@article{habib_permaculture_2022,
	title = {Permaculture: {A} {Global} {Community} of {Practice}},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {0963-2719},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.3197/096327121X16245253346611},
	doi = {10.3197/096327121X16245253346611},
	abstract = {Permaculture design seeks to create sustainable communities, and over time has established itself as a transnational community of practice. Based on original interviews with permaculture practitioners from around the world, and drawing on the three core elements of communities of practice – shared domain, communality and shared practices – as our analytical framework, this paper makes three arguments. First, the shared domain of permaculture as a body of knowledge, a system of ethics and set of practical design principles creates an overarching teleological regime that anchors the globally dispersed collective activities of permaculture practitioners. Second, communality in the international permaculture community is centred around the permaculture design course, national and international permaculture convergences, and organisations and demonstration sites that act as hubs for practitioner interaction, linked across national borders by social media networks. Third, shared practices in the permaculture community centre on relationship-building and local-level community organisation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-01-05},
	journal = {Environmental Values},
	author = {Habib, Benjamin and Fadaee, Simin},
	month = aug,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {441--462},
}

Permaculture design seeks to create sustainable communities, and over time has established itself as a transnational community of practice. Based on original interviews with permaculture practitioners from around the world, and drawing on the three core elements of communities of practice – shared domain, communality and shared practices – as our analytical framework, this paper makes three arguments. First, the shared domain of permaculture as a body of knowledge, a system of ethics and set of practical design principles creates an overarching teleological regime that anchors the globally dispersed collective activities of permaculture practitioners. Second, communality in the international permaculture community is centred around the permaculture design course, national and international permaculture convergences, and organisations and demonstration sites that act as hubs for practitioner interaction, linked across national borders by social media networks. Third, shared practices in the permaculture community centre on relationship-building and local-level community organisation.

@article{richardsonngwenya_everyday_2021,
	title = {Everyday political geographies of community‐building: {Exploring} the practices of three {Zimbabwean} permaculture communities},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1756-932X, 1756-9338},
	shorttitle = {Everyday political geographies of community‐building},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eet.1930},
	doi = {10.1002/eet.1930},
	abstract = {Permaculture is an approach to sustainable design thinking, agriculture, and community, as well as a globalized movement. This article explores how different practices and processes of permaculture have generated different political registers of “community,” at three permaculture sites in Zimbabwe. Speaking to recent online media that asks “Is permaculture political?,” as well as to the academic literature critiquing localized environmental initiatives as “postpolitical,” the article adopts a feminist political ecology (FPE) framework to discuss two modalities in which the geographies of community-building can be registered as political. First, I look at how subjectivities and intracommunity power relations have been reshaped through participatory practices of governance, taking on entrenched gender- and age-based power relations in particular. Second, comes the idea of community as a more-thanhuman ontology. An FPE analysis offers an original perspective on how permaculture has become actualized in the Zimbabwean context. The research approach built on Gibson-Graham's calls to engage performatively with examples of diverse economies and aimed to serve the efforts of these communities in a small way, by celebrating and documenting their activities and creating public media outputs. Contributing to the literature on permaculture, as well as to debates around community-based environmental movements, an FPE perspective frames these community-building efforts in terms of everyday political practices and performances. I conclude that while FPE draws attention to these everyday politics, permaculture practitioners actualize them and in doing so, make a much-needed contribution to cultivating, or “worlding” diverse, more-than-human economies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2023-06-27},
	journal = {Environmental Policy and Governance},
	author = {Richardson‐Ngwenya, Pamela},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {211--222},
}

Permaculture is an approach to sustainable design thinking, agriculture, and community, as well as a globalized movement. This article explores how different practices and processes of permaculture have generated different political registers of “community,” at three permaculture sites in Zimbabwe. Speaking to recent online media that asks “Is permaculture political?,” as well as to the academic literature critiquing localized environmental initiatives as “postpolitical,” the article adopts a feminist political ecology (FPE) framework to discuss two modalities in which the geographies of community-building can be registered as political. First, I look at how subjectivities and intracommunity power relations have been reshaped through participatory practices of governance, taking on entrenched gender- and age-based power relations in particular. Second, comes the idea of community as a more-thanhuman ontology. An FPE analysis offers an original perspective on how permaculture has become actualized in the Zimbabwean context. The research approach built on Gibson-Graham's calls to engage performatively with examples of diverse economies and aimed to serve the efforts of these communities in a small way, by celebrating and documenting their activities and creating public media outputs. Contributing to the literature on permaculture, as well as to debates around community-based environmental movements, an FPE perspective frames these community-building efforts in terms of everyday political practices and performances. I conclude that while FPE draws attention to these everyday politics, permaculture practitioners actualize them and in doing so, make a much-needed contribution to cultivating, or “worlding” diverse, more-than-human economies.

@article{spangler_re-defining_2021,
	title = {({Re}-){Defining} {Permaculture}: {Perspectives} of {Permaculture} {Teachers} and {Practitioners} across the {United} {States}},
	volume = {13},
	copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2071-1050},
	shorttitle = {({Re}-){Defining} {Permaculture}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/10/5413},
	doi = {10.3390/su13105413},
	abstract = {The solutions-based design framework of permaculture exhibits transformative potential, working to holistically integrate natural and human systems toward a more just society. The term can be defined and applied in a breadth of ways, contributing to both strengths and weaknesses for its capacity toward change. To explore the tension of breadth as strength and weakness, we interviewed 25 prominent permaculture teachers and practitioners across the United States (US) regarding how they define permaculture as a concept and perceive the term’s utility. We find that permaculture casts a wide net that participants grapple with in their own work. They engaged in a negotiation process of how they associate or disassociate themselves with the term, recognizing that it can be both unifying and polarizing. Further, there was noted concern of permaculture’s failure to cite and acknowledge its rootedness in Indigenous knowledge, as well as distinguish itself from Indigenous alternatives. We contextualize these findings within the resounding call for a decolonization of modern ways of living and the science of sustainability, of which permaculture can be critically part of. We conclude with recommended best practices for how to continuously (re-)define permaculture in an embodied and dynamic way to work toward these goals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2022-11-10},
	journal = {Sustainability},
	author = {Spangler, Kaitlyn and McCann, Roslynn Brain and Ferguson, Rafter Sass},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Number: 10
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Indigenous, commodification, definition, permaculture, reconciliation, regenerative},
	pages = {5413},
}

The solutions-based design framework of permaculture exhibits transformative potential, working to holistically integrate natural and human systems toward a more just society. The term can be defined and applied in a breadth of ways, contributing to both strengths and weaknesses for its capacity toward change. To explore the tension of breadth as strength and weakness, we interviewed 25 prominent permaculture teachers and practitioners across the United States (US) regarding how they define permaculture as a concept and perceive the term’s utility. We find that permaculture casts a wide net that participants grapple with in their own work. They engaged in a negotiation process of how they associate or disassociate themselves with the term, recognizing that it can be both unifying and polarizing. Further, there was noted concern of permaculture’s failure to cite and acknowledge its rootedness in Indigenous knowledge, as well as distinguish itself from Indigenous alternatives. We contextualize these findings within the resounding call for a decolonization of modern ways of living and the science of sustainability, of which permaculture can be critically part of. We conclude with recommended best practices for how to continuously (re-)define permaculture in an embodied and dynamic way to work toward these goals.

@article{flores_structure_2021,
	title = {The structure of permaculture landscapes in the {Philippines}},
	abstract = {Flores JJM, Buot Jr. IE. 2021. The structure of permaculture landscapes in the Philippines. Biodiversitas 22: 2032-2044. Biodiversity plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture. Permaculture is a design philosophy that values this role as it consciously integrates diverse components into the farm landscape. The purpose of the study was to characterize the general structure of permaculture landscapes in the Philippines and identify the landscape components that comprise its farming systems. The research was conducted in 12 permaculture farms in 11 provinces in the Philippines in 2018. Aerial photography and farm inventory were employed for data collection. A crop diversity survey was conducted using a modified belt transect method with alternating 20 m2 plots within a 1 ha sampling area. Full enumeration of plant species in each plot was performed to determine species richness and samples were manually counted to compute for the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index. Results of the study showed that permaculture landscapes were organized into six spatial zones: ‘house,’ ‘garden,’ ‘grazing,’ ‘cash crops,’ ‘food forest,’ and 'wilderness.' It was identified that each zone contained components belonging to six categories: abiotic, biotic, man-made structural, technological, socio-economic, and cultural. 'Biotic' results showed that all sites recorded high species richness ({\textgreater}20-65) with the highest found in Glinoga Organic Farm with 65. Aloha House in Palawan had the highest diversity with a score of 0.311. An analysis of the ratio of plant species per plant category showed that the vegetable/cereal crops dominated the landscape in 50\% of sites. While 20\% were characterized by tree/fruitbearing crops. Perennial species were the most abundant in all sites with 75-95\% of the total plant species. In conclusion, permaculture provided a design framework for restructuring our agricultural landscapes into diverse and productive ecosystems for human settlement and food production.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Flores, Jabez Joshua M and Jr, Inocencio E Buot},
	year = {2021},
	note = {00000},
	pages = {13},
}

Flores JJM, Buot Jr. IE. 2021. The structure of permaculture landscapes in the Philippines. Biodiversitas 22: 2032-2044. Biodiversity plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture. Permaculture is a design philosophy that values this role as it consciously integrates diverse components into the farm landscape. The purpose of the study was to characterize the general structure of permaculture landscapes in the Philippines and identify the landscape components that comprise its farming systems. The research was conducted in 12 permaculture farms in 11 provinces in the Philippines in 2018. Aerial photography and farm inventory were employed for data collection. A crop diversity survey was conducted using a modified belt transect method with alternating 20 m2 plots within a 1 ha sampling area. Full enumeration of plant species in each plot was performed to determine species richness and samples were manually counted to compute for the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index. Results of the study showed that permaculture landscapes were organized into six spatial zones: ‘house,’ ‘garden,’ ‘grazing,’ ‘cash crops,’ ‘food forest,’ and 'wilderness.' It was identified that each zone contained components belonging to six categories: abiotic, biotic, man-made structural, technological, socio-economic, and cultural. 'Biotic' results showed that all sites recorded high species richness (\textgreater20-65) with the highest found in Glinoga Organic Farm with 65. Aloha House in Palawan had the highest diversity with a score of 0.311. An analysis of the ratio of plant species per plant category showed that the vegetable/cereal crops dominated the landscape in 50% of sites. While 20% were characterized by tree/fruitbearing crops. Perennial species were the most abundant in all sites with 75-95% of the total plant species. In conclusion, permaculture provided a design framework for restructuring our agricultural landscapes into diverse and productive ecosystems for human settlement and food production.

@article{fiebrig_perspectives_2020,
	title = {Perspectives on permaculture for commercial farming: aspirations and realities},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1879-4246},
	shorttitle = {Perspectives on permaculture for commercial farming},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00281-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s13165-020-00281-8},
	abstract = {The term ‘Permaculture’ (PC) refers to a theory about diversified farming systems, based on an ethical attitude (worldview) and a practical design process, guided by 12 principles and flanked by a holistic sustainability concept. Invented in the wake of Australia’s socio-political ‘back-to-the-land’ aspirations of the 1970s, PC has since developed and grown into a diverse international grassroot movement. It can be considered a rural as well as an urban socio-cultural phenomenon that revolves around non-commercial gardening, for example urban community projects, or around farming for self-sufficiency, for instance in eco-villages. This paper intends to investigate which aspects of PC may be scalable to commercial farming whilst identifying PC aspects already implemented in commercial (organic) agriculture (OA). It analyses a current business case led by a German wholesaler of organic produce who worked in cooperation with a German supermarket chain to create the first nationwide PC label. To this end, the paper describes the degree of overlap between two organic farming certification schemes and the case study. As opposed to certified OA, PC is less prescriptive, using a deductive and inductive approach instead. It may expand scope and flexibility required for farm redesign towards improved resilience, reaching out to the landscape level. The productiveness of PC in commercial settings needs to be established further, such as best practices in soil regeneration and monitoring as well as the reduction of soil losses, or the valuation of added ecosystem services such as promotion of (agro-)biodiversity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2022-11-13},
	journal = {Organic Agriculture},
	author = {Fiebrig, Immo and Zikeli, Sabine and Bach, Sonja and Gruber, Sabine},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Demeter certification, Ecosystem services, Permaculture},
	pages = {379--394},
}

The term ‘Permaculture’ (PC) refers to a theory about diversified farming systems, based on an ethical attitude (worldview) and a practical design process, guided by 12 principles and flanked by a holistic sustainability concept. Invented in the wake of Australia’s socio-political ‘back-to-the-land’ aspirations of the 1970s, PC has since developed and grown into a diverse international grassroot movement. It can be considered a rural as well as an urban socio-cultural phenomenon that revolves around non-commercial gardening, for example urban community projects, or around farming for self-sufficiency, for instance in eco-villages. This paper intends to investigate which aspects of PC may be scalable to commercial farming whilst identifying PC aspects already implemented in commercial (organic) agriculture (OA). It analyses a current business case led by a German wholesaler of organic produce who worked in cooperation with a German supermarket chain to create the first nationwide PC label. To this end, the paper describes the degree of overlap between two organic farming certification schemes and the case study. As opposed to certified OA, PC is less prescriptive, using a deductive and inductive approach instead. It may expand scope and flexibility required for farm redesign towards improved resilience, reaching out to the landscape level. The productiveness of PC in commercial settings needs to be established further, such as best practices in soil regeneration and monitoring as well as the reduction of soil losses, or the valuation of added ecosystem services such as promotion of (agro-)biodiversity.

