@article{calder_whose_2022, title = {Whose gendered voices matter?: {Race} and gender in the articulation of /s/ in {Bakersfield}, {California}}, volume = {26}, issn = {1360-6441, 1467-9841}, shorttitle = {Whose gendered voices matter?}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josl.12584}, doi = {10.1111/josl.12584}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2023-04-07}, journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, author = {Calder, J. and King, Sharese}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {Bakersfield, California, Consonants, Gender}, pages = {604--623}, }
@article{kendall_considering_2021, title = {Considering {Performance} in the {Automated} and {Manual} {Coding} of {Sociolinguistic} {Variables}: {Lessons} {From} {Variable} ({ING})}, volume = {4}, issn = {2624-8212}, shorttitle = {Considering {Performance} in the {Automated} and {Manual} {Coding} of {Sociolinguistic} {Variables}}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2021.648543/full}, doi = {10.3389/frai.2021.648543}, abstract = {Impressionistic coding of sociolinguistic variables like English (ING), the alternation between pronunciations like talkin' and talking , has been a central part of the analytic workflow in studies of language variation and change for over a half-century. Techniques for automating the measurement and coding for a wide range of sociolinguistic data have been on the rise over recent decades but procedures for coding some features, especially those without clearly defined acoustic correlates like (ING), have lagged behind others, such as vowels and sibilants. This paper explores computational methods for automatically coding variable (ING) in speech recordings, examining the use of automatic speech recognition procedures related to forced alignment (using the Montreal Forced Aligner) as well as supervised machine learning algorithms (linear and radial support vector machines, and random forests). Considering the automated coding of pronunciation variables like (ING) raises broader questions for sociolinguistic methods, such as how much different human analysts agree in their impressionistic codes for such variables and what data might act as the “gold standard” for training and testing of automated procedures. This paper explores several of these considerations in automated, and manual, coding of sociolinguistic variables and provides baseline performance data for automated and manual coding methods. We consider multiple ways of assessing algorithms' performance, including agreement with human coders, as well as the impact on the outcome of an analysis of (ING) that includes linguistic and social factors. Our results show promise for automated coding methods but also highlight that variability in results should be expected even with careful human coded data. All data for our study come from the public Corpus of Regional African American Language and code and derivative datasets (including our hand-coded data) are available with the paper.}, urldate = {2022-05-20}, journal = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence}, author = {Kendall, Tyler and Vaughn, Charlotte and Farrington, Charlie and Gunter, Kaylynn and McLean, Jaidan and Tacata, Chloe and Arnson, Shelby}, month = apr, year = {2021}, keywords = {CORAAL, Consonants, ING}, pages = {648543}, }
@article{gunter_contextualizing_2021, title = {Contextualizing /s/ retraction: {Sibilant} variation and change in {Washington} {D}.{C}. {African} {American} {Language}}, volume = {33}, issn = {0954-3945, 1469-8021}, shorttitle = {Contextualizing /s/ retraction}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S095439452100020X/type/journal_article}, doi = {10.1017/S095439452100020X}, abstract = {Abstract Recent work has demonstrated an ongoing change across varieties of English in which /s/ retracts before consonants, particularly before /tɹ/ clusters (e.g., Lawrence, 2000; Shapiro, 1995; Stuart-Smith et al., 2019). Much of this work has focused on the social and linguistic distributions of /stɹ/ within single communities, without an examination of the broader sibilant space (e.g., /s/ and /ʃ/). Meanwhile, analyses across multiple corpora have shown that /s/ and /ʃ/ also show within-community variability, beyond /stɹ/ contexts (Stuart-Smith et al., 2019, 2020). Intersecting these approaches, this paper explores sibilant variation and change across /stɹ/, /s/, and /ʃ/ using a corpus of Washington D.C. African American Language (AAL). Results indicate that /stɹ/-retraction is a stable variant in this variety of AAL and /s/ and /ʃ/ show evidence of socially stratified variation and change. Overall, this paper demonstrates the need to examine the sibilant space more holistically when examining changes in /stɹ/.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2022-05-20}, journal = {Language Variation and Change}, author = {Gunter, Kaylynn and Vaughn, Charlotte and Kendall, Tyler}, month = oct, year = {2021}, keywords = {CORAAL, Consonants, Washington DC}, pages = {331--357}, }
@article{herd_sociophonetic_2020, title = {Sociophonetic voice onset time variation in {Mississippi} {English}}, volume = {147}, issn = {0001-4966}, url = {http://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/10.0000545}, doi = {10.1121/10.0000545}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2020-05-02}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, author = {Herd, Wendy}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {Consonants, Mississippi}, pages = {596--605}, }
@article{farrington_great_2020, title = {The {Great} {Migration} and the {Spread} of a {Supraregional} {Variant}: {Glottal} {Stop} {Replacement} of {Word} {Final} /d/ in {DC} {African} {American} {Language}}, volume = {26}, url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol26/iss2/10/}, abstract = {The Great Migration was the migration of African Americans out of the rural South between 1915 and 1970. In the 1960s, during the early period of sociolinguistic research on AAL, many communities under investigation had experienced massive in-migration over the preceding thirty years. The core findings of this research were, in part, a function of the new urban populations in the midst of sustained migration and intra-ethnic dialect contact. The current paper focuses on the early period of research on AAL in sociolinguistics, using data from 68 speakers recorded in 1968 in Washington DC available in Corpus of Regional African American Language. In DC, many of the of the in-migrants were working class and Southern born, moving into a city with a well-established African American population. To begin to understand the potential linguistic consequences of the Great Migration, we look at the spread of glottal stop replacement of word-final /d/, a feature in modern AAL that is geographically and socially widespread. The results show that young working-class females led in this sound change and that it was a change initially led by individuals whose parents were born outside of DC, demonstrating the impact the Great Migration had on varieties of AAL in Great Migration destination cities.}, number = {2}, journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author = {Farrington, Charlie}, year = {2020}, keywords = {CORAAL, Consonants, Washington DC}, pages = {Article 10}, }
