for words, pictures, abstract pictures, and spatial locations. A recency effect for item recognition of abstract pictures, spatial locations, and hand positions was found. For motor response order recognition, both primacy and recency effects were found, with deficits in performance for the middle items of the list. It appears that subjects with hypoxic brain injury in the face of severe memory deficits for words, pictures, abstract pictures, and spatial locations display residual capacity for remembering the last items for spatial locations, abstract designs, and hand positions. Hypoxic subjects also display residual capacity for remembering motor responses using episodic or data-based memory.

@article{suzuki_topographic_1994,
	title = {Topographic organization of the reciprocal connections between the monkey entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices},
	volume = {14},
	copyright = {© 1994 by Society for Neuroscience},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/3/1856},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01856.1994},
	abstract = {The perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices constitute the major sources of cortical input to the monkey entorhinal cortex. Neuropsychological studies have shown that these three cortical regions contribute in an important way to normal memory function. We have investigated the topographic and laminar organization of the reciprocal projections between the entorhinal cortex and these two adjacent cortical areas by placing anterograde and retrograde tracers in all three regions. There were three major findings. First, the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices have distinct but partially overlapping interconnections with the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal cortex tends to be interconnected with the rostral two-thirds of the entorhinal cortex while the parahippocampal cortex tends to be interconnected with approximately the caudal two-thirds of the entorhinal cortex. Second, the degree of reciprocity of the interconnections of the entorhinal cortex with the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices differs. The parahippocampal/entorhinal connections have a high degree of reciprocity. In contrast, the degree of reciprocity of the perirhinal/entorhinal interconnections varies depending on the mediolateral position within the perirhinal cortex; medial portions of the perirhinal cortex exhibit a higher degree of reciprocity with the entorhinal cortex than lateral portions. Third, the projections from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices to the entorhinal cortex resemble a feedforward projection, while the projections from the entorhinal cortex to the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices resemble a feedback projection pattern.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Suzuki, W. A. and Amaral, D. G.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1994},
	pmid = {8126576},
	note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Articles},
	pages = {1856--1877},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/6YNV6XX2/Suzuki and Amaral - 1994 - Topographic organization of the reciprocal connect.pdf:application/pdf},
}

The perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices constitute the major sources of cortical input to the monkey entorhinal cortex. Neuropsychological studies have shown that these three cortical regions contribute in an important way to normal memory function. We have investigated the topographic and laminar organization of the reciprocal projections between the entorhinal cortex and these two adjacent cortical areas by placing anterograde and retrograde tracers in all three regions. There were three major findings. First, the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices have distinct but partially overlapping interconnections with the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal cortex tends to be interconnected with the rostral two-thirds of the entorhinal cortex while the parahippocampal cortex tends to be interconnected with approximately the caudal two-thirds of the entorhinal cortex. Second, the degree of reciprocity of the interconnections of the entorhinal cortex with the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices differs. The parahippocampal/entorhinal connections have a high degree of reciprocity. In contrast, the degree of reciprocity of the perirhinal/entorhinal interconnections varies depending on the mediolateral position within the perirhinal cortex; medial portions of the perirhinal cortex exhibit a higher degree of reciprocity with the entorhinal cortex than lateral portions. Third, the projections from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices to the entorhinal cortex resemble a feedforward projection, while the projections from the entorhinal cortex to the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices resemble a feedback projection pattern.

@article{suzuki_perirhinal_1994,
	title = {Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: {Cortical} afferents},
	volume = {350},
	issn = {1096-9861},
	shorttitle = {Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.903500402},
	doi = {10.1002/cne.903500402},
	abstract = {Neuropsychological studies have recently demonstrated that the macaque monkey perirhinal (areas 35 and 36) and parahippocampal (areas TH and TF) cortices contribute importantly to normal memory function. Unfortunately, neuroanatomical information concerning the cytoarchitectonic organization and extrinsic connectivity of these cortical regions is meager. We investigated the organization of cortical inputs to the macaque monkey perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices by placing discrete injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue, diamidino yellow, and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase throughout these areas. We found that the macaque monkey perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices receive different complements of cortical inputs. The major cortical inputs to the perirhinal cortex arise from the unimodal visual areas TE and rostral TEO and from area TF of the parahippocampal cortex. The perirhinal cortex also receives projections from the dysgranular and granular subdivisions of the insular cortex and from area 13 of the orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, area TF of the parahippocampal cortex receives its strongest input from more caudal visual areas V4, TEO, and caudal TE, as well as prominent inputs from polymodal association cortices, including the retrosplenial cortex and the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Area TF also receives projections from areas 7a and LIP of the posterior parietal lobe, insular cortex, and areas 46, 13, 45, and 9 of the frontal lobe. As with area TF, area TH receives substantial projections from the retrosplenial cortex as well as moderate projections from the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus; unlike area TF, area TH receives almost no innervation from areas TE and TEO. It does, however, receive relatively strong inputs from auditory association areas TE and TEO. It does, however, receive relatively strong inputs from auditory association areas on the convexity of the superior temporal gyrus. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
	author = {Suzuki, Wendy L. and Amaral, David G.},
	year = {1994},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cne.903500402},
	keywords = {entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation, medial temporal lobe, memory, polysensory cortex},
	pages = {497--533},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/VV28I8QD/cne.html:text/html},
}