@incollection{morel_permaculture_2019,
	address = {London, UK},
	edition = {2},
	title = {Permaculture},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {Ecology}},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Morel, Kevin and Leger, François G and Ferguson, Rafter Sass},
	year = {2019},
	note = {00000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{ferguson_livelihoods_2017,
	title = {Livelihoods and production diversity on {U}.{S}. permaculture farms},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {2168-3565},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2017.1320349},
	doi = {10.1080/21683565.2017.1320349},
	abstract = {Permaculture is an international grassroots movement with a focus on diversified farming systems (DFS). We visited 36 self-identified permaculture farms in the continental United States and gathered multidimensional data on the distribution of labor and income across enterprises and seasons, along with sociodemographic information and farm characteristics. Using this data we assessed livelihood diversity and performed a cluster analysis to develop a preliminary typology of U.S. permaculture farms. Farms were predominantly small in scale, with a high proportion of young farmers, new farmers, and new farms, when compared with national figures. Diversity of farm-based income was high for enterprises and across seasons. Cluster analysis based on sources of income produced a preliminary typology with five categories: small mixed annual and perennial cropping (N = 10), integrated production (perennial and animal crops, N = 5), a mix of production and services (N = 9), animal base (N = 5), and service base (cultural services and material products and services, N = 5). Our research suggests that permaculture farms fit well within the emerging framework of DFS, and are using a familiar set of strategies, including non-production enterprises, in order to develop and maintain diversified agroecosystems.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems},
	author = {Ferguson, Rafter Sass and Lovell, Sarah Taylor},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	note = {00000},
	pages = {588--613},
}

Permaculture is an international grassroots movement with a focus on diversified farming systems (DFS). We visited 36 self-identified permaculture farms in the continental United States and gathered multidimensional data on the distribution of labor and income across enterprises and seasons, along with sociodemographic information and farm characteristics. Using this data we assessed livelihood diversity and performed a cluster analysis to develop a preliminary typology of U.S. permaculture farms. Farms were predominantly small in scale, with a high proportion of young farmers, new farmers, and new farms, when compared with national figures. Diversity of farm-based income was high for enterprises and across seasons. Cluster analysis based on sources of income produced a preliminary typology with five categories: small mixed annual and perennial cropping (N = 10), integrated production (perennial and animal crops, N = 5), a mix of production and services (N = 9), animal base (N = 5), and service base (cultural services and material products and services, N = 5). Our research suggests that permaculture farms fit well within the emerging framework of DFS, and are using a familiar set of strategies, including non-production enterprises, in order to develop and maintain diversified agroecosystems.

@article{symanczik_application_2017,
	title = {Application of {Mycorrhiza} and {Soil} from a {Permaculture} {System} {Improved} {Phosphorus} {Acquisition} in {Naranjilla}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1664-462X},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01263/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fpls.2017.01263},
	abstract = {Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) is a perennial shrub plant mainly cultivated in Ecuador, Colombia and Central America where it represents an important cash crop. Current cultivation practices not only cause deforestation and large-scale soil degradation but also make plants highly susceptible to pests and diseases. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can offer a possibility to overcome these problems. AMF can act beneficially in various ways, for example by improving plant nutrition and growth, water relations, soil structure and stability and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the impact of AMF inoculation on growth and nutrition parameters of naranjilla has been assessed. For inoculation three European reference AMF strains (Rhizoglomus irregulare, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Cetraspora helvetica) and soils originating from three differently managed naranjilla plantations in Ecuador (conventional, organic and permaculture) have been used. This allowed for a comparison of the performance of exotic AMF strains (reference strains) versus native consortia contained in the three soils used as inocula. To study fungal communities present in the three soils, trap cultures have been established using naranjilla as host plant. The community structures of AMF and other fungi inhabiting the roots of trap cultured naranjilla were assessed using next generation sequencing (NGS) methods. The growth response experiment has shown that two of the three reference AMF strains, a mixture of the three and soil from a permaculture site led to significantly better acquisition of phosphorus (up to 104 \%) compared to uninoculated controls. These results suggest that the use of AMF strains and local soils as inoculants represent a valid approach to improve nutrient uptake efficiency of naranjilla and consequently to reduce inputs of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation process. Improved phosphorus acquisition after inoculation with permaculture soil might have been caused by a higher abundance of AMF and the presence of Piriformospora indica as revealed by NGS. A higher frequency of AMF and enhanced root colonization rates in the trap cultures supplemented with permaculture soil highlight the importance of diverse agricultural systems for soil quality and crop production.},
	language = {English},
	journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
	author = {Symanczik, Sarah and Gisler, Michelle and Thonar, Cécile and Schlaeppi, Klaus and Van der Heijden, Marcel and Kahmen, Ansgar and Boller, Thomas and Mäder, Paul},
	year = {2017},
}

Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) is a perennial shrub plant mainly cultivated in Ecuador, Colombia and Central America where it represents an important cash crop. Current cultivation practices not only cause deforestation and large-scale soil degradation but also make plants highly susceptible to pests and diseases. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can offer a possibility to overcome these problems. AMF can act beneficially in various ways, for example by improving plant nutrition and growth, water relations, soil structure and stability and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the impact of AMF inoculation on growth and nutrition parameters of naranjilla has been assessed. For inoculation three European reference AMF strains (Rhizoglomus irregulare, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Cetraspora helvetica) and soils originating from three differently managed naranjilla plantations in Ecuador (conventional, organic and permaculture) have been used. This allowed for a comparison of the performance of exotic AMF strains (reference strains) versus native consortia contained in the three soils used as inocula. To study fungal communities present in the three soils, trap cultures have been established using naranjilla as host plant. The community structures of AMF and other fungi inhabiting the roots of trap cultured naranjilla were assessed using next generation sequencing (NGS) methods. The growth response experiment has shown that two of the three reference AMF strains, a mixture of the three and soil from a permaculture site led to significantly better acquisition of phosphorus (up to 104 %) compared to uninoculated controls. These results suggest that the use of AMF strains and local soils as inoculants represent a valid approach to improve nutrient uptake efficiency of naranjilla and consequently to reduce inputs of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation process. Improved phosphorus acquisition after inoculation with permaculture soil might have been caused by a higher abundance of AMF and the presence of Piriformospora indica as revealed by NGS. A higher frequency of AMF and enhanced root colonization rates in the trap cultures supplemented with permaculture soil highlight the importance of diverse agricultural systems for soil quality and crop production.

@article{ferguson_diversification_2017,
	title = {Diversification and labor productivity on {US} permaculture farms},
	issn = {1742-1705, 1742-1713},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renewable-agriculture-and-food-systems/article/diversification-and-labor-productivity-on-us-permaculture-farms/7D35E31C157E70BF6B619E0471EAC81E},
	doi = {10.1017/S1742170517000497},
	abstract = {Abstract
The relationship between diversification and labor productivity is a pressing issue for diversified farming systems (DFS), which must compete with the high labor productivity of specialized and mechanized industrial farming systems. Synergies between multiple production systems represent an alternative pathway for enhancing labor productivity, contrasting with the economies of scale achieved by industrial farming. Facing a lack of technical and institutional support for managing diversified systems, DFS turn to grassroots agroecological networks for support. Permaculture is a grassroots network with an emphasis on diversified production that—despite its international scope and high public profile—has received little scholarly attention. In this exploratory study we assessed the relationship between diversification, labor productivity and involvement with permaculture, using data from 196 enterprises (i.e., distinct sources of income or aspects of a farm business) on 36 permaculture farms in the USA. We characterized diversification in two ways: by income at the level of the whole farm, and by labor for production enterprises only. By fitting a multilevel model of labor productivity (enterprises nested within farms) we assessed the evidence for synergies in production, i.e., positive relationships between diversification and returns to labor. Results indicated that both production diversity and level of involvement in the permaculture network had significant positive effects on labor productivity. This effect disappeared, however, when both diversity and participation were at their highest levels. Results also indicate that high levels of diversification shift tree crops from the lowest labor productivity of any type of production enterprise to the highest. Through this first ever (to our knowledge) systematic investigation of permaculture farms, our results provide support for the presence of production synergies in DFS, and for the role of permaculture in helping farmers achieve these synergies.},
	urldate = {2017-10-29},
	journal = {Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems},
	author = {Ferguson, Rafter Sass and Lovell, Sarah Taylor},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {00000},
	pages = {1--12},
}

Abstract The relationship between diversification and labor productivity is a pressing issue for diversified farming systems (DFS), which must compete with the high labor productivity of specialized and mechanized industrial farming systems. Synergies between multiple production systems represent an alternative pathway for enhancing labor productivity, contrasting with the economies of scale achieved by industrial farming. Facing a lack of technical and institutional support for managing diversified systems, DFS turn to grassroots agroecological networks for support. Permaculture is a grassroots network with an emphasis on diversified production that—despite its international scope and high public profile—has received little scholarly attention. In this exploratory study we assessed the relationship between diversification, labor productivity and involvement with permaculture, using data from 196 enterprises (i.e., distinct sources of income or aspects of a farm business) on 36 permaculture farms in the USA. We characterized diversification in two ways: by income at the level of the whole farm, and by labor for production enterprises only. By fitting a multilevel model of labor productivity (enterprises nested within farms) we assessed the evidence for synergies in production, i.e., positive relationships between diversification and returns to labor. Results indicated that both production diversity and level of involvement in the permaculture network had significant positive effects on labor productivity. This effect disappeared, however, when both diversity and participation were at their highest levels. Results also indicate that high levels of diversification shift tree crops from the lowest labor productivity of any type of production enterprise to the highest. Through this first ever (to our knowledge) systematic investigation of permaculture farms, our results provide support for the presence of production synergies in DFS, and for the role of permaculture in helping farmers achieve these synergies.

@article{ingram_agricultural_2017,
	title = {Agricultural transition: {Niche} and regime knowledge systems’ boundary dynamics},
	issn = {2210-4224},
	shorttitle = {Agricultural transition},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210422416301320},
	doi = {10.1016/j.eist.2017.05.001},
	abstract = {This paper examines how knowledge systems within alternative agricultural niche develop and interact with the regime’s Agricultural Knowledge Systems (AKS). It frames the analysis around transition, knowledge systems and boundaries literatures. Specifically it explores the extent to which niche knowledge systems confront and, or enhance the regime’s AKS. The paper draws on empirical data from a study of the Permaculture community in England. The analysis describes the boundary between the knowledge systems of the Permaculture niche and the mainstream agricultural regime. Rather than a simple notion of PKS confronting or enhancing the AKS there are multiple knowledge processes operating which both maintain and permeate boundaries between the two knowledge systems.},
	urldate = {2017-08-12},
	journal = {Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions},
	author = {Ingram, Julie},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
}

This paper examines how knowledge systems within alternative agricultural niche develop and interact with the regime’s Agricultural Knowledge Systems (AKS). It frames the analysis around transition, knowledge systems and boundaries literatures. Specifically it explores the extent to which niche knowledge systems confront and, or enhance the regime’s AKS. The paper draws on empirical data from a study of the Permaculture community in England. The analysis describes the boundary between the knowledge systems of the Permaculture niche and the mainstream agricultural regime. Rather than a simple notion of PKS confronting or enhancing the AKS there are multiple knowledge processes operating which both maintain and permeate boundaries between the two knowledge systems.