@article{mclarty_corpus-based_2019, title = {Corpus-{Based} {Sociophonetic} {Approaches} to {Postvocalic} {R}-{Lessness} in {African} {American} {Language}}, volume = {94}, issn = {0003-1283, 1527-2133}, url = {https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article/94/1/91/137034/CorpusBased-Sociophonetic-Approaches-to}, doi = {10.1215/00031283-7362239}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2020-04-12}, journal = {American Speech}, author = {McLarty, Jason and Jones, Taylor and Hall, Christopher}, month = feb, year = {2019}, keywords = {CORAAL, Consonants, Washington DC}, pages = {91--109}, }
@misc{farrington_reionality_2018, address = {New York University}, type = {Paper}, title = {Reionality and final fricative deletion in {African} {American} {Language}}, author = {Farrington, Charlie}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Consonants, Memphis, Tennessee}, }
@unpublished{Heuven:2017aa, Abstracturl = {http://www.ffst.unist.hr/znanost/konferencije/iafpa}, Author = {van Heuven, Vincent and Cortés, Paula}, Date = {2017-07}, Date-Added = {2018-05-11 18:57:25 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-05-18 14:25:41 +0000}, Keywords = {disfluencies, forensic, forensic phonetics, pauses, filled pauses, segmental, vowels, consonants, Dutch, phonetics, temporal factors, prosody}, Location = {Split, Croatia}, Note = {Paper presented at the 26th Annual Conference of the International Association for Forensic Phonetics and Acoustics}, Title = {Speaker specificity of filled pauses compared with vowels and consonants in Dutch}, Year = {2017}, Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDUAQIDBAUGJCVYJHZlcnNpb25YJG9iamVjdHNZJGFyY2hpdmVyVCR0b3ASAAGGoKgHCBMUFRYaIVUkbnVsbNMJCgsMDxJXTlMua2V5c1pOUy5vYmplY3RzViRjbGFzc6INDoACgAOiEBGABIAFgAdccmVsYXRpdmVQYXRoWWFsaWFzRGF0YV8QVS4uLy4uLy4uL0JpYmxpb2dyYWZpYS9QYXBlcnMvSGV1dmVuL1NwZWFrZXIgc3BlY2lmaWNpdHkgb2YgZmlsbGVkIHBhdXNlcyBjb21wYXJlZC5wZGbSFwsYGVdOUy5kYXRhTxECNgAAAAACNgACAAAMTWFjaW50b3NoIEhEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAy/YfzkgrAAATQburH1NwZWFrZXIgc3BlY2lmaWNpdCMxMzQxQkI0QS5wZGYAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABNBu0rXG7sNUERGIENBUk8AAwAEAAAJIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAZIZXV2ZW4AEAAIAADL9gOuAAAAEQAIAADXG57tAAAAAQAUE0G7qxCGZY4ABfxHAAX7mAAAwEYAAgBkTWFjaW50b3NoIEhEOlVzZXJzOgBqb2FxdWltX2xsaXN0ZXJyaToAQmlibGlvZ3JhZmlhOgBQYXBlcnM6AEhldXZlbjoAU3BlYWtlciBzcGVjaWZpY2l0IzEzNDFCQjRBLnBkZgAOAGQAMQBTAHAAZQBhAGsAZQByACAAcwBwAGUAYwBpAGYAaQBjAGkAdAB5ACAAbwBmACAAZgBpAGwAbABlAGQAIABwAGEAdQBzAGUAcwAgAGMAbwBtAHAAYQByAGUAZAAuAHAAZABmAA8AGgAMAE0AYQBjAGkAbgB0AG8AcwBoACAASABEABIAZFVzZXJzL2pvYXF1aW1fbGxpc3RlcnJpL0JpYmxpb2dyYWZpYS9QYXBlcnMvSGV1dmVuL1NwZWFrZXIgc3BlY2lmaWNpdHkgb2YgZmlsbGVkIHBhdXNlcyBjb21wYXJlZC5wZGYAEwABLwAAFQACABj//wAAgAbSGxwdHlokY2xhc3NuYW1lWCRjbGFzc2VzXU5TTXV0YWJsZURhdGGjHR8gVk5TRGF0YVhOU09iamVjdNIbHCIjXE5TRGljdGlvbmFyeaIiIF8QD05TS2V5ZWRBcmNoaXZlctEmJ1Ryb290gAEACAARABoAIwAtADIANwBAAEYATQBVAGAAZwBqAGwAbgBxAHMAdQB3AIQAjgDmAOsA8wMtAy8DNAM/A0gDVgNaA2EDagNvA3wDfwORA5QDmQAAAAAAAAIBAAAAAAAAACgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOb}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ffst.unist.hr/znanost/konferencije/iafpa}}
@article{holliday_my_2017, title = {“{My} {Presiden}(t) and {Firs}(t) {Lady} {Were} {Black}”:}, volume = {92}, issn = {0003-1283, 1527-2133}, shorttitle = {“{My} {Presiden}(t) and {Firs}(t) {Lady} {Were} {Black}”}, url = {https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article/92/4/459/134110/My-President-and-First-Lady-Were-BlackStyle}, doi = {10.1215/00031283-6903954}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2020-04-12}, journal = {American Speech}, author = {Holliday, Nicole R.}, month = nov, year = {2017}, keywords = {Case Study, Consonants}, pages = {459--486}, }
@article{treiman_spelling_2015, title = {Spelling in {African} {American} children: the case of final consonant devoicing}, volume = {28}, issn = {0922-4777, 1573-0905}, shorttitle = {Spelling in {African} {American} children}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11145-015-9559-y}, doi = {10.1007/s11145-015-9559-y}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2020-07-23}, journal = {Reading and Writing}, author = {Treiman, Rebecca and Bowman, Margo}, month = sep, year = {2015}, keywords = {Child AAE, Consonants, Writing}, pages = {1013--1028}, }
@incollection{machuca_conocimiento_2014, Address = {València}, Author = {Machuca, María Jesús and Ríos, Antonio and Llisterri, Joaquim}, Booktitle = {La fonética como ámbito interdisciplinar. Estudios de fonopragmática, fonética aplicada y otras interfaces}, Date = {2014}, Date-Modified = {2018-05-16 18:10:12 +0000}, Editor = {Hidalgo, Antonio and Hernández, Carlos and Cantero, Francisco José}, Keywords = {acoustic phonetics, consonants, disfluencies, forensic, forensic phonetics, fricatives, pauses, phonetics, prosody, segmental, Spanish, speaking styles, temporal factors, VILE, vowels, Subsidia}, Pages = {95--111}, Publisher = {Universitat de València}, Rating = {1}, Series = {Quaderns de Filologia: Estudis Lingüístics XIX}, Title = {Conocimiento fonético y fonética judicial}, Url = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Machuca_Rios_Llisterri_15_fonetica_judicial.pdf}, Year = {2014}, Abstract = {El objetivo de este artículo es determinar qué puede aportar el conocimiento de los fonetistas al campo de la fonética judicial y cuáles son las diferentes fases que se deben seguir en el análisis de las señales de habla que se emplean en acústica forense. A modo de ejemplo, se aportan algunos datos obtenidos en el marco del proyecto VILE-I (Estudio acústico de la variación inter e intralocutor en español, BFF2001-2551), en el que se han estudiado algunos de los parámetros acústicos que individualizan a un hablante y lo diferencian de los demás.}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Machuca_Rios_Llisterri_15_fonetica_judicial.pdf}}