Neuropsychological studies have recently demonstrated that the macaque monkey perirhinal (areas 35 and 36) and parahippocampal (areas TH and TF) cortices contribute importantly to normal memory function. Unfortunately, neuroanatomical information concerning the cytoarchitectonic organization and extrinsic connectivity of these cortical regions is meager. We investigated the organization of cortical inputs to the macaque monkey perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices by placing discrete injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue, diamidino yellow, and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase throughout these areas. We found that the macaque monkey perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices receive different complements of cortical inputs. The major cortical inputs to the perirhinal cortex arise from the unimodal visual areas TE and rostral TEO and from area TF of the parahippocampal cortex. The perirhinal cortex also receives projections from the dysgranular and granular subdivisions of the insular cortex and from area 13 of the orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, area TF of the parahippocampal cortex receives its strongest input from more caudal visual areas V4, TEO, and caudal TE, as well as prominent inputs from polymodal association cortices, including the retrosplenial cortex and the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Area TF also receives projections from areas 7a and LIP of the posterior parietal lobe, insular cortex, and areas 46, 13, 45, and 9 of the frontal lobe. As with area TF, area TH receives substantial projections from the retrosplenial cortex as well as moderate projections from the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus; unlike area TF, area TH receives almost no innervation from areas TE and TEO. It does, however, receive relatively strong inputs from auditory association areas TE and TEO. It does, however, receive relatively strong inputs from auditory association areas on the convexity of the superior temporal gyrus. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

@article{meunier_effects_1993,
	title = {Effects on visual recognition of combined and separate ablations of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex in rhesus monkeys},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {© 1993 by Society for Neuroscience},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/13/12/5418},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05418.1993},
	abstract = {Performance on visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample was assessed in rhesus monkeys with combined and separate ablations of the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex, as well as in unoperated controls. Combined (i.e., rhinal cortex) lesions yielded a striking impairment on this task, one almost as severe as that seen after combined amygdalohippocampal removals that included some of this subjacent cortex (Mishkin, 1978; Murray and Mishkin, 1984). Ablations of the perirhinal cortex alone produced a deficit nearly as severe as that found after rhinal cortex lesions, whereas ablations of the entorhinal cortex alone produced only a mild deficit. Contrary to the conclusion from an earlier study (Murray and Mishkin, 1986), the present results demonstrate not only that damage limited to the rhinal cortex is sufficient to produce a severe loss in visual recognition, but also that such damage leads to a far greater loss than damage to any other single structure in the medial part of the temporal lobe.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Meunier, M. and Bachevalier, J. and Mishkin, M. and Murray, E. A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1993},
	pmid = {8254384},
	note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Articles},
	pages = {5418--5432},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/TS55SEHC/Meunier et al. - 1993 - Effects on visual recognition of combined and sepa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Performance on visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample was assessed in rhesus monkeys with combined and separate ablations of the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex, as well as in unoperated controls. Combined (i.e., rhinal cortex) lesions yielded a striking impairment on this task, one almost as severe as that seen after combined amygdalohippocampal removals that included some of this subjacent cortex (Mishkin, 1978; Murray and Mishkin, 1984). Ablations of the perirhinal cortex alone produced a deficit nearly as severe as that found after rhinal cortex lesions, whereas ablations of the entorhinal cortex alone produced only a mild deficit. Contrary to the conclusion from an earlier study (Murray and Mishkin, 1986), the present results demonstrate not only that damage limited to the rhinal cortex is sufficient to produce a severe loss in visual recognition, but also that such damage leads to a far greater loss than damage to any other single structure in the medial part of the temporal lobe.