@article{akhtar_incorporating_2016,
	title = {Incorporating permaculture and strategic management for sustainable ecological resource management},
	volume = {179},
	issn = {0301-4797},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479716302225},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.051},
	abstract = {Utilization of natural assets to the best efficient level without changing natural balance has become a critical issue for researchers as awareness on climate change takes central position in global debate. Conventional sustainable resource management systems are based on neoclassical economic approach that ignores the nature's pattern and therefore are not actually capable of sustainable management of resources. Environmentalists are lately advocating incorporation of Permaculture as holistic approach based on ethics, equitable interaction with eco-systems to obtain sustainability. The paper integrates philosophy of permaculture with strategic management frameworks to develop a pragmatic tool for policy development. The policy design tool augments management tasks by integrating recording of natural assets, monitoring of key performance indicators and integration of sectorial policies in real time, bringing out policy as a truly live document. The tool enhances the edifice process, balancing short term viewpoints and long term development to secure renewability of natural resources.},
	urldate = {2016-06-06},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	author = {Akhtar, Faiza and Lodhi, Suleman A. and Khan, Safdar Shah and Sarwar, Farhana},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {31--37},
}

Utilization of natural assets to the best efficient level without changing natural balance has become a critical issue for researchers as awareness on climate change takes central position in global debate. Conventional sustainable resource management systems are based on neoclassical economic approach that ignores the nature's pattern and therefore are not actually capable of sustainable management of resources. Environmentalists are lately advocating incorporation of Permaculture as holistic approach based on ethics, equitable interaction with eco-systems to obtain sustainability. The paper integrates philosophy of permaculture with strategic management frameworks to develop a pragmatic tool for policy development. The policy design tool augments management tasks by integrating recording of natural assets, monitoring of key performance indicators and integration of sectorial policies in real time, bringing out policy as a truly live document. The tool enhances the edifice process, balancing short term viewpoints and long term development to secure renewability of natural resources.

@article{wade_feed_2015,
	title = {Feed {Your} {Mind}: {Cultivating} {Ecological} {Community} {Literacies} with {Permaculture}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2162-6324},
	shorttitle = {Feed {Your} {Mind}},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/605295},
	doi = {10.1353/clj.2015.0023},
	abstract = {Abstract:
	  This article proposes permaculture, an ecological alternative to industrial agriculture, as a way to design first-year composition and community literacy classes. First, the paper connects permaculture with post-humanism to describe ecological community literacies—the type of knowledge that ecological theorists say we need to navigate the end of the anthropocene. Next, it describes assignments that can lead college students to this knowledge, and finally, it describes actual community literacy projects where college students can lead elementary students through assignments to gain this knowledge.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2016-10-04},
	journal = {Community Literacy Journal},
	author = {Wade, Stephanie},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	note = {00000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {87--98},
}

Abstract: This article proposes permaculture, an ecological alternative to industrial agriculture, as a way to design first-year composition and community literacy classes. First, the paper connects permaculture with post-humanism to describe ecological community literacies—the type of knowledge that ecological theorists say we need to navigate the end of the anthropocene. Next, it describes assignments that can lead college students to this knowledge, and finally, it describes actual community literacy projects where college students can lead elementary students through assignments to gain this knowledge.

@article{ingram_learning_2014,
	title = {Learning in the {Permaculture} {Community} of {Practice} in {England}: an analysis of the relationship between core practices and boundary processes.},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1389-224X},
	shorttitle = {Learning in the {Permaculture} {Community} of {Practice} in {England}},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension},
	author = {Ingram, Julie and Maye, Damian and Kirwan, James and Curry, Nigel and Kubinakova, Katarina},
	year = {2014},
	note = {00000},
	pages = {1--16},
}

@article{suh_theory_2014,
	title = {Theory and reality of integrated rice–duck farming in {Asian} developing countries: {A} systematic review and {SWOT} analysis},
	volume = {125},
	issn = {0308-521X},
	shorttitle = {Theory and reality of integrated rice–duck farming in {Asian} developing countries},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X13001479},
	doi = {10.1016/j.agsy.2013.11.003},
	abstract = {The integrated rice–duck farming (IRDF), in which ducks feed on insects and weeds in paddies and fertilise rice plants, has been a flagship of Asian sustainable-agriculture movements. Nevertheless, IRDF is not spreading rapidly enough to the extent to which it becomes a successful alternative agriculture. This paper undertakes a systematic review of a collection of experimental IRDF studies in order to derive an insight from the divergent experimental settings and findings. The paper also identifies the strengths and weaknesses of, opportunities for and threats to IRDF from the perspective of IRDF farmers, using the expert elicitation method. Five IRDF expert farmers from each of South Korea, Malaysia and Vietnam were interviewed for this purpose. The experimental studies and the expert farmers concurred that the most recognisable empirical strength of IRDF is the synergy of rice and ducks. It was found that the establishment of organic food certification systems provides an opportunity for IRDF to grow. On the other hand, labour-intensiveness was found the most challengeable weakness of IRDF. In parallel, labour shortage in rural areas was found as a serious threat to IRDF. It appears that the weaknesses and threats are more influential than the strengths and opportunities to shaping the adoption of IRDF. In order to make IRDF economically more feasible, the non-market ecological benefits of IRDF in mitigating land degradation and global warming can and should be internalised through appropriate policy instruments.},
	urldate = {2014-01-25},
	journal = {Agricultural Systems},
	author = {Suh, Jungho},
	month = mar,
	year = {2014},
	note = {00015},
	pages = {74--81},
}

The integrated rice–duck farming (IRDF), in which ducks feed on insects and weeds in paddies and fertilise rice plants, has been a flagship of Asian sustainable-agriculture movements. Nevertheless, IRDF is not spreading rapidly enough to the extent to which it becomes a successful alternative agriculture. This paper undertakes a systematic review of a collection of experimental IRDF studies in order to derive an insight from the divergent experimental settings and findings. The paper also identifies the strengths and weaknesses of, opportunities for and threats to IRDF from the perspective of IRDF farmers, using the expert elicitation method. Five IRDF expert farmers from each of South Korea, Malaysia and Vietnam were interviewed for this purpose. The experimental studies and the expert farmers concurred that the most recognisable empirical strength of IRDF is the synergy of rice and ducks. It was found that the establishment of organic food certification systems provides an opportunity for IRDF to grow. On the other hand, labour-intensiveness was found the most challengeable weakness of IRDF. In parallel, labour shortage in rural areas was found as a serious threat to IRDF. It appears that the weaknesses and threats are more influential than the strengths and opportunities to shaping the adoption of IRDF. In order to make IRDF economically more feasible, the non-market ecological benefits of IRDF in mitigating land degradation and global warming can and should be internalised through appropriate policy instruments.

@article{materechera_integrating_2013,
	title = {Integrating the indigenous kei apple (dovyalis caffra) into a local permaculture vegetable home eco-gardening system among resource-poor households in a semi-arid environment of south africa},
	issn = {0567-7572, 2406-6168},
	url = {https://www.actahort.org/books/979/979_22.htm},
	doi = {10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.979.22},
	number = {979},
	urldate = {2018-11-15},
	journal = {Acta Horticulturae},
	author = {Materechera, S.A. and Swanepol, H.R.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {225--232},
}

@incollection{aistara_weeds_2013,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Weeds or wisdom? {Permaculture} in the eye of the beholder on {Latvian} eco-health farms},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {Weeds or wisdom? {Permaculture} in the eye of the beholder on {Latvian} eco-health farms},
	booktitle = {{ENVIRONMENTAL} {ANTHROPOLOGY} {ENGAGING} {ECOTOPIA}: {Bioregionalism}, {Permaculture}, and {Ecovillages}},
	publisher = {Berghahn Books. In press.},
	author = {Aistara, Guntra},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{pereira_salazar_participacion_2013,
	title = {Participación y acción colectiva en los movimientos globales de ecoaldeas y permacultura. ({Spanish})},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {01200534},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=95509719&site=ehost-live},
	doi = {10.14349/rlp.v45i3.1482},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes participation and collective action in the global movements of Ecovillage and Permaculture. We present the theoretical and methodological approach of the doctoral research entitled "Collective Action Frameworks for Cultural Global Movements in Ecovillages and Permaculture. Mediations, Communities and Social Networks in Building Sustainable Paradigm". This research is based on a psychosocial perspective which integrates constructionist and methodology in order to study cultural frameworks based on transformative social action. These results seek to contribute to the discussion, reflection and analysis of proposals for sustainable human development as forms of action which will ultimately allow the generation of responses to complex socio-environmental crisis contexts. (English)},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2015-01-11},
	journal = {Collective participation and action in global movements for ecovillages and permaculture. (English)},
	author = {Pereira Salazar, Claudio Antonio},
	month = sep,
	year = {2013},
	note = {00000},
	pages = {401--413},
}

This paper analyzes participation and collective action in the global movements of Ecovillage and Permaculture. We present the theoretical and methodological approach of the doctoral research entitled "Collective Action Frameworks for Cultural Global Movements in Ecovillages and Permaculture. Mediations, Communities and Social Networks in Building Sustainable Paradigm". This research is based on a psychosocial perspective which integrates constructionist and methodology in order to study cultural frameworks based on transformative social action. These results seek to contribute to the discussion, reflection and analysis of proposals for sustainable human development as forms of action which will ultimately allow the generation of responses to complex socio-environmental crisis contexts. (English)

@incollection{haluza-delay_permaculture_2013,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Permaculture in the city: {Ecological} habitus and the distributed ecovillage},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {Weeds or wisdom? {Permaculture} in the eye of the beholder on {Latvian} eco-health farms},
	booktitle = {{ENVIRONMENTAL} {ANTHROPOLOGY} {ENGAGING} {ECOTOPIA}: {Bioregionalism}, {Permaculture}, and {Ecovillages}},
	publisher = {Berghahn Books. In press.},
	author = {Haluza-DeLay, Randolph and Berezan, R},
	year = {2013},
}

@incollection{fox_putting_2013,
	title = {Putting {Permaculture} {Ethics} to {Work}: {Commons} {Thinking}, {Progress}, and {Hope}},
	isbn = {978-0-85745-880-3},
	abstract = {In order to move global society towards a sustainable "ecotopia," solutions must be engaged in specific places and communities, and the authors here argue for re-orienting environmental anthropology from a problem-oriented towards a solutions-focused endeavor. Using case studies from around the world, the contributors-scholar-activists and activist-practitioners- examine the interrelationships between three prominent environmental social movements: bioregionalism, a worldview and political ecology that grounds environmental action and experience; permaculture, a design science for putting the bioregional vision into action; and ecovillages, the ever-dynamic settings for creating sustainable local cultures.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Environmental {Anthropology} {Engaging} {Ecotopia}: {Bioregionalism}, {Permaculture}, and {Ecovillages}},
	publisher = {Berghahn Books},
	author = {Fox, Katy},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	note = {00000 
Google-Books-ID: uWFFAAAAQBAJ},
}

In order to move global society towards a sustainable "ecotopia," solutions must be engaged in specific places and communities, and the authors here argue for re-orienting environmental anthropology from a problem-oriented towards a solutions-focused endeavor. Using case studies from around the world, the contributors-scholar-activists and activist-practitioners- examine the interrelationships between three prominent environmental social movements: bioregionalism, a worldview and political ecology that grounds environmental action and experience; permaculture, a design science for putting the bioregional vision into action; and ecovillages, the ever-dynamic settings for creating sustainable local cultures.