@incollection{bernstein_rule_2014, title = {Rule {Ordering} in the {Phonology} of {Alabama}-{Georgia} {Consonants}}, isbn = {978-0-8173-8663-4 978-0-8173-5744-3}, url = {http://site.ebrary.com/id/10888694}, language = {English}, urldate = {2020-04-30}, booktitle = {Language variety in the {South} revisited}, author = {Taylor, William C.}, editor = {Bernstein, Cynthia and Nunnally, Thomas and Sabino, Robin}, year = {2014}, note = {OCLC: 884595417}, keywords = {Consonants, Southern States}, pages = {210--218}, }
@article{holliday_he_2014, title = {“{He} {Didn}’(t) {Give} {Up} {When} {Things} {Got} {Har}(d)”: {Examining} {Barack} and {Michelle} {Obama}’s {Rates} of {Coronal} {Stop} {Deletion}}, volume = {20}, url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol20/iss2/7/}, abstract = {Coronal Stop Deletion (CSD) is well-documented in the sociolinguistic literature as both a dialect feature and as a variable prone to style-shifting (Guy 1980, Guy 1991a, Guy 1991b, Guy and Cutler 2011, Hazen 2011). This study compares deletion rates between Michelle and Barack Obama’s 2012 Democratic National Convention (DNC) speeches and their respective deletion rates in a 2012 joint interview on the television program, The View. As Barack and Michelle Obama are some of the most famous individuals in the world, examining differences in their linguistic behavior between an extremely formal setting (DNC Speeches) and a somewhat less formal setting (The View) sheds light on the style-shifting patterns of these public figures. In the most formal contexts, Barack and Michelle use rates of CSD that are higher than those attested for white speakers of Standard American English (SAE) in sociolinguistic interview situations and Barack and Michelle seem to be almost equally sensitive to speech situation as a conditioning factor for CSD. Deletion rates are also both affected by following phonological context for both Barack and Michelle, and their deletion by phonological context follows the patterns found in previous works (Guy 1980, Guy 1991a, Guy and Cutler 2011). Morphological category is also a significant factor conditioning deletion for Barack Obama but not for Michelle Obama, and her results by morphological category may indicate that she is employing a style more similar to African American English (AAE). The results also indicate that Barack and Michelle’s CSD patterns may also be partially attributable to style-shifting behaviors and/or dialect mixing between SAE and AAE.}, number = {2}, journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author = {Holliday, Nicole R.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Case Study, Consonants}, pages = {Article 7}, }
@article{becker_r_2014, title = {(r) we there yet? {The} change to rhoticity in {New} {York} {City} {English}}, volume = {26}, issn = {0954-3945, 1469-8021}, shorttitle = {(r) we there yet?}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954394514000064/type/journal_article}, doi = {10.1017/S0954394514000064}, abstract = {Labov (1966, 1972b) described the variable production of coda /r/ in New York City English (NYCE) as a change in progress from above in the direction of rhoticity. Since then, scholars have commented on the slow rate of change toward rhoticity in NYCE and characterized (r) as a superposed feature restricted to formal speech (Fowler, 1987; Labov, 1994; Labov, Ash, \& Boberg, 2006). This study's ethnically diverse sample of speakers from the Lower East Side of Manhattan ( n = 65) shows a mean rate of /r/ production of 68\%, with young people, women, and middle-class speakers leading in the production of /r/ in apparent time. Speakers from five ethnic backgrounds—African American, Chinese, Jewish, Puerto Rican, and white—show coherence for the internal constraints on variable nonrhoticity. However, only Chinese, Jewish, and white speakers participate in the change toward rhoticity. These findings highlight the role of ethnicity in patterns of variation and change and demonstrate that the change toward rhoticity in NYCE has accelerated and is no longer restricted to formal speech.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-04-14}, journal = {Language Variation and Change}, author = {Becker, Kara}, month = jul, year = {2014}, keywords = {Consonants, Lower East Side}, pages = {141--168}, }
@phdthesis{grieser_language_2014, address = {Washington D.C.}, type = {Ph.{D}. {Dissertation}}, title = {The {Language} of {Professional} {Blackness}: {African} {American} {English} at the {Intersection} of {Race}, {Place}, and {Class} in {Southeast}, {Washington}, {D}.{C}.}, language = {eng}, school = {Georgetown University}, author = {Grieser, Jessica A.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Consonants, Middle Class, Style Shifting, Washington DC}, }
@article{rickford_girlz_2013, title = {Girlz {II} women: {Age}-grading, language change and stylistic variation}, volume = {17}, issn = {13606441}, shorttitle = {Girlz {II} women}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/josl.12017}, doi = {10.1111/josl.12017}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-04-30}, journal = {Journal of Sociolinguistics}, author = {Rickford, John R. and Price, Mackenzie}, month = apr, year = {2013}, keywords = {Case Study, Consonants, Longitudinal, Syntax}, pages = {143--179}, }
@article{grieser_locating_2013, title = {Locating {Style}: {Style}-shifting to {Characterize} {Community} at the {Border} of {Washington}, {D}.{C}.}, volume = {19}, url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol19/iss2/10/}, abstract = {While a number of sociolinguistic studies have examined intraspeaker variation and how it allows a speaker to negotiate identities related to class, much of the existing work on speakers and their physically-delimited communities has focused on interspeaker variation. The present study examines (th) and (dh)-stopping in two sociolinguistic interviews conducted as part of the Language and Communication in the District of Columbia (LCDC) project (Schilling and Podesva 2008). It examines topic-related style-shifting in two African American speakers, matched for age, from one neighborhood in the District of Columbia known for its high integration and cross-racial acceptance. As Washington, D.C. is a city whose rate of racial segregation is increasing (US Census 2010), I argue that these speakers use this ethnoracially-marked phonological variant in topic-based style shifting as a means of aligning with the race-neutral identity of the community of Takoma. Statistical results, supported by discourse analyses of the content of both speakers' talk, reveal that both speakers vary their rates of the stopped variant to contrast constructed dialogue of Takoma residents and non-Takoma residents and in talk about their relationships with their community in ways which reinforce the indexical links they make between themselves and the reification of Takoma as racially-neutral, integrated space. Many studies have shown that processes understood to be indexical of racial and class identities on an interspeaker level also function on an intraspeaker level (e.g. Rickford and McNair-Knox 1994). This study provides evidence that speakers' indexical relationships to their physical community can be studied at the level of the individual speaker as well.}, number = {2}, journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author = {Grieser, Jessica}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Consonants, Washington DC}, pages = {Article 10}, }