@article{witter_entorhinal_1991,
	title = {Entorhinal cortex of the monkey: {V}. {Projections} to the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and subicular complex},
	volume = {307},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903070308},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
	author = {Witter, M.P. and Amaral, D.G.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {437--459},
	file = {Entorhinal cortex of the monkey\: V. Projections to the dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and subicular complex - Witter - 1991 - Journal of Comparative Neurology - Wiley Online Library:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/SDUZYJA5/cne.html:text/html},
}

@article{zola-morgan_lesions_1989,
	title = {Lesions of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex that spare the amygdala and hippocampal formation produce severe memory impairment},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {© 1989 by Society for Neuroscience},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/9/12/4355},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-12-04355.1989},
	abstract = {In monkeys, bilateral damage to the medial temporal region produces severe memory impairment. This lesion, which includes the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and adjacent cortex, including the parahippocampal gyrus (the H+A+ lesion), appears to constitute an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia. Reexamination of histological material from previously studied monkeys with H+A+ lesions indicated that the perirhinal cortex had also sustained significant damage. Furthermore, recent neuroanatomical studies show that the perirhinal cortex and the closely associated parahippocampal cortex provide the major source of cortical input to the hippocampal formation. Based on these 2 findings, we evaluated the severity of memory impairment in a group of monkeys that received bilateral lesions limited to the perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus (the PRPH lesion). The performance of the PRPH group was compared with that of monkeys with H+A+ lesions, who had been studied previously, and with a group of normal monkeys. Monkeys with PRPH lesions were severely impaired on 3 amnesia-sensitive tasks: delayed nonmatching to sample, object retention, and 8-pair concurrent discrimination. On pattern discrimination, a task analogous to ones that amnesic patients perform well, monkeys in the PRPH group performed normally. Overall, monkeys with PRPH lesions were as impaired or more impaired than the comparison group of monkeys with H+A+ lesions. These and other recent findings (Zola-Morgan et al., 1989b) suggest that the severe memory impairment in monkeys and humans associated with bilateral medial temporal lesions results from damage to the hippocampal formation and adjacent, anatomically related cortex, not from conjoint hippocampus-amygdala damage.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Zola-Morgan, S. and Squire, L. R. and Amaral, D. G. and Suzuki, W. A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1989},
	pmid = {2593004},
	note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Articles},
	pages = {4355--4370},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/ZSTYJE89/Zola-Morgan et al. - 1989 - Lesions of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex t.pdf:application/pdf},
}

In monkeys, bilateral damage to the medial temporal region produces severe memory impairment. This lesion, which includes the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and adjacent cortex, including the parahippocampal gyrus (the H+A+ lesion), appears to constitute an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia. Reexamination of histological material from previously studied monkeys with H+A+ lesions indicated that the perirhinal cortex had also sustained significant damage. Furthermore, recent neuroanatomical studies show that the perirhinal cortex and the closely associated parahippocampal cortex provide the major source of cortical input to the hippocampal formation. Based on these 2 findings, we evaluated the severity of memory impairment in a group of monkeys that received bilateral lesions limited to the perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus (the PRPH lesion). The performance of the PRPH group was compared with that of monkeys with H+A+ lesions, who had been studied previously, and with a group of normal monkeys. Monkeys with PRPH lesions were severely impaired on 3 amnesia-sensitive tasks: delayed nonmatching to sample, object retention, and 8-pair concurrent discrimination. On pattern discrimination, a task analogous to ones that amnesic patients perform well, monkeys in the PRPH group performed normally. Overall, monkeys with PRPH lesions were as impaired or more impaired than the comparison group of monkeys with H+A+ lesions. These and other recent findings (Zola-Morgan et al., 1989b) suggest that the severe memory impairment in monkeys and humans associated with bilateral medial temporal lesions results from damage to the hippocampal formation and adjacent, anatomically related cortex, not from conjoint hippocampus-amygdala damage.