@article{lebo_ecological_2013,
	title = {Ecological {Literacy} through {Permaculture}},
	volume = {98},
	url = {http://theecoschool.net/The_Eco_School/Research_and_Publications_files/Ecological%20Literacy%20through%20Permaculture.pdf},
	urldate = {2013-12-25},
	journal = {GREEN TEACHER},
	author = {Lebo, Nelson},
	year = {2013},
	note = {00000},
	pages = {34},
}

@incollection{jones_permaculture_2012,
	title = {Permaculture {Restoration} of the {Aral} {Sea} {Watershed}},
	volume = {20},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture {Restoration} of the {Aral} {Sea} {Watershed}},
	abstract = {Permaculture, as a design science supporting “permanent culture,” has developed experience globally in ecologically regenerative design. The Aral Sea watershed provides a unique opportunity to apply a relevant design process aiming at restoration of ecological function. Permacultural practice follows a core of ethics and principles and a basic design process based on such factors as stakeholder analysis, water harvesting principles, and the scale of permanence. The focus of permacultural interventions is on water, forests, and perennial vegetation, balanced with human needs. This chapter highlights key elements of the design process and summarizes the process of permaculture rehabilitation. Given success in similar situations working at a smaller-scale suggests a potential approach for regeneration in the Aral Sea Basin.},
	booktitle = {Research in {Social} {Problems} and {Public} {Policy}},
	publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
	author = {Jones, A.},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {391--409},
}

Permaculture, as a design science supporting “permanent culture,” has developed experience globally in ecologically regenerative design. The Aral Sea watershed provides a unique opportunity to apply a relevant design process aiming at restoration of ecological function. Permacultural practice follows a core of ethics and principles and a basic design process based on such factors as stakeholder analysis, water harvesting principles, and the scale of permanence. The focus of permacultural interventions is on water, forests, and perennial vegetation, balanced with human needs. This chapter highlights key elements of the design process and summarizes the process of permaculture rehabilitation. Given success in similar situations working at a smaller-scale suggests a potential approach for regeneration in the Aral Sea Basin.

@phdthesis{lebo_iii_toward_2012,
	title = {Toward ecological literacy: {A} permaculture approach to junior secondary science},
	shorttitle = {Toward ecological literacy},
	url = {http://www.permaculturenews.org/files/Nelson_Lebo_Thesis.pdf},
	urldate = {2013-12-25},
	school = {The University of Waikato},
	author = {Lebo III, Nelson Fry},
	year = {2012},
	note = {00000},
}

@incollection{sheriff_permaculture_2012,
	title = {Permaculture and productive urban landscapes},
	isbn = {978-1-136-41432-9},
	abstract = {This book on urban design extends and develops the widely accepted 'compact city' solution. It provides a design proposal for a new kind of sustainable urban landscape: Urban Agriculture. By growing food within an urban rather than exclusively rural environment, urban agriculture would reduce the need for industrialized production, packaging and transportation of foodstuffs to the city dwelling consumers. The revolutionary and innovative concepts put forth in this book have potential to shape the future of our cities quality of life within them. Urban design is shown in practice through international case studies and the arguments presented are supported by quantified economic, environmental and social justifications.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Continuous {Productive} {Urban} {Landscapes}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Sheriff, Graeme},
	month = may,
	year = {2012},
	note = {00003 
Google-Books-ID: 2qwrBgAAQBAJ},
}

This book on urban design extends and develops the widely accepted 'compact city' solution. It provides a design proposal for a new kind of sustainable urban landscape: Urban Agriculture. By growing food within an urban rather than exclusively rural environment, urban agriculture would reduce the need for industrialized production, packaging and transportation of foodstuffs to the city dwelling consumers. The revolutionary and innovative concepts put forth in this book have potential to shape the future of our cities quality of life within them. Urban design is shown in practice through international case studies and the arguments presented are supported by quantified economic, environmental and social justifications.

@phdthesis{gashute_livelihood-environment_2012,
	address = {Hawassa, Ethiopia},
	title = {Livelihood-{Environment} {Nexus}: {The} {Reconciling} {Role} of permaculture, {Case} study in {Konso} {Woreda}},
	abstract = {This thesis titled ‘Livelihood-Environment Nexus: The Reconciling Role of permaculture, Casestudy in Konso Woreda’ is an attempt to assess the practice of permaculture in Konso woreda inthe context of the livelihood and environment condition of the woreda. The study is targeted tothe assessment of the role of permaculture in reconciling livelihood-environment interaction as ageneral objective, and to examine the role of permaculture in improving livelihood conditions aswell as in protecting the environment and to investigate how the environment can be managedfor the sustainability of livelihood as specific objectives. It is believed that the correspondingresearch questions which are posed at the initiation of the study are answered to meet the statedobjectives. In order to get deeper information on the issue an exclusively qualitative researchmethodology with purposive sampling technique in which the major participants were farmersand teachers was employed. The data collection tools used includes in-depth interview, keyinformant interview, focus group discussion, observation and secondary data. Accordingly, thestudy has tried to examine the context in which permaculture was introduced in Konso woredaand the progress of permaculture from the view point of major indicators like impact on theenvironment, productivity and income generation . The study has also tried to assess the practiceof permaculture as livelihood strategy in Konso area based on DFID’s SLF and the theory ofagro-ecological approach. Through these investigations and logical analysis the study came tothe finding that there are improvements in environment condition, productivity and incomewhich indicates the potential of permaculture to influence the livelihood and environmentimprovement of the study area. It has also brought new knowledge which can foster the longlasted and appreciated indigenous knowledge of the study area. It was also identified that thereis no well organized interaction and involvement of concerned stakeholders on the practice inthe study area. Based on this the study came to the conclusion that if things are plain,permaculture has the potential to bring improvement on the natural capital which can ultimatelyleads to improvement in productivity (secured food) and can contribute to the buildup of otherlivelihood assets.},
	school = {Hawassa University Hawassa, Ethiopia},
	author = {Gashute, T S},
	year = {2012},
}

This thesis titled ‘Livelihood-Environment Nexus: The Reconciling Role of permaculture, Casestudy in Konso Woreda’ is an attempt to assess the practice of permaculture in Konso woreda inthe context of the livelihood and environment condition of the woreda. The study is targeted tothe assessment of the role of permaculture in reconciling livelihood-environment interaction as ageneral objective, and to examine the role of permaculture in improving livelihood conditions aswell as in protecting the environment and to investigate how the environment can be managedfor the sustainability of livelihood as specific objectives. It is believed that the correspondingresearch questions which are posed at the initiation of the study are answered to meet the statedobjectives. In order to get deeper information on the issue an exclusively qualitative researchmethodology with purposive sampling technique in which the major participants were farmersand teachers was employed. The data collection tools used includes in-depth interview, keyinformant interview, focus group discussion, observation and secondary data. Accordingly, thestudy has tried to examine the context in which permaculture was introduced in Konso woredaand the progress of permaculture from the view point of major indicators like impact on theenvironment, productivity and income generation . The study has also tried to assess the practiceof permaculture as livelihood strategy in Konso area based on DFID’s SLF and the theory ofagro-ecological approach. Through these investigations and logical analysis the study came tothe finding that there are improvements in environment condition, productivity and incomewhich indicates the potential of permaculture to influence the livelihood and environmentimprovement of the study area. It has also brought new knowledge which can foster the longlasted and appreciated indigenous knowledge of the study area. It was also identified that thereis no well organized interaction and involvement of concerned stakeholders on the practice inthe study area. Based on this the study came to the conclusion that if things are plain,permaculture has the potential to bring improvement on the natural capital which can ultimatelyleads to improvement in productivity (secured food) and can contribute to the buildup of otherlivelihood assets.

@phdthesis{henderson_permacultura:_2012,
	address = {Brasilia, Brasil},
	title = {Permacultura: as técnicas, o espaço, a natureza eo homem {\textless}{Permaculture}: technical, space, nature and man{\textgreater}},
	abstract = {Permaculture is characterized as a science that is based on the traditional "cultural" practices, indigenous and ancestral with respect to plants and animals. This paper aims to describe permaculture, specifically permaculture practiced in the Federal District and surrounding areas, with field observations made in its main locations. As well as present as a permaculture site is planned through a dynamic design, or permaculture design. The objectives boil down to reflect on the extent to which the organization of space - both physical and temporal - of permaculture can interfere with social relationships and composition of the human being (percorendo the concrete to the abstract) and thus transpire that the activities and techniques have an extremely important character for the organization of social and person in a permacultual environment, and also to rethink the position of permaculture in the modern environmental discourse. Thus it is understood that permaculture is characterized by complementing said two pairs "opposite": engineering and bricolage (science and traditional experimentation). Also, present permaculture as a new ideology / utopia, a modern environmentalism with bases in the past and the future simultaneously.},
	school = {Universidade de Brasília, Brasília},
	author = {Henderson, D F},
	year = {2012},
}

Permaculture is characterized as a science that is based on the traditional "cultural" practices, indigenous and ancestral with respect to plants and animals. This paper aims to describe permaculture, specifically permaculture practiced in the Federal District and surrounding areas, with field observations made in its main locations. As well as present as a permaculture site is planned through a dynamic design, or permaculture design. The objectives boil down to reflect on the extent to which the organization of space - both physical and temporal - of permaculture can interfere with social relationships and composition of the human being (percorendo the concrete to the abstract) and thus transpire that the activities and techniques have an extremely important character for the organization of social and person in a permacultual environment, and also to rethink the position of permaculture in the modern environmental discourse. Thus it is understood that permaculture is characterized by complementing said two pairs "opposite": engineering and bricolage (science and traditional experimentation). Also, present permaculture as a new ideology / utopia, a modern environmentalism with bases in the past and the future simultaneously.

@mastersthesis{noga_nature_2012,
	address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
	title = {Nature itself as our guide: a resilience perspective on permaculture and an empirical investigation of its use in three case studies in {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}},
	school = {Stockholm University},
	author = {Noga, A.},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{cartwright_how_2012,
	title = {How farms are using permaculture design to survive and prosper},
	shorttitle = {How farms are using permaculture design to survive and prosper},
	journal = {Permaculture Magazine},
	author = {Cartwright, L.},
	year = {2012},
}

@article{peeters_permaculture_2012,
	title = {Permaculture as {Alternative} {Agriculture}},
	volume = {26},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture as {Alternative} {Agriculture}},
	journal = {Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies},
	author = {Peeters, B.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {1-2},
	pages = {422--434},
}

@phdthesis{schindler_designing_2011,
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	title = {Designing for {Disaster} {Evaluating} the {Potential} for {Application} of {Permaculture} {Design} in {Development} and {Emergency} {Contexts}},
	shorttitle = {{ZeyaSchindler2011}.pdf},
	abstract = {Permaculture is a practical design system that mimics the functions and patterns of ecosystems in planning for sustainable human settlements, incorporating integrated systems for food production, shelter, energy capture and use, and a range of other material and non-material needs. The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the permaculture system in terms of its potential for application in development and emergency contexts. As a point of departure for this study, it is proposed that the interrelation between global poverty and severe environmental degradation produces an unprecedented need for holistic approaches to development, capable of integrating poverty alleviation measures with sustainable ecological management practices. Permaculture is positioned as the focal point of research because its principles and methods seem impeccably suited to meet this need, and yet are lacking a substantial body of literature to recommend them. The research approach utilized included an extensive effort to locate and compile what documented evidence does exist of permaculture in development and humanitarian situations, and to combine it with correspondence and key informant interviews to form as complete a picture as possible of the system’s capacities in these fields. Four case studies were selected for closest inspection, based on criteria including quantity of available information and ability to demonstrate a range of activities and outcomes. Analysis of case studies, background information on permaculture design, and a range of developmental challenges towards which permaculture can be applied yielded clear insight into considerable potential for permaculture initiatives to achieve positive impacts in a variety of development and emergency contexts. Areas of substantial applicability include deployment of low-cost and adaptable methods for managing waste and accessing safe water in post-disaster environments, innovative design methods for refugee camp design and management, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through sequestration of carbon, and most importantly, mobilization of integrated and adaptable systems for increasing livelihoods and community security while simultaneously rehabilitating ecosystems promoting sound environmental management practices.},
	school = {Oxford Brookes University},
	author = {Schindler, Zeya},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
}

Permaculture is a practical design system that mimics the functions and patterns of ecosystems in planning for sustainable human settlements, incorporating integrated systems for food production, shelter, energy capture and use, and a range of other material and non-material needs. The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the permaculture system in terms of its potential for application in development and emergency contexts. As a point of departure for this study, it is proposed that the interrelation between global poverty and severe environmental degradation produces an unprecedented need for holistic approaches to development, capable of integrating poverty alleviation measures with sustainable ecological management practices. Permaculture is positioned as the focal point of research because its principles and methods seem impeccably suited to meet this need, and yet are lacking a substantial body of literature to recommend them. The research approach utilized included an extensive effort to locate and compile what documented evidence does exist of permaculture in development and humanitarian situations, and to combine it with correspondence and key informant interviews to form as complete a picture as possible of the system’s capacities in these fields. Four case studies were selected for closest inspection, based on criteria including quantity of available information and ability to demonstrate a range of activities and outcomes. Analysis of case studies, background information on permaculture design, and a range of developmental challenges towards which permaculture can be applied yielded clear insight into considerable potential for permaculture initiatives to achieve positive impacts in a variety of development and emergency contexts. Areas of substantial applicability include deployment of low-cost and adaptable methods for managing waste and accessing safe water in post-disaster environments, innovative design methods for refugee camp design and management, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through sequestration of carbon, and most importantly, mobilization of integrated and adaptable systems for increasing livelihoods and community security while simultaneously rehabilitating ecosystems promoting sound environmental management practices.