@article{blake_second_2010, title = {Second generation {West} {Indian} {Americans} and {English} in {New} {York} {City}}, volume = {26}, issn = {0266-0784, 1474-0567}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0266078410000234/type/journal_article}, doi = {10.1017/S0266078410000234}, abstract = {Within American sociolinguistics there is a substantial body of research on race as a social variable that conditions language behavior, particularly with regard to black speakers of African American English (AAE) in contact with their white neighbors (e.g., Wolfram, 1971; Rickford, 1985; Myhill, 1986; Bailey, 2001; Cukor-Avila, 2001). Today, the communities that sociolinguists study are more multi-layered than ever, particularly in a metropolis like New York City, thus warranting more complex analyses of the interaction between race and language. Along these lines, Spears (1988) notes the sorely underestimated social and linguistic heterogeneity of the black population in the U.S., which needs to be considered in studies of the language of black speakers. This critique is addressed in work of Winer and Jack (1997), as well as Nero (2001), for example, on the use of Caribbean English in New York City. These two studies broaden our notions of the Englishes spoken in the United States by black people, particularly first generation immigrants. The current research goes one step further with an examination of the English spoken by children of black immigrants to New York City. We focus on second generation Caribbean populations whose parents migrated from the English-speaking Caribbean to the United States, and who commonly refer to themselves as West Indians.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2020-05-04}, journal = {English Today}, author = {Blake, Renée and Shousterman, Cara}, month = sep, year = {2010}, keywords = {Consonants, New York City}, pages = {35--43}, }
@phdthesis{carpenter_voices_2009, address = {Durham, NC}, type = {Ph.{D}. {Dissertation}}, title = {Voices of {Jim} {Crow}: {Early} {Urban} {African} {American} {English} in the {Segregated} {South}}, abstract = {Debate about the development of African American English (AAE) dominated sociolinguistic inquiry for the second half of the 20th century and continues to be a subject of investigation. All hypotheses about the development of AAE integrate ideas of shared linguistic features coupled with strong regional influences or founding effects. Most Southern evidence used in the development of these hypotheses, however, is from rural communities or somehow unique enclave communities. The early urban centers of African American life in the South that followed the abolition of slavery and disintegration of plantation life have seldom been investigated with respect to the development of AAE. This study examines precisely those sites looking at AAE in three Southern urban centers during the time of Jim Crow or institutionalized segregation: Birmingham, Memphis, and New Orleans. This analysis is based on a series of tape-recorded oral history interviews that were conducted as part of the Behind the Veil project at Duke University. The Behind the Veil project was launched in 1990 at Duke and the majority of the interviews were conducted between 1994 and 1997. Each speaker completed a survey regarding her/his life history, education, professional history, and family background. The speakers used for this study were chosen based on age (all born before 1942) and residency status in their respective communities - all speakers are lifelong residents of Birmingham, Memphis, or New Orleans. These criteria and others shape an inclusive corpus of 100 total tape-recorded interviews with 33 from Birmingham, 35 from Memphis, and 32 from New Orleans. Quantitative analysis of five core diagnostic structures of AAE (i.e. copula absence, plural -s, pre-vocalic consonant cluster reduction, rhoticity, and 3rd person singular verbal -s) was performed to provide a window for determining the shared and distinct patterns of early, urban AAE development. These data are used for inter-generational analyses, cross-gender analyses, analyses of socioeconomic factors and overall interpretation for each individual site and between different sites. These data contribute to the continuing study and scholarship on the historical development of African American English, providing the first multi-community overview of core African American English linguistic variables from the early urban South. The trans-regional similarities of linguistic variables in AAE speakers are often attributed to the influence of early Southern English varieties. These data confirm the early presence of these variables in African American urban centers in the South, but also suggest how language ideologies relate to dialect development.}, school = {Duke University}, author = {Carpenter, Jeanine}, year = {2009}, keywords = {Birmingham, AL, Consonants, Memphis, Tennessee, New Orleans, Louisiana, Syntax}, }
@phdthesis{wilkerson_talkin_2008, address = {Bloomington, IN}, type = {Ph.{D}. {Dissertation}}, title = {Talkin' {Country}: {African}-{American} {English} of {Black} {Women} in the {Mississippi} {Delta}}, language = {eng}, school = {Indiana University}, author = {Wilkerson, Rose}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Consonants, Mississippi, Syntax}, }
@article{harrison_lost_2007, title = {The lost consonants of {Atlanta}}, volume = {29}, issn = {03880001}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0388000106000817}, doi = {10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.011}, language = {en}, number = {2-3}, urldate = {2020-04-12}, journal = {Language Sciences}, author = {Harrison, Phil}, month = mar, year = {2007}, keywords = {Atlanta, Georgia, Consonants}, pages = {237--246}, }