@article{murray_visual_1986,
	title = {Visual recognition in monkeys following rhinal cortical ablations combined with either amygdalectomy or hippocampectomy},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {©1986 by Society for Neuroscience},
	issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
	url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/6/7/1991},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-07-01991.1986},
	abstract = {Performance on a visual recognition task was assessed in cynomolgus monkeys with ablations of rhinal (i.e., ento-, pro-, and perirhinal) cortex in combination with either amygdalectomy or hippocampectomy, as well as in unoperated controls. Removal of the hippocampal formation plus rhinal cortex resulted in a mild recognition deficit, whereas removal of the amygdaloid complex plus rhinal cortex resulted in a severe deficit. Comparison of the results with those of an earlier study (Mishkin, 1978) indicates that adding a rhinal cortical removal to hippocampectomy yields little, if any, additional impairment in recognition. By contrast, adding a rhinal cortical removal to an amygdalectomy has a profound effect; indeed, the recognition impairment in monkeys with amygdaloid plus rhinal removals was at least as severe as that seen in monkeys with combined amygdaloid and hippocampal removals. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that combined damage to the amygdaloid and hippocampal systems is necessary to produce a severe recognition deficit. In addition, they suggest that the effect of ablating the rhinal cortex is equivalent to that of removing the entire hippocampal formation, presumably because the rhinal cortical ablation disconnects the hippocampus from its neocortical input.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	author = {Murray, E. A. and Mishkin, M.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {3734871},
	note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Articles},
	pages = {1991--2003},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/NDYUM27K/Murray and Mishkin - 1986 - Visual recognition in monkeys following rhinal cor.pdf:application/pdf},
}

Performance on a visual recognition task was assessed in cynomolgus monkeys with ablations of rhinal (i.e., ento-, pro-, and perirhinal) cortex in combination with either amygdalectomy or hippocampectomy, as well as in unoperated controls. Removal of the hippocampal formation plus rhinal cortex resulted in a mild recognition deficit, whereas removal of the amygdaloid complex plus rhinal cortex resulted in a severe deficit. Comparison of the results with those of an earlier study (Mishkin, 1978) indicates that adding a rhinal cortical removal to hippocampectomy yields little, if any, additional impairment in recognition. By contrast, adding a rhinal cortical removal to an amygdalectomy has a profound effect; indeed, the recognition impairment in monkeys with amygdaloid plus rhinal removals was at least as severe as that seen in monkeys with combined amygdaloid and hippocampal removals. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that combined damage to the amygdaloid and hippocampal systems is necessary to produce a severe recognition deficit. In addition, they suggest that the effect of ablating the rhinal cortex is equivalent to that of removing the entire hippocampal formation, presumably because the rhinal cortical ablation disconnects the hippocampus from its neocortical input.

@article{goldman-rakic_dual_1984,
	title = {Dual pathways connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex in the rhesus monkey},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0306-4522},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452284901660},
	doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(84)90166-0},
	abstract = {Anterograde and retrograde tracing methods including autoradiography, horseradish peroxidase histochemistry and fluorescent dye transport were used to demonstrate that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is connected with the hippocampal formation and associated cortical regions by two distinct pathways. Fibers forming a lateral pathway travel in the fronto-occipital fasciculus and connect the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the fundus of the rhinal sulcus, posterior subdivisions of the parahippocampal gyrus, and the presubiculum. A larger medial pathway forms in the cingulum bundle and terminates in the most caudal part of the presubiculum, as well as in adjacent transitional cortices. These cortices form a caudomedial promontory that is located between the posterior cingulate and prestriate areas. In all allo- and mesocortical targets of prefrontal cortex, labeled terminals form banding patterns reminiscent of the columnar organization of afferent fiber columns in neocortex. The same cytoarchitectonic areas that receive prefrontal afferents issue reciprocal projections. The largest source is the caudomedial lobule including its presubicular portion. Neurons in the para-hippocampal gyrus and adjacent presubiculum also are retrogradely labeled following implants of horseradish peroxidase or injection of fluorescent dyes into prefrontal cortex. In addition, subicular neurons project to the prefrontal cortex although the subiculum does not appear to receive prefrontal afferent input. These findings emphasize that multiple channels of communication link the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus via the parahippocampal gyrus, subiculum, presubiculum and adjacent transitional cortices. We speculate that each of these prefrontal projections may carry highly specific information into the hippocampus, whereas the reciprocal projections may allow retrieval by prefrontal cortex of memories stored in the hippocampus.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Neuroscience},
	author = {Goldman-Rakic, P. S. and Selemon, L. D. and Schwartz, M. L.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1984},
	pages = {719--743},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/M2V5563J/Goldman-Rakic et al. - 1984 - Dual pathways connecting the dorsolateral prefront.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/MPVR28DK/0306452284901660.html:text/html},
}