@mastersthesis{sinha_earth_2011,
	address = {Guelph, USA},
	title = {Earth self-regulating mechanisms: reading permaculture into the suburban environment},
	abstract = {Suburban sprawl, while consuming half of this country's best agricultural land, represents an unsustainable land use pattern, yet it continues to be the norm for how land is developed with half the Canadian population railing 'suburbia' home. Permaculture is an alternative form of land use management that works with nature rather than against it. Earth self- regulating mechanisms drawn from the permaculture literature signify ecosystem health. Community design principles, identified from a case study, represent core attributes of sustainable urbanism. Merging earth self-regulating mechanisms with community design principles forms a matrix that was applied to the suburban part of the landscape gradient for a site in Guelph, Ontario. This application might enhance the sustainability of the suburban zone of the landscape gradient. This study seeks to establish a model for understanding how permaculture could be integrated into the suburban built environment as a way of maintaining ecosystem health and enhancing sustainability.},
	school = {UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH},
	author = {Sinha, Mala Marie},
	year = {2011},
}

Suburban sprawl, while consuming half of this country's best agricultural land, represents an unsustainable land use pattern, yet it continues to be the norm for how land is developed with half the Canadian population railing 'suburbia' home. Permaculture is an alternative form of land use management that works with nature rather than against it. Earth self- regulating mechanisms drawn from the permaculture literature signify ecosystem health. Community design principles, identified from a case study, represent core attributes of sustainable urbanism. Merging earth self-regulating mechanisms with community design principles forms a matrix that was applied to the suburban part of the landscape gradient for a site in Guelph, Ontario. This application might enhance the sustainability of the suburban zone of the landscape gradient. This study seeks to establish a model for understanding how permaculture could be integrated into the suburban built environment as a way of maintaining ecosystem health and enhancing sustainability.

@phdthesis{sessoms_permaculture_2011,
	address = {Brattleboro, USA},
	title = {Permaculture and {Community}: {Manifestations} of {Subculture}, {Ecology}, and {Objectives} in {Comunidade} {Campina}},
	abstract = {Social justice and sustainable development are not mutually exclusive and must be given equal importance, as their success is dependent upon the realization of the other. The foundation of permaculture embodies this concept in its ethics, and although the theory was developed in the 1970s and has grown into a global grassroots movement, scholarly articles evaluating its applications and effectiveness are limited. One of the greatest causes for this is the difficulty in extrapolating observation to a theoretical realm, in addition to the complexity in evaluating how all-encompassing the philosophy extends and determining the cause-effect scenario of systems. This study hopes to highlight how permaculture application has influenced the ecological values, ethics, and subculture manifested through daily activities within the Comunidade Campina located in the Vale do Capao in Bahia, Brazil, and the role permaculture played in the development of these factors; what relationships have been created within and among systems and to what extent are they close-looped; and to what extent the sustainability of permaculture is contingent upon the sustainability of the community. It is also necessary to consider not only how permaculture has influenced the community, but also how the community has played a role in the implementation of permaculture. Through participatory-observation, interviews, dialogues, and background research during my stay on-site for three weeks in November and December, 2011, the following results were found: although it was impossible to determine whether permaculture principles were the origin of communal values present, they served in a reinforcing, cyclical relationship; the systems currently employed strove to close energy and waste loops while fulfilling objectives and sub-goals of systems that placed nearly equal value on both human and environmental components; and a fluctuating identity and member composition had not yet derailed permaculture implementation but did play a limiting factor. Permaculture principles and ethics can serve as a framework in which to create holistic, close-looped systems compounded with counter culture development that can assist in developing sustainable production outputs and sustainable, lower consumption practices. Potential permaculture applications can address manifestations of poverty and environmental damage, and serve as an alternative lifestyle during a time of environmental and financial volatility, not only in this specific region, but also throughout the world.},
	school = {School for International Training},
	author = {Sessoms, E.},
	year = {2011},
}

Social justice and sustainable development are not mutually exclusive and must be given equal importance, as their success is dependent upon the realization of the other. The foundation of permaculture embodies this concept in its ethics, and although the theory was developed in the 1970s and has grown into a global grassroots movement, scholarly articles evaluating its applications and effectiveness are limited. One of the greatest causes for this is the difficulty in extrapolating observation to a theoretical realm, in addition to the complexity in evaluating how all-encompassing the philosophy extends and determining the cause-effect scenario of systems. This study hopes to highlight how permaculture application has influenced the ecological values, ethics, and subculture manifested through daily activities within the Comunidade Campina located in the Vale do Capao in Bahia, Brazil, and the role permaculture played in the development of these factors; what relationships have been created within and among systems and to what extent are they close-looped; and to what extent the sustainability of permaculture is contingent upon the sustainability of the community. It is also necessary to consider not only how permaculture has influenced the community, but also how the community has played a role in the implementation of permaculture. Through participatory-observation, interviews, dialogues, and background research during my stay on-site for three weeks in November and December, 2011, the following results were found: although it was impossible to determine whether permaculture principles were the origin of communal values present, they served in a reinforcing, cyclical relationship; the systems currently employed strove to close energy and waste loops while fulfilling objectives and sub-goals of systems that placed nearly equal value on both human and environmental components; and a fluctuating identity and member composition had not yet derailed permaculture implementation but did play a limiting factor. Permaculture principles and ethics can serve as a framework in which to create holistic, close-looped systems compounded with counter culture development that can assist in developing sustainable production outputs and sustainable, lower consumption practices. Potential permaculture applications can address manifestations of poverty and environmental damage, and serve as an alternative lifestyle during a time of environmental and financial volatility, not only in this specific region, but also throughout the world.

@mastersthesis{namululi_potential_2011,
	address = {Uppsala, Sweden},
	title = {The {Potential} of {Permaculture} in {Addressing} {Food} {Insecurity} in {Karamoja} {District}, {Uganda}},
	school = {Uppsala University},
	author = {Namululi, Anastansia Musana},
	year = {2011},
}

@phdthesis{dahlman_seed_2011,
	address = {Cincinnati, USA},
	title = {From {Seed} to {Supper}: {An} {Urban} {Permaculture} {Garden} and {Community} {Kitchen}},
	abstract = {Despite the many known benefits of urban agriculture that have been observed recently and over the last few decades, there is still much room for improvement. Common trends in urban food production tend to include either a reluctance, or inability, to work within a city’s bureaucratic hierarchy, or a lack of understanding and creativity to think beyond the existing, traditional farm framework. The grassroots approach to starting and maintaining urban farms might be more appropriate for communities in the short term, but top-down design thinking has the potential to create more long-term solutions that not only incorporate architecture, but also take advantage of the inherent characteristics of urban areas. A hybrid architecture based on permacultural principles is proposed that seamlessly integrates building and landscape to optimize the functions of both. The intended outcome will be a community kitchen and edible landscape located on a small abandoned urban lot that produces food in an ecologically sensitive and low-input process, while providing a place for the storage, cooking and consumption of food. This will result in a stronger, healthier community that has a better understanding of the whole food cycle, allowing its residents to make more informed choices and to increase their accessibility to fresh food.},
	school = {University of Cincinnati, Design, Architecture, Art and Planning: Architecture.},
	author = {Dahlman, A.},
	year = {2011},
}

Despite the many known benefits of urban agriculture that have been observed recently and over the last few decades, there is still much room for improvement. Common trends in urban food production tend to include either a reluctance, or inability, to work within a city’s bureaucratic hierarchy, or a lack of understanding and creativity to think beyond the existing, traditional farm framework. The grassroots approach to starting and maintaining urban farms might be more appropriate for communities in the short term, but top-down design thinking has the potential to create more long-term solutions that not only incorporate architecture, but also take advantage of the inherent characteristics of urban areas. A hybrid architecture based on permacultural principles is proposed that seamlessly integrates building and landscape to optimize the functions of both. The intended outcome will be a community kitchen and edible landscape located on a small abandoned urban lot that produces food in an ecologically sensitive and low-input process, while providing a place for the storage, cooking and consumption of food. This will result in a stronger, healthier community that has a better understanding of the whole food cycle, allowing its residents to make more informed choices and to increase their accessibility to fresh food.

@incollection{pickerill_permaculture_2010,
	address = {New York},
	title = {Permaculture in practice: {Low} {Impact} {Development} in {Britain}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture in practice: {Low} {Impact} {Development} in {Britain}},
	booktitle = {Localizing {Environmental} {Anthropology}: {Bioregionalism}, {Permaculture}, and {Ecovillage} {Design} for a {Sustainable} {Future}},
	publisher = {Berghahn Books},
	author = {Pickerill, J.},
	year = {2010},
}

@phdthesis{prinsloo_implementation_2010,
	address = {Pretoria, S. Africa},
	title = {Implementation of permaculture principles in landscape design by south african green industry role players},
	school = {Tshwane University of Technology},
	author = {Prinsloo, Kara-Lee},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
}

@article{mcmanus_integral_2010,
	title = {An {Integral} {Framework} for {Permaculture}},
	volume = {3},
	shorttitle = {An {Integral} {Framework} for {Permaculture}},
	journal = {Journal of Sustainable Development},
	author = {McManus, B.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {3},
	pages = {P162},
}

@article{meacham_permaculture_2010,
	title = {Permaculture {Ethics} and the {Chain} of {Benefits}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture {Ethics} and the {Chain} of {Benefits}},
	journal = {Permaculture Activist},
	author = {Meacham, B.},
	year = {2010},
}

@inproceedings{ormond_lid_2010,
	title = {{LID} {Meets} {Permaculture}: {Sustainable} {Stormwater} {Management} in the {Mountains} of {Western} {North} {Carolina}},
	shorttitle = {{LID} {Meets} {Permaculture}: {Sustainable} {Stormwater} {Management} in the {Mountains} of {Western} {North} {Carolina}},
	author = {Ormond, T. and Mundy, B. and Weber, M. and Friedman, Z.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {935--948},
}

@incollection{dawson_permaculture_2010,
	address = {Hampshire, UK},
	title = {The {Permaculture} of {Pensions}},
	shorttitle = {The {Permaculture} of {Pensions}},
	booktitle = {Gaian {Economics}},
	publisher = {Permanent Publications},
	author = {Dawson, J.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {106},
}

@article{wills_growing_2010,
	title = {Growing or connecting? {An} urban food garden in {Johannesburg}},
	volume = {25},
	shorttitle = {Growing or connecting? {An} urban food garden in {Johannesburg}},
	url = {http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/1/33.full.pdf file://localhost/Users/LiberationEcology/Reference/@Reference%20(non-sync)/@Sente%20Libraries/Permaculture.Dissertation.sente6lib/Contents/Attachments/Wills%202010%20Growing%20or%20connecting%3F%20An%20urban%20food%20ga.webarchive file://localhost/Users/LiberationEcology/Reference/@Reference%20(non-sync)/@Sente%20Libraries/Permaculture.Dissertation.sente6lib/Contents/Attachments/Wills%202010%20Growing%20or%20connecting%3F%20An%20urban%20food%20ga.pdf},
	doi = {10.1093/heapro/dap042},
	abstract = {Issues of food security are of particular importance in urban areas in Africa and government policy advises on the household growing of vegetables for nutrition. The Siyakhana project is a food garden in the centre of Johannesburg which was established by a University Health Promotion Unit with the support of other stakeholders including the City authorities and a permaculture organization. It was set up with the objective of providing food for children attending early-childhood development centres and for the beneficiaries of non-governmental organizations providing home-based care for people living with HIV/AIDS. One year after start-up, an evaluation was conducted, based on the measures of outcome identified as significant by those involved in the project. Its impact on health is not yet measurable, but as the amounts of fruits and vegetables available and consumed in South Africa are low compared with WHO recommendations, it is a useful addition to food security in an urban area. Mobilizing around the food garden supported bonding among homogenous but separate third-sector organizations, through increased opportunities for networking which built trust, reciprocity and resource exchange. The project also provides a model for a community–university partnership providing opportunities for service learning by students and for social investment by the university.},
	journal = {Health Promotion International},
	author = {Wills, Jane and Chinemana, Frances and Rudolph, Michael},
	year = {2010},
	note = {00033 
1},
	pages = {33--41},
}

Issues of food security are of particular importance in urban areas in Africa and government policy advises on the household growing of vegetables for nutrition. The Siyakhana project is a food garden in the centre of Johannesburg which was established by a University Health Promotion Unit with the support of other stakeholders including the City authorities and a permaculture organization. It was set up with the objective of providing food for children attending early-childhood development centres and for the beneficiaries of non-governmental organizations providing home-based care for people living with HIV/AIDS. One year after start-up, an evaluation was conducted, based on the measures of outcome identified as significant by those involved in the project. Its impact on health is not yet measurable, but as the amounts of fruits and vegetables available and consumed in South Africa are low compared with WHO recommendations, it is a useful addition to food security in an urban area. Mobilizing around the food garden supported bonding among homogenous but separate third-sector organizations, through increased opportunities for networking which built trust, reciprocity and resource exchange. The project also provides a model for a community–university partnership providing opportunities for service learning by students and for social investment by the university.