@article{thomas_phonological_2007, title = {Phonological and {Phonetic} {Characteristics} of {African} {American} {Vernacular} {English}}, volume = {1}, issn = {1749-818X, 1749-818X}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x}, doi = {10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2020-04-30}, journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass}, author = {Thomas, Erik R.}, month = sep, year = {2007}, keywords = {African American Vowel Shift, Consonants, Review Article, Vowels}, pages = {450--475}, }
@article{stockman_alveolar_2006, title = {Alveolar {Bias} in the {Final} {Consonant} {Deletion} {Patterns} of {African} {American} {Children}}, volume = {37}, issn = {0161-1461, 1558-9129}, url = {http://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/0161-1461%282006/011%29}, doi = {10.1044/0161-1461(2006/011)}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-07-23}, journal = {Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools}, author = {Stockman, Ida J.}, month = apr, year = {2006}, keywords = {Child AAE, Consonants}, pages = {85--95}, }
@article{stockman_evidence_2006, title = {Evidence for a minimal competence core of consonant sounds in the speech of {African} {American} children: {A} preliminary study}, volume = {20}, issn = {0269-9206, 1464-5076}, shorttitle = {Evidence for a minimal competence core of consonant sounds in the speech of {African} {American} children}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699200500322803}, doi = {10.1080/02699200500322803}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2020-07-23}, journal = {Clinical Linguistics \& Phonetics}, author = {Stockman, Ida J.}, month = jan, year = {2006}, keywords = {Child AAE, Consonants}, pages = {723--749}, }
@phdthesis{nguyen_changing_2006, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, type = {Ph.{D}. {Dissertation}}, title = {The changing social and linguistic orientation of the {African} {American} middle class}, abstract = {In this dissertation, I quantify the use of five phonological features of African American English (hereafter, AAE) by African Americans in Detroit, including middle-class and female speakers, who are often overlooked in analyses of AAE. I also include both contemporary and 1966 recordings, which allows me to examine speakers' changing linguistic orientation. Results from this project address the heterogeneity of AAE, challenging traditional assumptions about language variation and posing questions for aspects of the divergence hypothesis. My results show that African American speakers cannot be labeled as simply being deficient or inauthentic speakers of two opposing varieties; in fact, middle-class African American speakers create a unique linguistic position. In this analysis, I include twenty-four speakers, twelve each from the 1966 and contemporary recordings. Each sample is equally divided by gender. Further, each speaker is assigned a score on a social status index, and speakers with a wide range of social status scores are included here. I analyze each speaker's use of non-initial (r), syllable-final (d), (ai) before voiced consonants, (ai) before voiceless consonants, and (upsilon). Results of these analyses show that two variables, both contexts of (ai), have remained stable over time; the amount of glide reduction has not changed between the 1966 and contemporary recordings. Both consonantal variables, (r) and (d), have changed significantly over time, but in opposite directions. The use of [r]-less variant has decreased dramatically, while the use of multiple variants for (d) has rapidly increased. Finally, the fronting of /upsilon/ has increased over time as well, but these changes have been closely tied to following context in phonetically predictable ways. The cross-time comparison in this analysis allows me to compare my real-time results with age-stratified results from 1966 in order to assess the accuracy of predictions based on apparent-time evidence. Further, by combining results for variables' use over time and the social embedding of the variables in each recording period, I trace changes in variables' social embedding and conclude that such an examination provides vital evidence for understanding how changes are instantiated among groups of speakers.}, school = {University of Michigan}, author = {Nguyen, Jennifer}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Consonants, Detroit Dialect Study, Detroit, Michigan, Middle Class, Real Time Analysis, Vowels}, }
@article{treiman_spelling_2004, title = {Spelling and dialect: {Comparisons} between speakers of {African} {American} vernacular {English} and {White} speakers}, volume = {11}, issn = {1069-9384, 1531-5320}, shorttitle = {Spelling and dialect}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03196580}, doi = {10.3758/BF03196580}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-05-21}, journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review}, author = {Treiman, Rebecca}, month = apr, year = {2004}, keywords = {Consonants, Detroit, Michigan, Writing}, pages = {338--342}, }
@misc{anderson_social_2004, address = {University of Michigan}, title = {The social stratification of glottalized variants of /d/ among {Detroit} {African} {American} speakers}, author = {Anderson, Bridget L. and Nguyen, Jennifer}, year = {2004}, keywords = {Consonants, Detroit, Michigan, NWAV}, }
@article{charity_range_2003, title = {Range of dialect in the formal speech of {African}-{American} elementary school children}, volume = {9}, url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol9/iss2/4/}, number = {2}, journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author = {Charity, Anne H.}, year = {2003}, keywords = {Child AAE, Cleveland, Ohio, Consonants, Morphosyntax, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington DC}, pages = {Article 4}, }
@book{wolfram_development_2002, address = {Oxford, U.K. ; Malden, Mass}, series = {Language in society}, title = {The development of {African} {American} {English}}, isbn = {978-0-631-23086-1 978-0-631-23087-8}, number = {31}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishers}, author = {Wolfram, Walt and Thomas, Erik R.}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Consonants, Hyde County, North Carolina, Intonation, Morphosyntax, North Carolina, Vowels}, }
@article{EspyWilson2000AcousticmodelingofAmerican, author = {Espy-Wilson, Carol Y. and Boyce, Suzanne E. and Jackson, Michel T. T. and Narayanan, Shrikanth S. and Alwan, Abeer}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, month = {jul}, number = {1}, pages = {343-356}, title = {Acoustic modeling of American English /r/}, volume = {108}, year = {2000} }