Anterograde and retrograde tracing methods including autoradiography, horseradish peroxidase histochemistry and fluorescent dye transport were used to demonstrate that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is connected with the hippocampal formation and associated cortical regions by two distinct pathways. Fibers forming a lateral pathway travel in the fronto-occipital fasciculus and connect the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the fundus of the rhinal sulcus, posterior subdivisions of the parahippocampal gyrus, and the presubiculum. A larger medial pathway forms in the cingulum bundle and terminates in the most caudal part of the presubiculum, as well as in adjacent transitional cortices. These cortices form a caudomedial promontory that is located between the posterior cingulate and prestriate areas. In all allo- and mesocortical targets of prefrontal cortex, labeled terminals form banding patterns reminiscent of the columnar organization of afferent fiber columns in neocortex. The same cytoarchitectonic areas that receive prefrontal afferents issue reciprocal projections. The largest source is the caudomedial lobule including its presubicular portion. Neurons in the para-hippocampal gyrus and adjacent presubiculum also are retrogradely labeled following implants of horseradish peroxidase or injection of fluorescent dyes into prefrontal cortex. In addition, subicular neurons project to the prefrontal cortex although the subiculum does not appear to receive prefrontal afferent input. These findings emphasize that multiple channels of communication link the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus via the parahippocampal gyrus, subiculum, presubiculum and adjacent transitional cortices. We speculate that each of these prefrontal projections may carry highly specific information into the hippocampus, whereas the reciprocal projections may allow retrieval by prefrontal cortex of memories stored in the hippocampus.

@article{van_hoesen_connections_1975,
	title = {Some connections of the entorhinal (area 28) and perirhinal (area 35) cortices of the rhesus monkey. {I}. {Temporal} lobe afferents},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {0006-8993},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899375902048},
	doi = {10.1016/0006-8993(75)90204-8},
	abstract = {In this investigation the efferent projections from ventral temporal neocortical and limbic cortical areas to the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices have been investigated in the rhesus monkey using silver impregnation methods. It was observed that virtually all ventral temporal neocortical areas contribute some afferents to the transitional zones of periallocortex (perirhinal and prorhinal cortices) forming the walls of the rhinal sulcus. These areas in turn project medially to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Additional direct sources of afferent input to the entorhinal cortex were found to originate in Brodmann's areas 51, 49 and 27, and Bonin and Bailey's areas TF and TH. These connections have been characterized as final relays in multi-synaptic cortico-cortical pathways linking the entorhinal cortex and, ultimately, hippocampus to the association areas of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Brain Research},
	author = {Van Hoesen, Gary W. and Pandya, Deepak N.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1975},
	pages = {1--24},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/4DTPDJJP/Van Hoesen and Pandya - 1975 - Some connections of the entorhinal (area 28) and p.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/TANNULNY/0006899375902048.html:text/html},
}

In this investigation the efferent projections from ventral temporal neocortical and limbic cortical areas to the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices have been investigated in the rhesus monkey using silver impregnation methods. It was observed that virtually all ventral temporal neocortical areas contribute some afferents to the transitional zones of periallocortex (perirhinal and prorhinal cortices) forming the walls of the rhinal sulcus. These areas in turn project medially to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Additional direct sources of afferent input to the entorhinal cortex were found to originate in Brodmann's areas 51, 49 and 27, and Bonin and Bailey's areas TF and TH. These connections have been characterized as final relays in multi-synaptic cortico-cortical pathways linking the entorhinal cortex and, ultimately, hippocampus to the association areas of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

@article{melton_implications_1963,
	title = {Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {0022-5371},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022537163800638},
	doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80063-8},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2023-03-05},
	journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
	author = {Melton, Arthur W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1963},
	pages = {1--21},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/9A6XJI7G/Melton - 1963 - Implications of short-term memory for a general th.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/ADKQCRBW/S0022537163800638.html:text/html},
}

@misc{noauthor_automatically_nodate,
	title = {An automatically and computationally reproducible neuroimaging analysis from scratch — {The} {DataLad} {Handbook}},
	url = {https://handbook.datalad.org/usecases/reproducible_neuroimaging_analysis},
	abstract = {erator},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-03-14},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/tchaase/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/XLBTP4WT/reproducible_neuroimaging_analysis.html:text/html},
}

erator