@article{stevens_official_2009,
	title = {The official rhetoric of permaculture: {Motivating} behaviour change through environmental communication},
	volume = {36},
	copyright = {Copyright Dr. Roslyn Petelin 2009},
	issn = {08116202},
	shorttitle = {The official rhetoric of permaculture},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/884035886/abstract/D5C38142CB684E94PQ/1},
	abstract = {Research indicates that communicating the reality and urgency of global environmental risks is insufficient to motivate personal lifestyle change because individuals often discount their self-efficacy when faced with massive, critical problems. This paper analyses the 'official rhetoric' (Hauser, 1999) of the international permaculture movement to indicate how permaculture mobilises readers by crafting positive, utopian messages, by valuing individual action, by insisting individuals have the knowledge necessary for action, by promoting ethical reflexivity, and by suggesting situated ways to adapt permaculture. Permaculture rhetoric thereby works to convince readers that easy actions can add joy to their lives while healing the earth. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
	language = {English},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2017-10-13},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Communication; Brisbane},
	author = {Stevens, Sharon McKenzie},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {73--91},
}

Research indicates that communicating the reality and urgency of global environmental risks is insufficient to motivate personal lifestyle change because individuals often discount their self-efficacy when faced with massive, critical problems. This paper analyses the 'official rhetoric' (Hauser, 1999) of the international permaculture movement to indicate how permaculture mobilises readers by crafting positive, utopian messages, by valuing individual action, by insisting individuals have the knowledge necessary for action, by promoting ethical reflexivity, and by suggesting situated ways to adapt permaculture. Permaculture rhetoric thereby works to convince readers that easy actions can add joy to their lives while healing the earth. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

@inproceedings{goldberg_permaculture:_2009,
	title = {Permaculture: {Organic} {Education} {Across} {Borders}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture: {Organic} {Education} {Across} {Borders}},
	author = {Goldberg, A.},
	year = {2009},
}

@incollection{gundersen_permaculture_2009,
	title = {Permaculture, {A} {Natural} {Systems} {Design} {Approach} {For} {Teaching} {Sustainability} {In} {Higher} {Education}: {Pacific} {University}'{S} {B}-{Street} {Permaculture} {Project}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture, {A} {Natural} {Systems} {Design} {Approach} {For} {Teaching} {Sustainability} {In} {Higher} {Education}: {Pacific} {University}'{S} {B}-{Street} {Permaculture} {Project}},
	booktitle = {Addressing {Global} {Environmental} {Security} {Through} {Innovative} {Educational} {Curricula}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Gundersen, D T and O'Day, T.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {165--177},
}

@article{hernandez_permaculture_2009,
	title = {Permaculture, a simpler way of life, results in multiple benefits.},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture, a simpler way of life, results in multiple benefits.},
	journal = {Caribbean Business},
	author = {Hernandez, Gina M},
	month = jan,
	year = {2009},
}

@article{mukute_cultural_2009,
	title = {Cultural historical activity theory, expansive learning and agency in permaculture workplaces},
	volume = {26},
	shorttitle = {Cultural historical activity theory, expansive learning and agency in permaculture workplaces},
	journal = {Southern African Journal of Environmental Education},
	author = {Mukute, M.},
	year = {2009},
}

@article{veteto_environmental_2008,
	title = {Environmental anthropology engaging permaculture: moving theory and practice toward sustainability},
	volume = {30},
	shorttitle = {Environmental anthropology engaging permaculture: moving theory and practice toward sustainability},
	journal = {Culture \& Agriculture},
	author = {Veteto, J R and Lockyer, J.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {1-2},
	pages = {47--58},
}

@phdthesis{thornton_permaculture_2008,
	address = {Brattleboro, Vermont},
	title = {Permaculture {Adoption} {Among} {Malawian} {Farmers}: {A} {Positive} {Deviance} {Inquiry}},
	school = {School for International Training},
	author = {Thornton, H.},
	year = {2008},
}

@inproceedings{jensen_creating_2008,
	title = {Creating {Nature}: {Permaculture} {Management} of {Agriculture}.},
	shorttitle = {Creating {Nature}: {Permaculture} {Management} of {Agriculture}.},
	author = {Jensen, B M V},
	year = {2008},
}

@article{bulut_permaculture_2008,
	title = {Permaculture {Playgrounds} as a {New} {Design} {Approach} for {Sustainable} {Society}},
	volume = {1},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture {Playgrounds} as a {New} {Design} {Approach} for {Sustainable} {Society}},
	journal = {International Journal of Natural and Engineering Science},
	author = {Bulut, Z. and Yilmaz, S.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {2},
	pages = {35--40},
}

@phdthesis{battisti_permaculture_2008,
	address = {Davis, USA},
	title = {Permaculture in {Higher} {Education}: {Teaching} {Sustainability} {Through} {Action} {Learning}},
	abstract = {This is a case study of the use of Action Learning (AL) theory to teach and confer degrees in Permaculture and other forms of sustainability at the newly formed Gaia University International (GUI). In Chapter Two I argue that GUI, as an institution of higher learning, is organized to provide support for learning. The goal of the university structure is to provide students, called Associates, with a vehicle for accumulation of credit towards a bachelor's degree. This organizational structure is necessary, but insufficient for AL because Associates need more than an organization to provide and coordinate their degree programs. In other words, just because the network of university structures are organized in ways that make AL possible and convenient, it does not necessarily follow that Action Learning will occur for any individual Associate. The support structures within GUI's degrees are discussed in Chapter Three. To a greater or lesser degree GUI provides support for personal learning among Associates as advisors and advisees with the goal of helping Associates complete and document the outcomes of world-change projects. The support structures are necessary, but not sufficient for AL because the personal learning process occurring for each Associate requires transformative reflection. Additionally, because Associates' attrition rate is very high, many Associates do not remain enrolled in GUI long enough to benefit from the support structures. At the simplest organizational level I discuss the reflection process conducted in the patterned interactions of assigned learning groups called Guilds (Chapter Four). These groups of Associates work to provide each other with the best possible environment for personal learning through reflection. As its Associates experience transformative reflection, GUI is able to help elevate the quality of world-change efforts in the Permaculture community. Provided the organizational and support structures are in place, this reflection process is both necessary and sufficient for AL. By this I mean that if transformative reflection is occurring in Guild meetings, and is supported by a system of advisors, reviewers and support people within a university organized to give credit for Action Learning, then Action Learning will occur for individual Associates.},
	school = {University of California Davis},
	author = {Battisti, B T},
	year = {2008},
}

This is a case study of the use of Action Learning (AL) theory to teach and confer degrees in Permaculture and other forms of sustainability at the newly formed Gaia University International (GUI). In Chapter Two I argue that GUI, as an institution of higher learning, is organized to provide support for learning. The goal of the university structure is to provide students, called Associates, with a vehicle for accumulation of credit towards a bachelor's degree. This organizational structure is necessary, but insufficient for AL because Associates need more than an organization to provide and coordinate their degree programs. In other words, just because the network of university structures are organized in ways that make AL possible and convenient, it does not necessarily follow that Action Learning will occur for any individual Associate. The support structures within GUI's degrees are discussed in Chapter Three. To a greater or lesser degree GUI provides support for personal learning among Associates as advisors and advisees with the goal of helping Associates complete and document the outcomes of world-change projects. The support structures are necessary, but not sufficient for AL because the personal learning process occurring for each Associate requires transformative reflection. Additionally, because Associates' attrition rate is very high, many Associates do not remain enrolled in GUI long enough to benefit from the support structures. At the simplest organizational level I discuss the reflection process conducted in the patterned interactions of assigned learning groups called Guilds (Chapter Four). These groups of Associates work to provide each other with the best possible environment for personal learning through reflection. As its Associates experience transformative reflection, GUI is able to help elevate the quality of world-change efforts in the Permaculture community. Provided the organizational and support structures are in place, this reflection process is both necessary and sufficient for AL. By this I mean that if transformative reflection is occurring in Guild meetings, and is supported by a system of advisors, reviewers and support people within a university organized to give credit for Action Learning, then Action Learning will occur for individual Associates.

@phdthesis{breugem_beginners_2007,
	title = {A {Beginner}'s {Guide} to {Permaculture} {Gardening} for {Community} {Garden} {Projects}},
	school = {California State University Stanislaus},
	author = {Breugem, A.},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@phdthesis{wilson_permaculture_2007,
	title = {Permaculture in {El} {Salvador}: {An} {Alternative} to {Neoliberal} {Development}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture in {El} {Salvador}},
	url = {http://ww.mountainmates.com/Documents/Permaculture%20in%20El%20Salvador.pdf},
	urldate = {2015-10-11},
	school = {Northern Arizona University},
	author = {Wilson, Robyn Thiel},
	year = {2007},
}

@inproceedings{smith_implications_2007,
	title = {Implications of the synergies between systems theory and permaculture for learning about and acting towards sustainability},
	shorttitle = {Implications of the synergies between systems theory and permaculture for learning about and acting towards sustainability},
	publisher = {Australia New Zealand Society of Ecological Economics},
	author = {Smith, T. and Willetts, J. and Mitchell, C.},
	year = {2007},
}

@phdthesis{raberg_permaculture_2007,
	address = {Valsätra-Ultuna, Sweden},
	title = {Permaculture design in an ecovillage {In} theory and practise},
	school = {SLU/Dept. of Horticulture},
	author = {Råberg, T.},
	year = {2007},
}

@phdthesis{morley_organic_2007,
	address = {Costa Rica},
	title = {Organic and {Conventional} {Coffee}/{Cattle} {Farms} in {La} {Legua} de {Aserrí}, {Costa} {Rica}: {Comparison} with a {Permaculture} {System}},
	school = {Institute for Central American Development Studies},
	author = {Morley, Madeleine},
	year = {2007},
}

@incollection{copeman_permaculture:_2007,
	title = {Permaculture: {Design} {Principles} for {Urban} {Sustainability}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture: {Design} {Principles} for {Urban} {Sustainability}},
	booktitle = {Steering sustainability in an urbanizing world: policy, practice and performance},
	publisher = {Google eBook},
	author = {Copeman, D.},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {43--54},
}

@inproceedings{galbiati_application_2007,
	title = {Application of ecological sanitation and permaculture techniques: {Food} and water security for indigenous tribes and rural areas in {Brazil}},
	shorttitle = {Application of ecological sanitation and permaculture techniques: {Food} and water security for indigenous tribes and rural areas in {Brazil}},
	author = {Galbiati, A F and da Silva, G C and Affonso, M V G and Paulo, P L},
	year = {2007},
}

@inproceedings{smith_permaculture_2006,
	title = {Permaculture as a systems ecology approach to enhancing well-being and ecosystem services: aligning practice, theory and outcomes', paper presented to the},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture as a systems ecology approach to enhancing well-being and ecosystem services: aligning practice, theory and outcomes', paper presented to the},
	author = {Smith, T. and Willetts, J. and Mitchell, C.},
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@techreport{oday_b_2006,
	title = {The {B} {Street} {Permaculture} {Project}: {A} {Model} for {Enhancing} {Student} {Development} of {Civic} {Knowledge}, {Skills}, and {Attitudes} {Through} {Experiential} {Learning}},
	shorttitle = {The {B} {Street} {Permaculture} {Project}: {A} {Model} for {Enhancing} {Student} {Development} of {Civic} {Knowledge}, {Skills}, and {Attitudes} {Through} {Experiential} {Learning}},
	author = {O'Day, T.},
	year = {2006},
}

@article{itonaga_permaculture_2005,
	title = {Permaculture, {Eco}-village and {BioRegionalism}},
	volume = {34},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture, {Eco}-village and {BioRegionalism}},
	abstract = {As sustainable regional management technique, titled 3 activities were taken up to introduce outline. Idea of activities, purpose, technique were explained from viewpoint of social life mode, symbiosis with natural environment, global environmental protection, transition to recycling society and complex ecosystem conservation. Present executions in advocating countries were explained to describe technique and utility exemplifying concrete activities.},
	journal = {Environmental Information Science},
	author = {Itonaga, K.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {1},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {26--30},
}

As sustainable regional management technique, titled 3 activities were taken up to introduce outline. Idea of activities, purpose, technique were explained from viewpoint of social life mode, symbiosis with natural environment, global environmental protection, transition to recycling society and complex ecosystem conservation. Present executions in advocating countries were explained to describe technique and utility exemplifying concrete activities.