@article{hinton_regional_2000, title = {Regional {Variations} in the {Phonological} {Characteristics} of {African} {American} {Vernacular} {English}}, volume = {19}, issn = {0883-2919, 1467-971X}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-971X.00155}, doi = {10.1111/1467-971X.00155}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2020-04-30}, journal = {World Englishes}, author = {Hinton, Linette N. and Pollock, Karen E.}, month = mar, year = {2000}, keywords = {Consonants, Iowa, Memphis, Tennessee, Regional Variation}, pages = {59--71}, }
@inproceedings{fernandez_planas_aproximacion_1999, Address = {Salamanca}, Author = {Fernández Planas, Ana María}, Booktitle = {Lingüística para el sigo XXI. III Congreso de Lingüística General}, Date = {1999}, Date-Modified = {2018-05-14 07:53:07 +0000}, Editor = {Fernández González, J and Fernández Juncal, C and Marcos Sánchez, M and de los Mozos, Emilio and Santos Río, Luis}, Keywords = {consonant clusters, consonants, descriptive, phonetics, prosody, segmental, Spanish, speech rate, temporal factors}, Pages = {641-652}, Publisher = {Ediciones de la Universidad de Salamanca}, Title = {Aproximación al estudio de la influencia de la velocidad de habla en grupos consonánticos intervocálicos -ST-}, Year = {1999}}
@article{magloire_cross-language_1999, Author = {Magloire, Joël and Green, Kerry P}, Date = {1999}, Date-Modified = {2018-05-14 08:21:45 +0000}, Doi = {10.1159/000028449}, Journal = {Phonetica}, Keywords = {bilingualism, consonants, contrastive, descriptive, English, phonetics, prosody, segmental, Spanish, speech rate, stops, temporal factors, VOT}, Number = {3--4}, Pages = {158--185}, Title = {A cross-language comparison of speaking rate effects on the production of Voice Onset Time in English and Spanish}, Volume = {56}, Year = {1999}, Abstract = {Of interest in the current study was how voice inset time (VOT) was influenced by changes in speaking rate across Spanish and English. Three groups of subjects (English monolinguals, Spanish monolinguals and early Spanish-English bilinguals) produced sentences containing voiced and voiceless bilabial stops at different speaking rates. As in previous research, English monolinguals showed rate-dependent effects on their VOT productions: VOT increased as speaking rate decreased. Spanish monolinguals showed a large effect of speaking rate on the duration of prevoicing of the voiced stops. However, they showed only a small effect of rate on the VOT of their voiceless stops. The bilinguals produced VOT values in each language that were nearly identical to their monolingual counterparts. The results from this study indicate that short-lag stops experience minimal variation as a function of speaking rate regardless of the other contrasting phonetic categories within a particular language. In addition, early bilinguals showed evidence of separate representations for voiced and voiceless stops for English and Spanish.}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000028449}}
@incollection{bailey_aspects_1998, address = {London}, title = {Some aspects of {African}-{American} {Vernacular} {English} phonology}, booktitle = {African {American} {English}: {Structure}, {History}, and {Use}}, publisher = {Routledge}, author = {Bailey, Guy and Thomas, Erik R.}, editor = {Mufwene, Salikoko S. and Rickford, John R. and Bailey, Guy and Baugh, John}, year = {1998}, keywords = {Consonants, List of Features, Vowels}, pages = {85--109}, }
@article{jacobs-huey_is_1997, title = {Is there an authentic {African} {American} speech community: {Carla} revisited}, volume = {4}, url = {https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol4/iss1/20/}, number = {1}, journal = {University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics}, author = {Jacobs-Huey, Lanita}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Case Study, Consonants, Crossing, New Jersey, Prosody}, pages = {Article 20}, }
@misc{pollock_vocalic_1996, address = {Las Vegas, NV}, title = {Vocalic and postvocalic /r/ in {African} {American} {Memphians}}, author = {Pollock, Karen E. and Berni, Mary C.}, year = {1996}, keywords = {Consonants, Memphis, Tennessee, NWAV, Vowels}, }
@article{poplack_-s_1994, title = {-{S} or {Nothing}: {Marking} the {Plural} in the {African}-{American} {Diaspora}}, volume = {69}, issn = {00031283}, shorttitle = {-{S} or {Nothing}}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/455515?origin=crossref}, doi = {10.2307/455515}, number = {3}, urldate = {2020-04-13}, journal = {American Speech}, author = {Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali}, year = {1994}, keywords = {Consonants, Ex-Slave Recordings, Nova Scotia, Samana}, pages = {227}, }
@article{montgomery_black_1993, title = {“{The} black men has wives and {Sweet} harts [and third person plural -s] {Jest} like the white men”: {Evidence} for verbal -s from written documents on 19th-century {African} {American} speech}, volume = {5}, issn = {0954-3945, 1469-8021}, shorttitle = {“{The} black men has wives and {Sweet} harts [and third person plural - \textit{s} ] {Jest} like the white men”}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954394500001538/type/journal_article}, doi = {10.1017/S0954394500001538}, abstract = {The analysis of letters written by 19th-century African Americans shows constraints on verbal -s marking which parallel those found in the writing of Scotch-Irish immigrants in the same time period and region, specifically a subject type constraint and a proximity to subject constraint. This correlation is highly suggestive for the study of the development of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). This study finds no support for a basis from a creole or from Standard English for AAVE in verbal concord and concludes that some, perhaps many, African Americans used varieties of English with little or no creole influence. Earlier studies have assumed that standard dialects of English constituted the superstrate in colonial and antebellum America; this analysis makes it clear that we must examine the features of the local varieties, black and white, before making any claims about the influences of language contact on a given variety. Further, the consistent patterns of inflections found in this study show that written documents, in particular letters written by semiliterate African Americans, are a good source for further linguistic study of 19th-century language.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2020-04-14}, journal = {Language Variation and Change}, author = {Montgomery, Michael and Fuller, Janet M. and DeMarse, Sharon}, month = oct, year = {1993}, keywords = {Consonants, Writing}, pages = {335--357}, }