@techreport{nordin_malawi_2005,
	title = {Malawi permaculture project},
	shorttitle = {Malawi permaculture project},
	author = {Nordin, S.},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@inproceedings{soares_permaculture_2005,
	address = {Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil},
	title = {Permaculture as a strategy for conservation and recovery of natural systems in the {Brazilian} cerrado},
	abstract = {Permaculture is defined by Mollison (1988) as a design system for sustainable human communities that emulates the resilience and diversity of natural systems. In 1999 a parcel of land was acquired to develop a reference centre in the Brazilian Cerrado to demonstrate the viability of Permaculture as a solution to revitalize rural communities suffering from the effects of excessive use of pastures and economic depression. Ecocentre IPEC has been working with a local community of 200 families developing technologies of organic and permanent food production, water care, renewable energy, reforestation and sustainable housing models. After 5 years of work in an abandoned pasture of 2 hectares, the effects of permaculture as a community development strategy for restoration of natural cycles and the revitalization of the local economy can be noticed from several viewpoints. Several technologies have been implemented by the community, including annual replanting of forests, ecological toilets, rain water collection for human consumption, housing from natural and local materials and the rescuing of traditional methods of land and water care. The technologies and participatory methods of Ecocentre IPEC are now in demand for reproduction in several developing countries including Ethiopia, Haiti and Mexico. Ecocentro IPEC has won several awards for sustainability and is one of the leading ecocentres in the world},
	booktitle = {Annual {Meeting} of the {Society} for {Conservation} {Biology}: {Impact} of agriculture on conservation biology},
	author = {Soares, Andre},
	month = jul,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

Permaculture is defined by Mollison (1988) as a design system for sustainable human communities that emulates the resilience and diversity of natural systems. In 1999 a parcel of land was acquired to develop a reference centre in the Brazilian Cerrado to demonstrate the viability of Permaculture as a solution to revitalize rural communities suffering from the effects of excessive use of pastures and economic depression. Ecocentre IPEC has been working with a local community of 200 families developing technologies of organic and permanent food production, water care, renewable energy, reforestation and sustainable housing models. After 5 years of work in an abandoned pasture of 2 hectares, the effects of permaculture as a community development strategy for restoration of natural cycles and the revitalization of the local economy can be noticed from several viewpoints. Several technologies have been implemented by the community, including annual replanting of forests, ecological toilets, rain water collection for human consumption, housing from natural and local materials and the rescuing of traditional methods of land and water care. The technologies and participatory methods of Ecocentre IPEC are now in demand for reproduction in several developing countries including Ethiopia, Haiti and Mexico. Ecocentro IPEC has won several awards for sustainability and is one of the leading ecocentres in the world

@inproceedings{gori_application_2005,
	title = {The application of permaculture design concepts for sustainable housing environments},
	volume = {9},
	shorttitle = {The application of permaculture design concepts for sustainable housing environments},
	author = {Gori, E.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {2007},
}

@phdthesis{meigs_tackling_2004,
	address = {Ithaca, USA},
	title = {Tackling children's food insecurity in the highlands of {Guatemala} with schoolyard permaculture gardens},
	shorttitle = {Tackling children's food insecurity in the highlands of {Guatemala} with schoolyard permaculture gardens},
	school = {Cornell University},
	author = {Meigs, B L},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{smith_permaculture:_2004,
	title = {Permaculture: {Learning} for {Sustainable} {Development}},
	volume = {27},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture: {Learning} for {Sustainable} {Development}},
	journal = {EINGANA},
	author = {Smith, C.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {1},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {14},
}

@article{khumbane_food_2004,
	title = {Food security: traditional knowledge and permaculture: application of indigenous knowledge systems},
	volume = {2},
	shorttitle = {Food security: traditional knowledge and permaculture: application of indigenous knowledge systems},
	journal = {South Africa Rural Development Quarterly},
	author = {Khumbane, Tshepo},
	year = {2004},
	note = {4},
	pages = {44--49},
}

@inproceedings{mackenzie_politics_2003,
	title = {The {Politics} of {Permaculture}: {Towards} an {Ecologically} {Situated} {Approach} to {Resource} {Policy} and {Governance}},
	shorttitle = {The {Politics} of {Permaculture}: {Towards} an {Ecologically} {Situated} {Approach} to {Resource} {Policy} and {Governance}},
	abstract = {The contributions to environmental politics of Torgerson, Oelschlager, Dryzek, Harrè and others, converge in their respective acknowledgements that the shift towards an ‘ecologically situated’ approach to environmental policy, including resource governance, will require the emergence and consolidation of a new lingua franca of environmental discourse. In this paper, I suggest that an extrapolation of permaculture ethics may provide a gambit through which such a discourse may be assembled and organised. I examine six key signifying elements derived from Orr and Capra’s approach to ecological literacy – network, nested system, flow, cycle, development and dynamic balance – and explore the implications that these might have for resource governance and policy, including the (re)framing of assessment indicators, energy auditing, resource management and integrated planning and development.},
	author = {Mackenzie, J.},
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

The contributions to environmental politics of Torgerson, Oelschlager, Dryzek, Harrè and others, converge in their respective acknowledgements that the shift towards an ‘ecologically situated’ approach to environmental policy, including resource governance, will require the emergence and consolidation of a new lingua franca of environmental discourse. In this paper, I suggest that an extrapolation of permaculture ethics may provide a gambit through which such a discourse may be assembled and organised. I examine six key signifying elements derived from Orr and Capra’s approach to ecological literacy – network, nested system, flow, cycle, development and dynamic balance – and explore the implications that these might have for resource governance and policy, including the (re)framing of assessment indicators, energy auditing, resource management and integrated planning and development.

@techreport{soares_instituto_2003,
	address = {Newcastle, Australia},
	title = {Instituto de {Permacultura} e {Ecovilas} do {Cerrado}: {A} permaculture model for sustainable land use and appropriate technologies in central {Brazil}},
	shorttitle = {Instituto de {Permacultura} e {Ecovilas} do {Cerrado}: {A} permaculture model for sustainable land use and appropriate technologies in central {Brazil}},
	url = {http://www.thechangeagency.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/CaseStudy_PermacultureIPEC.pdf},
	institution = {The Change Agency},
	author = {Soares, André},
	year = {2003},
}

@article{smith_learning_2002,
	title = {Learning for the environment: an examination of personal empowerment through learning permaculture},
	volume = {3},
	shorttitle = {Learning for the environment: an examination of personal empowerment through learning permaculture},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Post-Script},
	author = {Smith, Caroline},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	note = {1},
	pages = {12--25},
}

@incollection{hirst_permaculture_2002,
	title = {Permaculture and {Design} {Education}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture and {Design} {Education}},
	abstract = {Permaculture has been defined as the harmonious integration of landscape and people, providing their food, energy, shelter, and other material and non-material needs in a sustainable way (Mollison 1996, p. ix). Yet permaculture, as a paradigm, has potential significance beyond sustainable food production. Based on a feminist analysis, it is argued that permaculture can be used as a method of design, and a vehicle for improving environmental design education.},
	booktitle = {Design for {Sustainabilty}},
	publisher = {Earthscan / James \& James},
	author = {{Hirst}},
	year = {2002},
}

Permaculture has been defined as the harmonious integration of landscape and people, providing their food, energy, shelter, and other material and non-material needs in a sustainable way (Mollison 1996, p. ix). Yet permaculture, as a paradigm, has potential significance beyond sustainable food production. Based on a feminist analysis, it is argued that permaculture can be used as a method of design, and a vehicle for improving environmental design education.

@inproceedings{hirst_permaculture_2001,
	title = {Permaculture in architectural education: {An} educational tool and strategy for urban agriculture},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture in architectural education: {An} educational tool and strategy for urban agriculture},
	author = {Hirst, A E},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {278--284},
}

@article{michael_permaculture_2001,
	title = {Permaculture as a {Design} {Modality} for {Healing} and {Regeneration}: {Design} with a {Deeper} {Agenda}},
	volume = {4},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture as a {Design} {Modality} for {Healing} and {Regeneration}: {Design} with a {Deeper} {Agenda}},
	abstract = {This paper describes the discipline of permaculture with particular emphasis on healing and regeneration of the land. Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable environments. Traditional site design concerns itself with placement of elements to achieve aesthetic or economic effects or both. Permaculture extends this effort to create environments that are healthful and nurturing for the humans and other species inhabiting the site and that are sustainable in their use of natural resources. The practice of permaculture involves observation of healthy natural systems and the design of human systems on the basis of the patterns observed in the natural systems. Its fundamental approach is to conserve what is on the site and stop the loss of resources; to heal and repair the damage that has been done; and then to create systems of abundance so the site will support wellbeing for all its inhabitants and its surroundings. The paper describes the basic steps in good permaculture describes a number of tools and design principles, and concludes that the designer can have a much more profound and holistic impact than has been generally assumed.},
	journal = {The Design Journal},
	author = {Michael, P. and Meacham, W.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {2},
	pages = {42--49},
}

This paper describes the discipline of permaculture with particular emphasis on healing and regeneration of the land. Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable environments. Traditional site design concerns itself with placement of elements to achieve aesthetic or economic effects or both. Permaculture extends this effort to create environments that are healthful and nurturing for the humans and other species inhabiting the site and that are sustainable in their use of natural resources. The practice of permaculture involves observation of healthy natural systems and the design of human systems on the basis of the patterns observed in the natural systems. Its fundamental approach is to conserve what is on the site and stop the loss of resources; to heal and repair the damage that has been done; and then to create systems of abundance so the site will support wellbeing for all its inhabitants and its surroundings. The paper describes the basic steps in good permaculture describes a number of tools and design principles, and concludes that the designer can have a much more profound and holistic impact than has been generally assumed.

@techreport{owen_permaculture_2001,
	title = {Permaculture in {Refugee} {Situations}: {A} {Handbook} for {Sustainable} {Land} {Management}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture in {Refugee} {Situations}: {A} {Handbook} for {Sustainable} {Land} {Management}},
	author = {Owen, Matthew and Shuva, Richard and Shumba, Owen and Zunguze, Margaret},
	month = feb,
	year = {2001},
}

@techreport{bino_evaluation_2000,
	title = {Evaluation of permaculture and greywater reuse project in {Tafila}, {Jordan}: {Final} {Report}},
	author = {Bino, M. and Al-Jayyousi, O. and Sawan, J. and Al-Beiruti, S. and Al-Makhamereh, S.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{simonon_permaculture_2000,
	title = {Permaculture playgrounds},
	volume = {8},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture playgrounds},
	journal = {Playlines},
	author = {Simonon, L.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {21},
}

@phdthesis{smith_getting_2000,
	address = {Melbourne, Australia},
	type = {Dissertation},
	title = {The getting of hope : personal empowerment through learning permaculture},
	school = {University of Melbourne, Dept. of Education},
	author = {Smith, C J},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@phdthesis{terui_development_2000,
	address = {Madison, USA},
	title = {Development from within: the {Jajarkot} {Permaculture} {Program} in {Nepal}},
	shorttitle = {Development from within: the {Jajarkot} {Permaculture} {Program} in {Nepal}},
	school = {University of Wisconsin--Madison},
	author = {Terui, R.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{uragami_evaluation_2000,
	title = {An {Evaluation} of {Farmers} {Lifestyle} and {Space} {Structure} from the view of {Permaculture} {Design} in the {Mid} {Mountain} villages.},
	volume = {19},
	shorttitle = {An {Evaluation} of {Farmers} {Lifestyle} and {Space} {Structure} from the view of {Permaculture} {Design} in the {Mid} {Mountain} villages.},
	abstract = {This report analyzes the lifestyle and housing space structure of farmers in the mid mountain area in Japan from the view of Pemmaculture design concept, which is ecological and sustainable design method made by Bill Mollis on in Australia, containing the following concepts; relative location, each element performs many functions, each important function is supported by many elements, efficient energy planning, using biological resources, energy cycling, small-scale intensive system, accelerating succession and evolution, diversity, edge effects. After analyzing some typical housing lots in two villages, we can say that some lifestyles and systems have been designed by same concepts. It is possible to reconstruct these traditional villages toward alternative and ecological villages by confusing the Permaculture concepts and traditional wisdom.},
	journal = {Journal of Rural Planning Association},
	author = {URAGAMI, K. and ITONAGA, K.},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {223--228},
}

This report analyzes the lifestyle and housing space structure of farmers in the mid mountain area in Japan from the view of Pemmaculture design concept, which is ecological and sustainable design method made by Bill Mollis on in Australia, containing the following concepts; relative location, each element performs many functions, each important function is supported by many elements, efficient energy planning, using biological resources, energy cycling, small-scale intensive system, accelerating succession and evolution, diversity, edge effects. After analyzing some typical housing lots in two villages, we can say that some lifestyles and systems have been designed by same concepts. It is possible to reconstruct these traditional villages toward alternative and ecological villages by confusing the Permaculture concepts and traditional wisdom.

@article{hena_living_2000,
	title = {Living on the {Edge}-{Combining} {Traditional} {Pueblo} {Knowledge}, {Permaculture}, and {Archeology}},
	volume = {23},
	shorttitle = {Living on the {Edge}-{Combining} {Traditional} {Pueblo} {Knowledge}, {Permaculture}, and {Archeology}},
	journal = {CRM-WASHINGTON-},
	author = {Hena, L. and Anschuetz, K F},
	year = {2000},
	note = {9},
	pages = {37--42},
}

@incollection{glanzberg_permaculture_1999,
	title = {Permaculture as a {Way} of {Seeing} and {Acting} in the {World}},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture as a {Way} of {Seeing} and {Acting} in the {World}},
	booktitle = {A people's ecology: explorations in sustainable living},
	publisher = {Book Marketing Group},
	author = {Glanzberg, J.},
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {225--242},
}

@article{keys_trouble_1999,
	title = {Trouble on the land - permaculture education at {Applemint} {Organic} {Farm}},
	volume = {27},
	shorttitle = {Trouble on the land - permaculture education at {Applemint} {Organic} {Farm}},
	abstract = {This article describes the principles and practice of permaculture and shows how Year 10 Firbank Grammar School students were able to incorporate these principles into a unit of work through fieldwork at Applemint Organic Farm.},
	journal = {Interaction},
	author = {Keys, T. and {Smitch}},
	month = dec,
	year = {1999},
	note = {4},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {33--38},
}

This article describes the principles and practice of permaculture and shows how Year 10 Firbank Grammar School students were able to incorporate these principles into a unit of work through fieldwork at Applemint Organic Farm.

@phdthesis{phillips_south_1999,
	address = {Guelph, Canada},
	title = {South {African} {Permaculture}: {A} {Political} {Ecology} {Perspective}},
	shorttitle = {South {African} {Permaculture}: {A} {Political} {Ecology} {Perspective}},
	school = {University of Guelph},
	author = {Phillips, Catherine},
	year = {1999},
}

@inproceedings{livingston_permaculture_1998,
	title = {Permaculture and {Integrated} {Design}: {A} {Demonstration} of {Sustainable} {Building} {Technology}},
	volume = {23},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture and {Integrated} {Design}: {A} {Demonstration} of {Sustainable} {Building} {Technology}},
	author = {Livingston, P.},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {409--414},
}

@article{evans_when_1997,
	title = {When success becomes apparent. {Permaculture} is spreading rapidly in {Nepal}},
	volume = {17},
	shorttitle = {When success becomes apparent. {Permaculture} is spreading rapidly in {Nepal}},
	journal = {International Agricultural Development},
	author = {Evans, C.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {2},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
	pages = {9--11},
}

@article{bronner_fertile_1997,
	title = {The fertile returns of permaculture.},
	volume = {49},
	shorttitle = {{THE} {FERTILE} {RETURNS} {OF} {PERMACULTURE}.},
	journal = {Americas},
	author = {Bronner, M E},
	year = {1997},
	note = {5},
	pages = {36--43},
}

@phdthesis{anderson_ketso_1996,
	title = {Ketso ea {Bua}/{Action} {Speakes} {Community} {Development} {Association}: a {Proposal} for a {Land}-{Based} {Learning} with {Permaculture} {Center} at {Lekokoaneng}, ha {Souru} {Lesotho}},
	abstract = {Ketso ea Bua/Action Speakes, or Ketso for short, is a community-based non-governmental organization (NGO) involved in comunity development activities in the rural village of Lekokoaneng, ha Souru in Lesotho. Despite its small size, the association has made significant contributions to the democratization process of local government through its action orientation to problem solving at village level.It must be recognized that the general parameters which define development in South Africa and Lesotho are one and the same. A connected history binds them through war and peace, the freedom struggle, and the quest for democracy. Both countries have first and third world aspects. The illustrative scope of disparity between geographic and demographic groups are comparable. Because Lesotho is so very dependent upon South Africa, its educational, health, and social standards are similar. Both countries are confronting challenging issues like meeting basic needs, human rights, and economic integration into the global community. They both stand on a new threshold of democratic governance. Currently, an immoderate economic environment confronts moderate people with ill-equipped skills to handle the complexities needed to cope with the rapid socio-economic and political changes of the region.},
	school = {Capstone Collection. Paper 1057.},
	author = {Anderson, C A},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

Ketso ea Bua/Action Speakes, or Ketso for short, is a community-based non-governmental organization (NGO) involved in comunity development activities in the rural village of Lekokoaneng, ha Souru in Lesotho. Despite its small size, the association has made significant contributions to the democratization process of local government through its action orientation to problem solving at village level.It must be recognized that the general parameters which define development in South Africa and Lesotho are one and the same. A connected history binds them through war and peace, the freedom struggle, and the quest for democracy. Both countries have first and third world aspects. The illustrative scope of disparity between geographic and demographic groups are comparable. Because Lesotho is so very dependent upon South Africa, its educational, health, and social standards are similar. Both countries are confronting challenging issues like meeting basic needs, human rights, and economic integration into the global community. They both stand on a new threshold of democratic governance. Currently, an immoderate economic environment confronts moderate people with ill-equipped skills to handle the complexities needed to cope with the rapid socio-economic and political changes of the region.

@phdthesis{hopkins_permaculture:_1996,
	address = {Bristol, UK},
	title = {Permaculture: a new approach for rural planning?},
	school = {BSc dissertation, UWE},
	author = {Hopkins, R.},
	year = {1996},
}

@techreport{spicer_evaluation_1995,
	address = {Harare, Zimbabwe},
	title = {Evaluation of the {Schools}' {Permaculture} {Pilot} {Programme}},
	shorttitle = {Evaluation of the {Schools}' {Permaculture} {Pilot} {Programme}},
	institution = {Natural Farming Network},
	author = {Spicer, Newton},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {\#nosource},
}

@article{makus_potential_1993,
	title = {Potential for {Minimally} {Tilled}, {Fall}-planted {Brassicas} in {Hill} {Land} {Permaculture} {Sites}},
	volume = {3},
	shorttitle = {Potential for {Minimally} {Tilled}, {Fall}-planted {Brassicas} in {Hill} {Land} {Permaculture} {Sites}},
	journal = {HortTechnology},
	author = {Makus, D J},
	year = {1993},
	note = {3},
	pages = {362--362},
}

@article{kennedy_permaculture_1991,
	title = {Permaculture and the sustainable city},
	volume = {348},
	shorttitle = {Permaculture and the sustainable city},
	journal = {Ekistics},
	author = {Kennedy, D.},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {210--215},
}

@inproceedings{blatner_site_1990,
	title = {Site {Specific} {Hydrological} {Model} for {Permaculture} {Application}},
	shorttitle = {Site {Specific} {Hydrological} {Model} for {Permaculture} {Application}},
	author = {Blatner, W. and Khanblivardi, R.},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {312--320},
}

@article{jungck_perennial_1985,
	title = {Perennial {Polyculture}, {Permaculture} and {Preservation}: {The} {Principle} of {Diversity}},
	volume = {47},
	shorttitle = {Perennial {Polyculture}, {Permaculture} and {Preservation}: {The} {Principle} of {Diversity}},
	journal = {The American Biology Teacher},
	author = {Jungck, J R},
	year = {1985},
	note = {2},
	pages = {72--75},
}

@article{gashute_role_nodate,
	title = {The role of permaculture in the integration of indigenous and modern agricultural knowledge: {Evidence} from {Konso}, {Ethiopia}},
	volume = {n/a},
	issn = {1099-1719},
	shorttitle = {The role of permaculture in the integration of indigenous and modern agricultural knowledge},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sd.2483},
	doi = {10.1002/sd.2483},
	abstract = {The modern and indigenous agricultural knowledge have own strength and deficiencies. The modern agriculture with its technological advents has the capability for boosting production. However, it has environmentally hostile externalities. On the other hand, IK of agriculture is nature friendly and organic in its production. However, it is slow to meet the growing need for food because of demographic stress and emerging preferences. Therefore, both sides need innovative responses to capitalize on their strength and avoid limitations. One of the alternatives is to integrate the two systems. Based on this rationale, this study explored the integrative role of permaculture in bridging indigenous and modern agricultural knowledge. Purposive sampling was applied for the selection of the research area and participants. The research approach followed was qualitative. Interview, FGD and observation were used for data collection. Thematic and narrative analysis was used for data analysis. The finding of the study indicated that farmers in the study area were receptive of some of the knowledge from modern agriculture such as improved seeds and some methods such as pest control. But at the same time they are suspicious about some sides such as the impact of fertilizers, the effectiveness of some improved seed, and concerned about the disappearance of important local seeds. Though it was not deeply implemented those who have the exposure were positive about permaculture, for its philosophy is consistent with their IK. Therefore, if properly implemented permaculture can play important bridging role in the integration of indigenous and modern farming.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2023-01-05},
	journal = {Sustainable Development},
	author = {Gashute, Tariku Sagoya and Hale, Tefera Kagnalew},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/sd.2483},
	keywords = {indigenous knowledge, integration, modern agriculture, permaculture},
}

The modern and indigenous agricultural knowledge have own strength and deficiencies. The modern agriculture with its technological advents has the capability for boosting production. However, it has environmentally hostile externalities. On the other hand, IK of agriculture is nature friendly and organic in its production. However, it is slow to meet the growing need for food because of demographic stress and emerging preferences. Therefore, both sides need innovative responses to capitalize on their strength and avoid limitations. One of the alternatives is to integrate the two systems. Based on this rationale, this study explored the integrative role of permaculture in bridging indigenous and modern agricultural knowledge. Purposive sampling was applied for the selection of the research area and participants. The research approach followed was qualitative. Interview, FGD and observation were used for data collection. Thematic and narrative analysis was used for data analysis. The finding of the study indicated that farmers in the study area were receptive of some of the knowledge from modern agriculture such as improved seeds and some methods such as pest control. But at the same time they are suspicious about some sides such as the impact of fertilizers, the effectiveness of some improved seed, and concerned about the disappearance of important local seeds. Though it was not deeply implemented those who have the exposure were positive about permaculture, for its philosophy is consistent with their IK. Therefore, if properly implemented permaculture can play important bridging role in the integration of indigenous and modern farming.