@article{moran_final_1993, title = {Final consonant deletion in {African} {American} children speaking {Black} {English}: {A} closer look}, volume = {24}, journal = {Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools}, author = {Moran, Michael J.}, year = {1993}, keywords = {Alabama, Child AAE, Consonants, Duplicate}, pages = {161--166}, }
@inproceedings{llisterri_lateral_1991, Address = {Aix-en-Provence}, Author = {Llisterri, Joaquim and Martínez Daudén, Gemma}, Booktitle = {ICPhS 1991. Actes du 12\textsuperscript{e} Congrès International de Sciences Phonétiques}, Date = {1991}, Date-Modified = {2017-12-06 21:08:57 +0000}, Isbn = {2-85399-260-8}, Keywords = {acoustic phonetics, bilingualism, consonants, L3, laterals, phonetics, segmental}, Pages = {318-321}, Publisher = {Université de Provence, Service des Publications}, Rating = {1}, Title = {Lateral consonant production in bilingual speakers learning a third language}, Url = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_Martinez_91.pdf}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1991}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_Martinez_91.pdf}}
@techreport{martinez_dauden_phonetic_1990, Author = {Martínez Daudén, Gemma and Llisterri, Joaquim}, Date = {1990}, Date-Modified = {2017-12-01 10:26:47 +0000}, Institution = {ERIC Document Reproduction Service}, Keywords = {bilingualism, consonants, L3, laterals, phonetics, segmental}, Title = {Phonetic interference in bilingual speakers learning a third language: the production of lateral consonants}, Type = {ERIC Document ED 324 909}, Url = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Martinez_Llisterri_91.pdf}, Year = {1990}, Abstract = {A study examined the production of lateral consonants in seven male university students bilingual in Spanish and Catalan who had studied French in elementary and secondary school. A questionnaire elicited information about the subjects' use of each language with parents, with friends, at home, and in school. Each subject then read a 775-word text in French. Acoustical analysis of the recorded speech revealed the incidence of velarized (typical of Catalan) and non-velarized (typical of Spanish and French) lateral consonants. Results indicate that the production of lateral consonants in French tended to be the non-velarized variety found in French and Spanish. However, comparison of these results with those of other studies suggests that the context in which Spanish and Catalan are learned may be an important factor in phonetic transfer or interference. }, Annote = {https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Llisterri&id=ED324909}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Martinez_Llisterri_91.pdf}}
@article{edwards_phonetic_1990, title = {Phonetic differentiation between black and white speech in east-side {Detroit}}, volume = {41}, issn = {0043-7956, 2373-5112}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00437956.1990.11435820}, doi = {10.1080/00437956.1990.11435820}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-04-12}, journal = {Word}, author = {Edwards, Walter F.}, month = aug, year = {1990}, keywords = {Consonants, Detroit, Michigan, Vowels}, pages = {203--218}, }
@article{myhill_postvocalic_1988, title = {Postvocalic /r/ as an {Index} of {Integration} into the {BEV} {Speech} {Community}}, volume = {63}, issn = {00031283}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/454818?origin=crossref}, doi = {10.2307/454818}, number = {3}, urldate = {2020-04-13}, journal = {American Speech}, author = {Myhill, John}, year = {1988}, keywords = {Consonants, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}, pages = {203}, }
@book{llisterri_alisi_1987, Address = {Bellaterra}, Author = {Llisterri, Joaquim}, Date = {1987}, Date-Modified = {2017-11-19 18:43:49 +0000}, Isbn = {84-7488-196-X}, Keywords = {Catalan, consonants, phonetics, segmental, stops}, Publisher = {Servei de Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona}, Title = {Anàlisi, síntesi i percepció de grups oclusiu-vocal del català. Contribució a l'estudi dels correlats acústics del lloc d'articulació}, Titleaddon = {Microforma}, Url = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_87_Tesi.pdf}, Year = {1987}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_87_Tesi.pdf}}
@inproceedings{llisterri_invariant_1987, Address = {Tallinn}, Author = {Llisterri, Joaquim and West, Martin}, Booktitle = {ICPhS 1987. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences}, Date = {1987}, Date-Modified = {2017-12-07 11:52:20 +0000}, Keywords = {acoustic phonetics, Catalan, consonants, phonetics, segmental, stops}, Pages = {44-47}, Publisher = {Institute of Language and Literature, Academy of Sciences of the Estonian S.S.R.}, Title = {Invariant acoustic correlates for place of articulation in Catalan voiceless stops}, Url = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_West_87_Catalan_Stop_Consonants.pdf}, Volume = {4}, Year = {1987}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_West_87_Catalan_Stop_Consonants.pdf}}
@incollection{sankoff_linguistic_1986, address = {Amsterdam}, series = {Current {Issues} in {Linguistic} {Theory}}, title = {Linguistic correlates of inter-ethnic contact}, volume = {53}, isbn = {978-90-272-3547-3 978-90-272-7943-9}, url = {http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027279439}, language = {en}, urldate = {2020-04-12}, booktitle = {Diversity and {Diachrony}}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author = {Ash, Sharon and Myhill, John}, editor = {Sankoff, David}, month = jan, year = {1986}, doi = {10.1075/cilt.53}, keywords = {Consonants, Contact, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Syntax, Vowels}, pages = {33--44}, }
@article{seymour_acquisition_1985, title = {The acquisition of a phonologic feature of {Black} {English}}, volume = {18}, issn = {00219924}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0021992485900425}, doi = {10.1016/0021-9924(85)90042-5}, abstract = {Production and perception of word-final /theta/ was assessed among Black English and standard English speaking children of grades 1-4. The two dialectal groups were significantly different in production but not in perception of the word-final /theta/. Comparable perceptual performance on discrimination and recognition tasks across the four grade-levels indicated parallel perceptual mastery of /theta/ between groups despite production differences of form. Production of respective adult dialect forms, that is, /theta/ for standard English and /theta/----/f/ for Black English, preceded perceptual mastery. Because /theta/ is represented by the /theta/----/f/ substitution pattern in both adult Black English and emerging phonology of standard English, its acquisitional form in the phonology of Black English speaking children has particular implications for acquisitional theory and the applied clinical domain. Thus, sequential developmental stages for the acquisition of word-final /theta/ are proposed in this study and clinical implications discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2020-05-21}, journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders}, author = {Seymour, Harry N. and Ralabate, Patricia K.}, month = apr, year = {1985}, keywords = {Acquisition, Child AAE, Consonants, Perception}, pages = {139--148}, }
@inproceedings{llisterri_analysis_1983, Address = {Toulouse, France. 15-16 juillet, 1983}, Author = {Llisterri, Joaquim and West, Martin}, Booktitle = {11\textsuperscript{e} Congrès International d'Acoustique, Symposium Satellite de Toulouse: Processus d'encodage et de décodage phonétique de la parole. Revue d'Acoustique (hors série)}, Date = {1983}, Date-Modified = {2017-12-06 21:03:13 +0000}, Keywords = {acoustic phonetics, Catalan, consonants, phonetics, segmental, stops}, Pages = {279-282}, Title = {Analysis of stop-vowel transitions in Catalan}, Url = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_West_83_Stop_Consonants_Catalan.pdf}, Volume = {4}, Year = {1983}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Llisterri_West_83_Stop_Consonants_Catalan.pdf}}
@article{seymour_black_1981, title = {Black {English} and {Standard} {American} {English} {Constrasts} in {Consonantal} {Development} of {Four} and {Five}-{Year} {Old} {Children}}, volume = {46}, issn = {0022-4677, 2163-6184}, url = {http://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/jshd.4603.274}, doi = {10.1044/jshd.4603.274}, abstract = {Four- and five-year old black and white children of black English and standard American English backgrounds, respectively, were administered a standard articulation test. A contrastive analysis revealed phonological differences in consonantal development between the two dialectal groups. However, contrasts were reflected more in number of developmental errors than in form of errors. Thus, the extent of differences noted between adult phonologies of black English and standard American English were less evident in emerging phonologies since unique error types were not exclusively characteristic of either group. These findings have implications for articulation testing of black English speaking children who have not acquired their adult phonology.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2020-05-21}, journal = {Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders}, author = {Seymour, Harry N. and Seymour, Charlena M.}, month = aug, year = {1981}, keywords = {Consonants}, pages = {274--280}, }
@techreport{summerlin_systematic_1973, address = {Washington D.C.}, type = {Final {Report}}, title = {Some systematic phonological variations from regional standard in the oral language of lower socio-economic white and {Negro} students in a {Rural} {Deep} {South} {County}}, number = {ED 096 669}, institution = {National Center for Educational Research and Development}, author = {Summerlin, NanJo Corbitt}, month = jan, year = {1973}, keywords = {Consonants, Florida, Georgia, Rural}, pages = {154}, }
@phdthesis{summerlin_dialect_1972, address = {Tallahassee, FL}, type = {Ph.{D}. {Dissertation}}, title = {A dialect study: {Affective} parameters in the deletion and substitution of consonants in the deep south}, school = {Florida State University}, author = {Summerlin, NanJo Corbitt}, year = {1972}, keywords = {Consonants, Southern States}, }
@article{minderhout_final_1972, title = {Final consonant cluster reduction}, number = {5}, journal = {Languages and Linguistics Working Papers}, author = {Minderhout, David}, editor = {Riley, William K. and Smith, David M.}, year = {1972}, keywords = {Consonants, Washington DC}, pages = {8--15}, }
@phdthesis{melmud_black_1970, address = {Berkeley, CA}, type = {Ph.{D}. {Dissertation}}, title = {Black {English} phonology: the question of reading interference}, url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED063613}, abstract = {An investigation was conducted to test the assumption that Black English (BE) dialect interferes with reading. Data from 45 lower standard English (SE) speakers were collected and analyzed to measure racial group differences on auditory discrimination, oral reading, BE phonology usage, and silent reading comprehension. Dialect differences analyzed were: (1) r'lessness, (2) l'lessness, (3) simplification of final consonant clusters, (4) weakening of final consonants, and (5) vowel variations. Thirty-three word pairs which are different in SE but may be homonyms in BE were used to measure dialect phonology interference in reading comprehension. To test auditory discrimination a tape was played and the child pointed to a picture representing the word. To test oral reading comprehension the subject read a sentence containing only one word in the picture pair and pointed to the appropriate picture. A reading test patterned after the ratio cloze technique was administered to test silent reading comprehension. Conclusions indicated that Black children experienced difficulty in auditorily discriminating word pairs which are homonyms in BE though distinct in SE, but showed no inability to comprehend these words while reading orally or silently. The phonological category most confusing for the black student was vowel variation.}, school = {University of California Berkeley}, author = {Melmud, Paul Jay}, year = {1970}, keywords = {Consonants, Vowels}, }
@unpublished{fasold_two_1967, address = {Center for Applied Linguistics}, type = {Working {Paper}}, title = {Two fricatives in {Black} {English} - {A} {Generative} {Phonology} {Approach}}, author = {Fasold, Ralph W.}, month = jan, year = {1967}, keywords = {Consonants, Detroit Dialect Study, Detroit, Michigan}, }
@article{lisker_cross-language_1964, title = {A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: {Acoustical} measurements}, volume = {20}, journal = {Word}, author = {Lisker, Leigh and Abramson, Arthur S.}, year = {1964}, pages = {384--422} }
@article{putnam_status_1955, title = {The {Status} {Significance} of an {Isolated} {Urban} {Dialect}}, volume = {31}, issn = {00978507}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/522254?origin=crossref}, doi = {10.2307/522254}, number = {4}, urldate = {2020-04-05}, journal = {Language}, author = {Putnam, George N. and O'Hern, Edna M.}, month = oct, year = {1955}, keywords = {Consonants, Syntax, Vowels, Washington DC}, pages = {v}, }